Acute phase response. Fever.
1. Fever is
a) a pathological reaction;
+b) a typical pathological process;
c) a pathological state;
d) a disease;
e) a complication of the disease.
2. Specify the mechanisms involved in the increase in body temperature during fever:
a) increase of the coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation;
+b) peripheral vasoconstriction;
+c) amplification of the contractile muscle thermogenesis;
+d) decreased sweating;
+e) activation of oxidative processes.
3. Mechanisms of chemical thermoregulation at a fever is
+a) increase in heat production; b) heat production does not change;
c) decrease in the heat loss.
4. Mechanisms of physical thermoregulation at a fever is
+a) reduction of heat loss; b) increase in heat production; c) heat production
does not change.
5. Endogenous pyrogens are formed in
a) red blood cells; b) platelets; +c) leukocytes; d) hepatocytes; e) parenchymal cells.
6. Producers of endogenous pyrogens are:
+a) macrophages; b) mast cells; c) plasma cells; +d) neutrophils;
e) erythrocytes.
7. Endogenous pyrogens include
+a) interleukin-1; b) interleukin-4; +c) interleukin-8; +d) interleukin 6;
+e) tumor necrosis factor; f) endotoxins of microorganisms.
8. Leukocytic pyrogens act on
a) the heat-sensitive peripheral receptors; b) otoneurons of the spinal cord;
+c) neurons of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus; d) neuro-conductive path;
e) the spin-cortical path.
9. Under the influence of endogenous pyrogens in the endothelium of brain capillaries
+a) increases the synthesis of prostaglandins; b) decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins.
10. Increase of the temperature in fever due to influence of the endopyrogens on the
a) center of thermoregulation, which is located in the cerebral cortex; b) the reticular formation;
+c) the hypothalamus; d) the medulla oblongata; e) the limbic system.
11. The following assertion is correct
a) pyrogenic properties of bacterial cells depend on their virulence;
b) endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria relate to endogenous pyrogens;
+c) exogenous pyrogens are lipopolysaccharides;
d) degree of temperature elevation in fevers depends on the ambient temperature; e) mechanisms
of thermoregulation is violated at a fever.
12. The following assertion is correct
a) endogenous pyrogens act on thermosensitive peripheral receptors;
+b) a typical fever is observed in homeothermic animals;
c) the first stage of the fever is called stadium fastigium;
d) the second stage of the fever is called stadium decrementum;
e) in the first stage of fever decrease of sensitivity to cold and increase of sensitivity to heat.
13. The missing link of the pathogenesis of increase of body temperature in fever is
Exogenous pyrogens phagocytes ? the thermoregulation center
a) microbial endotoxins; +b) endogenous pyrogens; c) prostaglandins;
d) cyclic nucleotides; e) lipoproteins.
14. Fever is characterized by
+a) the restructuring of the mechanisms of thermoregulation; b) the mechanisms of
thermoregulation are not changed.
15. Decrease in of heat promotes
a) vasodilation of the skin; b) increased sweating;
c) increasing the tone of the parasympathetic nervous system; d) rapid breathing
+e) increasing the tone of the sympathetic nervous system.
16. The rapid rise of temperature in the first stage of fever is accompanied by
+a) muscle tremors and chills; b) tachypnea; c) the redness of the skin; d) decrease in blood
pressure; e) increased sweating.
17. The degree of increase in body temperature during fever depends on:
+a) the concentration of exogenous pyrogens in tissues;
+b) the intensity of cytokine production by producer cells;
+c) the sensitivity of the thermoregulatory center to the action of pyrogens;
+d) age of the patient;
e) thermal insulating properties of clothing.
18. The following assertion is correct
+a) in the first stage of fever skin temperature below blood temperature;
b) muscle tremors reduces heat production;
c) in the first stage of fever blood pressure is reduced, sometimes very sharply;
d) in the first stage of fever diuresis is reduced;
e) in the second stage of fever heat balance is characterized by a predominance heat production
over the heat emission.
19. In the first stage of fever is observed
a) increase of the heat production without changing of heat loss;
b) increase of the heat production and heat loss;
+c) reduction of the heat loss and enhancement of the heat production;
d) reduction of the heat production and heat loss;
e) reduction of the heat production and increase of the heat loss.
20. The first stage of fever is characterized by:
+a) increase in blood pressure; +b) tachycardia; +c) chills, muscle tremors;
d) decrease in urine output; e) increased sweating.
21. The second stage of fever is characterized by:
a) bradycardia; +b) the redness of the skin; c) increasing motility of the gastrointestinal tract; d)
an increase in urine output; +e) tachycardia.
22. The third stage of fever is characterized by:
+a) decrease in blood pressure; b) increase in blood pressure.
23. Gain of the heat loss in third stage of fever is associated with
a) vasoconstriction; b) the suppression of sweating; c) increased metabolism; +d) increased
sweating; e) high blood pressure.
24. "Critical" drop of the temperature in fever is dangerous by
+a) the development of collapse; b) increasing motility of the gastrointestinal tract;
c) the development of hyperhydration; d) rapid heart rate; e) an increase in blood pressure.
25. The feverish temperature curve, characterized by daily fluctuations in temperature not
exceeding 1°C is called
a) indulgenced; b) intermittent; +c) constant; d) atypical; d) exhausting.
26. Subfebrile fever is called the rise in temperature
a) 38-39°C; b) 39-41°C; +c) 37-38°C; d) above 41°C; e) above 42°C.
27. Febrile reaction, which characterized by daily fluctuations in temperature 3-5 °C, is
called
a) constant (f.continua); +b) exhausting (f.hectica); c) atypical (f.athypica);
d) indulgenced (f.remittens); e) revocable (f.recurrens).
28. When the body temperature rises by 1°C, the heart rate increases by
a) 18-20 per one minute; b) 6-7 per one minute; +c) 8-10 per one minute; d) 50 - 60 per one
minute; e) 30 - 40 per one minute.
29. Tachycardia in fever occurs as a result of direct action of warm blood
a) at the point of installation; +b) on the sinus node; c) on the thermostat; d) on the spinal center
of thermoregulation; e) on the peripheral thermosensitive receptors.
30. It is typical for fever
a) the predominance of the processes of lipogenesis over lipolysis; b) the prevalence of
gluconeogenesis over glycogenolysis; +c) activation of glycogenolysis and lipolysis; d)
inhibition of ketogenesis; d) inhibition of proteolysis.
31. The change of water and salt balance in the second stage of fever
is characterized
a) hyperosmolar dehydration; b) excretion of water and sodium from the body;
c) isoosmolar dehydration; d) hypoosmolar dehydration;
+e) chloride and sodium retention in the body.
32. The following statement is correct
a) chills is a typical manifestation of the second stage of the fever;
b) sensation of thermal comfort is characterized for the first stage of fever;
+c) pallor and coldness of the skin are characteristic for the first stage of fever;
d) sweating is more pronounced in the first stage of fever;
e) diuresis is reduced in the third stage of fever.
33. The negative value of fever is
a) activation of antibody synthesis; b) an increase in the formation of interferons;
+c) depletion of energy reserves; d) activation of phagocytosis;
e) reducing microbial growth.
34. Increase in body temperature more easily tolerated
+a) at the fever; b) at the sunstroke; c) at the heatstroke; d) at the overheating; e) at the malignant
hyperthermia.
35. The positive role of fever is
a) reduction of antitoxic function of the liver; b) suppression of the synthesis of antibodies;
+c) enhancing of phagocytosis; d) enhancing of the fibroblast proliferation; e) enhancing of the
catabolic processes.
36. Acute-phase response is characterized by a decrease in
+a) albumin; b) fibrinogen; c) C-reactive protein; d) gamma-globulin; e) serum amyloid A.
37. The most important mediator of the acute phase response is
a) histamine; b) leukotriene C4; c) platelet activating factor;
d) factor of permeability of lymph nodes; +e) IL-1.
38. The following statement is correct
a) the acute phase response - mainly local reaction of the organism
to injury;
+b) the acute phase response - the overall reaction of the organism to injury;
c) the all manifestations of the acute phase response always have a exceptionally positive value
for the body;
d) acute phase response is always accompanied by a decrease in resistance of the organism;
e) the acute phase response develops only when the body is damaged by mechanical factors.