Chapter 10 Graphic Organizer Review
Directions:
Using your textbook and notes, create a graphic organizer or chart using ONE of the main
categories listed below. Use key vocabulary related to your category. Be ready to share and
discuss your graphic organizer and/or chart with the rest of the class.

Cognition (pgs. 367-371)
o What is cognition?
 Refers to mentally processing information- our thoughts take many forms
(daydreaming, problem solving, and reasoning, etc.
 Basic Units of thought- language, images, concepts,
 Mental rotation- refers to changing the position of an image in mental
space
 Reverse Vision, created image
 What are kinesthetic images- created from produced, remembered, or
imagined muscular sensations
o What are the components of logical thinking? (Deductive and inductive
reasoning)

Concepts (pgs. 371-373)
o How are concepts learned?
 Concept formation- is the process of classifying information into
meaningful categories
o Describe the types of concepts?
 Conjunctive concepts- defined by the presence of two or more features
(motorcycle must have two wheels, helmet, etc)
 Relational concepts- based on how an object relates to something else or
how its features relate to one another (larger, above, left, north, and upside
down)
 Disjunctive concepts- have a least one of several possible features
(either/or concepts- a strike is either a swing and a miss or a called strike
or a foul ball)
 Prototypes- ideal models to identify concepts
 Connotative meaning- its emotional or personal meaning
 Denotative meaning- exact definition
 Semantic differential- when words or concepts are rated on various scales,
most of their connotative meaning boils down to the dimensions
 Social stereotypes- oversimplified stereotypes
 All-or-nothing thinking- (one dimensional thinking)

Language and Thinking (pgs. 373-378)
o What does it take to make a language?
 Words encode (translate) the world into symbols that are easy to
manipulate
 Semantics- the study of meaning in words and language

Structure of language
 Syllables, grammar (set rules of making sounds into words and
words into sentences)
o Syntax- rules for word order
o Transformation rules- change a simple declarative sentence
into other voices or forms (dog bites man, dog bit a man
(past), the man was bitten by a dog (passive), the dog did
not bite the man (negative), did the dog bite the man?
(question)
 Language is productive- can generate thoughts or ideas
 Gestural language- ASL

Problem Solving (pgs. 378-383)
o Describe the different types of strategies.
 Mechanical solutions- achieved by trial and error pr by rote (trying to
figure out the combo for the bike lock)
 Understanding- deeper comprehension of a problem
 General solution- defines requirements for success
 Functional solution- a number of solutions and then narrowing
down to one solution (most functional one)
 Ex: rubik cube is usually tried and solved through trial and error
but then if you read the directions, you may get an understanding
of how to do it and see/understand the general properties of the
puzzle
 Heurisitics- a strategy of identifying and evaluating a problem (rule of
thumb- reduces the number of alternatives thinkers must consider)
 Ideal problem solving- identify, define, explore, act, look and learn
 Insightful solutions- rapid and clear insights that we wonder how we
missed it the first time
 Selective encoding- selecting specific information
 Selective combination- bringing together unrelated bits of useful
information
 Selective comparison- ability to compare new problems with old
information or with problems already solved
 Fixation- tendency to get “hung up” on wrong solutions or to become
blind to alternatives

Barriers to problem solving? GIVE EXAMPLES
o Emotional barriers- inhibition and fear of making a fool of oneself
o Cultural barriers- values that hold
o Learned barriers- conventions about uses, meanings, possibilities, taboos
o Perceptual barriers- habits leading to a failure to identify important elements of a
problem

Creative Thinking (pgs. 385-390)
o What are some types of creative thinking?
 Inductive- going from specific facts or observations to general principles
 Deductive- going from general principles to specific situations
 Logical/Illogical
 Fluency, flexibility, originality
 Convergent/divergent thinking- lines of thought converge on an answer/
many possibilities are made up starting with one point
o What are the stages of creative thought?
 Orientation- problem is defined
 Preparation- thinkers saturated with as much information as possible
 Incubation- processing is done in the mind- all attempted solutions will
have proved futile
 Illumination- stage often ended by a rapid insight or series of insights
 Verification- final step- test and critically evaluates the solution obtained
during the stage illumination
o What kills creativity?
 Intuition- quick, impulsive thought that does not make use of clear
reasoning
 Representations- we give a choice a greater weight because we are
familiar with it
 Underlying odds- ignoring base rate, underlying probability, of an
events
 Framing- the way the problem is stated/framed affects decisions
 Wisdom- people may be intelligent without being wise