Authors
(credentials)
Citation
(MLA)
Main Points
Natalie Mahowald
et al - Dept. of Earth
and Atmospheric
Sciences, Cornell
University.
Dept. of Biological
and Chemical
Engineering, Cornell
University.
Department of
Atmospheric, Ocean
and Space Sciences,
University of
Michigan.
Mahowald, Natalie, et
al. “Aerosol Impacts
On Climate And
Biogeochemistry.”
Annual Review of
Environment &
Resources 36.
(2011): 45-74.
Academic Search
Complete. Web. 12
Jun 2014.
-
Koren et al –
Department of
Environmental
Koren, I., et al.
“Aerosol-induced
Changes of
Convective Cloud
-
(Intersections in the
Discourse)
-
Direct
Radiative
Forcing
Cloud Aerosol
Interactions
Impact on
Atmospheric
Gases
Impact on
snow albedo
Impact on
cloud anvils
Quotations
“Therefore,
Shortwave Aerosol
Optical Depth is most
heavily influenced by
particles with
diameters of∼0.1–1
μm (mostly fine
particles, which are
heavily influenced by
anthropogenic
activity), whereas
LW AOD is
dominated by
particles roughly an
order of magnitude
larger (which are
more likely to be
natural).”
”Aerosols also affect
the global radiation
balance indirectly
through their
interactions with
clouds by acting as
nucleation sites for
cloud droplets and
ice crystals, known in
this capacity as cloud
condensation nuclei
(CCN) or ice nuclei
(IN), respectively”
“In numerous climate
studies cloud aerosol
interaction is shown
to have the potential
Supporting Details
-
Definition of
Aerosols
Characteristics
of aerosols
Sciences Weizmann
Institute, Israel.
Laboratory for
Atmosphere, NASA
Goddard Space Flight
Center, MD.
Anvils Produce
Strong Climate
Warming.”
Atmospheric
Chemistry and
Physics 10.10
(2010): 5001-5010.
Academic Search
Complete. Web. 12
Jun 2014.
Mickley et al – School
of Engineering and
Applied Sciences,
Harvard University.
Dept. of Earth,
Atmospheric and
Planetary Sciences,
MIT.
Goddard Institute for
Space Studies, NY.
Mickley, L.J., et al.
“Regional Warming
From Aerosol
Removal Over the
United States: Results
from a Transient
2010–2050 Climate
Simulation.”
Atmospheric
Environment 46.
(2012): 545-553.
Academic Search
Complete. Web. 12
Jun 2014.
Paeth, Heiko, and
Johann Feichter.
“Greenhouse-Gas
Versus Aerosol
Forcing and African
Climate Response.”
Climate Dynamics
26.1 (2006): 35-54.
Academic Search
Complete. Web.
12Jun 2014.
Paeth, H. –
Meteorological
Institute, University
of Bonn, Germany.
Feichter J. – MaxPlanck-Institute for
Meteorology,
Hamburg, Germany.
-
Cooling
Effects of
Aerosols:
removal
causing
warming
-
Decrease in
solar
irradiation
(Direct
radiative
effects)
Effect of
aerosols in the
tropics (low
latitudes)
-
to be a key
contributor to the
radiative forcing (see
Heintzenberg and
Charlson (2009) for
detailed
information). Small
changes in the cloud
shape, structure or
lifetime can change
significantly the local
radiative balance.”
“Although we
calculate a much
weaker surface
aerosol forcing over
the United States in
our model,…we find
that removal of US
aerosol leads to
significant regional
warming, with
annual mean surface
temperatures
increasing...”
“Enhanced
atmospheric aerosol
burden, which
primarily arises from
biomass burning in
this region, leads to a
weakening of the
rainy season due to
reduced heat fluxes
and modified
microphysical cloud
properties.”
Chang-Keun Song et
al - Department of
Atmospheric and
Oceanic Sciences and
Joint Institute for
Regional Earth
System Science and
Engineering,
University of
California Los
Angeles.
School of Earth and
Environmental
Sciences, Seoul
National University,
Seoul, Republic of
Korea.
Chang-Keun Song, et
al. “Direct and SemiDirect Radiative
Effects of
Anthropogenic
Aerosols in The
Western United
States: Seasonal and
Geographical
Variations According
to Regional Climate
Characteristics.”
Climatic Change
111.3/4 (2012): 859877. Academic
Search Complete.
Web. 12 Jun 2014.
-
Andreae et al - Max
Planck Institute for
Chemistry, Germany.
Andreae, Meinrat O.,
Chris D. Jones, and
Peter M. Cox. "Strong
Present-Day Aerosol
-
-
Radiative
effects on
radiative
transfer
Effects on
cloud fields
Direct
Radiative
Effects
“The consideration of
aerosol emissions
induces a remarkable
decrease in shortwave solar
irradiation near the
surface, especially in
winter and autumn in
tropical West Africa
and the Congo Basin
where bio- mass
burning is mainly
prevailing.”
“The magnitude of
the radiative effect
on Outgoing
Shortwave Radiation
Transfer by the total
anthropogenic
aerosols is largest in
summer.”
“Considering the
difference in the type
of convective clouds
between the two
regions, the results
show that the effect
of shortwavescattering sulfates
tends to reduce
cumulus clouds
driven by strong
convection as found
in previous studies.”
“All aerosol types
(sulphates, organics,
mineral dust, sea salt,
and so on) intercept
Hadley Centre for
Climate Prediction
and Research, UK.
Cooling Implies a Hot
Future." Nature
435.7046 (2005):
1187-1190.
Academic Search
Complete. Web. 1
June 2013.
-
Roeckner et al - Max
Planck Institute for
Meteorology,
Hamburg, Germany.
California Institute of
Technology,
Pasadena, USA.
Roeckner E., et al.
"Impact Of
Carbonaceous
Aerosol Emissions on
Regional Climate
Change." Climate
Dynamics 27.6
(2006): 553-571.
-
Cooling effects incoming sunlight,
of aerosols
and reduce the
energy flux arriving
at the Earth’s surface,
thus producing a
cooling. Some
aerosols (for
example, soot)
absorb light and
thereby warm the
atmosphere, but also
cool the surface. This
warming of
atmospheric layers
may also reduce
cloudiness, yielding
another warming
effect. In addition to
these ‘direct’
radiative effects,
there are several
‘indirect’, cloudmediated effects of
aerosols, which all
result in cooling:
more aerosols
produce more, but
smaller, droplets in a
given cloud, making
it more reflective.”
Effect of
“According to these
carbonaceous experiments the
aerosols in
impact of projected
low latitudes
changes in
carbonaceous
aerosols on the
global mean
temperature is
Institute for the
Environment and
Sustainability,
European
Commission Joint
Research Centre,
Ispra, Italy.
Academic Search
Complete. Web. 3
June 2013.
negligible, but
significant changes
are found at low
latitudes. This
includes a cooling of
the surface, enhanced
precipitation and
runoff, and a wetter
surface.”
Fischer-Bruns et al –
Max Planck Institute
for Meteorology,
Hamburg, Germany.
International Max
Planck Research
School on Earth
System Modelling,
Hamburg, Germany.
Fischer-Bruns, Irene,
Dorothea Banse, and
Johann Feichter.
"Future Impact of
Anthropogenic
Sulfate Aerosol on
North Atlantic
Climate." Climate
Dynamics 32.4
(2009): 511-524.
Academic Search
Complete. Web. 3
June 2013.
-
Effect of
sulfate
aerosols on
radiative
forcing
Alt: Murphy et al Chemical Sciences
Division, Earth
System Research
Laboratory, NOAA,
Boulder, Colorado,
USA.
School of Earth and
Environment,
Murphy, D.M., et al.
“An Observationally
Based Energy
Balance for the Earth
since 1950.” Journal
of Geophysical
Research:
Atmospheres
114.D17 (2009):
-
Different
causes of
climate
forcing from
the 1950s.
“The radiative
forcing due to the
sulfate aerosol’s
backscattering of
sunlight is known to
modify the
anthropogenic greenhouse effect
significantly, namely
to oppose global
warming. This fact
has been
demonstrated by
introducing sulfate
aerosol into climate
models.”
“The change in the
energy budget due to
aerosols is left as the
residual between
these observed terms
largely because of the
uncertainty in their
indirect effects on
clouds. Although
University of Leeds,
Leeds, UK.
NASA Langley
Research Center,
Hampton, Virginia,
USA.
D17.107 Academic
Search Complete.
Web. 1 June 2013.
some estimates have
been made from
satellite data over
limited periods, these
are subject to large
uncertainties and are
not available over the
multi- decadal
timescales of interest
here.”