FORMAN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE
(A CHATERED UNIVERSITY)
Presented By: Adil Daniel
Roll No. 12-01216
Course Title: Medical Biotechnology
Course No. BIOT 412
Assignment No. 1 (Human Disease)
Presented to: Dr.Leslye Johnson
Contents
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Why I Have selected This Disease
Introduction
Functions Of Renal System
What Is Kidney Stone(disease)
Symptoms Of Kidney Stones
How Kidney Stone Are Diagnosed
Prevention Of Kidney Stones
Treatment For Kidney Stones
Treatment For Renal Failure
Why I have selected this disease?
A curiosity insisted me to choose this topic “Kidney stones” assignment. Actually I have
been a care taker of my paternal uncle for month in Sheikh Zayd Hospital, Lahore. On the other
hand my father and sisters are also suffering from this disease. So, the suspect arose into my
mind as this disease is creeping into my family from paternal side or it’s just a co incidence.
Introduction
Kidney stone is a renal hereditary disease apart from that it occurs in people which
drink less water. It can be infectious and non-infectious in some cases. Kidney stone ranges in
size from few millimeters to centimeters. Kidney stones are formed due to the deposition of
certain substances such as calcium, uric acid, oxalate, etc. Presence of kidney stones can cause
a lot of pain in the back and area where kidneys are present. Stones can be formed inside the
kidney, ureter or urinary bladder. Tiny small size stones can pass through the urine unnoticed.
Kidney stone can also get struck in the ureter and cause pain. Kidney stones can be treated with
medicine, shock wave technology, surgery or by other means. Kidney stone can be formed
again if the patient does not take care of is fluid intake and diet.
Functions of Renal System In Human Body?
Renal system is a very important organ system of human body. Kidneys play a vital role i.e.
excretion (trash collection) ,clean up the blood. Blood is cleaned up in kidneys and waste comes
out of the body in the form of urine.
Apart from that it helps in the formation of RBC.
What is kidney stone (disease)?
Kidney stone is a hard mass of crystals that separate from urine within the urinary tract.
Urine contains chemicals that prevent or inhibit the crystals to be formed. But for some people
the inhibitors do not work and kidney stones are formed. If the crystals are small enough they
pass out through the urinary tract unnoticed. Stones are composed of various substances such
as calcium in combination with other substances such as oxalate, most common one.
Symptoms of Kidney Stones
There are no symptoms of kidney stones for a person who has very tiny stones like
grains of sand. Because they come out of the urinary tract unnoticed.
Apart from that stones of bigger size can cause sharp pain in the back or in the area where
kidneys are present. Stone may get struck in the ureter and cause severe pain, struck the ureter
and urine. This type of stone can also damage the ureter, as a result of which blood comes out
through the passage of urine (urine becomes slightly pink to red in colour).Presence of kidney
stones can also cause vomiting, nausea, etc.
How Kidney Stones Are Diagnosed?
Kidney stones can be diagnosed in several ways with the help of different renal
diagnostic tests or blood tests or X- rays or CT Scan or ultrasound etc.
A patient with very tiny stones comes to know about stones in his or her kidneys, when he goes
to a doctor for a medical checkup, for instance doctor can identify stones with help of an X-ray
or ultra sound.
If a person feels pain in his or her kidney, doctor can use other means of diagnostics such as CTscan, Intravenous pyelogram (IVP), urine test, blood tests.
With the help of CT-scan doctor can easily determine the size and shape of stones present. In
case of IVP certain kind of fluorescent fluid is introduced into the body, with the help detector
Urine test help in determining the complete composition of urine i.e. what materials are
coming out of body. Blood tests help in detection of abnormal substances helping in formation
of stones.
Prevention Of Kidney Stones
“Prevention Is Better Than Cure”
Prevention is required for any kind of disease. For kidney stones every person should
drink a lot of water i.e. 8-12 glass of water daily. Do not take such kind of food or fluid in excess
which have composition of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, etc.
A person who has previously stones in his kidneys is more likely to have them again in his
kidneys, if he do not take care of his diet and fluid intake. So, should take care of his fluid intake
and diet, to reduce the chances of stone formation.
Treatment for Kidney Stones
Kidney stone disease is a very old disease, before 60-70 years there were very few
treatments for the kidney stones.
Due to the advancement especially in medical science now a days there are many treatment in
kidney stones such as medicinal treatment, ESWL (extra corporeal shock wave treatment),
uretroscopic stone removal, surgery etc.
Medicinal treatment, doctors prescribe such kind of a medicine which can help in lowering the
high concentration of calcium, uric acid, etc. With the help of this calcium and uric acid come
out of the body along with urine.
ESWL, this is the most frequently used procedure used nowadays. In this shock waves are used
which pass the body (skin and organ), fall on the stone and break it into smaller pieces as a
result of which small tiny particles of stone comes out of the body through the urine.
Uretroscopic Stone Removal technique is not very common because it can cause damage to
the renal system. This type of technique is used for stones which get struck in ureter. In this
procedure a fiberoptic instrument known as ureteroscope is inserted into the body through the
urethra and passes through the bladder and goes into the ureter, give shock waves and tiny
particles come out through urine.
Surgical treatment, surgery is required when there is a very big stone such as stag horn. In this
stone is removed by cutting the body organ.
Treatment For Renal Failure
Renal failure also known as End Stage Kidney Disease can also be caused by the Kidney
Stones. Stones damage the kidneys leads them to kidney failure.
There are three treatments for renal failure.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Peritoneal Dialysis is used for the treatment of kidney diseases such as kidney stones which
cause the high rate of urea, creatanine, etc. This is a pain full technique and not used
commonly. In this peritoneum cavity of abdomen is used as a membrane. Fluid is introduced
into the body through a tube and fluid remains there for some time like half an hour and then
flushed out of the body. This procedure is a very time consuming procedure.
Hemodialysis
This is an expensive procedure used to filter the body fluid (blood) with the help of a machine
known as dialysis machine. We can also say that it is an artificial kidney which works like
kidneys (blood purification). Blood from the body enters the machine, passes through a filter
and then goes back into the body. This procedure takes about 3-5 hours depending upon the
condition of kidneys. Kit of the machine is changed every time.
Kidney Transplant
This kind of treatment is for such patients whose kidneys are not completely working or
completely damaged. For this a genetically matching kidney donor is required and placed with
the help of a surgery.
References
1. www.ncbi.nlm.gov.pubmedhealth/PMH0001493/
2. www.jci.org/articles/view/26662
3. www.Kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudidiseases/pubs/stoneadults/