ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Content
1
Reviewed publications ..............................................................................................................2
1.1
Fate & Exposure of manufactured Nanomaterials and their releases ........................................2
1.2
Effect (Toxicity) of manufactured Nanomaterials and their releases ..........................................3
2
Calculation procedure from ‘Particle Number Concentration’
to the corresponding ‘Mass amount’ .......................................................................................5
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1
Reviewed publications
1.1
Fate & Exposure of manufactured Nanomaterials and their releases
Alvarez PJJ, Colvin VL, Lead JR, Stone V (2009) Research Priorities to Advance Eco-Responsible
Nanotechnology. ACS Nano 3 (7):1616-1619
Darlington TK, Neigh AM, Spencer MT, Ngyuen OT, Oldenburg SJ (2009) Nanoparticle characteristics
affecting environmental fate and transport through soil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 28
(6):1191-1199
Fairbairn EA, Keller AA, Mädler L, Zhou D, Pokhrel S, Cherr GN (2011) Metal oxide nanomaterials in
seawater: Linking physicochemical characteristics with biological response in sea urchin development.
Journal of Hazardous Materials 192:1565-1571. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.080
Farré M, Sanchís J, Barceló D (2011) Analysis and assessment of the occurrence, the fate and the
behavior of nanomaterials in the environment. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 30 (3):517-527
Keller AA, Wang H, Zhou D, Lenihan HS, Cherr G, Cardinale BJ, Miller R, Ji Z (2010) Stability and
Aggregation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Natural Aqueous Matrices. Environmental Science &
Technology 44:1962-1967
Labille J, Brant J (2010) Stability of nanoparticles in water. Nanomedicine 5 (6):985-998
Lin D, Tian X, Wu F, Xing B (2010) Fate and Transport of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment. Journal of Environmental Quality 39:1896-1908
Lowry GV, Hotze EM, Bernhardt ES, Dionysiou D, Pedersen JA, Wiesner MR, Xing B (2010) Environmental Occurrences, Behavior, Fate and Ecological Effects of Nanomaterials: An Introduction to the
Special Series. Journal of Environmental Quality 39:1867-1874
Peralta-Videa JR, Zhao L, Lopez-Moreno ML, de la Rosa G, Hong J, Gardea-Torresdey JL (2011) Nanomaterials and the environment: A review from the biennium 2008-2010. Journal of Hazardous Materials 186:1-15
Petosa AR, Jaisi DP, Quevedo IR, Elimelech M, Tufenkji N (2010) Aggregation and Deposition of Engineered Nanomaterials in Aquatic Environments: Role of Physiochemical Interactions. Environmental
Science & Technology 44:6532-6549
Praetorius A, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K (2012) Development of Environmental Fate Models for
Engineered Nanoparticles - A Case Study of TiO2 Nanoparticles in the Rhine River. Environmental
Science & Technology 46:6705-6713
Sanchís J, Farré M, Barceló D (2012) Analysis and Fate of Organic Nanomaterials in Environmental
Samples. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 59 (Chapter 4):131-168
Scown TM, van Aerle R, Tyler CR (2010) Review: Do engineered nanoparticles pose a significant
threat to the aquatic environment? Critical Reviews in Toxicology 40 (7):653-670
Stone V, Nowack B, Baun A, van den Brink N, von der Kammer F, Dusinska M, Handy R, Hankin S,
Hassellöv M, Joner E, Fernandes TF (2010) Nanomaterials for environmental studies: Classification,
reference material issues, and strategies for physico-chemical characterisation. Science of the Total
Environment 408:1745-1754
Tiwari AJ, Marr LC (2010) The Role of Atmospheric Transformations in Determining Environmental
Impacts of Carbonaceous Nanoparticles. Journal of Environmental Quality 39:1883-1895
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Tourinho PS, van Gestel CAM, Lofts S, Svendsen C, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S (2012) Metal-based
Nanoparticles in Soil: Fate, Behavior, and Effects on Soil Invertebrates. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 31 (8):1679-1692
Weinberg H, Galyean A, Leopold M (2011) Evaluating engineered nanoparticles in natural waters.
Trends in Analytical Chemistry 30 (1):72-83
Zhou D, Abdel-Fattah AI, Keller AA (2012) Clay Particles Destabilize Engineered Nanoparticles in
Aqueous Environments. Environmental Science & Technology 46:7520-7526
1.2
Effect (Toxicity) of manufactured Nanomaterials and their releases
Aillon KL, Yumei X, El-Gendy N, Berkland CJ, Forrest ML (2009) Effects of nanomaterial physicochemical properties on in vivo toxicity. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 61:457-466
Akhtar MJ, Ahamed M, Kumar S, Siddiqui H, Patil G, Ashquin M, Ahmad I (2010) Nanotoxicity of pure
silica mediated through oxidant generation rather than glutathione depletion in human lung epithelial
cells. Toxicology 276:95-102
Aschberger K, Micheletti C, Sokull Klüttgen B, Christensen FM (2011) Analysis of currently available
data for characterising the risk of engineered nanomaterials to the environment and human health —
Lessons learned from four case studies. Environment International 37 (6):1143-1156
Auffan M, Bottero J-Y, Chaneac C, Rose J (2010) Inorganic manufactured nanoparticles: how their
physiochemical properties influence their biological effects in aqueous environments. Nanomedicine 5
(6):999-1007
Barillet S, Simon-Deckers A, Herlin-Boime N, Mayne-L'Hermite M, Reynaud C, Cassio D, Gouget B,
Carrière M (2010) Toxicological consequences of TiO2, SiC nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon
nanotubes exposure in several mammalian cell types: an in vitro study. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 12:61-73
Cho W-S, Duffin R, Thielbeer F, Bradley M, Megson IL, MacNee W, Poland CA, Tran CL, Donaldson
K (2012) Zeta Potential and Solubility to Toxic Ions as Mechanisms of Lung Inflammation Caused by
Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. Toxicological Sciences 126 (2):469-477
Choi S-J, Choy J-H (2011) Effect of physico-chemical parameters on the toxicity of inorganic nanoparticles. Journal of Materials Chemistry 21:5547-5554
Dhawan A, Sharma V (2010) Toxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials: Methods and Challenges. Anal
Bioanal Chem 398:589-605
Fabrega J, Luoma SN, Tyler CR, Galloway TS, Lead JR (2011) Silver nanoparticles: Behaviour and
effects in the aquatic environment. Environment International 37:517-531
Fadeel B, Garcia-Bennett AE (2010) Better safe than sorry: Understanding the toxicological properties
of inorganic nanoparticles manufactured for biomedical applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
62:362-374
Farré M, Gajda-Schrantz K, Kantiani L, Barceló D (2009) Ecotoxicity and analysis of nanomaterials in
the aquatic environment. Anal Bioanal Chem 393:81-95
Grassian VH (2008) When Size Really Matters: Size-Dependent Properties and Surface Chemistry of
Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Gas and Liquid Phase Environments. J Phys Chem C
112:18303-18313
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Handy RD, Owen R, Valsami-Jones E (2008) The ecotoxicology of nanoparticles and nanomaterials:
current status, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future needs. Ecotoxicology 17 (5):315-325
Harper S, Usenko C, Hutchison JE, Maddux BLS, Tanguay RL (2008) In vivo biodistribution and toxicity depends on nanomaterial compostion, size, surface functionalisation and route of exposure. Journal
of Experimental Nanoscience 3 (3):195-206
Hartmann NB, Legros S, Von der Kammer F, Hofmann T, Baun A (2012) The potential of TiO2 nanoparticles as carriers for cadmium uptake in Lumbriculus variegatus and Daphnia magna. Aquatic Toxicology 118-119:1-8
Horie M, Fujita K (2011) Toxicity of Metal Oxides Nanoparticles. In: Advances in Molecular Toxicology, vol 5. Elsevier B.V., pp 145-178
Horie M, Kato H, Fujita K, Endoh S, Iwahashi H (2012) In Vitro Evaluation of Cellular Response Induced by Manufactured Nanoparticles. Chemical Research in Toxicology 25:609-619
Johnston HJ, Hutchison GR, Christensen FM, Peters S, Hankin S, Stone V (2009) Identification of the
mechanisms that drive the toxicity of TiO2 particulates: the contribution of physiochemical characteristics. Particle and Fibre Technology 6 (33):27 pp
Kumar V, Kumari A, Guleria P, Yadav SK (2012) Evaluating the Toxicity of Selected Types of Nanochemicals. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 215:39-121
Kunzmann A, Andersson B, Thurnherr T, Krug HF, Scheynius A, Fadeel B (2011) Toxicology of engineered nanomaterials: Focus on biocompatibility, biodistribution and biodegradation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1810:361-373
Lapresta-Fernandez A, Fernandez A, Blasco J (2012) Nanoecotoxicity effects of engineered silver and
gold nanoparticles in aquatic organisms. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 32:40-58
Levard C, Hotze EM, Lowry GV, Brown GE (2012) Environmental Transformations of Silver Nanoparticles: Impact on Stability and Toxicity. Environmental Science & Technology 46:6900-6914
Love SA, Maurer-Jones MA, Thompson JW, Lin Y-S, Haynes CL (2012) Assessing Nanoparticle Toxicity. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 5:181-205
Magdolenova Z, Bilanicova D, Pojana G, Fjellsbo LM, Hudecova A, Hasplova K, Marcomini A, Dusinska M (2012) Impact of agglomeration and different dispersions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on
the human related in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 14:455–
464
Rabolli V, Thomassen LC, Princen C, Napierska D, Gonzalez L, Kirsch-Volders M, Hoet PH, Huaux F,
Kirschhock CEA, Martens JA, Lison D (2010) Influence of size, surface area and microporosity on the
in vitro cytotoxic activity of amorphous silica nanoparticles in different cell types. Nanotoxicology 4
(3):307-318
Ray PC, Yu H, Fu PP (2009) Toxicity and Environmental Risks of Nanomaterials: Challenges and Future Needs. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C 27:1-35
Sayes CM, Warheit DB (2009) Characterisation of nanomaterials for toxicity assessment. Wiley interdisciplinary reviews Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology 1 (6):660-670
Schrand AM, Rahman MF, Hussain SM, Schlager JJ, Smith DA, Syed AF (2010) Metal-based nanoparticles and their toxicity assessment. WIREs Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology 2:544-568
Scown TM, van Aerle R, Tyler CR (2010) Review: Do engineered nanoparticles pose a significant
threat to the aquatic environment? Critical Reviews in Toxicology 40 (7):653-670
Sharifi S, Behzadi S, Laurent S, Laird Forrest M, Stroeve P, Mahmoudi M (2012) Toxicity of nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 41:2323-2343
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Shinde S, Grampurohit N, Gaikwad D, Jadhav S, Gadhave M, Shelke P (2012) Toxicity induced by
nanoparticles. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease:331-334
Suttiponparnit K, Jiang J, Sahu M, Suvachittanont S, Charinpanitkul T, Biswas P (2011) Role of Surface Area, Primary Particle Size, and Crystal Phase on Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle Dispersion
Properties. Nanoscale Research Letters 6 (27):8 pp
Tejral G, Panyala NR, Havel J (2009) Carbon nanotubes: toxicological impact on human health and
environment. Journal of Applied Biomedicine 7:1-13
Tourinho PS, van Gestel CAM, Lofts S, Svendsen C, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S (2012) Metal-based
Nanoparticles in Soil: Fate, Behavior, and Effects on Soil Invertebrates. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 31 (8):1679-1692
van der Zande M, Junker R, Walboomers XF, Jansen JA (2011) Carbon Nanotubes in Animal Models:
A Systematic Review on Toxic Potential. Tissue Engineering: Part B 17 (1):57-69
Wang C, Li Y (2012) Interaction and nanotoxic effect of TiO2 nanoparticle on fibrinogen by multispectroscopic method. Science of the Total Environment 429:156-160
Warheit DB, Reed KL, Sayes CM (2009) A role for nanoparticle surface reactivity in facilitating pulmonary toxicity and development of a base set of hazard assays as a component of nanoparticle risk
management. Inhalation Toxicology 21 (S1):61-67
Yu T, Greish K, McGill LD, Ray A, Ghandehari H (2012) Influence of Geometry, Porosity, and Surface
Characteristics of Silica Nanoparticles on Acute Toxicity: Their Vasculature Effect and Toreance
Threshold. ACS Nano 6 (3):2289-2301
Zhang H, Ji Z, Xia T, Meng H, Low-Kam C, Liu R, Pokhrel S, Lin S, Wang X, Liao Y-P, Wang M, Li L,
Rallo R, Damoiseaux R, Telesca D, Mädler L, Cohen Y, Zink JI, Nel AE (2012) Use of Metal Oxide
Nanoparticle Band Gap To Develop a Predictive Paradigm for Oxidative Stress and Acute Pulmonary
Inflammation. ACS Nano 6 (5):4349-4368
Calculation procedure from ‘Particle Number Concentration’
to the corresponding ‘Mass amount’
2
For the transformation of a reported ‘particle number concentration’ value (per m 3) into the respective
‘mass amount’ of released MNM (in kg), the following procedure shall be used in the framework of LCI
modelling.
Starting point are the known (and given) information of the release of the MNM i within an LCA study
(according to the framework proposed above):





Composition; i.e. the name of substance i;
Amount, given as a particle number concentration PNC;
Shape information of i (i.e. ‘F’ for fibrous; ‘S’ in all other cases);
Size, given as average diameter in nm (representing the Median equivalent area diameters for ‘spherical’ particles; the average diameter for ‘fibrous’ forms); plus
in case of ‘fibrous’ shape, the Length, given as ‘average length’ (in m); resp.
in case of ‘spherical’ shape, the Size Distribution, via equivalent area diameters value – given as:
 DA/10 (i.e. diameter where 10% of particles have a smaller size),
 DA/90 (i.e. diameter where 90% of particles have a smaller size)
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From this information, the mass amount of the released MNM i can then be calculated:

Case of ‘spherical’ shape:
-
Step 1: calculation of the volume of a single particle:
𝑉𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙 =
with
𝐷𝑉 =
1
6
× 𝜋 × 𝐷𝑉3
[1]
𝐷𝐴/50
𝐷𝐴/𝑟𝑒𝑙
For 𝐷𝐴/𝑟𝑒𝑙 the most appropriate value out of the following table 1 is used, based on “real” shape
information of i (i.e. not based on the in the framework assumed approximation of being all of
‘spherical’ form).
-
Shape
Dimension in m
[lxbxh or l;diam.]
DA/rel
Cube
100 x 100 x 100
0.91
Sphere
124
Granule, type 1
172; 86
1.11
Granule, type 2
108; 108
0.99
Granule, type 3
Flat projection
0.87
Disk
68; 137
1.1
Flake
215 x 215 x 21.5
1.96
Column
232 x 93 x 46
1.33
Needle
585 x 58 x 29
1.68
Fibre
6’828; 13.7
2.78
1
Step 2: calculation of the related mass amount:
𝑚𝑖 = 𝑉𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙 × 𝑃𝑁𝐶 × 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑖
[2]
by taking the density value for the substance i from a reference book like e.g. CRC Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics – online at http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/

Case of ‘fibrous’ shape:
-
Step 1: calculation of the volume of a single particle:
𝑉𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙 =
-
1
4
2
× 𝜋 × 𝐷𝐴𝑣𝑔
×𝐿
[3]
Step 2: calculation of the related mass amount:
𝑚𝑖 = 𝑉𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑘𝑒𝑙 × 𝑃𝑁𝐶 × 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑖
[4]
by taking the density value for the substance i from a reference book like e.g. CRC Handbook
of Chemistry and Physics – online at http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/
1
Values in table and formula based on Merkus HG (2009) Particle Size, Size Distribution and Shape. In: Merkus
HG (ed) Particle Size Measurements: Fundamentals, Practice, Quality. vol 17 of Particle Technology Series.
Springer Science + Business Media B.V., Dordrecht (the Netherlands),
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