FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Ph.D ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
S/
N
1
NAME
THESIS TITLE
Agee, John Terhile
Nonlinear Modeling
and Adaptive
Control of
Hydropower Plants
YEA
R
2000
REG
NO
ATBU/P
G/0294
ABSTRACT
Hydropower plants remain a
significant viable option for
improving the sustainability and
quality of power supply in
Nigeria. This study is concerned
with evolving an improved
hydropower generation control
strategy.
A sixteenth-order
nonlinear
stochastic model for hydropower
plants was developed.
Extensive validation of the model
was done using Runge-Kutta
fourth-order integration method
and Monte-Carlo simulation. An
adaptive
linear
quadratic
Gaussian (ALQG) controller
based on simultaneous parameter
identification, state estimation
and control law synthesis was
proposed and validated via
simulation. A Kalman filter was
used for state estimation. An
extension
of
the
batch
identification algorithm of Hung
and Liu (1982) was employed for
parameter
identification.
AREA FOR FURTHER
RESEARCH
2
Nathaniel Nwaeke
Chigbu
Microwave
Propagation
Characteristics in
the North – Eastern
part of Nigeria For
Telecommunication
planning at (2-6)
GHz
2002
PG No.
00461
Feedback gains computation was
on the basis of a quadratic
criterion.
It was shown that inclusion of
nonlinear saturation effects, and
limiting nonlinearties
in the excitation system, as well
as use of a second-order
penstock-turbine model improve
system stability. The effect of
random parameter variations was
to degrade plant stability in a
way not predictable from a
deterministic model of the plant.
The ALQG control algorithm
developed is a more effective
strategy
for
controlling
hydropower plants with timevarying
parameters
and
disturbances than most current
control schemes in use in the
power industry.
It has been observed over a
period of time that microwave
signals along the Nigerian
Telecommunications PLC links
in the Northern parts of Nigeria
suffer fluctuation and attenuation
during some periods of the year,
especially during the harmattan
period (Aliyu, 1994), The main
objective of the research is to
investigate
the
microwave
propagation characteristics in the
North-Eastern part of Nigeria for
telecommunication planning.
Transhorizon propagation at
microwave frequencies in the
North-Eastern part of Nigeria has
been investigated with the use of
Nigerian Telecommunication Ltd
link facilities at 2GHz, 4GHz and
60Hz. The links used are Jos Matari, Jos - Kassa Hill, Bauchi .Iir. Bauchi - Gilliri, Bauchi Zaranda, Maiduguri -- Kesawa
and Maiduguri - Kumala. The
investigation had been carried out
over a period or five years (11)94
- 1(99) and some of the results
are presented in this thesis.
Measurements were taken
or microwave signal levels to
determine the diurnal und
seasonal variation and duct
propagation. Vertical temperature
variation within 2000 metres or
the troposphere were investigated
ill order to study the occurrence
or temperature inversion. In
addition, vertical gradients of
refractivity were investigated in
order to investigate
the
occurrence
or
super-refuel
product
propagation,
The
influence or humidity on
3.
Omizegba,
Ehiagwiana Elijah
Design Fuzzy
Attitude Controller
For Orbiting
Satellites
2003
PG No.
00298
refractivity,
modulus
of
refractivity and super-refraction
were examined. The etlect of dust
particles 011 the microwave radio
signals, especially due to harmful
dust particles were investigated
by measuring dust particles size
distribution, visibility and other
parameters in order to compute
the attenuation 0f microwave
signals by dust.
The problem of large-angle threeaxes rotational manoeuvre of
flexible space vehicles has been a
challenging control problem
because the attitude dynamics of
this class of vehicles are nonlinear, coupled and make linear
controllers
unsuitable.
In
addition, the elastic modes of the
flexible members are excited
anytime the rigid centre body is
reoriented, which is accentuated
in the low gravitational field in
which these vehicles operate.
Furthermore, incorporating these
modes
in
the
spacecraft
dynamical equation increases the
order of system dynamics
considerably. In this thesis a
systematic and empirical method
for the design of a fuzzy logic
controller is developed to
The following suggestions are
proposed for further research:
-Extension to Sugeno Fuzzy
Systems: The empirical equations and
tuning methods have been developed
to Mamdani type fuzzy logic
controller where the output space are
characterised
by
membership
functions. An extension to TagakiSugeno type fuzzy systems can be
undertaken (Yi et al, 2003; Xu and
Xu, 2003; Chang and Sun, 2003).
-Application to Model Reference and
Observer Systems: Current fuzzy
control research interests have been
for model reference systems and
fuzzy observer systems (Yin and Lee,
1995; Tong and Li, 2002; Sun et aI,
2003). The empirical method
developed here could be extended to
tune parameters of reference model
and observer based system.
eliminate
subjectivity
of
controller
design
and
to
systematically reduce the number
of control rules to a minimum for
a
more
efficient
control.
Simulation results show that these
dual aims were achieved and that
the designed controller was
suitable for three axes large angle
attitude control of a real flexible
spacecraft and at the same time
providing active damping of the
resulting flexural motion. The
fuzzy
controller
presented
outperformed
comparative
controllers used for the same
purpose as reported in literature.
This was achieved despite
considerable measurement
noise and disturbance torques;
both of which are expected in the
normal
operation
of
real
satellites. A significant feature of
the control objectives is the
absence of the need to measure
or estimate the states of the
flexible
members,
thereby
increasing system reliability and
reducing
complexity.
This
solution opens up the possibility
of having a standalone hardware
implementation of an attitude
controller for this class of space
-Development of Fuzzy Functions:
Fuzzy basis function for a fuzzy
system developed using the methods
presented in this study could also be
determined. Fuzzy basis functions are
purely theoretical study of the
function that could best approximate
fuzzy
systems
(Makila
and
Partington, 2003). These studies are
undertaken as a theoretical basis for
providing proof of convergence for
fuzzy controllers
vehicles that could free up
essential onboard computing
resources.
4.
Gobir Ibrahim
Abdullahi
Development of
Efficient Energy
Conservation
Strategies and
forecasting Models
for Cement
Industries.
2004
PGS/202
052
The main objective of this thesis
is an investigation for evolution
of
strategies
for
energy
consumption
through
conservation. Use is made of
waste as an alternative fuel to
enhance sustainable economic
cement production while past
plant data has been used in the
development
of
energy
forecasting models for effective
managerial decision.
Here, an energy forecasting
model has been developed by
using a versatile analytical tool
known as "MATIAB". One of the
main thrusts of this thesis
involves comprehensive data
compilation on electrical and
thermal energy consumptions
over a period of ten years from a
practical existing cement plant
called, Cement Company of
Northern Nigeria PIc Sokoto
(CCNN). It is established through
the
evolution
of
the
aforementioned
models
that
improved energy performance
and strategy for efficient energy
-The cement plants are quite
nonlinear. The use of Artificial
Neural
Networks
(ANN)
is
recommended in addition to studies
on disturbance model for system
identification.
-On-line forecasting model methods
should be part of information in the
CCTN control room to enable the
management take immediate actions
on major change of model.
-Measurement and modeling of noise
should be carried out as
part of pollution monitoring and
control.
-The CCNN should implement the
proposals and continue to update the
research efforts with an interest to
assess by the monthly reduction of
energy consumption bill.
conservation and enhancement of
productivity
are
achievable.
Consequently improved quality
and productivity which ensured
environmental pollution control
in cement manufacturing have
been affected. Furthermore, the
parametric forecasting models
developed are also useful for
industrial policy development.
Industrial policy established from
the models are consistent with
improved
planning
on
productivity
and
energy
consumption including
Economic and environmental
compatibility awareness. The
extensive results obtained have
confirmed
that
energy
conservation strategies show
tremendous savings in both
electrical and thermal energy
consumptions.
Indeed, the rice husk used as a
candidate for alternative fuel not
only provides significant savings
in kiln fuel but also enhances
effective waste disposal. In
addition, it is anticipated that it
will assist the poverty alleviation
programme of the Federal
Government of Nigeria through
provision of jobs to the farmers in
5.
Adegboyega,
Gabriel Ganiyu
Adisa
Measurements,
Analysis and
Modelling of Soil
Resistivity,
Electrical Earthing
System and
Thunderstorm
Activities in the
North east zone of
Nigeria
2007
PGS/9697/0127
8
the immediate environment who
are potential suppliers of the
large quantity of rice husk to the
Company.
There is need to acquire reliable
databases on soil types/soil
resistivity and expected lightning
flash intensities to enable designs
of satisfactory and cost effective
everything systems for all capital
intensive
electrical
and
communications systems as well
as tall structures at any given
location. Such reliable databases
are not readily available in most
developing environments typified
by Nigeria. This thesis presents
therefore
comprehensive
measurements of some key
electrical installations resistances
and soil resistivities at several
locations for different seasons in
the northeast zone of Nigeria
relying on fall of potential and
Wenner techniques, respectively.
As an integral part of these
measurements, different soil type
and seasonal variations of soil
moisture contents have been
identified for the principal aim of
quantifying the impacts on soil
resistivity and seasonal variations
of electrical earthing resistances.
The following areas of additional
research work are suggested:
-The development of isokeraunic
contour for the northeast zone should
be improved upon if more
observations
on
thunderstorms/lightning activities are
acquired through installations of
lightning flash counters and detectors
in strategic locations in the northeast
zone of Nigeria.
-The design, construction and
characterization of lightning detectors
robust for the northeast environment
should also be considered a possible
research area.
-Since one of the research goals is to
establish prediction of thunderstorm
occurrence, the results obtained have
not been exhaustively verified.
This should be done by acquiring
more historical thunderstorm data
from the cities of some of the
contiguous
states
for
which
predictions were made in this thesis.
-The results of the three mathematical
prediction models in thesis revealed
that multiple regression and geocoordinates projection algorithms are
Due to non-availability of
lightning
detection
systems
(LDS), this research work has
relied entirely on systematic
acquisition of meteorological data
on thunderstorm activities from
the
existing
meteorological
stations within northeast part of
Nigeria.
Consequently,
a
minimum
of
ten
years
meteorological
data
on
thunderstorm days have been
collected for all the major cities
in the northeast zone of Nigeria.
Based on these data thunder flash
densities have been computed and
also the thunderstorm/lightning
intensity contour maps or
Isokeraunic line classifications
constructed for the northeast zone
of Nigeria. from the extensive
literature survey carried out the
existing mathematical models
developed are not applicable to
the thunderstorm activities in the
region of interest Consequently,
the development of mathematical
models
for
predicting
thunderstorm/lightning activities
in the northeast zone of Nigeria
have been carried out using multiregression method as well as
artificial neural networks (ANN)
closely matched whereas that of
ANN· deviated significantly for some
locations. Hence more work should
be aimed at improving the training
procedure for ANN or by employing
fuzzy
, neural network as well as other
suitable meta-heuristic techniques to
achieve improvement in predictive
accuracy.
The techniques developed in this
thesis should be of immense use to
engineers concerned with the design
of earthing system, meteorologists
and other researchers with interest in
the area of thunderstorm predictions
and Isokeraunic contour development.
The results achieved and other ~ key
observations made should also guide
NITEL and PHCN managements, as
found expedient, to evolve sound
earthing system and lightning
protection
policies
aimed
principally
at
minimizing failure of expensive
equipment and
the
attendant
disruptions
in
qualitative service delivery to
consumers not only in the northeast
zone but throughout Nigeria. The
rapidly growing GSM base
stations and ever expanding mass
media outfits in the northeast zone are
and geo-coordinate projection
technique. The various models
developed have been used to
predict thunderstorm activities at
locations where such data are not
available due to lack of
meteorological stations. The
results obtained from the various
methods
developed
were
compared and discussed from the
standpoint of their predictive
adequacy. As well known, the
lower the value of soil resistivity
at a given location the better it is
to achieve good earthling
installation for electrical and
communication
facilities
vulnerable to lightning strikes. In
particular, it has been identified
that the high occurrence of
thunderstorm
activities
on
highlands and plateau fringes of
the northeast zone calls for
adequate earthing installation for
such facilities while taking into
consideration the soil types and
soil resistivity in those areas. This
research work therefore is
invaluable to reliable and secure
operations of communication
facilities, bulk power supply and
distribution in the region of
interest.
likely also to be beneficiaries of the
main outcome of this research work.
Finally, there is need to extend the
same research framework to other
geographical zones in Nigeria.
6.
Islam Mohammad
Shariful
Design and
Management
Strategies of Hybrid
Electrical Power
Supply for Critical
Loads
2008
PGS/9900/2020
23
The man focus of this research is
on the characterization of viable
electricity supply options to
improve significantly power
quality and availability to digital
loads that have become critical
with profound influence on
economic growth and industrial
productivity. The power supply to
training laboratories, clinical
laboratories, digital equipment
and communication facilities of
Abubakar
Tafawa
Balewa
University, Bauchi are used as
critical loads for case study and
the proposed quality power
supply
will
enhance
the
productivity in teaching and
research. The utility power
supply and the power delivered
by standby diesel generators are
evaluated towards power quality
requirements
and
cost
implications. It is found that
neither of the two power delivery
systems are compatible with the
requirements of the critical loads
which need quality power supply
for 99 of their working time.
When compared with the lifecycle cost (LCC) of photovoltaic
(PV) systems, wind turbines,
battery banks, and the emerging
-The Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) model should continue to be
developed in order to increase the
efficiency of PV generators.
-The ATBU should implement the
proposal and continue to encourage
research for the development of
renewable power generations.
-Further development of efficient and
effective
inverters
should
be
encouraged
since
successful
functioning of the PV system depends
on their operation. Also the inverters
failure remains one of the primary
causes of PV system failures.
-Measurement and Modelling of PV
output should be carried out as part of
efficiency of the PV module, output
of which is dependent on successful
capturing of the solar insolation.
-Field model studies are also
recommended in this project for
further study areas.
fuel cells, there is justification to
adopt
hybrid
distributed
generation (DG) systems for the
critical loads. They are becoming
attractive, as they are reliable and
available in modular form, which
can be easily extended with short
lead-time to meet the increased
critical power demand. Power
supply to critical loads and
analysis of renewable energy
resources as a viable option to
improve power quality are
presented in this research work.
Modeling and simulation studies
are developed on hybrid power
System that could improve
quality power to critical loads.
Power system analysis toolbox
(PSAT) software package of
MATLAB is used to simulate the
hybrid power generation system
model. In the modelling of the
critical power delivery system for
the ATBU- Yelwa campus, the
DGs considered include PV
generators,
wind
turbine
generators, fuel cell, battery
storage systems and the diesel
generators. In the simulation, the
effect of cloud, industrial and
harmattan dust cover reduce PV
output very enormously, even up
7.
Anene, Ejike
Chibuzo
Development of
Control Strategies
for Transient
Stabilization of
Synchronous
Generators Based
on Differential
Flantness a
Approach
2008
PGS/0304/2020
262
to 60 were considered. Power
demand scenarios for working
periods, holidays and weekends
are considered to optimise
operational cost of the systems.
The PV array and battery sizes
required are 3139 modules of
60W, 12V and 511 batteries of
480Ah respectively. On the other
hand, the capacities of the fuel
cell and wind generator are 80kW
and 1.2kW respectively. The
detailed results obtained are
presented, fully discussed and
provide fundamental information
in the development of quality and
available power supply to critical
loads to significantly enhance
teaching and research in the
campus.
The recent design trends of
synchronous machines, feeding
modern power systems, have
necessitated
research
into
emerging control techniques to
enhance
their
transient
performance
during
system
disturbances. The main focus of
this thesis is therefore on the
development and application of a
technique
based
on
the
differential-flatness approach for
input-state feedback linearization
This study has by no means
exhausted the various areas of
feedback
control
theory
on
synchronous machines nor has it
covered in depth all that needs to be
known about the technique presented.
However the following suggestions
for further work though not
exhaustive of what could be done, are
hereby listed:
-Preliminary simulations done to
embed flatness-based feedback have
shown a good promise and needs to
of reduced order synchronous
machine models so as to achieve
optimal transient stabilization.
The
feedback
linearization
scheme of particular interest
requires the generation of a flat
output from which the feedback
control law can easily be
designed. Thus the derivation of
the flat output for the reduced
order model of the synchronous
machine with simplified turbine
dynamics is hereby presented. In
this research work, mathematical
and computational details are set
forth on the application of this
technique in the computation of
the flat output for a single-input
and multi-input third order
synchronous machine model
connected to an infinite bus
system (SMIBS). The flat outputs
of the reduced order model of the
synchronous machine with and
without
simplified
turbine
dynamics are shown to be a
function of the rotor angle, and
mechanical power output/rotor
angle
respectively.
The
corresponding
linearized
compensators are then derived as
well as the nonlinear controllers
for transient stabilization of a
be further worked on to facilitate
faster
and
easier
practical
deployment in physical systems.
Work is intended to go on with
further tests on various networks and
the embedding of the Flatness based
controller in the A VR system of
synchronous machines.
-Further work can be done to
ascertain the best way to deploy the
flatness based feedback controller
with other controller schemes to
achieve
optimum
network
performance during faults in a multimachine setting.
-Investigation
of
tracking
capabilities of the controller
especially with respect to other
system variables and scenarios
needs to be further pursued.
- Having seen good results obtained
with the flatness strategy; it will be
good that it be studied on other
physical systems.
-It will be worthwhile to investigate
this controller using Neural networks,
as an easy way of adapting it for
practical implementation.
- Practical implementation using
simulation
techniques
in
PSCAD/EMPT environment as well
as physical synchronous machines
and microcontrollers should be
synchronous machine subjected pursued.
to large disturbances. The
transient performances of a single
machine equipped with the so
designed nonlinear controllers
feeding an infinite bus are
exhaustively investigated via
simulation of several system
scenarios
in
the
Mat-lab
environment. The results obtained
for transient disturbances on the
single machine infinite bus
system (SMIBS) were presented
and compared with a power
system stabilizer (PSS) equipped
automatic voltage regulator (A
VR) excitation system for similar
system structure as well also with
other control algorithms to
demonstrate the effectiveness of
the proposed scheme. Several
variational analysis involving
fault duration, machine field
voltage limits and real power
loading have also been carried out
using the SMIBS with the
proposed
control
structure.
Furthermore relying on the
computed flat output of the
reduced
order
synchronous
generator model, a number of
reference trajectories have been
generated a-priori using standard
8.
Musa, Saidu Yerima
Development and
Implementation of
Neural Network
Based Load
Forecasting and
2008
PGS/9697/0014
0
interpolation
procedure.
Simulations were subsequently
done to cause the SMIBS track
the generated trajectories under
no fault condition. Thereafter the
system has been simulated under
fault conditions
to track the reference trajectories
and compared with the same
system response without tracking
option, but using the proposed
control structure with the former
showing
remarkable
improvements in system transient
stabilization.
Finally,
the
proposed control scheme has
been tested on a two-area fourmachine benchmark test system
widely employed in similar
research
investigations.
The
various results obtained via
simulations of the multi-machine
system in Matlab Simulink, are
also presented and extensively
discussed from the standpoints of
the controller effectiveness with
respect higher order nonlinear
model of the two-area system.
There is need to undertake
research on modem operating
tools for the rapidly growing
Nigerian electric power system
being restructured for eventual
-The combination of the cascaded
artificial neural network CANN
developed in this research and other
neural network modifications that
consider variation of peak load
Load Frequency
Control on Nigerian
Electric Power
System
privatization. As part of the
modem operating tool, this thesis
focuses
attention
on
the
development of an artificial
neural network based technique
of forecasting the short term
demand on electric power system
and also the optimal design of an
adaptive neural network based
load frequency controller for the
Nigerian electric power system
modelled as two area system. The
short term demand forecast
technique employs a cascaded
artificial neural network (CANN)
structure to mitigate errors due to
weather factors. The Nigerian
electric power daily peak load for
one year collected from the
national control centre, Oshogbo
have been utilized for training
CANN and model adequacy
verification. Herein, other errors
due to numerous social activities
on different day types are
mitigated by using data derived
from similar day type to forecast
for a particular day type. The load
frequency control system design
involves prediction of load
disturbance of each area at every
minute interval. Each predicted
load is assigned to a cluster via
demand in the season will
undoubtedly be a better network
structure for daily peak load
prediction. Future research effort
should be aimed at incorporating
seasonal variations as part of
explanatory variables for peak
demand forecasts for the Nigerian
power system.
-The Nigerian electric power system
is expanding very rapidly.
This high expansion rate may soon
require the power system to be
modeled by more than two areas.
Unfortunately, most of the LFC
system designs available in literature
are for two areas. Although the work
presented in this thesis is so
structured that it can be easily
modified for a system with more than
two areas, further research in LFC
system design for large power
systems modeled by more than two
areas is recommended with the
application of the emerging neurocomputing concepts and deployment
of other control agents such as radix
batteries, super conducting energy
storage systems (SMES) etc.
3.The ANN is better trained with
very low learning rate. With such
low value of learning rate, the
training willtake very many
unsupervised neural network
learning
process.
Controller
feedback gains corresponding to
each cluster center are determined
for Proportional plus Integral (P+
I), modal and optimal control
schemes.
Subsequently,
supervised learning neural
networks (SLNN) learn mapping
between each cluster center and
its feedback gains. A real time
load disturbance in either or both
areas activates appropriate SLNN
to
generate
corresponding
feedback gains. The effectiveness
of the load forecast technique and
the proposed load frequency
control algorithm are evaluated
on the Nigerian hydrothermal
power system. More specifically,
for the selected learning rate and
momentum term for neural
network training, the maximum
forecast error achieved is less
than 3. Furthermore, simulation
results obtained for the different
adaptive
control
schemes
considered in this research work
were characterized exhaustively
relying on performance criteria
computations. The adaptive state
feedback control schemes were
found
to
return
better
Iterations that can run for several
hours and even days. This has been a
major drawback in this research.
Training the ANN using other
emerging techniques should be
explored.
-Fuzzy logic is an area that is finding
increasing application in electrical
power systems study. A Fuzzy neural
network based load forecasting
technique and load frequency control
system design should be developed
for the Nigerian power system to
enable comparison with the neural
network based technique developed in
this thesis.
9.
Mustapha,
Mallambe Babagana
Design of Control
Algorithms for
Magnetic Levitation
and Propulsion of
Vehicles
2009
PGS/0304/2020
171
performance
under
noisy
measurements than the adaptive
proportional plus integral control
scheme for the study system. The
various
simulation
results
obtained in this thesis are
exhaustively
discussed
and
compared with similar studies
available in the literature.
The application of linear electric
motor theory in high-speed
transportation systems poses a
major
control
engineering
challenge because the air-gap
between the car and the track is
difficult to maintain. The
magnetic forces acting in the
dynamics of the vehicle are nonlinear in the simultaneous
levitation and propulsion tasks.
The vehicle dynamics are
subjected to time varying
operating
parameters
and
environmental
disturbances
creating additional constraints on
the system control design. This
study is primarily concerned with
the development of control
strategies
for
effective
performance
in
magnetic
suspension and propulsion of the
vehicle. Magnetically levitated
vehicles are potentially viable and
The main achievement of this
research is the design and control of
levitation and population that
considered
real
application
requirement. The following are
recommendations for the studies:
-The PID controller designed does not
take into account optimal tuning of
the controller gains. An optimal or on
line timing techniques can be used for
improved propulsion performance.
-Expansion of the model to
investigate guidance and controller
interfacing of maglev vehicle
-To examine and analyse eddy current
effects on the various maglev
subsystems
an environmentally attractive
future
mass
transportation
system. A major thrust of this
thesis, involves a systematic
development of a vehicle model
using magnetic forces and energy
equations for the simulation of
the dynamics. More specifically,
this thesis has investigated the
variable structure control (VSC)
algorithm with reference tracking
for the control of magnetic
levitation height of the vehicle.
VSC is proposed to explore its
properties with respect to the
vehicle desired fast response,
small overshoot and precise
positioning of the magnetic
levitation vehicle at the desired
levitation height. Furthermore, it
has been demonstrated that
variable structure control is quite
robust with respect to operating
parameters
variations.
The
optimal design of proportional
plus integral plus derivative (PID)
controller is presented to achieve
the desire speed of the vehicle
and tested intensively under
several disturbance scenarios.
MATLAB version 7.0 is used as
the simulation platform to
characterize the performances of
10.
Nwohu Mark
Ndubuka
Voltage Stability
Enhancement of the
Nigerian Grid
System Using
Flexible Alternating
Current
Transmission
System (Facts)
Devices
2009
PGS/0405/2020
161
the control strategies proposed for
physical magnetic levitation train.
The results of various case studies
show that the control algorithms
developed are effective for the
non-linear magnetic levitation
vehicle subjected to disturbances
and time varying operating
parameters. This research work
has opened up the possibility of
hardware implementation of
exploring linear electric motor
characteristics for high speed
mass transportation system in
Nigeria.
The main research focus of this
dissertation concerns primarily
the application of Unified Power
Flow Controllers (UPFC) to
secure steady state, dynamic and
transient
voltage
stability
objectives for the Nigerian Power
System. Existing research work in
this area revealed that the optimal
location of a FACTS controller is
a nonlinear optimization problem
for a given interconnected
network structure. Consequently,
this research effort has evolved a
pragmatic approach to the
optimal siting of UPFC in the
Nigerian
EHV
transmission
system based on a ranking
-The tuning of the UPFC in PSAT
environment that posed a great
challenge in the operation of this
FACTS device was reasonably
achieved in this research work, via
several off-line simulations with
manual adjustment of control signals.
Therefore additional effort should be
made to evolve practical technique
that could be used in tuning the
FACTS Devices in PSA T
environment.
-In this research, only one point
in an Area was determined for the
location of UPFC in Nigerian
Grid System. Consequently, the
determination of siting UPFC in
other areas should be given
criterion that made use of the
sensitivity of the total system
active power loss with respect to
the key control parameters. The
power now regulation capability
in a transmission line power
corridor using embedded UPFC
has also been given considerable
attention in this research work.
Herem,
optimally
tuned
proportional and integral (PI)
based voltage control through
shunt compensation, real power
now control through quadrature
voltage injection and reactive
power now control through inphase voltage injection for the
UPFC have been employed to
secure improvements in the
voltage and angle transient
stabilities of the Nigerian power
system and other selected case
study power systems that include
a single machine infinite bus
system and IEEE 14- bus system.
Several steady state simulations
in PSCAD/EMTDC environment
as well as in PSAT environment
have been performed to ascertain
the effectiveness of UPFC sited in
the Nigerian Grid System and
other IEEE standard networks.
Furthermore, the steady state
attention in future research.
-Against the backdrop of reform
and restructuring in power industry
in Nigeria, the installation of
FACTS
devices
should
be
considered as a vital tool in the
deferment of further construction of
transmission lines to meet the everincreasing demand of electric
power supply and ensuring system
security and reliability.
-The Federal government in its
policy should prioritize energy
sector and make funds available
for innovation with recent
technology (i.e. use of FACTS
devices) in power industry.
11.
Tijjani, Auwalu
Musa
Signal Transmission 2011
Characterization,
Performance
Analysis and
Modeling of Power
Line
Communication
System for Bauchi
Distribution
Network
PGS/0001/2020
41
voltage
stability
margin
improvements due to UPFC sited
in the Nigerian grid system have
been computed at some selected
buses that are known to exhibit
large voltage variations. All the
simulation results obtained with
respect to the Nigerian Grid
System tor different loading and
disturbance
scenarios
are
presented
and
extensively
discussed. In particular, the
simulation results obtained for the
Nigerian Grid System were found
to be in agreement with, or better
than, those presented by other
researchers.
Finally,
the
effectiveness
of
UPFC
installation in the Nigerian Grid
System has also been assessed
with respect to its voltage
stability enhancement capability.
Power line communication (PLC) The following are suggested as
is a communication method that further research areas:
utilizes the existing electric -For more information on signal
characteristics
of
power lines as its communication transmission
primary
distribution
networks
of
channel. This technology has
attracted
researchers
from Bauchi, field measurements of signal
different disciplines in the past transmission characteristics should
two decades. This is not be carried out for the network to
unconnected with the fact that the ratify simulation results presented in
technology can provide good this thesis. These field measurements
business opportunities for a will enable signal transmission
variety of different areas such as
electric
power
engineering.
Communication
engineering,
network engineering as well as
industrial control engineering
because the networks are almost
universal in coverage and are
easily accessible. Designing and
planning an efficient power line
communication system over any
distribution network require
information
on
signal
transmission characteristics of the
network. This research work
presents signal transmission
characterization,
performance
analysis and modeling of power
line communication system over
distribution networks in Bauchi
with respect to frequency bands
of 50-500 kHz and 1-10 MHz for
low and high bit rate applications
respectively. The effect of
frequency, load impedance and
line length on the performance of
power
line
communication
system for Bauchi distribution
networks was investigated. The
simulation and field measurement
results are discussed extensively
from the stand points of signal
attenuation in Bauchi distribution
network infrastructure. Results
models to be developed for analysis
and
design
of
power
line
communication system for the
network.
-There will be need to acquire
relevant data acquisition system that
can be interfaced with the primary
feeder network.
-The
high
frequency
signal
transmission characteristics observed
in this research work could be due to
skin effect. Detail investigation into
possible impact of skin effect
phenomena should be carried out for
better
understanding
of
high
frequency
signal
transmission
characteristics
of
distribution
networks.
Finally, this research work should be
replicated in other distribution
networks
within
Nigeria
for
implementation of emerging smart
distribution system.
12
Konni, Japhet
Dauda
Long- Term Load
Forecasting,
Improving and
Generic a
Algorithm Based
Long Range
Expansion Planning
for Nigerian
Electric Utility.
2012
PGS/0405/2020
246
obtained show that power line
communication can be applied in
the network with standard signal
amplitude of 116 dB).l V. From
the field measurement, signal
transmission models for indoor
and outdoor distribution networks
in the frequency bands 50-500
kHz and 1-10 MHz were
developed. It is shown that third
order polynomial and small order
finite impulse response models
are quite sufficient to describe
power
line
communication
channels for both in-door and outdoor distribution networks in
Bauchi in the frequency bands of
50-500 kHz and 1-10 MHz.
This thesis is primarily concerned The following areas of additional
with long-term load forecasting, research work are suggested:
improved load modeling and long (i) More attention should be
range
generation
expansion
focused on the performance of
planning for the Nigerian electric
the proposed long range
utility. It is recognized that no
forecasting
technique
by
meaningful generation expansion
redesigning the fuzzy inference
planning program
can be
system to admit other potential
actualized for any electric utility
explanatory variables such as
that is not anchored on reliable
population growth rate, cost of
long-term load forecasts and
crude oil, etc., into
adequate
load
model
Econometric
model
that
representation.
Consequently,
underpin the forecast model.
considerable attention has been (ii) In anticipation of eventual
devoted, in the first part of this deregulation
of
the
Nigerian
thesis, to the development of load
forecasting technique and load
modeling philosophy tailored to
meet
generation
expansion
planning requirements of the
Nigerian power system for the
desired planning horizon. The
long-term
load
forecasting
technique developed in this
research is premised on hybrid
fuzzy
and
Monte-Carlo
simulation model in which past
historical load demand data, key
econometric variables and extant
suppressed system demands have
been admitted as explanatory
inputs. Several load forecast
scenarios for the Nigerian power
system have been undertaken on
the basis of realistic projections
of
key
economic
and
demographic indices. In this
thesis, credible long range load
forecast results for the Nigerian
peak power demands have been
developed for the assumed
planning horizon of 2003 to 2020
with
and
without
due
considerations
given
to
suppressed demands. Of critical
importance in the overall
formulation
of
long-range
generation planning is the
electricity industry, it is research
worthy to look at generation
expansion plan framework under
competitive market forces. (iii)
Having focused research attention on
generation expansion problem, it is
imperative to look at transmission
expansion problem for the sake of
completeness and to truly achieve the
expected reliability and security of a
fully deregulated Nigerian power
system.
(iv) The production costing carried
out in this research work made use of
typical cost data from other well
established electric utilities in the
absence of similar cost data for the
Nigerian milieu. Of course, the use of
domesticated cost data should be
pursued in subsequent production
costing keyed to generation or
transmission expansion plan for more
realistic determination of net present
value
mathematical characterizations of
the load model evolution within
the planning horizon. Starting
from the quarterly inverted load
duration
curves
(ILDCs),
constructed using one typical year
of the Nigerian grid daily peak
loads, they were then fitted by
mathematical representations that
relied on optimally selected
power polynomials of their
respective underlying system load
factors. The load models so
constructed when compared with
similar load models constructed
via existing techniques in the
literature were found to be
superior. This dissertation has
also presented the application of
Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve
highly
nonlinear
generation
expansion planning problem
formulated specifically for the
Nigerian electric power system to
meet key reliability and security
targets. Starting from long range
load forecasts and load models
developed for the Nigerian
electric utility case study,
sensitivity analysis has been
carried out to obtain GA optimal
operating parameters without
violating assumed declining loss-
13.
Guda, Hassan
Abdullahi
Improved
Modelling and
Simulation of a
Stand- Alone
Experimental
Photovoltaic Array
for Different
Climatic Conditions
of Bauchi Locality.
2012
PGS/0506/2020
271
of-load-probability
(LOLP)
reliability
index
of
120
days/annum in 2003 to 1 day per
annum at the end of the planning
horizon of year 2020. Several
generation scenarios have been
entertained for the Nigerian
electric utility on the platform of
selected range of generation
options that maximally made use
of the Nigerian energy resource
base. The principal contribution
of this research effort is the
attainment of least cost optimal
generation mix that met specified
declining
lossofloadprobability
(LOLP)
and
significant
reduction
of
suppressed demands to less than
10 over the planning time
horizon.
This dissertation is primarily
concerned
with
improved
modeling and simulation of a
standalone photovoltaic (PV)
array. Most of the available
prediction tools rely largely on
the solar cell manufacturers' data
specifications. This approach
does not always yield satisfactory
energy predictions with respect to
vastly dispersed field operating
conditions for PV installations in
The following suggestions are made
for further research work:
-Modeling the photovoltaic array
should be extended beyond the use of
only Radial Basis Function Neural
Network.
Other
Meta-heuristic
techniques such as Genetic Algorithm
(GA), Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO), Ant Colony, etc should be
applied to the same problem and
simulation results compared.
-Effects
of
humidity,
precise
different geographical regions of
the world. Consequently, the two
approaches
(mathematical
modeling and neural network
modeling of PV array) proposed
in this research work are
premised on the development of
accurate PV energy delivery
prediction models hinged on
comprehensive field measured
data, over expected climatic
operating conditions of a locality.
Extensive test measurements
were carried out which generated
comprehensive measured data
comprising diurnal and seasonal
variations of the PV array at the
locality of interest. The generated
data were pre-processed and
subsequently utilized to develop
accurate PV array models with
respect to harmattan, cloudy and
clear sunny climatic conditions.
Several empirical equations were
developed. Far reaching PV array
sensitivity
coefficients
and
leading
parameters
were
computed, which enabled the PV
array operational performances to
be exhaustively assessed for
different climatic conditions with
satisfactory results. The final
phase of this work focused
characterization of cloudy days and
harmattan intensity as well as wind
speed on PV array performance
should be investigated as part of the
input data into the RBFNN.
-Performance of photovoltaic array
under varying temperature and solar
irradiance for other technologies such
as Mono-crystalline, Silicon Thin
Film, 3-Iunction Amorphous and
Organic solar cells should be
investigated and compared.
-The PV array studied is of fixed
orientation. There is therefore the
need to extend this research work to
include PV tracker involving either
single or dual axis tracking
mechanism to maximize solar energy
harvest.
14.
Usman, Abraham
Usman
Propagation
Modelling for
Mobile Radio
Communication at
900/1800MHz
Bands in Bauchi
Town, Nigeria
2013
PGS/0607/2020
276
attention on the utilization of the
same measured data to train
independently two Radial Basis
Function Networks (RBFNs). The
primary objective is to deploy the
RBFNs to simulate the I-V and PV curves and predict the
maximum power output of the PV
array for all climatic conditions.
The trained RBFNs were
validated using test data and
found to satisfactorily simulate
the array's performance. As a
further validation effort, I-V and
P-V
characteristic
curves
generated via RBFNs for the
photovoltaic array were found to
compare satisfactorily well with
those obtained from actual
measurements
and
existing
conventional PV model.
Radio propagation modeling is a
difficult task because of the
complex environments in which
radio signals are transmitted; yet,
these models are necessary for
proper network design and
planning. In this thesis, a
comprehensive set of propagation
measurements
taken
at
frequencies of 900/1800 MHz
bands from four base stations
named BS 1 to BS4 in Bauchi,
Nigeria, is used to validate the
applicability of some popularly
used empirical models for mobile
network design in Bauchi. Results
show that the Egli and Hata
suburban models provide close
predictions for base stations BS1,
BS3 and BS4, thus supporting the
use of these two models for future
network design or system
expansion in Bauchi town and
other environments with similar
features. However, BS2 typifies
an open area as the Hata Open
area model gave the best
performance indices. Also, effects
of some tropospheric and
environmental
variables
on
temporary
signal
strength
variations were investigated.
Results show that on the average,
refractivity gradient values show
a decline in the early morning
hours to the minimum value of 79.4 N1km at about l0am and
begin to rise to a peak value of 41.2 N1km at about 4 pm. It was
generally observed that the
weather parameters and the
refractivity gradient show only
little
correlation
with
the
measured
signal
strength.
Similarly, Multilayer Perceptron
Neural Network, Radial Basis
Function Neural Network and
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference
System (ANFIS) network were
trained using the measured signal
strength and then used to predict
propagation losses under differing
conditions. It was observed that
ANFIS model gave a better fit in
all cases when compared with the
prediction accuracy of the
popular Hata model and also has
better generalization ability.
Likewise, the test on data from an
environment
with
dense
vegetation shows that ANFIS on
the average gave the best
prediction.
15.
Haruna, Ya’u
Shu’aibu
Application of
Computational
Intelligence
Techniques to
Nigerian Grid
System Security
Enhancement
Considering
Optimal siting of
Facts Devices and
load Shedding
Schemes
2014
PGS/0405/2020
26
This dissertation has developed,
as one of its cardinal goals,
generalized optimal allocation
and sitting of flexible AC
transmission (FACTS) devices
for an integrated power system
with pragmatic solution sought
via proposed fast convergence
particle swarm optimization
(FCPSO) for loss minimization
and voltage profile improvement
objectives. Herein, the 31-bus
Nigerian grid system and IEEE14 Bus system were selected as
The following suggestions are made
for further work:
-Other met heuristic techniques such
as bee colony, tabu search (TS),
simulated
annealing
(SA),
evolutionary strategies (ES) should be
applied for the optimal location of
other FACTS devices in the Nigerian
power system to tackle other
operational problems that include
restriction of transmission network
exceeding their capability limits,
voltage stability limit enhancement.
-The
developed
adaptive
load
test systems. Three different types
of FACTS devices comprising
static var compensator (SVC),
thyristor
controlled
series
compensator (TCSC) and unified
power flow controller (UPFC)
was considered for extensive
investigation.
The
second
cardinal goal of this research
work, concerns the evolution of
generalized static and emergency
load shedding schemes with their
effectiveness tested on the
Nigerian grid system to tackle its
perennial steady state and
emergency
generation-load
imbalance
problems.
This
research work has also deplored
computational
intelligence
techniques configured around
FCPSO and fast convergence
differential evolution (FCDE) to
solve the optimal static load
shedding
schemes
for
an
integrated
power
system
subjected to different generationload imbalance scenarios. The
optimal static load shedding data
generated were used to train
radial basis function network
(RBFN) architecture to evolve
adaptive static load shedding
scheme (ASLS). Based on the
shedding actions should be compared
with other existing algorithms in the
power literature.
-The proposed adaptive static load
shedding scheme be applied subtransmission and distribution level.
same mathematical formulation
that included system frequency
deviation,
an
intelligent
emergency load shedding scheme
(IELS) was developed to
counteract
severe
system
disturbances that might otherwise
lead to catastrophic system
collapse. Its implementation is
anchored on the availability of
wide area monitoring systems (W
AMS) to enable detection of the
emergency situation and on-line
determination of appropriate load
shedding actions at specified load
buses. The ASLS and IELS have
been exhaustively tested on the 3
l-bus Nigerian grid system
network modeled in MA TPO
WER and its dynamic model
using power system computer
aided design (PSCAD) version4.2
software,
respectively.
Several results obtained were
presented
and
discussed
extensively. For the optimal
sitting of FACTS devices, SVC
and TCSC in a group has the
highest percentage power loss
reduction while TCSC and UPFC
has the least. For voltage profile
improvement, SVC and TCSC,
and SVC and UPFC has the same
voltage sum square error (SSE) of
3.9, whilst TCSC and UPFC has
4.03. The ASLS schemes
developed for the Nigerian power
system were found to be superior
to the manually generated load
shedding actions by the system
operators; from the standpoints of
maximizing revenue profiles
whilst minimizing social cost
associated with critical and
essential loads. Finally, based on
several
simulations
results
obtained for the Nigerian grid
system modeled in PSCAD
environment, the implementation
of the proposed IELS algorithm
successfully restored normal
operating conditions after major
disturbances which otherwise
would have resulted in total
system collapse.
S/
N
1.
NAME
Ejike C. Anene
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
M.Eng. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
THESIS TITLE
YEAR
REG NO ABSTRACT
RECOMMENDATIONS
Application of
Kalman Filtering to
Power System
1991
Effects of unwanted distortion The kalman approach basically gives
on power system network the predicted Measurement of the
voltage and current phasor waveforms applied to it.
Protection
quantities
during
faults
adversely Affect the reliability
and discrimination of protective
relays. This thesis is principally
concerned with the digital
relaying concept based on the
Kalman filter approach to
minimize such Problems. It
seeks in the main, to develop a
Kalman filter to Maximally
remove the inherent distortions.
In this regard, statistical model
of the voltage and current
phasor quantities
is first of all presented and a
suitable filtring algorithm
is thereafter developed.
The simulation of the model in
an IBM XT micro-computer
along with the evolved adaptive
Kalman filter, permitted the
evaluation of its performance in
removing unwanted distortions
from the po.wer 1ine current
and voltage quantities. The
results obtained and presented
showed rapid convergence to
exact voltage and current values
thereby supporting the
proposal to use the Kalman
filter in real time digital relay
Applications.
In pursuance of this objective, a
In relaying, it tries to give the exact
input waveforms without noise. One
obvious flexibility, is that it could be
modeled to follow the measurement
(observer) in which the output could
be recorded for measurement
purposes.
In this context, it can be used to
monitor load flow, small or large
disturbances on the system.
Such -information could be used to
obtain the much needed statistical
data on the power line.
Measurement estimates could also be
further
processed
to
obtain
harmonics/distortion of the line.
In the absence of a measurement
filter, the relay filter could be used to
directly obtain the noise and
distortion Parameters.
For example in the three state filter
the estimated exponential decay
could be extracted directly and
recorded, so that the amount of
exponential qcay for certain faults
can be noted.
Further research could also be done
to improve the time
of convergence to exact fault
waveforms by considering the
process noise to be coloured. The
Kalman filter could also be
applied to other aspects of power
2.
Okpo Uche
Okereke
Optimum Design of
Yagi-Uda
Communication
Loop Antennas
Using Method of
Moments
1993
digital
impedance
relay
structure for long distance
protection has also been
simulated on the computer.
As a corollary, a hardware
implementation
for
a
microprocessor
based
impedance relay is outlined for
possible realization
Presented here is a method of
moments solution to the
problem of optimum design of
Yagi-Uda arrays of thin-wire
circular-loop antennas arranged
in end- fire configurations. An
approximate current distribution
determined, is expressed ill a
series of piecewise linear
triangle basis functions. The
Galerkin's procedure adopted
uses the same triangle function
both for the basis and weighting
functions. This leads to a
symmetric matrix for the
impedance function such that
the resulting matrix inversion
process, both the computing
time and storage are almost
reduced by half. The diagonal
sub
matrices
of
the
aforementioned
impedance
matrix stand for the individual
loops in the array acting
system/machines, load
shedding at peak periods, prediction
of machine behaviour etc.
Antennas are usually connected
through transmission lines when in
use. Consequently, this work can be
extended by considering impedance
matching
Condition
between
transmission lines and antennas. In
that case, the three objective
maximized in the present research
effort can be modified to incorporate
the Function conditions. Thus, for
directive gain maximization we have
~/b,.d) = Ga = lOlog[p Gd(6o'<Po)]
is the impedance mismatch factor
expressed as (9.2)
given in eqn.(7.4) is the directive
gain when matching is not taken into
The term denoted by G, is identified
as the dynamic directive gain, while
Z; stand for the antenna input
impedance and the transmission line
Impedance, respectively.
3.
Auta, M.
Yohanna
Fault Currents
Evaluation of the
Nigerian 330kv
Transmission
System: A Case
Study of Jos –
Gombe Line
1994
separately while the offdiagonal sub matrices account
for the coupling effect of mutual
Interactions among the elements
of the loop array. The design
reported yield
uniform as well as non-uniform
director sizes in order to achieve
optimum Characteristics. In the
non-uniform director case the
Powell's direct search method of
non-linear
optimization
technique is employed to
achieve a significant sidelobe
level attenuation, thus reducing
interference when the array is
used, for example, in CATV
technology. The perturbation
process was also exploited in
increasing the directive gain.
Several design parameters of
the entire configuration are
examined. An excitation voltage
of 1.OV is impressed at the feed
point of the Yagi-Uda array in
all the computed results.
Short circuit fault analysis on a
power system network is carried
out in order to calculate the
abnormal currents that film~
due to faults of different types
on the transmission system.
This analysis provides the
4.
Korinjoh T.
Kyran
Selt- Tuning
Adaptive Control
Using Pole
Placement Design
Strategy
1994
engineer with information by
which They can design or select
appropriate interrupting devices
such as relays and circuit
breakers that will ensure prompt
isolation of faulty lines and
equipment
with
minimum
damage and disturbance to the
operation of the remaining
system.
In this work, a computer
program is developed for fault
currents evaluation of the
entire Nigerian 330 Kilovolts
Grid system. Jos - Gambe line
is chosen as a case study. The
same program can also be used
for the other voltage levels of
the Grid system. Three types of
short
circuit
faults
are
considered. They are the lineto-ground fault, line-to-line
fault and the double line-toground fault. The results
obtained from the calculation
for this 330 Kilovolts line are
compared with the rated values
on the interrupting devices.
The continual development of
precise control techniques of
industrial processes can be
applied readily via a computer
system (Personal Computer),
which can home based be
readily Interfaced to a given
system. This work involves the
development of a computer
program using the Watford 77
FORTRAN compiler on a
personal
IBM
compatible
computer, based on the
recursive least squares (RLS)
algorithm, and explicit self
tuning. The modeling of the
system (unknown) is carried out
via sampled input and output
data and identification of the
system parameters. The rate of
convergence
of
system
parameters is studied. The
identified values are then used
via pole placement techniques
to adjust the control variable to
achieve the required system
response. The nature of the
response obtained by a rate
limited and a Sine wave
reference signal is illustrated.
The ability of the self-tuning
algorithm to track changing
system parameter is also
emphasized to confirm the
potential benefits that can be
gained in its application for
industrial processes subject to
wears, tears, and ageing.
5.
Shamsideen A.
Saleh
Digital Design of
Selective Filtering
Using Infinite
Impulse Response
Method
1994
6.
Bitrus I, Konkyu
Load flow Analysis
of the Nigerian 330
Kilovolts System
Using the NetworkRaphon Technique
1994
The development of general
computer software for the
realization of IIR digital filter is
presented in this research work,
Computer program written in
FORTRAN
language
implements
the
necessary
frequency transformation of splane into z-plane with the
necessary parameters .The
program can be used for the
design of Low-pass, high-pass,
band-pass and band-stop IIR
digital Filters. Butterworth,
Elliptic
or
Tschebyscheff
approximations may be selected
for the filter design.
The network performance of an
electrical system is studied in
order to determine the bus
voltages and power flow in
each unit of the steady state
system. This thesis attempts
with the use of the digital
computer, given the line
impedances and the shunt
admittances to form the bus
admittance matrix and using the
Newton - Raphson method for
the power flow (load-flow)
analysis of the Nigerian
National (330KV) Grid System.
The rectangular coordinate
As a result of the work, suggestions
are made for further investigation on
other transmission and distribution
voltage levels.
7.
Christian I.
Omogbemeh
Model Reference
Adaptive Control of
a Servo- System
1994
system was used to determine
the convergence by using the
bus mismatch power criteria.
This report considers the twenty
four (24) buses constituting the
(330KV) network and the
twenty six lines interconnecting
them.
The results show that the bus
voltages change with each
iteration. And the line flows
are calculated after the
convergence. The grouping of
the lines on the basis of power
flow include heavily loaded
lines, averagely loaded lines
and lightly loaded lines. The
reference bus power is low
because
of its location. As a result of the
work, suggestions are
made for further investigation
on other transmission and
distribution voltage levels.
The
reliability of
many
precision drives in used by the
industrial
optimization
processes are adversely affected
by the slowly varying operating
parameters caused by the effects
of uncertainties, wear and tear.
This research work presents a
systematic design of model
8.
Hassan Aliyu
Variations of
Microwave Signal at
2GHZ During
Hamatan at BauchiGilliri of Nitel Plc
1994
reference adaptive control,
(MRAC) via simultaneous online identification and control of
the system. The adaptive law
developed using discrete time
systems with direct parameter
adaptive algorithm, PAA, is
based on minimization of the
error between the response of
the actual system and the
reference
model.
Stability
analysis based on hyper stability
theory is presented for of two
simulated examples using the
flex IBM compatible PC while
convergence is analyzed from
the viewpoint of parameters
estimation.
Robustness
of
algorithm in the presence of
disturbances is also presented.
As a corollary, a hardware
microprocessor implementation
for dc motor drives is outlined
for possible realization.
This research is undertaken to
investigate the variations -.
microwave signal at 2GHZ
during Harmattan season within
the Sorth-East Zone of NITEL.
The effects at the harmattan
dust on the microwave signal
evaluated and a comparison
also made with the variations
9.
Samson B,
Mabadeje
Design and
Characterisation of a
Vehicle Detector
Circuit
1994
during wet season. Statistical
methods were employed in the
analysis of the data obtained. A
simple statistical method of anal
ysis of averages is employed.
Conclusions were final I y
arrived at, by developing a
relationship
between
the
variations of the signal power
and the time of the day during
the harmattan season. The
conclusions are to aid NITEL
management 1n future design of
repeater stations that would be
effective during harmattan.
The main objective of this
thesis is the Design and
Characterisation of a vehicle
detector circuit (VDC) which
employs an inductive loop as a
detecting
element.
The
inductive loop forms an
integral part of an LC Colpitts
Oscillator and e.ploys a phase
locked loop (PLL) concept to
convert the passage of
vehicles into electrical signals.
These are shaped into pulses
by conditioning circuit.
The conditioning circuit made
use of Schmitt Trigger and
other basic wave shaping
circuits. The design procedure
10.
Ibrahim N.
Chiroma
Stabilization of
Power Systems
Using Optimal
Control Techniques
1995
of the VDC is set forth. The
Laboratory characterization of
the VDC based on a simple
vehicular model is fully
described and the results
obtained are compared with
actual field tests.
In recent times, considerable
effort has been devoted to the
application of optimal control
theory to improve performance
of power systems as is evident
from the number of publications
in this area. In practically all
these
investigations,
the
essentially nonlinear systems
equations are linearized and the
solution obtained as a linear
regulator problem.
An algorithm is developed in
this thesis to apply a certain
class of optimal control theory,
based on quadratic criterion, to
obtain
optimal
controller
parameter values to improve the
dynamic response of power
systems. A program has been
developed and run on an IBM
compatible Computer which
enables the evaluation of system
response directly. Using this
method, typical single machine
and
multi-machine
power
In chapter three it was mentioned
that the system was non-linear in
nature, but this study was confined
to the linearized model.
(1)
(2)
(3)
It is suggested that work be
done in applying the
technique to power system
with non-linearities and
with control constraints.
Limited work was done in
the case of multimachine
systems hence, it is
suggested that more work
be done in the case of
multimachine, especially
the case of quickly
estimating post-fault values
for machine power and
torque angle.
Finally, because of the
method's
efficiency,
alternative control design
could be studied in order to
obtain the one that best
satisfies
the
system
11.
Alh Salihu A.
Abdul
H∞ Optimal Control
of a Servo- System
1995
systems are analysed and the
dynamic responses of all state
variables for each system
machine are evaluated and
presented.
The developed program can
also be applied to a simplified
control model to obtain the suboptimal control policy of the
given linear or linearized
system.
An adaptive controller obtained
by minimizing the H -norm of
the error functl0n between the
closed loop system and the
reference model is developed
for a servo control. The
controller structure designed
through
explicit
on-line
identification of the plant results
into a model-matching problem.
The benefits of controller
structure
obtained
include
Simplicity and minimal control
effort in addition to the
Minimized error signal. The
adaptive controller is robust and
guaranteed stability margins
irrespective of the type of servo
plant model.
The research work present a
lucid design algorithm that can
easily be implemented
requirement.
12.
Usman, Ibrahim
Adamu
Attitude Control of
an Orbital Satellite
1997
13.
Yare, Yusuf
Design of StateSpace Multivariable
1997
0n a commercially available
Micro processor by the process
engineers. The effects of
observer
polynomials
and
disturbance on the model
matching are discussed.
Several
noisy
disturbance
torques such as those arising
from gravity gradient, solar
radiation
pressure,
earth
magnetic field and atmospheric
drag are continuously acting on
an orbiting satellite causing a
reaction by the satellite
resulting in change of its
attitude.
The
attitude
stabilization problem of the
orbital satellite using Kalman
filtering technique for state
estimation was considered in
this thesis.
State feedback control laws
based on the principle of poleplacement were constructed
from the f i 1 tered estimates to
stabilize the system. An
investigation into the dynamic
performance of the algorithm
developed
confirmed
the
asymptotic stability of the
system.
A technique for multi-input and
multi-output (MIMO) self-
It is for the purpose of given in sight
into a three-axis problem that the
single axis model of Franklin and
Powell (1990) was considered in this
work. The performance of the
algorithm developed using a threeaxis model of a spacecraft would be
an interesting area for further
investigation.
A major disadvantage of Kalman
lilters is that they sensitive to errors
in modelling, both in generating
linearized model and in select.inq
model parameter. The efficient of
mismatch model is more severe when
the system varies with time (statman,
1987). To overcome this: mismatch
in modelling and instability problems
associated with Kalman filters, ,
fading memory filters which apply an
exponential decaying weight to older
measurements could be investigated
in place Kalman filters in the attitude
control algorithm.
A noticeable drawback of the RPE
method is the need to project the
Self-Tuning Control
Algorithm
14.
Bamalli Tukur
Musa
Liapunov Stability
Analysis of
Induction Motor
Drive
tuning control algorithm design
is
presented
for
output
regulation of industrial plants
characterized by stochastic
disturbances.
A
recursiveprediction-error (RPE) type
algorithm is used for parameter
estimation in the controller
canonical form. The technique
exploits the linear feedback
where the system closed-loop
poles are assigned to improve
the transient performance. The
canonical realization adopted in
this study avoids online
computation of transformation
matrices to minimize both the
hardware and software cost of
the algorithm.
1997
PG/ 01019
A significant design problem in
rectifier-inverter
induction
motor drive is the choice of
system parameters that provides
estimated parameters into the stability
region of the predictor. This involves
finding the characteristic polynomial
of an n x n matrix and the monitoring
of its stability via the Routh-Schur or
Jury stability test. The computational
complexities become more severe as
the system order increases. Further
work
might
employ
design
techniques that adequately maintain
parameter estimates within stability
boundaries as system dimension
rises. Also, further investigations
might seek to improve the algorithm
for control of multivariable systems
having unequal number of input and
output, which is a limitation of the
RPE technique. In addition, further
work can be done in this study by
interfacing a digital computer via
analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
and digital-to-analog converter
(DAC) to obtain physical control of a
system so that the algorithm can be
appreciated.
robust stability under varying
speed conditions. The thesis
presents stability analysis of the
system using liapunov criterion
to provide industrial engineers
a high degree of confidence in
the selection of operating
parameters. The criterion uses
energy concepts with emphasis
on the trajectories of the system
near equilibrium point.
The system equations
were linearized because of their
non-linear nature. Modified
Bairstow method was employed
to investigate the system
eigenvalues. By incorporating
feedback
stabilization
for
prescribed operational mode,
the criterion was found to be
sufficient to predict and
confirm the stability of a
practical system.
15
Maina, Ibrahim
Depth Estimation of 1998
Long Surface Cracks
In Metals Using
Microwave
Technique
A microwave technique for
estimating the depth of long
3urface cracks in metals is
described.
This
technique
utilizes open-ended waveguide
to probe the surface of a metal.
In the absence of a crack the
metal surface is seen as a good
3hort circuit load. However, in
In this project report, cracks that are
equal to or longer than the broad
dimension of the waveguide were
assumed. In which the problem was
modeled as a larger waveguide
feeding a much narrower short
circuited waveguide. Other cracks
may not be as long as either the broad
or smaller dimension of the
16.
Dafe Geoffrey
Design and
1998
the presence of a crack higher
order modes are generated
which in turn change the
reflection properties at the
waveguide
aperture.
This
change
brings
about
perturbation in the standing
wave characteristics, which is
0btained by forcing the
necessary boundary condition
between the waveguide and
crack apertures as may be
required by the :rack orientation
with respect to the waveguide
aperture. The technique is
formed by developing relevant
mathematical
equations
describing the fields in the
waveguide and the 3urface
crack. The results presented in
this project report were based
on computer simulation of these
mathematical
quotations
developed. It was shown that
the depth of cracks a traction of
a millimeter in width are easily
estimated at frequencies in Ku,
K and bands of higher
frequencies than these. Much
narrower crack depths can be
estimated at higher microwave
frequencies.
The cardiovascular disorders
waveguide. It is therefore suggested
that these cracks be studied using the
method discussed in this project.
Also there is need to extend this
technique, i.e. microwave technique
for detecting and sizing cracks to
cover cracks that may be buried
inside the metals.
17.
Bature
Construction of a
Digital Heart Rate
Monitor
Tijjani Musa
Auwalu
Investigation of
Effect of Harmonics
on Impedance Relay
Performance
1998
have constituted a major public
health
problem
in
the
developing nations. Studies
have shown that the profile of
morbidity and mortality from
heart diseases are largely
ecological, socio-economic and
varies from place to place.
However, cardiac symptoms
within these nations are known
to attract diagnosis only at the
patients critical conditions. It
was the intent of this thesis to
design
a
non-invasive
instrument for the prognosis and
effective management of heart
diseases.
While
modern
biomedical instruments are
complex and expensive, the
thesis focuses on simplicity and
fidelity.
The characterization carried out
on
the
prototype
has
satisfactory performance and
could be adopted for local use.
For the purpose of transmitting
large amount of power without
exceeding a prescribed limit,
series capacitors are used on the
transmission circuits. With
series capacitors compensation,
unwanted harmonics can be
generated by faults or switching
The process noise applied to the
fading memory filter were assumed
to be white, but in real systems they
are not perfectly white. It is therefore
suggested to carry out further studies
on the performance of the fading
filter when the process noise are not
white. Further investigations could
18.
Hamidine
Salouhou
Control Design
Algorithm for Dead
Time Systems
1998
system which affects the
performance of the relaying
system. The effect of these
harmonics on the performance
of impedance relaying system
was investigated and a method
of suppressing this effect is
presented using a fading
memory filter. Results obtained
show that lower frequency
harmonics have more effect
than higher frequency ones. The
performance of the method
depends on the selection of
optimal forgetting factor.
A design procedure of linear
control policy for system with
non-trivial dead time is
presented for a single-input
single-output industrial plant.
The method described in is
thesis explored the potential of
the parameter plane techniques
for stability analysis and
showed the limitation on the use
of conventional controller for
system with significant amount
of
dead
time.
Further
investigation conducted by
incorporating Smith predictor as
dead time compensator revealed
an increase in stability margin.
The algorithm presented is
also be made on application of the
fading memory filter to fault
classification and effect of dc offset
on .impedance relay.
19.
Monikang, Azoa
Fidelis
Design of a Solar
Powered Incubator
1998
efficient to provide viable
Controller parameters for plant
engineers.
The increasing demand for
poultry products and the
unreliable energy structure
in developing nations have
Made the poultry industry
expensive
with
low
productivity. It was the
intent of this research to
investigate tile potential
of photovoltaic energy
source
to
provide
requirements
for
humidity,
temperature,
direct and supervisory
control of the incubation
chamber
for
efficient
poultry production. The
photovoltaic
source
employed
had
higher
reliability with minimal
operational maintenance
cost which made it well
suited for cheap poultry
production in rural areas
where large population of
people remain isolated
from
existing
power
Distribution networks.
Characterization of the
solar energy source and its
20.
Abubakar Sadiq
Bappah
Neuro- Controller
Design Algorithm
for Dead – Time
System
Compensation
2000
21.
Konni, Japhet
Dauda
Reliability
Assessment of
NEPA 11KV
Feeders in the North
2000
PG-01090
Installation
techniques
were carried out. To
results of the
confirmed its viability
with
Prototype.
Solar
powered
incubator
minimum hatch abilities
of 70. ∞
Industrial process plant with
non-trivial
dead-time
and
Uncertainties
in
dynamic
operating parameters poses
significant
control
design
problem. This thesis presents a
Smith method based on neural
networks for controlling such
complex plants. The well
known
back-propagation
network has been modified so
as to increase the learning and
adaptation speed of the neural
network and guarantees on-line
modeling. Simulation results
show the robustness of the
network algorithm presented
and efficiently overcome the
difficulty in controlling deadtime plants with good quality of
control signal.
The National Electric Power
Grid systems in Nigeria have
been subject to various studies.
Most of the studies are on the
East Region
22.
Onah, C, O
Neuro- fuzzy
Control System
Design Algorithm
2000
generation and distribution side
and most of these studies are
concentrated on the Southern
part of the country. This project
addresses the reliability of the
distribution systems in the
Northern Eastern Region of the
National Electric Power Grid
systems, using the daily fault
report data at load points. An
analysis of the data is carried
out, to examine, identify and
characterize the faults in the
electrical distribution systems.
The monthly fault data analysis
has also been carried out using
the available data for the case
studies considered in the
project. Models have been
developed and applied to obtain
twenty four monthly time series
analysis and forecasting of
future faults.
PG/96/000 Conventional controllers for
09
industrial plants and high
performance servos have not
adequately compensated for the
change in tile operating system
dynamics and disturbances.
Recently.
the
Ileum-fuzzy
control
algorithms
have
attracted much interest due to
their
23.
Chukwuma, Jude
An Artificial Neural
Approach To Fault
Diagnosis in
Communication
Systems
2000
potency in dealing with
uncertainties
in
operating
parameters without the need for
a priori knowledge of the
system mathematical model.
This
thesis
presents
an
algorithm that combines the
learning capability of the neural
networks with the simplicity of
fuzzy logic to
adaptively control mutative
dynamics.
The
approach
adopted for the development of"
the algorithm is based on the
fuzzy rule base. Fuzzy sets of
each variables were described
by appropriate membership
functions
(trapezoidal
membership functions) neural
network
was further applied to this fuzzy
reasoning to permit autorn.uic
identification of fuzzy rules and
tunes the membership functions.
PG/01159/ The research effort in the field
96
of artificial neural network
(ANN) for identification of nonlinear discrete time fading
systems indicate the potential
estimation solutions for a wide
range of engineering problems.
Recently, the inherent pattern
training
and
recognition
24.
Ogenyi
Onmomya
Kenneth
Computer Control of 2001
Industrial Processes
PGS/2020
03
characteristics of ANN have
been used to develop a novel
distant relay for fault protection
in electric power lines. It is the
intent of this thesis to present an
ANN
approach
to
fault
detection and fault location
estimation in communication
networks. An attempt is made to
develop
a
reliable
fault
diagnosis
technique
using
recurrent high order neural
network (RHONN) to detect
and estimate the distance of
fault from the point of the input.
Simulation results confirm the
potential of the algorithm
developed to model with
estimations the dynamics of an
unknown system.
The economic pressures for
industrial process optimisation
to minimise material wastage,
maintain quality and reduce
energy and operating staff costs
is increasing rapidly in the
present global competition.
Hence, the new industrial
paradigm is automation where
process computers implement
real-time expert control with a
potential to realise quantifiable
benefits. This research work
25.
Mbinkar, Edwin
Nyuysever
Neural Network
Model Reference
Shape Control for
Steel Rolling Mills
2002
describes the concept of and
impediments
to
industrial
process computer control. A
design is presented based on an
Artificial Neural Network
(ANN) control algorithm that
will optimally control a HYDC
plant. The algorithm presented
has the potential of replacing
the traditional PI controller and
has a robust capability to
control complex and large scale
processing HYDC plant with
varying operating dynamics.
PG/98Market
forces
have
led
99/202017 producers of cold-rolled steel
products to consider the
necessity for automatic shape
control (ASC) to obtain better
shape quality. Neural networks
have proven to be very useful in
this area because of their high
robustness. The Sendzimir mill
for rolling thin and hard
materials like stainless steel has
been considered for the shaping
control problem. A neural
network was trained by back
propagation to control the pass
schedule. A
sixth order
reference model was selected,
and an equivalent control policy
designed to find a feedback
26.
Moses
Uchechukwu
Neural Network
Control of A
Nuclear Power Plant
2002
control such that the output of
the
system
asymptotically
converges to the corresponding
output produced by the model
under the effect of some input.
The results obtained show that
the plant output starts tracking
the reference model output after
four seconds with a tracking
accuracy of 97%.
PG/98Nuclear energy has remained
99/202020 potentially viable option for
future bulk and economic
generation of electricity to meet
the high growth rate of power
supply demand in developing
nations.
The
energy
productiveness of a nuclear
power plant is high but it
requires
very
stringent
operational requirements. The
remarkable feature of neural
network to learn the behaviour
of complex and nonlinear
systems with high fault
tolerance which enables it to
operate in an ill defined, timevarying environment has made
it worthy of consideration in
nuclear power plant control.
This work is focused on the
application of an artificial
neural network controller and to
27.
Mohammed Bello
Ahmed
Assessment of
Differential
Protection Schemes
of Power
Transformers: A
Case Study of
Gombe
330132/33KV
NEPA Transmission
Sub-Station)
2002
investigate its performance on
nuclear plant for electricity
generation. The control strategy
used a feed-forward neural
network (NN) with a modified
back propagation algorithm to
model
a
fourteenth-order
nuclear power plant so that
optimal control over a wide
operating region is achieved.
The neural network (NN)
controller has the potential of
replacing the PID controllers
traditionally used for the plant.
Simulated results showed the
effectiveness of the neural
network control scheme under
operating parameter variation
when compared to the PID
controller used alone.
PGS/97In order to achieve high
98/202008 reliability and stable power
supply, there is a compelling
need for power systems to be
equipped with adequate and fast
acting
protection
schemes
against all types of faults.
Different protection schemes
for power systems have,
therefore, evolved over the
years to their present-day level
of
sophistication
and
complexity. As an integral part
of the overall protection system,
this research effort is on the
assessment
of
differential
protection schemes of power
transformers in the North-East
transmission
sub-station,
Gombe. Relevant data obtained
from Gombe 330/132/33 KV
Sub-station are analyzed and
compared with field data with
respect to differential protection
schemes.
Herein,
currents
flowing at each point of the
scheme under steady state
conditions are computed. Faults
are simulated within the
protection zone and the
responses of the relays are
obtained and analyzed. The
effects of magnetizing inrush
current that the transformer sees
as internal fault are studied with
magnitude
of
harmonic
components in the inrush
obtained from a software
program.
These
harmonic
components are plotted against
the saturation angles for second
to fifth harmonics. Conclusion
on the study is drawn based on
the results obtained from the
simulation and responses of the
schemes.
28.
Mbaga
Emmanuel Yandi
Design and
Evaluation of the
Distance Protection
of the North- Earth
Zone 132KV KV
Transmission Lines.
A Case Study of the
Gombe- Yola Teedoff Line
2002
PGS/97202011
Rapid clearing of faults on an
electric
power
network
decreases both damage to power
system equipment and almost
always
improves
system
stability. Consequently, electric
power industries must provide
very reliable and efficient
protection schemes to minimize
the effects of electric power
faults which are unavoidable on
any electric power transmission
line network. This work is
aimed
at
designing
and
evaluating an existing distance
relay scheme for the North-east
zone 132kV transmission line.
To evaluate the Gombe- Vola
existing line, fault impedance
will be
used to evaluate the relay
performance. The main focus of
this study is to design a distance
relay that will offers more
accurate distance coordination,
optimum operating time for
time delayed zones and correct
coordination of the relays for
fast detection and isolation of
faulty sections of the network to
ensure least interruption of
services to consumers. In
evaluating the performance of
29.
Udoh Benajmin
Emmanuel
Evaluation of
Restricted Earth
Fault Protection
Scheme For Power
Transformers At
Gombe
2002
the distance relay, error sources
will be evaluated. Furthermore,
transmission line voltage and
current signals will be preprocessed using digital filtering
techniques and the preprocessed signals will be
sampled to obtain the Fourier
coefficient of their real and
imaginary components of
the fault impedance to be used
to draw the R-X diagram and
the three zones setting as shown
in figs. 18 and 19. The fault
impedance used to evaluate the
relay performance of the
existing of the line was
computed to be 0.174.0 and the
arc resistance is 0.005 .0. From
the simulation result
shown in Appendix ii, the zone
1 relay will operate after a time
delay of 0.0004sec and the
second and third zones will
operate after a further time
delay of 0.004 and 0.05seconds
respectively.
PG/97Every power transformer that is
98/202010 being utilized in the service of
high voltage power transmission
must be manufactured with a
high level of reliability,
particularly with respect to its
Transmission
Substation
ability in handling power
fluctuations of any allowable
magnitude without being put
out of service. Adequate
protection schemes must be
incorporated
within
the
transformers to make this
possible. The restricted earth
fault (REF) protection scheme
is one of such schemes. This
project work involved the
evaluation of the restricted earth
fault protection scheme for
power transformers used in the
Gombe transmission substation
with the aim of assessing its
suitability
at
guaranteeing
effective protection for the
substation. The work did
comprise primarily of the
collection of field data of REF
scheme at the substation, and
analyzing them to compare with
standard REF data. The method
employing the principle of the
high impedance relay scheme
was used in the analysis of the
data. From the result of the
analysis, it was found that the
Gombe
330/132/33kv
transmission substation has a
standard REF protection scheme
that is effective and reliable in
securing the substation against
internal earth fault. In addition,
the earthing resistance of the
substation was measured and
found to be adequate for a
substation of that magnitude.
30.
Ochagwuba,
Raphael Emola
Reliability
Evaluation of
NEPA’S Generating
Power Stations
Between 1999 and
2000
2003
The thesis has studies the
PGS/9899/202023 reliability of seventy two (72)
generating units operated by the
National Electric Power Authority
(NEPA) of Nigeria between the
,year 1999 and 2000. Analytic
expressions have been applied for
the determination of reliability
measures such as availability factor
(AF), Forced outage Rate (FOR).
Scheduled Outage Factor (SOF),
Service Factor (SF) and Mean
Time Between Forced Outages
(MTBFO).
The
binomial
probability distribution model was
adopted for the determination of
unit Capacity Outage Probability
(COP). Field data were obtained
from the operational reliability
programming
language
were
presented. The results indicate that
Shiroro. Jebba and Egbin power
stations have an operational
reliability index of 83.99%.
82.67% and 81.85% respectively.
For Sapele, Afam and Delta power
stations, the respective reliability
indices are 17.77%. 1.5% and
13.81%. The evaluated reliability
indices are the measures used to
quantify how reliable each
generating unit is and may be
adopted for the day to day
optimum operating decision and
maintenance work schedule.
31
Fabunmi,
Folasade
Mojisola
Application of
Fuzzy Logic Control
in Cement Kilns
2003
Cement manufacturing is a
significant
component
of
contemporary development and
industrialization. The economic
pressures for higher and
consistent quality production,
large scale processing plant,
reduce
energy
cost
and
operating staff cost have posed
major challenges in automation
and instrumentation that are
critical for competitiveness of a
cement plant. The cement kiln
is the most important part of the
cement plant that attracts more
of the intelligent systems for
viable production. However,
effective control of the kiln is
complicated by several factors,
including
time-varying
nonlinearities
in
operating
dynamics. This thesis presents
the design of a fuzzy logic
controller for real-time control
in order to improve the
performance of cement kilns.
The algorithm was tested
through simulations and results
satisfy the main objectives of
32
Amoo A. L.
Design and
Implementation
Strategies of 3Phase Photovoltain
Generation for a
Grid System
33
Ahmad Yusuf
Magnetostriction (
Vibro-Acoustic
2004
cement kiln operation. The
controller is easy to implement
and robust.
PGS/98A design and implementation of
99/202025 a photovoltaic 3- phase grid
connected system is presented.
In addition to the design and
construction using software
synchronization strategy, the
thesis reviews the renowned
heuristic
approach
of
synchronizing two alternating
current supplies. However, the
dispersed
photovoltaic
generators interacting with the
grid system called for a reliable
and stable scheme in order to
sustain synchronism and damp
out undesirable disturbances on
the utility system. An 8085based microprocessor controls
the inverter constructed for the
investigation.
This
thesis,
therefore, focuses on the basic
scenarios
that
include
simulation studies of a grid
connected photovoltaic system,
and the prototypes of two
independent sources of 3-phase
inverters
working
in
synchronism.
PGS/98Several operating conditions
99/202013 and design factors are combined
Noise) Assessment
of Transformers ( A
Case Study of
132,33kV substation
Transformer Bauchi.
to determine the life expectancy
of a transformer. One of the
critical design factors of a
power transformer is the noise
generated
under
different
working conditions. The level
of
noise
caused
by
magnetostriction depends on the
transformer
laminations
thickness,
the
mechanical
clamping arrangement and the
method of cooling. The aim of
this research is to carry out a
study on the magnetostriction
(vibro-acoustic noise) of power
transformer. Magnetostnctive
sounds of Bauchi substation
transformer
(132/33kY,
30/40MVA) were
recorded for various loadings
and voltages at various times
of
the
day
(mornings,
afternoons and nights) using
standard recording methods
Also recorded was temperature
variation for each loading and
voltage conditions matching
each maguetostrictie sound
Because the 132/33kV power
was
transformer
'was
energized no access could be
gained to the variation
Cerium Important parameters
34
Oyedepo, Jacob
Alabi
Design of a Slinding
Mode speed
Controller for an
Induction Motor
2004
that significantly influence its
vibro-acoustic noise level. For
this
reason
experimental
transformers were set up n the
laboratory for the assessment of
the effect of core clamping
pressure
constructional
looseness
and
transformer
saturation. The various results
obtained are presented in depth,
The 132/33kV transformer is an
oil-cooled unit Since the oil
provides cooling, dielectric and
protection for the paper, oil
samples were taken and tested.
Conclusions drawn from the
study arc presented, The most
significant being that the
reduction in the core clamping
and winding pressures in a
transformer, due to the vibration
effect
of
magnetostriction,
increases losses and eventually
give rise to increase in
transformer
operating
temperature
and
recommendations are finally
made.
PGS/00The non-linear and complex
01/202038 dynamic
interactions
of
induction motor with the fact
that some important quantities
are not measurable cause
considerable difficulties in
designing performance deals
with the induction motor drive
control drive control. This
research work therefore deals
with the induction motor speed
drives with inner-loop sliding
mode current control.
The inherent nonlinear model of
induction motors are considered
here
Mainly from a practical control
point of view. The stability
analysis is carried out for the
overall system with outer-loop
PI speed control and inner-loop
sliding mode control. This
combined control structure
provides very good control
performance and robustness of
control loops. Based on the
Liapunov's direct method, the
sliding mode is designed to
guarantee the stability and good
tracking performance of the
controlled
system.
The
parameters of the PI controller
are also taken into account in
the slidin~ mode design
procedures. In the global
stability of the induction motor
speed drive, the reference speed
input is required to be
maintained constant for all time.
The nonlinear model of. the
induction
motor
drive
performance and stability were
investigated by simulation using
the
specifications
and
parameters
of
a
typical
induction motor. This is to
verify the theoretical analysis
and tracking performances. The
results obtained show a
chattering free system. The
chattering in the sliding mode is
attenuated using the reaching
law design method.
35
Adamu, Shu’aibu
Kadalla
Design of a Fuzzy
Variable Structure
Controller for
Electromagnetic
Levitation Vehicles
2004
PGS/00The problem of precise control
01/202035 of the air-gap of a magnetic
levitation train by levitating it
against the force of gravity
using an electromagnet is
considered in this thesis. A
fuzzy
variable
structure
controller is designed for the
suspension
control
task.
Simulation results show that the
control algorithm switches
smoothly between the linear and
terminal sliding surfaces using
fuzzy logic. Robustness to
parameter variations of up to ±
13 and external disturbances of
up to 400N/kg were achieved
36
Mohammed
Usman Degereji
Application of
Kalman Filtering to
Power System Load
Frequency Control
2004
PGS/0115
8
together with faster error
convergence when compared
with a conventional sliding
mode controller.
An electric power generating
system needs to be operated at a
minimal cost with a steady
generation to meet the load
demand.
However,
the
maintenance of frequency and
power exchange over an interconnected area tic-line on
scheduled values is a major
challenge to researchers on
power systems. This research
work
proposed
frequency
stabilization where the Kalman
filtering technique is used for
state estimation with linear
programming
equations
representing
a
multi-area
generating system. A state
feedback control law based on
optimal control theory is
constructed from the filtered
estimates to stabilize the
system. The response signals
due to step load changes,
especially from frequency and
tie-line power deviation were
obtained
and
analyzed.
Simulation results confirmed
the asymptotic stability of the
In view of the large size of a modern
power system, it is virtually
impossible to implement either
classical or the modern LFC
algorithm in a centralized manner.
Therefore, a systematic design of
decentralized tic-line bias control
solution has been shown possible,
using the model control principle,
(Mahalanabis et al, 1991). Other
techniques of model simplification
available
include;
aggregation,
singular perturbation and moment
matching.
Another area of importance to power
system control problem is that of
hierarchical forms of implementation
of the digital control algorithms
earlier discussed. Equally, LFC
using artificial neural networks and
fuzzy set theory is another
interesting area, (Djukanovic et at,
1995).
The fact that control systems, though
derived on the basis of the small
perturbation
assumption,
are
sometimes responding to large
disturbances and fault conditions,
also needs to be examined,
system.
37
Wudil, Tasiu
Saad Gidari
Development of
Loss Formula for
NEPA Transmission
Network
2004
PGS/00The National Electric Power
01/202036 Authority
(NEPA)
system
comprises
of
330KV
transmission network with total
length of 5000Km and seven
generating stations. In the
course of transmitting power
from the seven generating
stations to over seventeen load
centers, power is lost due to
12R
losses.
The
total
transmission loss can be
estimated via the traditional loss
formula method developed by
G. Kron. It is the aim of this
research to derive a novel loss
formula which is indispensable
in calculating the incremental
transmission loss of each
generating
station.
This
incremental transmission loss is
very
important
in
the
management, and effective
transmission loss allocation in a
deregulated power industry.
Herein power system state
(Mahalanabis et al, 1991). An
evaluation of the LFC solution in
terms of their response to large
disturbances is very important in
order to check whether or not the
system will perform as a stable
system under such contingencies.
38
Haruna, Ya’u
Shu’aibu
Comparison of
Economics Load
Dispatch Using
Genetic Algorithm
and Classical
Optimization
2004
estimation technique is used to
identify the parameters of the
loss formula. The proposed
technique is suitable for on-line
applications. More specifically,
this technique requires a large
number of load flow solutions
for a given system to enable
identification of the underlying
loss formula. This has been
accomplished by developing
Newton-Raphson power flow
method in Matlab environment.
The proposed loss formula has
been developed for a six bus
system and the NEPA 330kV
system. On the six-bus system
the deviation of the losses, for
base case, calculated using the
developed loss formula, from
the actual power loss is found to
be 1.166. It is also established
that the loss formula developed
for NEPA 330kV system is
reasonably accurate for the
purpose of economic load
dispatch.
PGS/00The normal operating condition
01/202028 of power stations must be
maintained, and units operating
cost must be minimized. The
task of Economic
Load
Dispatch (ELD) is to supply a
Methods
given power demand at
minimum
generation
cost
subject to various constraints.
The main thrust of this work
concerns the application of a
Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the
search of an optimal solution to
a
realistically
formulated
economic dispatch problem. A
GA is a general-purpose search
technique based on principles
inspired from the genetic .and
evolution mechanism observed
in natural biological systems.
Consequently, a GA tends to
select the fittest individual from
a sample population by the use
of selection, mutation and
crossover operators. It provides
ease of computation over the
classical
optimization
techniques especially fOT non
convex functions. Another
variant of GA, referred to as
micro GA is known to be
computationally faster because
it avoids mutation process. I this
study, the application of a GA
based ELD to standard IEEE 3'generating units, 6-bus test
system offered satisfactory
results when compared with
published results obtained via
39
Ishaku Sule
Development of
Simulation Models
for Assessing
Operational
Performance of
instrument
Transformers
2004
the classical and the Hopfield
neural network approaches.
Finally, a GA based ELD has
been successfully applied to the
coordination of the Nigerian
thermal generating units. It is
shown that a micro GA proved
to
be
better
than
the
conventional GA from the
economic point of view and
execution time.
PGS/00Failure of a protective system to
01/202032 perform its function correctly is
often due to incorrect selection
of
associated
instrument
transformers to match with the
relays to fulfill the essential
requirements of the protection
system. In determining the
correct operation of relays of a
protection
scheme,
proper
representation of the Current
Transformer (CT), Voltage
Transformer (VT) including
Capacitive Voltage Transformer
(CVT) and their behavior in
conditions where there can be
saturation or transient, is very
critical.
It
is
therefore,
necessary to determine and
analyze the transient errors or
distortion which may be
introduced by these instrument
transformers during fault and
the
associated
protective
equipment designed to ensure
correct operation. The main
objective of this thesis is to present
the
simulation
models
developed for assessing the
operational performance of CT
and CVT in MATLAB. In order
to test the validity of the model,
six cases of CT and four of
CVT operational conditions are
considered. The simulation
results revealed various CT and
CVT configuration performance
responses that could affect relay
protective schemes to different
degrees. As expected, the CT
performance responses revealed
that when the primary current
and/or secondary burden exceed
the set values of 2.3kA and 10,
respectively, or when the
secondary circuit is opened, the
core flux linkages saturated at
9.2 pu saturation limit and the
secondary current and voltage
became distorted. The CVT
performance responses showed
that faults initiated at zero
voltage crossing, which is the
worst
transient
condition,
produced transient voltage
40
Chundusu, Sam
Musa
Steady- State
Security analysis of
the Nesco Power
System Based On
Network And Load
Data
2004
magnitude up to 40 of the
nominal voltage as was found
by Kasztenny et al (2001). It is
concluded that the models
developed for the instrument
transformers of interest yield
satisfactory results.
PGS/00This
thesis
is
primarily
01/202039 concerned with the steady state
security assessment of the
Nigerian Electricity Supply
Corporation (NESCO) power
system. Based on a very
comprehensive raw network and
load data obtained from
NESCO, the updated single-line
diagram for its network
structure and typical loading
condition has been developed to
facilitate in-depth study of the
steady-state security analysis
under investigation. A very
important factor in the operation
of power systems is the desire
to maintain system security. The
NESCO power system security
is studied via a computer
program developed in MA
TLAB environment. Both the ac
and dc load flow methods are
carried out for some selected
contingencies. Linear Network
sensitivity factors are then
41
Aiyelabowo,
Oluwamuyiwa
Olabode Peter
Design and
Implementation of a
Microprocessor –
Based Inverted with
2004
computed from the de load
flows for on-line detection of
overloaded components for a
given
contingency.
Furthermore,
Linear
Programming technique is used
to correct generation dispatch so
as to remove line overloads.
The
power
interchange
capabilities of NESCO, when
interconnected with NEPA are
also studied. This study
identified contingency events
resulting to the most severe
power flow and bus voltage
violations on the NESCO
system. Seven (7) branch
overloads were recorded for a
single outage Occulting on the
66 kv line between B/ladi
(bus19) and Kurra (bus 20).
Similarly, nine) low-voltage bus
violations in the range of 0.8846
per unit (0 O.886() per unit
were recorded on several buses
in the system for an outage on
the 66 kv linc between Kurra
Station (bus 21) and Kafi Abu
(bus 22).
PGS/00The relevance of Maximum
01/202047 Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
in inverters for transfer of
maximum
power
for
Maximum Power
Point Tracking for
Photovoltaic
Applications
42
Gumpy, Jerome
Mishon
Identification and
2005
Decentralized
Predictive Control of
An Oil-Fired Boiler
System
photovoltaic applications is
presented. A photovoltaic
module is characterized with
unstable output power, which
varies
with
different
Environmental conditions. The
MPPT is aimed at solving this
problem, therefore,
the inverter with MPPT will
extract the maximum output
power of the PV module and
present a constant AC supply to
the load. The inverter is
controlled by a microprocessor
via the MPPT program. A fairly
constant inverter output voltage
(V0) and current (10) was
realized throughout the daytime
as presented in the result.
PGS/00An Oil-fired boiler plant is
01/202045 generally a complex control
system; the synthesis of the
processes poses a great deal of
design problems. The Savannah
Sugar
Company
Limited
Numan
(SSCLN)
boiler
continuously supplies steam at a
temperature 420°C and pressure
of 3200kPa to a turbine for
power generation and process
use. The change in quality and
thus calorific value of the oil,
decrease in efficiency of the oil
43
Rimbe, Ringo
Application Of the
2005
PGS/97-
feeder system, drying of heating
surfaces, burners, feeder(s) and
changes in reference variables
due to fast load changes pose a
control problem to the SSCLN
boiler control system, which is
made up of PI controllers. This
results in frequent boiler
failures
with
prolonged
production stoppages. In this
study the SSCLN boiler is
modeled as a multivariable
plant with two inputs (feed
water flow rate and oil feed
flow rat) and two outputs
(steam
temperature
and
pressure). The plant parameters
are
identified
based
on
experimental data and the
Matlab system identification
toolbox.
A
decentralized
predictive control (Ope) scheme
is designed for the plant and
simulation results are presented
showing
the
comparative
performance of the OPC and PI
control schemes. Extensive
simulation studies are reported
and discussed. Simulation of the
SSCLN boiler model shows
OPC has better control than PI
control method.
A Lyapunov approach to
Lyapunov Direct
Method Approach
To Variable
Structure Controller
Design
44
Abdullahi
Braimoh
Effects of
Troposphere and
Multi-Level Qam
Scheme on Cellular
Radio
Communication
System in Bauchi
2006
98/202004 constructing switching surfaces
in variable structure systems is
investigated in this study. The
method guarantees sliding mode
for any initial condition of the
state vector and asymptotic
stability is always achieved
during sliding motion. An
application to the design of a
variable structure ship steering
controller is carried out and
simulation results are presented.
The designed controller exhibits
robustness as applied to a linear
time-invariant ship model, a
linear time varying ship model
and to a time-varying non-linear
ship model operating in an
uncertain and time-varying
environment.
PGS/00Mobile cellular radio signals
01/202043 over radio channels are
normally subject to phase and
amplitude variations and error
bursts owing to the presence
of deep fades. Distortion,
degradation of quality of
service (QoS) and outages of
communication signals are
usually the consequence. The
troposphere which is the
transmission
channel
is
investigated using recorded
measurements
of
Temperature, Pressure and
Relative
Humidity
from
Bauchi
:\1eteorolo~ical
centre,
to
compute Excess Refractive
Index, the k-factor, the Excess
Refractive Index Gradient as
well as the Coefficient of
Variation. The computed values
were compared with the various
forms
of
atmospheric
refractions
namely;
Subrefraction, Standard refraction,
Augmented, Critical and Superrefraction.
A
Macrocell
structure
communication
system was modelled to
provide cellular radio capacity
with frequency reuse as a
function of the cluster size and
the
Carrier-to-Interference
Ratio (CIR). More so, an
Adaptive
technique
is
developed for the estimation of
channel
variations
which
automatically
selects
the
modulation levels according to
the integrity of the estimated
received signal and thereby
computes the Bit Error Rate
(BER). Results of the study
show that the coverage area
45
Madu Chika
Evarist
Voltage Stability
Improvement of
North- East Nigeria
Transmission Grid
System with Static
2006
experiences three forms of
tropospheric refraction namely
Subrefraction, Standard and
Augmented
refraction
respectively, due to changes in
the characteristics of the
troposphere. While our cellular
system limited by CIR,
achieved 27dB of CIR for
approximate 30 numbers of
radio channel for 2 km
coverage. Simulation results
reveal a general trend in BER
improvement as the Multi-level
(M) increases in value. More
so, Multi-level Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) function best at low
Energy-toNoise
Ratio
(Eb/No), when signal quality
degrades and at high Eb/No,
when signal quality exceeds or
operates at critical limits,
implying the effectiveness of
the l-QAM scheme to handle
GSM (Global System for
Mobile communication) signals
during deep fades.
PGS/01The voltage profile of the
02/202075 132KV Grid System of the
Power Holding Company of
Nigeria
(PHCN)
in
the
Northeast region of Nigeria has
Synchronous
Compensator.
been extensively investigated
within Power-World simulation
environment and found that the
major load centers at the end of
the radial network structure are
prone to low voltage problems.
The
PHCN which is the sole
electricity provider has since
1982 proposed to build two
hydroelectric power stations
(Mambila and Dadinkowa)
and
reinforce
the
Transmission systems in the
region but yet to date due to
financial constraints have not
actualized these proposals.
Presently, the; acute low
voltage in the area is being
ameliorated by manually
switched static capacitor
banks which under heavy
loading conditions can not
provide the required voltage
compensation for electricity
users in the area. This thesis is
therefore aimed at exploring
other versatile techniques of
voltage improvement in the
region by using one of
flexible ac transmission
system devices (FACTS)
namely static synchronous
compensator (STA TCOM)
that eliminates the need of
building
or
upgrading
existing facilities. Herein
power
flow equations with and
without the ST ATCOM
model incorporated have
been derived. The optimal
bus location of the
STATCOM device is
determined by then calculating
the highest positive reactive
power loss sensitivity [actor
from the derived power flow
equations. The Power System
Computer
Aided
design
(PSCAD)
software
based
dynamic simulation model of
the Northeast network with the
STATCOM device sited at the
optimal bus has been developed
to enable extensive simulation
studies. In this study, an
optimally tuned Proportional
plus Integral (P +1) controller
for the STATCOM has been
developed with respect to the
network grid system under
investigation.
Several
simulation studies have been
carried out with STA TCOM
and its control structure tested
46
Audu, Abdulkadir Modelling and
Inyaka
Control in The
Trapezoidal UPS
System
2007
on the northeast radial grid
system and its performance
compared
with
other
conventional techniques namely
the use of the static capacitor
bank and new transmission line
addition. The in depth analysis
of the far reaching results
obtained have shown that the
ST A TCOM is capable of
providing the required voltage
improvement than other existing
conventional methods under
wide range of system loading
scenario or conditions.
PGS/01Modeling and control in the
02/202097 design
of
a
trapezoidal
Uninterruptible Power Supply
(UPS) system is presented.
Trapezoidal shaped a.c voltage
load waveform has remained
potentially attractive in the
conversing
CABLE
TV
(CATV) and telecommunication
market
where
Hybrid
Fiber/Coax (HFC) distribution
networks have emerged as one
of the preferred approaches for
distributing multimedia services
to the consumer. The efficient
conversion,
control,
and
conditioning by static means of
electrical power from its
available input form into a
trapezoidal form are highly
possible and require very
stringent control strategy. The
remarkable feature of voltage
feed- forward Pulse- Width
Modulation (PWM) control to
accommodate the change in the
input voltage to a converter has
made it worthy of consideration
in trapezoidal UPS control. This
work
studies
the
Highperformance of single-stage
UPS system for single-phase
trapezoidal AC supply. A
trapezoidal-shaped load voltage
that is synchronized with the
AC mains supply is generated
by a single-stage configuration,
which offers high efficiency,
The I classical controller and
voltage mode control as an
output feedback are used for the
implementation of saw-tooth
carrier-based
pulse-width
modulation (PWM) for the UPS
system. Theoretical analysis
that leads to a small-signal
model of the system has been
derived, which allows voltageload transient to represent the
UPS
system
performance.
Transient, Fourier, AC, and
47
Onwukeme Mack
Ndu
Power Transmission
Line Planning of the
North- East Region
Using Branch and
Bound Approach
2007
transfer function analyses have
also been performed using
Circuit maker 2000. The
trapezoidal output waveform of
the UPS system is reasonably
free from overshoot and
undershoots. It also presents a
total harmonic distortion (THD)
of about 10. The desired load
voltage magnitude is achieved
without necessarily using a
50Hz step-up transformer.
PGS/01The desire to provide a reliable,
02/202089 efficient and cost effective
power system in Nigeria is the
ultimate objective of this work.
Towards
realizing
this
objective, it is imperative to
plan
the
Generation,
Transmission and Distribution
systems over appropriate time
horizons for satisfactory Power
delivery to various consumers
nationwide. The main thrust of
this Project is on Transmission
network
system
Planning,
aimed at Optimizing installation
costs whilst maintaining key
Security
and
Reliability
constraints.
The
usual
Mathematical Formulation is
essentially a Non Linear
Optimization problem. Among
48
Gboro Sunday
Danladi
Particle Swarm
Algorithm for K-
2007
several
Optimization
Techniques Available in the
Literature, the Branch and
Bound Technique has been
selected and applied to search
the Optimum solution for the
Transmission Line Planning
problem Formulation. Using the
North-East Region of Nigeria
National Grid system as a case
study, the Optimum 132/330kV
Transmission line planning
reinforcement
has
been
achieved
for
different
Forecasted loading scenarios.
The
Computer
simulation
program has been implemented
in the mat lab environment.
Several
network
planning
solution for this study using the
data collected from the NorthEast Regional center of Power
Holding Company of Nigeria
PHCN are presented and
discussed in details. The
transmission system planning
efforts carried out are shown to
be better than the previous
transmission planning exercise
evolved for the North East
Region.
PGS/04Distributed computing systems
05/202056 (DCS) have become a major
Node Set Reliability
Optimization of A
Distributed
Computing System
trend in computer system design
today, for their high speed and
reliable
performance.
Reliability is an important
parameter in DCS design. In the
reliability analysis of a DCS,
the term K-Node Reliability
(KNR) is defined as the
probability that all nodes in K (a
subset of all processing
elements) are connected. A Knode set reliability optimization
with a capacity constraint is
normally a very difficult
problem belonging to the class
of NP-hard problems. That is,
for most problems, there is no
known algorithm that could
guarantee finding the global
optimum in a polynomial
amount of time. Therefore,
heuristic algorithms such as the
particle swarm optimization
algorithm are potential tools for
obtaining optimal or near
optimal
solutions.
Hence,
computer programs are evolved
to solve or approximately solve
problems. This research work
developed a Discrete Particle
Swarm Optimization Algorithm
that obtains the optimal K-node
set of a DCS and computes its
49
Ushie, James
Ogri
Optimising Digital
Combinational
Circuits Using
Particle Swarm
Optimisation
Technique.
2007
reliability such
that
the
reliability is maximized and
specified capacity constraint is
satisfied. The effectiveness of
the developed tool is tested on
three different DCS topologies.
Test results reveal that the
algorithm efficiently obtained
the maximal K-node set
reliability while satisfying the
capacity constraint as compared
with the GA, exact and heuristic
methods.
PGS/04Human methods of circuit
05/202023 minimization are tedious and
0
limited to systems with few
numbers of inputs, usually
limited to four or maximum of
five. In order to save time and
labour involved in designing
digital combinational Logic
circuit, a standard algorithm
that is suitable for digital
combinational logic circuit with
little modification which handle
circuit more than five input
variables is developed using
particle swarm optimisation
(PSO) technique. The circuit is
coded into the particle of the
particle swarm algorithm for the
purpose of using the PSO
technique. The results compared
50
Fabiyi,
Oluwayemi
Design and
Implementation of A
Computer Based
Monitoring System
For Electrical
Generators
2008
favourable
with
other
algorithms such as GA and
outperforms those of the human
designer methods. The result
presents for full adder circuit
using PSO algorithm has
minimum number of gates as
compared to human designer
method.
PGS/04The design and construction of
05/202024 an on-line computer based
0
monitoring system for electrical
generator is presented in this
project. Presently computer
based monitoring systems are
becoming
increasingly
important for the assessment of
key components of electrical
generating system. They are
installed to reduce life cycle
cost and to enhance the
availability and reliability of
electrical energy by focusing on
condition based maintenance
strategies. Emphasis is placed
on
monitoring
of
some
generator operating points that
includes; voltage, current, real
power and frequency. These
parameters
indicate
the
generator status and provide
real-time information which can
be analyzed, with the aim of
detecting or predicting any
anomalies in power security,
reliability, and quality. The
various analysis to be carried
out on the acquired real-time
data within the computer
environment and the consequent
diagnostic action (over heating,
over voltage, over current and
over load) would go a long way
in ensuring optimum operation
of the electrical generator and
its life-span extension. After
designing of the various
subsystems and simulating them
using an electronic work bench
(Multisim 8.0), a hardware
prototype of the monitoring
system has been realized. A test
rig was setup in the laboratory
comprising a 1 OKV A single
phase generator, a multimeter
and the prototype monitoring
system connected to it. Various
tests involving voltage, current,
temperature
and
power
measurement were then carried
out on the project prototype.
The numerous results obtained
are presented and discussed
from the standpoints of the
project prototype functional
capabilities.
51
Inyanda Arome
Kingsley
Optimal Tuning of
Load Frequency
Controller Using
Differential
Evolution
2008
PGS/04Load Frequency Control (LFC)
05/202023 is an important task in electrical
3
power system design and
operation. Since the load
demand varies without any prior
schedule, the power generation
is expected to overcome these
variations without any voltage
and frequency instabilities.
However, the maintenance of
frequency and power exchange
over an inter-connected area tieline on scheduled values is a
major challenge to researchers
on power systems. Therefore
voltage
and
frequency
controllers are required to
maintain the generated power
quality in order to supply
constant voltage and frequency.
Differential Evolution (DE)
based optimal tuning of load
frequency controller of single
area and two area interconnected power systems is
presented in this work. The
concept of DE is presented and
its strategy as a method of
control system design is
discussed.
The
proposed
method optimizes the parameter
of integral controller by
selecting the optimal gain which
Further research work can be done by
testing the DE based load frequency
controller using Nigeria network. Also
system non linearity could be included in
the modeling of the turbine and
governor. Furthermore, other controllers
such as PID, PI and variable structure
could be implemented with DE to
investigated its effectiveness and
performance. The problem, investigated
in the thesis is load frequency control.
There are other power system control
problems on which the proposed DE can
be applied.
52
Markus Elisha
Didam
An Application of
Artificial Neural
Network to
Telephone Traffic
Prediction on Nitel
Kaduna- Abuja
Route
2008
PGS/2020
26
drives the change in frequency
in the two areas and change in
tie-line power flow to zero
within the shortest time span.
Simulation results on three
networks revealed that the
proposed controller dampened
the frequency oscillations and
restored the system frequency
and timeline power flow to
scheduled value after a step load
disturbance.
Predicting telephone traffic has
become part of an efficient
network planning operation.
Traffic congestion occurring in
NITEL's network is monitored
along Kaduna-Abuja route. The
excellent capability of neural
network (NN) to learn complex
nonlinear systems makes it
suitable for identifying the
relationship between congestion
and the variables responsible for
its occurrence in a time-varying
traffic situation. This work is
focused on developing an
artificial "N'N model for
predicting traffic congestion in
NITEL's telephone network.
The design strategy uses a feed
forward
NN
with
back
propagation algorithm to model
53
Bukar, Adam
Optimal Voltage
Enhancement in the
Northeast Regions
Using Static Var
Compensator (SVC)
Based on Real
Operating Data
2009
the telephone traffic situation.
Regression analysis between
predicted network congestion
volumes and corresponding
actual
volumes
show
a
correlation coefficient of 0.87
for the NN prediction as
compared to 0.70 on the time
series and 0.59 using the
historical algorithm.
These results clearly show that
the NN model is more reliable
on both long term and short
term
predictions
when
compared to time series and
historical algorithms. The study
draws a conclusion on the utility
and effectiveness of Neural
Networks in traffic prediction
and control.
PGS/04This thesis presents the
05/202023 investigation of the optimal
5
location, and application, of
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
to alleviate low voltage
problems that exist in the 1 J2k
V radial transmission network
structure of the national grid
that supplies bulk power to
various load centers in the
northeastern zone of Nigeria.
The optimal sitting problem is
tackled via sensitivity technique
which relied on the field data
collected from the existing or
substations at nine load centers
and the in-feed point. The field
data of interest contained from
each
substation
logbooks
included bus voltage (V), real
power (p) and reactive power
(Q) over a period of one month.
As part of this research effort,
extensive -reprocessing of the
field data so collected has been
done via visual inspection,
static estimation and other
computational techniques to
fill-in several missing data or
remove bad data in some cases
due to faulty meters or wrong
entries of data in the log-hooks
Station operators. With the
northeast transmission network
modeled in PSAI
environment,
the
voltage
profiles at various buses have
been determined lising power
flow analyses and
then
compared with field data, using
the sum of the squares of'
voltage performance criterion
to confirm the effectiveness of'
optimally
sited
Static
Compensator
(SVC).
The
transient performance of the
54
Iliya Sunday
Design and
Construction of
Embedded
Microprocessor
Based Voting
Machine
2009
132kV northeast radial network
structure has also been studied
with and without optimally
sited SV<' when subjected to
three phase faults. Several
simulation results obtained for
different case study scenarios
arc presented and discussed.
Finally, as a result or the
difficulties experienced during
the field data collection
exercise, a wide area public
internet based mass data
storage and retrieval system has
been proposed for the northeast
substations in this project.
PGS/01A major challenge in the
02/202026 proliferation
of
embedded
5
microcomputer system is the
design of the interfacing. The
interfacing involves matching
of signals, timing and provision
of communication protocols
between the microprocessor and
the external devices. The thesis
presents the design and
construction of a high speed
electronic voting system using
Intel 8085 as an embedded
microprocessor for the range of
thirty to thirty two contestants.
An EEPROM is used for
storage with recoding capacity
55
Okorie, Patrick
Ubeh
Reliability
Evaluation of
Electricity
Distribution System
2009
of 99,999,999 votes for each
contestant. The features include
instant feedback on results of
the polling unit, corrective
procedure in its vote recoding
and an estimated maximum rate
of one vote per second. The
system has a maximum power
consumption of 3.75W and may
be powered by mains, solar
panel or battery for application
in remote areas. The work
presented aimed at engineering
solution for integrity and trust
of record of voting system.
PGS/05This project is concerned with
06/202042 the reliability study of
3
electricity distribution system
in Abuja metropolis over a
1.
period of six years (2002 2007). Electricity service
interruptions, from several
causes, could originate from
the
utility
generation,
transmission or distribution
facilities.
However,
disturbances originating from
the
distribution
system
account for majority of
system
interruptions.
2.
Reliability evaluation with a
view to assessing the
distribution
system
The following
recommendations are made:
For the purpose of accurate
estimation of electrical
energy consumptions
according to end-users, all
residential,
commercial/Industrial,
government/Institution loads
should be appropriately
metered, and periodically
assessed or tele-metered to a
central data base.
The reliability report data
should be published by Abuja
Distribution Company annually;
this will form the primary basis
performance will therefore
require extensive statistical
analysis.
Distribution
interruptions by categories
and standard consumer based
service reliability indices are
used in this research work to
characterize the electricity
distribution
system
performances within the five
electricity
distribution
districts
serving
Abuja
metropolis.
Survey
of
electricity supply disruptions
to various consumers has
been carried out in order to
determine the most frequently
occurring faults and their
most probable causes for each
of the five districts being
served by Abuja Distribution
Company
(ADC).
Both
quantitative and qualitative
tools are used in order to
buttress issues militating
against
continuity
of
electricity
supply
to
consumers.
Herein
the
analysis and discussions of
the results, and findings, as
well as recommendations for
electricity service delivery
improvement are presented.
3.
4.
for
evaluating
normal
distribution reliability. The
report should include each of
the
reliability
indicators
presented in section 3.3.
A standard method of data
recording which gives precise
information on various faults,
the locations, types etc. should
be adopted. There should be
detailed analysis of the data
collected
in
the
district
reliability report to provide full
understanding of the reasons
why trend or relationship
between the data exists.
To ensure that each District has
designed, constructed and
maintained its distribution
facilities to appropriate
standards, NERC, (Nigerian
Electricity Regulation
Commission) should also
periodically conduct reliability
audits that focus on review of
utility management of
reliability programs and
infrastructural development.
56
Umar,
Muhammad
Dahiru
Neural Network
Based Frequency
Estimator for Fading
Communication
Channels
2010
PGS/0405/202025 In
fading
communication
4
channels, it is well known that
the degree of channel variation
is brought about by reflection,
refraction,
diffraction
and
scattering of radio waves in
multipath
propagation.
Frequency
changes
that
typically exist due to these
effects are compounded by
Doppler shift in mobile
communication. This research
work employs method of
frequency estimation by the use
of radial basis function neural
network.
The
predictive
capability of radial basis
function
network
(RBFN)
models and their ability to
produce accurate measures that
can be used to estimate the
frequency of the fading
communication channels are
explored. A random signal was
generated and allowed to pass
through an Additive White
Gaussian Noise (A WGN) and
Rayleigh (fast & slow) fading
channels that usually distorts
the signal. A comparison
between results obtained from
the RBFN model, the linear
network estimator and the fuzzy
system estimators shows that
the method employing radial
basis function produced a better
frequency estimate for the
fading channels.
57
Umoh Edwin
Albert
Fuzzy Control of
Chaotic System
2010
PGS/0405/202024
4
The design of a Fuzzy
Controller for controlling a
nonlinear chaotic system is
presented in this work. The
Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model
was adopted to model the
Fuzzy Controller and the
Lyapunov stability principle
was utilized to prove the Fuzzy
Controller
stability.
The
premise of the Lyapunov
stability criterion is that if the
continuous-time
partial
derivative of a common
Lyapunov Function Vex) is
negative semi-definite,
iT(X) S; 0, for all values of x =1-= 0,
then the fuzzy subsystems
represented by the fuzzy rules
are
locally
asymptotically
stable in the sense of Lyapunov,
and the overall system is
globally asymptotically stable
in the sense of Lyapunov (ISL).
The designed Fuzzy Controller
was used to control a Lorenz
58
Sadiq, Jibrin
Mohammed
Solving the fixed
Chanel Assignment
Problem in Cellular
Communication
Network Using
Particle Swarm
Optimization
2010
system. Simulation results for
the controlled Lorenz system
when excited with step and
sinusoidal inputs respectively,
showed that the system can be
stabilized for various initial
conditions. The simulation
results compares favourably
with those of similar works in
the literature.
PGS/04Bandwidth is a scarce resource
05/202023 which is divided into radio
5
channels for the purpose of
efficient
communication.
Arbitrary allocation of these
channels however leads to low
Quality of Service (QoS) and
noise while efficient assignment
enables the maximization of the
total number of available
channels in the network, hence
a maximization of bandwidth
utilization with low interference
and increased availability of
service hence high QoS.
Channel assignment problem
(or fixed CAP) which belongs
to a class of very-hard
combinatorial
optimization
problem,
whose
solution
becomes more difficult as the
number of cells increase was
solved in this work using the
59
Ibanga, Unwana
Iniobong
Design and
Construction of A
PC – Based
Oscilloscope
2010
particle swarm optimization
(PSO). Results presented in this
report
show
that
good
assignment is achieved, which
is comparable to and in some
instances superior to those
obtained in literature for the
Philadelphia benchmark case.
PGS/04The modern digital computer
05/202025 has evolved over the last decade
1
to become an indispensable tool
tool to professionals in all fields
of human endeavor. Its speed,
computational
accuracy,
versatility and low cost have
distinguished it from traditional
techniques and new ways are
being sought to make the
personal computer more useful.
To this end, this work seeks to
adapt the personal computer for
use as an oscilloscope, a useful
tool for students, engineers,
technicians etc. The personal
computer sound card is used to
capture and digitize input signal
while custom built software is
used for the display, scaling and
storage of the input data.
Measurements taken show that
the implemented system can
perform the basic functionalities
of a traditional oscilloscope up
60
Babayo, Bello
Bello
Computation of
Available Transfer
Capability (ATC)
for a Deregulated
Nigeria Power
Industry
2011
to 15 kHz frequency range is a
result of the sample rate limit of
the personal computer sound
card. The low cost and ease of
adaptation however justifies the
use of the system as basic
laboratory equipment.
PGS/04Power transmission in Nigeria
05/202024 consists of 330kY and l32kY
6
interconnected network. As
power is being transferred from
one geographical area to
another, the transmission lines
are subjected to constraints that
limit the transfer of power. This
constraint leads to congestion
and overloading of transmission
network. For this reason, a
certain percentage of the
transmission network needs to
be reserved for future planning
and
emergency
situation.
Computation
of
available
transfer capability (A TC)
which is a function of three
limits; thermal, voltage and
stability is very critical.
Transfer capability of a
transmission system depends on
a number of factors such as the
system generation dispatch,
system
load
level,
load
distribution on network, power
61
Usman, Isa
Hassan
Modeling and
Performance
2011
transfer between areas and the
limit
imposed
on
the
transmission network due to
thermal, voltage, and stability
considerations. The aim of this
thesis is to compute A TC for
the Nigerian system by using
Newton Raphson method of
optimum power flow in
MATLAB. The results obtained
reveal (50-60) of the lines
remains unutilised. The effect of
line and generator outages on
ATC has been tested for the
Nigerian grid by taking out
several lines on the grid and
also by taking out some units at
different power station in the
country; this has affected the
value of the A TC. The result
obtained can be utilised in the
Nigerian
power
market
transactions,
in
the
determination of line loading or
reinforcement, in preventive
maintenance scheduling and in
the restoration of system
stability, which will be of
immense contribution to the
new PHCN in a deregulated
power market.
PGS/05In this work, the forward traffic
06/202042 channel of the CDMA system
Anaysis of An is
95A CDMA
Forward Traffic
Channel Under
Varying Operating
Conditions
62
Dauda, Umar
Sulaiman
Radiation
Characteristics of
5
2011
was modeled based on the IS9SA specification, and built
around the MATLAB's CDMA
Blockset using quatemary phase
shift
keying
(QPSK)
modulation
scheme
after
spreading. The performance of
the developed model was
analyzed under different mobile
subscriber's
(MS)
speed
(modeled as the Doppler
frequency, that is related to MS
speed), multipath fading and
additive white Gussian noise (A
WGN) represented by the
different Signal-to-noise ratios
(SNR) . The results obtained
show
that
there
was
performance improvement as
the SNR was increasing while
performance degradation was
observed with increase in speed.
Comparison of the results with
those obtained using a digital
signal
processing
CDSP)
Canvas Simulator showed that
the IS~95A CMDA model gave
a better performance by offering
lower bit error rates (BER)
when subjected under similar
simulation conditions.
PGS/06In this thesis, the radiation
07/202044 characteristics of an optimized
Optimized Five –
Element NU –
Dipole Yagi- UDA
Antenna Array
2
five-element nu-dipole YagiUda antenna array were
analyzed.
Integro-differential
equation for the antenna array
was formulated. Method of
Moment (MOM) technique was
then used to convert the
formulated integro-differential
equation into a matrix form in
order
to
obtain
current
distribution on the array. Upon
computing
the
current
distribution on the antenna
array, maximum directive gain,
input impedance (Zin), input
power and far zone electric field
(Eo (B, ¢ = 900)) were obtained
for
uniformly
perturbed
directors' element lengths and
spacings. A combination of
\10M and Genetic Algorithm
(GA) was used to maximize
directive gain as a single
objective function for the fiveelement array. Directive gain
and input impedance of
(l2.31dB
and
Zin=4.46+j27.0(r2))
and
(l1.71dB
and
Zin=2.41j2.70(r2)) were obtained for
Micro-GA and ConventionalGA, respectively. These are
better results when compared to
63
Awodiji
Olurotimi
Olakunle
Short Term
Economic Load
Dispatch Using
Differential
Evolution Approach
(A Case Study of
Nigerian Thermal
Power System)
2011
(11.00dB
and
Zin=2.94+j7.20(r2)) for the
uniform
perturbation.
Composite objective function
comprising directive gain and
input impedance produced
values
of
(9.58dB
and
Zin=75.80-jO.60(r2)) for \1icroGA
and
(9.60dB
and
Zin=75.48+j5.35(r2))
for
Conventional-GA, respectively.
PGS/06Reliable power production is
07/202044 critical to the profitability of
5
electricity
utilities.
Power
generators need to be scheduled
efficiently to meet electricity
demand while satisfying system
constraints. The main focus of
this work is the application of
Differential Evolution (DE) to
provide a solution to a
formulated
Short-Term
Economic Load Dispatch (ELD)
problem of the Nigerian power
system. DE is a population
based
stochastic
function
evolutionary algorithm useful in
solving many real world
constrained
optimization
problems. The realized DE
based short-term ELD had been
applied to standard IEEE 3generating units 6-bus test
64
Abdullahi, Bello
Gwarzo
Evaluation of
Distance Protection
Based on Wavelet
Technique ( A Case
Study Of JosGombe 330 KV
Transmission
2011
system and the obtained results
were compared with the
published results obtained via
the classical, Genetic Algorithm
and the I-field neural network
approaches. Finally, the DE was
also applied to the short-term
economic dispatch of the
Nigerian thermal power plants.
The comparison of the results of
this work with other methods
reported in the literature has
shown clearly the superiority of
the proposed method and its
efficacy for solving ELD
problems in power system.
PGS/01The los - Gombe 330kV
02/202010 transmission network supplies
4
bulk power to six North-eastern
states.
Transmission
and
distribution of power are
necessary for continuity of
service to electrical power
consumers. Generating stations
and load centers are connected
through transmission lines
hence the chances of fault
occurrence are very high due to
the location of generating
stations in remote areas. Fault
detection,
location
and
clearance for quick restoration
of power supply remain a very
65
Isa, Abdulkadir
Itopa
Optimal Generating
Unit Maintenance
Scheduling for the
Nigerian Power
System Using
Genetic Algorithm
2011
big challenge to protection
engineers. This project utilizes
wavelet technique in distance
protection for detection of fault.
The fault signals were generated
through PSCADIEMTDC while
the analysis was carried out
using wavelet toolbox in
MATLAB. This is meant to
significantly
improve
the
performance of the protection
by making it faster, cheaper and
more reliable. The results
obtained in this research have
shown that the performance of
the proposed technique based
on wavelet transform is an
effective tool for detection of
fault on transmission line when
compared with conventional
techniques.
PGS/05Preventive
maintenance
06/202041 scheduling of generating units is
9
an important task in an electric
power
system.
Capacity
shortages and system instability
can be created by a lack of
coordination in scheduling unit
maintenance. The generator
maintenance scheduling (GMS)
problem can be stated as
determining
the
optimal
maintenance windows for all
Deregulation is bringing major
changes to the electric power industry
in Nigeria.
Electricity would be traded in the
commodity markets, and these new
markets affect the way the electric
power grid is controlled and
operated. This would also affect the
way generator maintenance is
scheduled. Electrical engineers need
to understand both the technical and
the business sides of these changes
generating units feeding an
integrated power system in a
year in advance while satisfying
the system constraints and
maintaining system reliability.
The objective in scheduling
preventive maintenance is to
ensure that the risk as a result of
removal of generator for
scheduled maintenance does not
exceed
a
predetermined
acceptable level. This thesis has
implemented the application of
a genetic algorithm (GA) to
develop a practical and feasible
Generator
Maintenance
Schedule (GMS) for the
Nigerian power system. The
optimal parameters for the GA
were obtained and the algorithm
tested on a IEEE 21 unit test
case and then applied to the
Nigerian power system. Three
different cases for generating
unit maintenance periods were
experimented for the Nigerian
system. Simulation results have
revealed that scheduling hydro
units alongside thermal and gas
plants produced better results
than scheduling only the hydro
units for maintenance during
low water periods for the
in order to address the needs of the
restructured power system. In this
environment,
management
of
GENCOs and grid is separated, each
maximizing its own benefit.
Therefore, the principle to draw up
and strictly implement a
practical and optimal unit maintenance
scheduling will be changed significantly.
66
Ben, Bryson
Ahmed
Coded Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiplexing and the
Choice of
Parameters for
Terrestrial- Based
Digital Video
Broadcasting (DVBT)
2011
Nigerian grid system.
PGS/06The world is set for historic
07/202044 transmission,
to
turn-off
1
analogue terrestrial television
and switch-on digital terrestrial
television
broadcasting
(DTTB). The Digital Video
Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB'1') standard uses multi-carrier
modulation technique called
Coded Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplex (COFDM),
The special performance of
COFDM in respect of selective
fading,
multipath
and
interference loss is only
achieved by a careful choice of
parameters for a DVB- T
transmission.
DVB-T
transmission
system
was
simulated using Graphical User
Interface
Development
Environment
(GUIDE)
of
MATLAB
7.6.0
(R2008).
COFDM parameters used were
(i) three modulation schemes:
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK),
l6-Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (l6QAM)
and
64-Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (64QAM), (ii) Three size subcarriers were 2048 (2K), 4096
67
Samaila, Musa
Gwani
Fuzzy Model
reference Adaptive
Cruise Control for a
Car
2011
(4K) and 8192 (8K), (iii) Five
different code rates: Y2, 2/3,
Y4, 5/6 and 7/8, Furthermore
two types of inputs were used:
Random binary bits, and All 1 's
bits; and three different
channels: Gaussian, Rayleigh
fading and the Rician fading
channels were used. The
simulated DVB-T transceiver
evaluated error performance: a
plot of Bit Error Ratio (BER)
versus Signal to Noise Ratio
(SNR). The results served as a
simple means of evaluating and
choosing COFDM transmission
parameters for DVB- T
network. The choice of
Subcarrier size Sk, modulation
scheme 16··QAM, Code rate
2/3, Guard interval length 1/4
and Rician channel were chosen
as DVB-T COFDM parameters
for Taraba television service.
PGS/01This thesis addresses the
02/202062 longitudinal adaptive cruise
control (LACC) of a car using a
modified fuzzy model reference
learning control (FMRLC)
technique. The technique was
used to develop an algorithm for
the
longitudinal
velocity
control; this is because FMRLC
68
Dauda Ishaya
Optimal Generator
Maintenance
2011
achieves fast convergence and
has good disturbance rejection
properties compared to some
conventional techniques such as
model
reference
adaptive
control (MRAC). The single
reference
input
of
the
conventional FMRLC was
modified to two reference
inputs by introducing an
additional loop to the lower part
of the controller. such that one
reference input is automatically
selected at a time, by means of a
multiplexer, depending on
whether there is a vehicle within
the radar range of the automated
car or not. The system was
simulated and the results
obtained
showed
smooth
transitions between speed and
inter-distance controls; the
results also revealed that a safe
distance can be maintained no
matter how slowly a preceding
vehicle is moving and a desired
speed control of up to 260km/h
is achievable. This shows
significant improvements on the
minimum and maximum speed
an automated car can attain.
PGS/06An application of Simulated
07/202044 Annealing (SA) to Generator
Scheduling Using
Simulated Annealing
Method ( A Case
Study of Nigerian
Power System
8
Maintenance Scheduling, GMS)
for the Nigerian Power System
is presented. The problem is
formulated as an optimization
problem
concerned
with
scheduling
essential
maintenance over a fixed
repeated planning horizon for a
number of generator units while
minimizing the maintenance
cost and providing enough
capacity to meet the anticipated
demand.
The
Generator
Maintenance
Scheduling
problem
can
simply
be
described as determining the
optimal starting time for
preventive maintenance. In
Simulated Annealing algorithm
temperature is the control
parameter and the cooling rate p
which is an integer between 0
and I determine how fast or
slowly the system goes.
Sensitivity analysis was carried
out to obtain the optimal
Simulated
Annealing
parameters; test has been
carried out for different values
of cooling rate, the optimal
cooling rate is found to be 0.98.
The application is implemented
for a standard IEEE 21 unit test
case which when compared
with other application is found
to give a better result. The
proposed technique was applied
to the 49 generating units
feeding the Nigerian National
grid in 2003, the unit
maintenance schedule solution
obtained was found to be
satisfactory.
69
Soremekun,
Rasaq Kolawole
Optimal Economic
Dispatch for the
Nigerian Grid
System Considering
Voltage and Line
Flow Constraints
2011
PGS/04The electric power industries
05/202023
worldwide have undergone
9
considerable changes especially
from vertical structure 10 full
deregulated entities. These
changes are now introducing
new problems in terms of
operations,
controls
and
planning of the entire grid
systems. This calls for a more
reliable analytical tool ever than
before. One feasible solution is
to perform the Optimal Power
Flow (OPF) paradigm on this
restructured power system so as
to provide fairness to all
operators. In this research work,
the economic dispatch problem
with voltage and line flow
constraints has been formulated
for the Nigerian power system.
In order to solve the formulated
power
flow
problem,
a
MATLAB based simulation
package, MATPOWER version
3.0, has been suitably modified
to obtain feasible solution for
different loading scenarios. The
results obtained when compared
with earlier research conducted
showed that the OPF offered a
better optimal power schedules,
power loss minimization and
reduced total fuel cost when
compared to Micro-Genetic
Algorithm,
(MGA)
and
Conventional
Genetic
Algorithm (CGA) techniques.
Further, a standard IEEE 14Bus system was modified by
carrying
out
series
compensation on the lines and
used to test the efficacy of the
simulation package. The voltage
mean square error (VMSE)
computed for OPF showed
improvements over the PF
method for the two study
systems.
The
Localized
Marginal Pricing (LMP) of
Nigerian network was also
determined to identify the buses
that exhibited high and low
LMP values. The percentage
line flow deviations (PLFD)
was computed for the Nigerian
70
Mohammed,
Aliyu Gadam
Artificial Neural
Network Based Flat
Controller for
Synchronous
2011
system to determine the: lines
that are more sensitivity to
incremental
loading
perturbation. Therefore, this
research has successfully solved
the optimal economic load
dispatch
formulation
of
Nigerian
grid
system
considering voltage and line
flow constraints. It is shown
that the OPF proved to be a
better tool than the MGA and
CGA from the economic
standpoint
and
losses
minimization.
PGS/04This work aims to develop a
05/202024 neural network controller to
2
learn the field voltage (efd)
generated by a flatness-based
feedback controller for transient
stability of a synchronous
machine. The measure of
success of the result is
determined if the error of the
efd minus the output of the
neural network attains the
specified performance index.
The trained neural network
controller was used to replace
the efd output control of the
synchronous generator when
applied to a single machine
infinite bus (SMIBS) and its
71
Ahmed, Ozomata
David
Gravity Gradient
Satellite
Stabilization With
Active Damper
Using Optimal
Control
2011
gives good performance under
different operating conditions.
The simulation results for the
third order SMIBS equipped
with a controller referred to as
Field
Voltage
Dynamic
Feedback Controller (FVDFC)
is presented in this work. The
result clearly shows the
response of the third order
SMIBS equipped with FVDFC
designed to three-phase short
circuit fault of 3, 4, 5, and 6
cycles duration. The result also
shows how the neural network
emulates the output of the
FVDFC and also shows the
performance of the neural
network under different fault
conditions.
PGS/06The major challenge of passive The benefits of using the designed
07/202044 attitude control for small optimal controllers include:
3
satellite are the lack or accuracy
a. The controllers are generally
and the inability to effectively
easier to implement. Thereby
clamp oscillations associated
making them suitable for
with attitude reorientation due
small satellite attitude control
to
presence
of
external
where the use of sophisticated
disturbances on the satellite. To
thrusters is expensive and with
reduce
these
undesired
high weight.
oscillations. Passive dampers
b. The short settling time in
may be used. but they take a
damping out the oscillation In
long time to achieve required
the
gravity
gradient
result study of an active damper
stabilisation of small satellite
72
Shehu,
Abdulmumini
Mohammed
Path Loss Prediction
Model Analysis for
Wimax At Cellular
Frequency of
3.5GHz Band
2011
that applies a magnetic torque is
presented as an alternative
control strategy of small
satellites to produce the needed
moments to counteract the
external disturbances. Linear
Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and
Linear Quadratic Gaussian
(LQG)
controllers
were
separately designed for the
attitude control of small
satellite.
incorporating
alternative magnetic damping.
Results show that both attitude
reorientation
and
active
damping were achieved in less
than 30s.
(Figures 17-18) shows a quick
restoration of communication
between the satellite and the
base
station
thereby,
enhancing the performance of
the stabilisation of the satellite.
c.National Space Research and
PGS/0102/202061 Wireless
networks
have
emerged
as
a
powerful
technology
capable
of
supporting the requirement of
broadband
wireless
communication, with researches
carried out all over the world to
constantly improve the network
performance and standards.
Estimation of path loss is an
essential parameter for initial
deployment of wireless network
and cell planning. Numerous
path loss models are available to
predict propagation loss but
In future the simulate results can be
tested and verified in practice field as
well as developing a perfect model
that will be suitable for all the
environments.
Development Agency (NASRDA)
can implement the designed
controllers in the attitude
determination
and
control
system which is an integral part
of satellite operation.
they are inclined to be limited to
the lower frequency band of
2GHz. In this research work,
WiMAX wireless network
operating at 3.5GHz is designed
using five different path loss
models namely: Cost- 231-Hata
model, ECC-33 model, SUI
model, Hata-Okumura model
and Ericsson model under
varying receiver antenna heights
in non-line-of-sight (NLOS)
condition of urban, suburban
and rural environments. MA
TLAB was used as a simulator
tool for comparisons and
analyses of the path loss with
respect to WiMAX network.
The simulation results have
shown that Ericsson, HataOkumura and COST-231 model
are most suitable models for
application
in
urban
environment, offering average
predictions of 140dB, 142dB
and
156dB
respectively,
sampled at 2km. while SUI,
Hata-Okumura and COST-231
model
are
suitable
for
application
in
suburban
environment, offering average
predictions of 116dB, 134dB
and 150dB respectively. SUI
73
Abu, Umaru Attai Transient
Enhancement of
Nigerian Grid
System Using
Optimally Tuned
UPFC Based on
Small Population
Particle Swarm
Optimization
2011
model emerged as the only
suitable model for application in
rural environment offering
prediction of 114dB. With this
design guideline, WiMAX can
be easily and effectively be
deployed or integrated into
existing network.
PGS/04Transient and dynamic stability
05/202024 considerations are among the
1
most important issues in the
reliable and efficient operation
of power systems. As a result.
there is presently. a new trend
towards the optimal use of the
power
systems
available
transmission capacities, rather
than the construction of new
transmission
lines.
The
advances in power electronics
open a new way to deal with the
restrictions on the system
operation caused by fixed line
reactances and undesired flow
directions. Control devices
based on power electronics
known as FACTS devices,
produced more flexibility in
power system operation and
control, thus improving the
usage
of
the
existing
transmission systems.
The
insertion of such devices in
electrical systems is a promising
strategy
to
decrease
transmission congestion and to
increase the available transfer
capacity. A unified power flow
controller (UPFC) is the most
promising device in the FACTS
concept. It has the ability to
adjust
the
three
control
parameters, i.e. the bus voltage,
transmission line reactance, and
phases angle between two buses
either
simultaneously
or
independently.
A
UPFC
performs this through the
control of the in-phase voltage,
quadrature voltage, and shunt
compensation. In this thesis, a
small population based particle
swam optimization (SPPSO) is
used to optimally tune three
parameters of UPFC in a multimachine power system. In order
to maintain a dynamic search
process, the idea of particle
regeneration in the population is
also
implemented.
The
advantage of the approach is
that it has faster convergence
and less computation per
evaluation. Simulation results
on Nigerian grid system
modeled in PSAT environment
74
Dalyop, Ishaku
Abdul
Optimal Design of
PID- Controller for
Adaptive Cruise
Control Using
Differential
Evaluation
2011
with and without using UPFC
installed are compared in terms
of bus voltages, frequency
response and power flows along
the line when a three phase fault
was applied. SPPSO was used
to obtain the optimal parameters
of the UPFC and the results are:
percentage
of
series
compensation, C, = 23.9, the
regulator gain, KR = 85.0, the
regulator time constant, T R =
0.05sec.
PGS/04This thesis presents an Adaptive
05/202023 Cruise Control (ACC) system
1
which is an automotive feature
that allows drivers to maintain
preset speed while the system
automatically monitors the
traffic patterns and adjust the
closing distance by acting on
the throttle and the brakes to
maintain a safe distance behind
the vehicle ahead. It employs
radar to measure the distance
from the ACC vehicle to the
vehicle in front and its speed
relative to the ACC vehicle. The
controller used is proportional,
Integral and Differential (PID)
and tuned using Differential
Evolution (DE) scheme which
is used to choose the correct
75
Bala Sunday
Manchok
Modeling and
performance
analysis of micro
hydro demonstration
unit
2012
actuator for the current driving
situation.
The
structure
combines the speed control
model and an additional control
loop that is charged of verifying
some safety and comfort
constraints while the latter is
charged with assuring a good
tracking of the desired reference
inter-vehicle distance. The
system performance during
Speed Control (Cruise Control),
Following Distance Control
(Headway Control) and Stopand-Go situation on all road
grades and for all speed ranges
has been satisfactory and the
proposed
controller
yields
favourable overshoot, rise time
and settling time as compared to
similar works. The average safe
stoppage distance behind a
stationary object is 2 m.
PGS/04Micro hydropower plants are
05/202023 emerging as a major renewable
7
energy resource today as they
do not encounter the problems
of population displacement and
environmental
problems
associated with the large hydro
power plants. However, they
require control systems to limit
the excessive variation in input
There is room for improvement on
this system, with the design and
proto-type provided in this project. I
will recommend as follows:
1. That the speed of the
prototype MHP be increased
by introducing some gear
arrangement.
2. Servomechanisms
be
employed
for
providing
76
Anibasa
Abubakar
Ogirima
Genetic algorithm
based self
organizing
polynomial neural
network for
automatic function
approximation and
2012
flows expected in rivulets when
they are constructed to generate
constant electrical power. In this
research work, a prototype
model of a micro hydroelectric
plant has been designed,
simulated and constructed to
generate an ac power. for
demonstration purposes. In spite
of the constraints, an ac voltage
of 11 V was generated at a
turbine speed of 540rpm. A
mathematical
model
was
developed and simulated in a
MA TLAB environment under
three
different
loading
scenarios. The responses of the
basic parameters in the process
were observed for each scenario
and the results obtained are
presented in figures and
comprehensively discussed. The
results of the experimental work
carried out on the model fairly
agreed with the simulation
results obtained.
PGS/01In this work the genetic
02/202057 algorithm was used to train
SOPNN for the purpose of
function approximation. This
eliminates trial and error and the
cumbersome nature of tuning
tradition SOPNN; specifically
automatic control action.
3.A level controller be
introduced to record and
indicate the level of water as
the MHP is running.
prediction
76
Yakubu Ahmad
Muhammad
Jumba
Power Quality
Assessment of
Nigerian
the GA was used to determine
the structure of the network, the
order of partial derivatives at
each of its nodes and the
variables involved in each
partial derivative. Table 5
summarizes the values of the
performance index, PI and EPI,
of the proposed GA-based
SOPNN according to weighting
factor. These values are the
lowest value in each layer. The
overall lowest value of the
performance index is obtained
at the third layer when the
weighting factor is 0.25. From
layer 1 to 3, the trend of error
function decreases, while the
fitness
function
increases.
Comparisons show that the
performance of the GA-based
SOPNN
is
significantly
improved in the sense of
approximation and prediction
abilities with a much simpler
structure compared with the
traditional SOPNN models as
well as previous identification
methods.
2012
PGS/06Electrical energy should satisfy
07/202045 the
necessary
quality
2
requirements within a specified
Distribution System
(A Case Study Of
Bauchi Territory.
range around the rated value to
enable electrical equipment to
operate correctly. Non linear
loads such as switch mode
power supply and adjustable
speed drives in three phase
distribution system can cause
line voltage and current system
distortion known as harmonics.
Harmonic disturbances are the
most prominent of the entire
power quality characterization.
This is primarily due to the
development of high power
semiconductor switches and
their application in rectifiers,
inverters, and various electronic
circuits, and the widespread use
of
fluorescent
lighting.
Measures need to be taken at
the planning stage to ensure that
distribution systems are able to
meet
harmonic
limits
recommended by standards i.e.
IEEE standard 519 - 1992 and
lEe 61000-3-6. In this research,
extensive field measurements in
respect of total harmonic
monitoring programme were
carried out on some three phase
four wire of Bauchi Distribution
System
using
Spectrum
Analyzer (3000 Harmonitor).
77
Otitolaye,
Ayodele Johnson
Application of
Particle Swarm
Optimization for the
Design of Infinite
Impulse Response
Digital Filters
2013
Field data acquired was used for
the development of statistical
harmonic models of residential
and commercial load. The result
of
the
95th
cumulative
probability over the entire
monitoring period showed that
the residential load total
harmonic distortions were less
compared with that of the
commercial load. Over the
entire period of the monitoring
programme, it was found that
the ratio of 95th percentile of
3rd , 5th and 7th
respectively to 95th percentile
fundamental varied by less than
10 for any given data.
PGS/06This
work
presents
the
07/202045 application of Particle Swann
0
Optimization (PSO) algorithm
for the design of Infinite
Impulse Response (UR) digital
filters. The objective is to
evolve filter designs that
approximate the Ideal filter's
response. Bilinear Transform
(BLT) design method was first
used as baseline method to
estimate the filters' transfer
functions.
This
technique
converts the analog filter's
transfer function from the s -
The following are recommended as
areas of further research interest:
1. Extension of PSO concept to the
design
of
Finite
Impulse
Response digital filters.
2. Hardware implementation of
Particle Swann optimization in
digital filters
design to demonstrate the
possibility
of
online
implementation in DSP.
plane to the equivalent digital
filter transfer function in the z plane. The coefficients of the
transfer functions thus obtained
forms the initial particles used
in the PSO algorithm. This was
applied to generate the optimal
filter coefficients that closely
match the ideal filter for the
given
specifications.
A
population of 20 particles was
initialized to probe the search
space.
The
particles
performance was evaluated by
the fitness function defined as
the mean square error between
the magnitude of the designed
filter and the magnitude of the
desired (ideal) filter. The
trajectory of each particle is
influenced in a direction
determined by the previous
velocity and the location of the
global best particle. Each
particle then adjusts its 'flying'
according to its own previous
experience and that of its
companions' flying experience.
The particle's velocity and
position in the search space are
adjusted according to the PSO
equations. The attractiveness of
PSO for the design of IIR
78
Ahmed,
Mohammed
Optimal Design of
2013
PID Controller for
Position Control of
Parabolic Dish
Antenna Using Ant
Colony Optimization
digital filters comes fr0111 its
high efficiency coupled with
few parameters to adjust for
good
results.
Lowpass,
Highpass,
Bandpass
and
Bandstop filters were designed.
Response of the PSO designed
filters was compared with the
response of ideal filters.
Simulation results show close
approximation of the Ideal
filters in the design cases
considered in this work.
PGS/08The research is focused on the
09/202045 application of Ant Colony
9
Optimization Algorithm (ACO)
to the design of a PID controller
for position control of parabolic
dish antenna system. Parabolic
dish antennas are used for lineof-sight communications, they
are sometimes controlled by
servomotors
and
such
arrangements minimize human
errors and energy. The system is
also quick and easier for
repositioning
to
another
direction or original position of
the antenna when displaced by
disturbances such as wind, gust,
bearing
and
aerodynamic
frictions. A PID controller was
designed for the system, using
The Ant Colony Optimization
algorithm had improved the response
of the field controlled DC servomotor
Actuated Parabolic Dish Antenna
System. However, other Meta
heuristic optimization techniques
such as the Genetic Algorithm (GA),
Particle Swam Optimization (PSO)
Bacterial Foraging (BFA) Differential
Evolution and so on can be applied to
the same system for further
comparative study. However the
hybrid of the meta heuristic methods
as well as hybrid of Meta heuristic
and classical methods can also be
investigated.
the Ziegler/Nichols method (ZN
Controller); the controller was
then redesigned using Ant
Colony Optimization Algorithm
(ACO Controller). The closed
loop system was simulated
using SIMULINKIMATLAB
7.1 software for the various
control schemes. The system
without the controller had: a rise
time of 0.7900 seconds, peak
time of 1.1450 seconds,
maximum overshoot of 14.77
and settling time of 2.4900
seconds. The system with ZN
controller had: a rise time of
0.2550 seconds, peak time of
0.4100 seconds, maximum
overshoot of 18.88 and settling
time of 1.9300 seconds. The
system with the ACO controller
had its rise time, peak time,
maximum
overshoot
and
settling time as: 0.2300 seconds,
0.1500 seconds, 23.70 and
1.7600 seconds respectively.
The study showed that the ACO
controller gave the best
improvement
on
system
performance even though it had
the highest overshoot but this
was within the acceptable limit
for the system.
79
Hassan, Buhari
Mamman
Attitude Control of
Small Satellite
Using Fuzzy Logic
Controller
2013
PGS/08The gravity gradient method of
09/202046 stabilizing satellites is attractive
4
due to its simplicity, reliability
and low cost, but it lacks
accuracy and does not quickly
damp out the resulting satellite
oscillations associated with
attitude
reorientation
and
external disturbances on the
satellite. This drawback is
usually alleviated with passive
or active dampers. Passive
dampers are incapable of fast
action while active dampers
even though fast require energy
overhead. In this work, fuzzy
logic
controlled
magnetic
torquer is designed to control
the satellite attitude and damp
out the satellite oscillations
within a shorter period of time
with lower energy utilization,
thereby increasing satellite's
availability for communication.
The performance comparison of
simulation results show that the
fuzzy controller gives little
overshoot zero steady state
error, shorter mean square error
(106.7) and settling time (17.2
seconds) than that obtained
using linear quadratic regulator
(mean square error and settling
(i) In this thesis, controllers were
designed to achieve some specific
objectives without any optimization,
which could be studied in future
work.
(ii) Difficulty in fuzzy logic control
design lies the definition of the
membership functions and in the
tuning of the control rules, which
often requires a trial and error
approach. However, self-adapting
controller can be used to achieve
better response.
80
Adamu, Kaduna
Idris
Application of
Genetic Algorithm
to Unit Commitment
Problem Using the
Deregulated
Nigerian Power
System As A Case
Study.
2013
time of 115.2 and 55 seconds
respectively) for the same
satellite under the same
conditions.
PGS/06The Unit Commitment (UC)
07/202044 problem is well known in the
4
power industry and has the
potential to save millions of
Naira per year in fuel and
related costs. It is an area of
production scheduling that
relates to the determination of
the ON/OFF status of the
generating units during each
interval of the scheduling period
to minimizing cost objective
function subject to meeting
system load and reserves
requirements as well as variety
of equipment operational limits
and environmental constraints.
Genetic algorithm (GA) has
been proposed for determining
the optimal cost for a
formulated unit commitment
problem. The GA technique has
been
developed
and
implemented with respect to a
10- unit test case and I22-unit
system feeding the Nigerian
national grid as of 2006. The
Nigeria generation System
comprises
eight
existing
To improve the efficiency of the
solution algorithm one can consider
two research efforts. First, the
algorithm presented in this thesis uses
an improved GA implementation.
One can investigate methods of
improving the convergence rate for
other Meta heuristic techniques such
as particle swarm and ant colony
optimization techniques.
-Further research will also address the
commitment problem of large
systems with thousands of units in
multiple areas. One possible approach
may be to use indirect encoding or
some grammar rule (as used in other
GA application) to represent a cluster
of units in a chromosome. The
method presented in this thesis can
include more of the constraints that
are encountered in real world
applications of this type. One
disadvantage of this approach is the
computational time needed to
evaluate the population in each
generation but since genetic
algorithm can be efficiently
implemented in a highly parallel
fashion, this drawback becomes less
generation stations of power
holding company of Nigeria
(PHCN), six generating stations
built by national integrated
power projects (NIPP) and four
generating stations belonging to
independent power producers
(IPP)
resulting
in
122
generating units available to be
used to find the optimal
commitment
schedule.
Sensitivity analysis was carried
out, and the best values for the
GA parameters obtained for the
aforementioned
two
test
generating system here in.
Several
simulation
results
obtained for the IO-unit test
case and I22-unit Nigerian
generating system are presented
and comprehensively discussed.
The results showed that GA
performed better than other
techniques applied to 10- unit
test case and then applied to
Nigerian power system. The
minimum cost obtained for unit
commitment of the Nigerian
generating system on daily basis
is 42 Million Naira for the
assumed 122 generating units
feeding the Nigerian integrated
power system with assumption
significant with its implementation in
a parallel machine environment.
Deregulation is bringing
major changes to the electric
power industry in Nigeria.
Electricity would be traded in the
commodity markets and these new
markets effect the way the electric
power grid is controlled and
operated. This would also affect
the
way
generator
unit
commitment is scheduled.
The intelligent computational
techniques such as artificial neutral
networks, fuzzy logic and ant
colony optimization and a number
of hybrid algorithms and also
promising optimization techniques
and can be employed in hybrid
formulation with genetic
algorithms in finding better
solutions to multimodal and multidimension unit commitment
scheduling problem for a power
system.
that all PHCN, NIPP and IPP
generation projects are fully on
board and GA simulation time
is 201 seconds to achieve its
optimal
unit
commitment
respectively.
81
Abdulkadir,
Abubakar Sadiq
A Fuzzy- Based
Speed Control of
Direct Current
Motor Using
Combined Armature
Voltage Field
Current
2013
PGS/08A direct current (DC) motor is
09/202046 supposed to be operated at an
5
accurate and constant speed
even if the load on the system is
increased or decreased. This
work presents a simulation of
the speed control of a DC motor
using
combined
armature
voltage and field current by
designing a Fuzzy Logic
Controller (FLC) in MATLAB
environment. Separate Fuzzy
Logic
Controllers
were
designed for both the armature
and field circuit of the de motor
to vary the armature voltage in
the constant torque region and
the field current in the constant
power region. The two fuzzy
logic controllers were designed
to be dependent on one another
in such a way that the same set
of rules were fired at the same
time for the two controllers,
having the same antecedences
but different consequences. This
is to give a proper switching
The research topic can be expanded
in future work to speed control of DC
motors using laboratory Virtual
Instrumentation
Engineering
Workbench (Labview), for series,
shunt or separately excited DC motor.
Future work should involve further
development of simulation models to
include power electronic converters
as a de voltage source to the motor.
This research is based on computer
simulations and did not include
experimental
work.
It
is
recommended
that
laboratory
implementation should be carried out
so that the transient responses of the
motor obtained can be compared and
analyzed with the simulation results.
It is also recommended to use
appropriate optimization technique in
tuning the fuzzy scaling gains.
82
Mohammed,
Saidu Kumo
Analysis of Recent
Prolonged
Frequency
Recordings on the
Nigerian Power
2013
between the two controllers so
as to keep the armature or field
voltage at the rated value as the
case may require depending on
the reference speed of the
motor. Reference speed below
the rated speed (1000 rpm and
1200 rpm), at the rated speed
(1750 rpm) and above the rated
speed (2000 rpm) of the motor
were
achieved
for
the
independent
armature/field
control as well as for the
combined control method and
the results were compared. The
results obtained showed that the
combined control method has
the fastest response with settling
time of 0.121sec, 3.6 overshoot
at 1000 rpm reference speed
and 0.140sec settling time with
0.5 overshoot at 1200 rpm. At
reference speed above the rated
value, field control method has
better response with regards to
the delay time (0.010sec), rise
time (0.023sec) and settling
time (0.116sec).
PGS/08Frequency is one of the most
09/202047 important
parameters
for
0
determining the performance of
an electrical power system.
Thus, frequency monitoring and
Only one FDR was available for
recording the data used for the
purpose of this research work. As
such the device was used as a
standalone dynamic recording device.
System at Bauchi
132KV Substation
Using Frequency
Disturbance
Recorder (FDR)
recording is a desirable practice
to ensure reliability and
provisioning of data for the
system offline and post mortem
analysis. Relevant statistical
analysis of the nature of the
frequency dynamics observed
throughout multiple hours of a
day in the Nigerian power
system
recorded
using
Frequency
Disturbance
Recorder (FDR) between 28
January, 2011 and 05 February,
2011 at the Bauchi PHCN bulk
power
substation
showed
compliance with the Nigerian
power
system
frequency
regulation band of ± 2.5, which
is an improvement over the
previous years. The frequency
regulation band of Nigeria is as
high as 2.5 Hz compared to US
and Nordic systems which are
0.1
Hz
and
0.25
Hz
respectively. Partial power
system collapse was detected
and analyzed along with some
other major disturbance events.
The loosely regulated system
frequency data was preprocessed making it fit for
ambient analysis and then
parametric and non-parametric
It is therefore recommended to use
multiple FDRs located at different
electric power substations, forming a
wide area measurement network to be
recording the systems frequency and
voltage simultaneously. In this
arrangement, the FDRs recordings
being GPS time stamped, analysis of
disturbance propagation within the
power system could be feasible.
83
Paul Na’anman
Bartholemew
Design and
Development of
Personal Computer
Based Spectrum
Analyzer
2013
block processing techniques, the
Yule-Walker
and
Welch
algorithms respectively were
applied to the ambient lata.
Estimates of modal frequencies
and damping were obtained by
computing power spectrum
densities and applying a mode
meter algorithm to the ambient
data. Eight electromechanical
modes were identified from the
ambient analysis to be within
the frequency range of 0.0129
Hz and 1.9970 Hz.
PGS/06In this thesis, a personal
07/202044 computer (PC) based spectrum
0
analyzer is analyzed, designed
and implemented with cheap
external hardware. A computer
has been used for the fast
Fourier transform process. PC
based spectrum analyzer is an
important instrument for signal
analysis
and
spectrum
monitoring. However, it is
characterized with a high cost
hence; the task at hand is to
develop a cheap version based
on available components. The
system was tested with a
standard signal generator and
the results obtained were
compared to those obtained
To improve the accuracy, frequency
range and functionality of the
spectrum analyzer, several research
approaches may be considered.
i. It is recommended that this
implemented
spectrum
analyzer be improved upon
to
perform
multiinstrumentation:
functions
such
as
multi-meter,
oscilloscope, and frequency
meter by software upgrade.
ii. In future work, this thesis can
also be extended in radio
frequency analysis in order to
find the common useful
frequencies of RF signals.
Since
RF
signals
are
relatively unstable and there
from a MULTISIM based
are
many
interferential
spectrum analyzer. The results
signals,
common useful
show that the implemented
frequencies need
spectrum analyzer performs
standard functions over a
to be found. This can be done
frequency range of 0-10 kHz
by using an antenna to receive
with least error of ±0.1 at 7.5
RF signals as input signals
kHz. This instrument is
instead of using the signal
recommended for use in schools
generator to generate signals.
and small laboratories. In iii. It is recommended that future
addition new features and
work should be carried out to
improved functionality can be
improve on the accuracy, to
added to the system by software
provide for online and handling
upgrade. Data can be stored and
offield data acquisition tasks.
exported to standard PC iv. It is also recommended that
spreadsheet
and
word
future work should be carried
processing software, for further
out to provide a design that
analysis,
visualization and
operates and interfaces through
presentations.
the USB port (see Table 1).
84
Salawu, Hassan
Genetic Algorithm
Based Induction
Motor Parameter
Determination From
On-line
Measurements of its
Energized Input
Supply Quantities
2013
PGS/05Induction
motors
which
06/202041 constitute the workhorse of
1
most industries and home
appliances consume the highest
percentage
of
electricity
generated in most countries.
The replacement of ageing
induction motors with more
efficient ones is therefore
central to any energy savings
concept. This calls for periodic
determination of the parameters
of working motors in the
Further work on the implementation
of this method should be considered
for the following improvements:
1) Considering the motor parameters
as non linear, whereby, the
parameters obtained can be used in
high precision control.
2) By acquiring the online input
through Data acquisition software
for greater accuracy.
3) By considering skin effect in the
motor model.
industries for the assessment of
their respective operational
performances. The conventional
method of estimating motor
efficiency using parameters
from no-load and locked rotor
tests cannot be carried out while
the motor is running on-line as a
critical driver in an industrial
setup. The alternative method of
using the name plate rating
values of the motor yields
expected
benchmark
efficiencies which cannot be
attained due to the different
working conditions of the motor
imposed by climatic conditions,
variable loads etc. This research
work has therefore developed
and applied genetic algorithm
(GA) to estimate parameters of
induction
motor
for
its
performance evaluation. An
experimental setup in the
laboratory was used as the test
bed
for
the
on-line
measurements
on
a
5.5
horsepower induction motor.
The GA based induction
machines parameters obtained
were compared with those
obtained by the conventional
method of no-load and locked-
85
Abubakar,
Muhammed
Optimal Short-Term 2013
Scheduling for
Nigerian
Hydropower
Generation with
Variable Head Using
Genetic Algorithm.
rotor tests via computer
simulations
in
MATLAB
Simulink environment. The
various
experimental
and
simulation results obtained are
presented and comprehensively
discussed from the standpoints
of error analysis of the
estimated
parameters
and
efficiencies for different motor
loading conditions. The motor
efficiency evaluated shows a very
close value of 87 and 86 for the GA
and the conventional method
respectively.
PGS/06A technique based on Genetic
07/202044 Algorithm (GA) has been
6
applied to formulate a model
framework for determining the
optimal
power
generation
scheduling of the variable-head
Nigerian hydroelectric power
plants.
The
characteristic
parameter defining the model
function of the hydro plant was
obtained by linear curve- fit tool
applied to existing hydro plant
data. The algorithm was
implemented' with the reservoir
characteristic parameter and the
data obtained from PHCN. The
scheduling
problem
was
considered over a short-term
-The simulation study does not
include the spillage from reservoir as
input. So, for future study, it is
recommended to determine the
model capability when this input
variable will be considered.
-Reservoir
management
is
a
fundamental issue III hydropower
generation, therefore the need for
control mechanism to regulate the
change in reservoir content and water
discharge is recommended.
-Deregulation is bringing major
change to the electrical power
industry in Nigeria. Electricity would
be traded in market pool, and this
new market affects the way the
electricity power grid will be
86
Kwembe,
Benjamin
Amough
Neural Networks
Modelling of Heart
Conditions Using
Electrocardiogram
Data
2013
horizon of thirty days. The
simulated results of each
hydroelectric
plant
when
compared with actual were
found to be very close. The
effectiveness of the method was
validated with minimum MAPE
of less than 1, 5 and 2 for water
head, water discharge and
output
power
generation
respectively. The study does not
include the spillage from the
reservoir and it is recommended
for future work.
PGS/05The Electrocardiogram (ECG)
06/202041 signal could be modelled or
5
analysed
using
time
se
prediction methods. This study
considered neural networks
models trained with ECG data
that the trained models could
then predict ECG for the
purpose of diagnosis and
prevention cardiac troubles.
Predicting the ECG is necessary
in order to assist the heart
specialist
provide
early
measures that could avert the
likely cardiac crises thereby
improvin
longevity,
productivity and standard of
living. The research utilised the
application back propagation
controlled and operated. This would
also affect the power generation
schedule. Therefore, objective of
generation companies (GENCO) is to
sell electricity as much as possible,
according to the market clearing price
forecast. Other technical constraints
such as turbine efficiency, generation
capacity and cost function are not
being considered. It is recommended
that for future work, all these
problems should be taken into
account.
The following recommendations
could be needful for further research:
1. The prediction achieved in this
study is termed short-term
prediction which is based on
single-point prediction, further
work may be necessary for longterm prediction.
2. The neural networks modelling of
the ECG time series may be
improved upon by extending its
application to real time. In this
case, ECG data could be
monitored on individuals and
interfaced with the computer for
the training and prediction.
87
Maijama’a Ladan
Parameter
2014
PGS/08-
algorithm feed-forward neural
networks to predict the ECG of
heart rhy disorders. The ECG
data for very slow heartbeat
(sinus bradycardia), low blood
reaching heart (myocardial
ischemia) and very fast
heartbeat
(ventricular
tachycardia) were obtained from
Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology,
Biomedical
Institute of Health Sciences (N
BIH). Feed-forward neural
networks (FFNN) and time
delay neural networks (TDNN)
u:
Levenberg-Marquart
training
algorithm were investigated in
this research using ne network
toolbox in MAT LAB and were
found to be good predictors of
ECG. Time d: neural network
prediction
performance
however proved to be better
than that of feedforv neural
network. The research was
based on short-term prediction
of
ECG
using
single-p
prediction.
Real
time
application of neural network in
the prediction of ECG is
recommend for further work.
In
this
research
work, To further this work an on-line
Determination and
Differential
Evolution Algorithm
Based Variable
Structure Position
Control of
Laboratory Direct
Current Servomotor
09/202045 Experimental
Parameter
5
Determination and Differential
Evolution Algorithm (DEA)
based
Variable
Structure
Position Control (VSPC) of
Laboratory Direct
Current
Servomotor (LDCSM) were
focused on. A DEA tuned
Variable Structure Control
(VSC) was applied to the
control of the LDCSM which
has been in use for a while and
subject to small variations in
name plate parameters. The
plant parameters were first
determined from experiment for the
second order Direct Current (DC)
servomotor. The tuned optimal
VSC controller was then
applied to simulate the step
response of the servomotor in
matlab platform. The results
show a rise time of 0.4336 sees;
settling time of 1.3885secs and
7.4674
overshoot compared
with a rise time of 1.9897secs,
settling time of 11.7257 sees
and 20.8151 overshoot for an
untuned
VSC
servomotor
controller. This show a good
degree
of
improved
performance of the servomotor
under optimally tuned VSC.
parameter
determination
or
identification of the system could be
the focus of a study. Other controlled
parameters can be tuned from the
determined parameters of the motor
and load by employing other EA
techniques. The system can be
studied to determine improvement of
the responses of the system in real
time whenever there is a change in
load.
Other optimization methods based on
artificial intelligence (AI) such as
simulated annealing, Tabu search,
Particle
Swarm
Optimization,
Evolutionary Programming, and
Artificial Neural Networks etc.
techniques have been also proposed
to solve the LDCSM Position and
speed control problem as well as
parameter identification problem in
either MATLAB or LABVIEW. In
addition, several variations of DE
strategies as mentioned in Table 1
should be implemented to solve the
same problem defined in this work,
So that the results will be compared
and applied to the certain desired
systems.
Additionally, a microcontroller
based self-adaptive DEA could be
proposed
for
performance
enhancement.
88
Raheem, Moruff
Akinloye
Prediction of
2014
Telephone Traffic
Congestion In A
mobile Network In
Northeastern Nigeria
Using Artificial
Networks
The controller was applied to a
perturbed system model also
simulated by changing the DC
motor gain from 10 to 60.
PGS/10Much still needs to be done in
11/202047 developing adequate teletraffic
2
models for mobile networks.
Most mobile communications
researchers simplify analysis by
assuming a temporal and spatial
uniform distribution of mobile
calls. This, however, can lead to
misleading conclusions about
real networks. In this study, a
Multiple Layer Feed-forward
Neural Networks was trained
using actual traffic data taken at
the Mobile service Switching
Centre (MSC) of a mobile
telephone network in Bauchi
metropolis.
The
network
parameters
were
carefully
selected and the network was
trained
using
LevenbergMarquardt
algorithm
in
MATLAB® Neural Network.
The trained network was used to
predict traffic congestion along
Bauchi
Kano
route.
Regression analysis between
predicted traffic congestion
volumes and corresponding
actual
traffic
congestion
89
Yarima, Sa’id
Musa
A Bacterial Foraging 2014
Algorithm
Optimized Fuzzy
Logic for Power
Control of Code
Division Multiple
Access Cellular
System
volumes shows a correlation
coefficient of 0.86. This result
clearly shows the utility and
effectiveness
of
Artificial
Neural Networks (ANN) in
traffic congestion prediction
which can guide GSM operators
in taking appropriate control
action(s).
PGS/10This research focuses on the
11/202048 application of the bio inspired
1
BFA to optimize a fuzzy logic
controller parameters for control
of power in the reverse link of
DS-CDMA cellular system over
the fading channels. The
cellular
structure
assumed
consists of 19 hexagonally
shaped cells with BS at the
centre of each cell having equal
users while mobile units
transmit equal power at 1 watt
maximum.
A
closed-loop
feedback
model
of
the
communication
link
was
designed
using
MatlabSimulink tool box. Mat-lab
functions and m-files were also
written and used greatly to
compute and simulate the gain
links, total system interference
power and outage probability.
The simulation results have
The research topic will be expanded
in future to control of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) and will enhance the study
of both steady-state and dynamic
analysis of the spread spectrum
communication control.
Future work should also involve
further development of simulation
and synthesis models to include
VHDL design for a possible
hardware realization on FPGA
systems to move a step further into
real implementation.
shown that the BFA tuned fuzzy
controller improved the signal
reception with respect to steady
state error, minimum peak
overshoot
and
prevents
excessive
power
levels
involvement. These results have
significant impact generally on
the improvement of system QS
in terms of system capacity and
minimal outage probability.