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究 宋怡緻
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(中)
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究 Evelyn Yi-chih Sung
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幻滅世界的生存之道：海明威《旭日又升》中倫理與愛情的辨證
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文 Art of Survival in The Sun Also Rises: Dialectics of Morality and Love in the Face
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of Disillusionments
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(英)
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康士林
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Nicholas Koss
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鍵 幻滅 生存之道 個人倫理 愛情
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鍵 Survival Disillusionment Morality Love
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本文旨在探討海明威筆下的角色，在面對種種人生困境時，如何持續抱存
希望、樂觀生活。全文自個人倫理(自身)與愛情(他者)兩相衝突的角度切
入，主張惟有個人倫理和愛情間衝突的消弭，為各角色面對人生困境、賦
予殘缺以完整的良方。 第一章探討構成「失落的一代」的遠因與近因，以
及海氏對自身所處之時代背景所做出的回應。「失落的一代」的產生，原
因龐雜，可溯至十九世紀、二十世紀初以來，科學家、學者在自然科學、
心理學、科技等各領域的革新。各領域的革新賦予人們新知與便利的生
活，卻也相對地突顯出人類的渺小與愚昧，並衝擊著許多人們所深信不疑
的舊觀念。新與舊的衝突，醞釀出一種「幻滅」的社會氛圍。一次世界大
戰的爆發，更使二十世紀初以來逐漸醞釀的「幻滅」氛圍，一舉躍上檯
面，遂使一九二 O 年代的美國社會，普遍為「幻滅」的氛圍所籠罩。然
摘 而，當時正值青壯年的海氏，不僅不輕易為「幻滅」所擊垮，反訴諸寫
作，一心一意企圖展現其不輕易向困境低頭的情操。 第二章探討海氏以愛
情與戰爭為主題，藉由小說人物金錢觀、宗教信仰、愛情觀等的轉變，將
「幻滅」的氛圍完整詮釋於《旭日又升》一書中。本章檢視書中人物受創
要 的戰後心理;達爾文和佛洛依德的理論如何動搖書中人物對上帝的篤信和對
(中) 愛情的推崇；科技的發展如何影響海氏筆下人物的金錢觀。另從形上學的
角度，檢視死亡和虛無對書中人物的影響。雖然書中人物對死亡和虛無的
恐懼，使得他們對自身的存在意義產生不確定感，然而，正也是此種不確
定感，促使他們不斷地探尋與發掘自身的存在意義。 第三章從自身出發，
探討 Count Mippipopolous, Bill, Romero 面對自身困境的因應之道，同時檢視
個人生存之道中的灰色地帶。三者固然在致力於克服自身困境時，皆展現
海氏十分推崇的「於壓力煎熬下依舊力持優雅」與不輕易向困境低頭的精
神，但三者因應自身困境之生存之道，一經愛情檢視，種種如物化女性、
遊戲人間、對女性之刻板印象等缺點與衝突，便一覽無遺。 第四章因此從
象徵他者的愛情關係出發，以前章個人生存之道中的灰色地帶以及個人生
存之道與愛情的衝突為基礎，延伸探討 Jake 和 Brett 在面對自身困境時，除
了展現前章所述「於壓力煎熬下依舊力持優雅」與不輕易向困境低頭的精
神，亦同時具備對他者的關懷。此種關懷，促使兩人實踐愛情中難能可貴
的奉獻精神，亦展露常人少有的自知之明，故能看清自身的極限與缺陷，
而在與他人相處時，給予他者全然的自由與空間。
This thesis on The Sun Also Rises, through the dialectics of morality and love,
attempts to attest to the reconciliation of morality and love as the ultimate art of
摘
survival in the face of disillusionments. Chapter One explores the factors that gave
要 rise to the Lost Generation, including the development of science, technology,
(英) psychology as well as the outbreak of WWI. I also investigate Hemingway’s
expatriate experiences. For me, his reaction to them reflects a spirit of living without
ever being perpetually defeated in spite of disillusionments. Chapter Two illustrates
the disillusionments of the characters in The Sun Also Rises, including the
disillusionment of the love of Jake and Brett; the disillusionment of war as a holy
cause for Jake and Mike; the disillusionments caused by the shifts of values
regarding money, religion and love; and the disillusionment that results from the
invisible threats of death and nothingness. Chapter Three analyzes the arts of survival
of Count Mippipopolous, Bill, and Romero in the face of individual predicaments
and, more importantly, the gray zone in their arts of survival. Each of them comes to
terms with their individual predicament: the count through things he can buy and the
limited pleasure that his condition allows; Bill by appreciating the blessings of
Nature and being self-disciplined and hard-boiled; Romero by pushing himself
toward the embrace of death again and again to live life fully. They either objectify
women or remain as a disinterested spectator and a na?ve man when the question of
romantic love arises. Taking the gray zone (the complexity of individual morality) as
a transition, in Chapter Four, I elaborate on how Jake and Brett carry out a spirit of
sacrifice and possess the rare awareness of one’s limit that helps to put into practice
the idea of letting go. They therefore develop a new morality embodied with the
paradox of love, which infuses passion, tenderness, and warmth into the toughness,
hardness, and stiffness in the old morality. By exploring the complexity of individual
morality and love, and their relativity, I have found a less solitary and rigid way of
survival for Hemingway’s heroes and heroines.
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Table of Contents Abstract Chapter
One …………………………………………………………………...1 Tenacity
out of Disillusion: A Glimpse of Light in the Disillusioned Postwar Era Chapter
Two …………………………………………………………………..25
Hemingway’s Literary Wasteland: Disillusionments Manifested in The Sun Also
Rises Chapter
Three ………………………………………………………………….46 Heroes’
Fightbacks: Establishment of Moral Complexity in the Face of Disillusionments
Chapter Four ………………………………………………………………….72
Paradox of Love: Blending of Virility and Tenderness in Heroes’ New Morality
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………….106
Appendix ……………………………………………………………………113
Works Cited …………………………………………………………………...115
Works Consulted ……………………………………………………………...121
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B. “The Defeat of Love: Novels of the Twenties.” Hemingway: the Inward
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