Unit 3—Review Sheet
Big Ideas 1, 2, 3, & 4
Cell Communication/Signaling Objectives
Vocabulary:
Local Signaling
Cell Junctions
Gap Junctions
Cell-Cell Interaction
Local Regulators
Paracrine Signaling
Growth Factors
Synaptic Signaling
Neurotransmitters
Synapse
Long Distance Signaling
Hormones
Cell Signaling
Reception
Transduction
Response
Plasma Membrane Receptors
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Ligand
Intracellular Receptors
Transcription Factors
Phosphorylation
Dephosphorylation
Protein Kinases
Protein Phosphatases
Second Messengers
cAMP
Calcium ions
Signaling Amplification
Scaffolding Proteins
Apoptosis
1. Describe and provide examples of how cells communicate with adjacent cells via direct contact and
with cells that are in different locations via chemical signaling.
a. Cells near damaged tissue send out growth factors to nearby cell, causing those nearby cells to
begin the steps necessary for cell division. What type of local signaling is this?
b. List and describe the other forms of local signaling.
c. Why do specific hormones only work on specific types of cells?
2. Describe and model the key elements of signal transduction pathway in which a signal is converted to
a cellular response.
a. Describe how a phosphorylation cascade can lead to a cell response once a signal molecule
binds to a plasma membrane receptor. Be sure to discuss how the cascade begins, which
enzymes involved, the possible types of responses (in general), and how the signal might be
turned off.
b. Compare and contrast plasma membrane receptors and intracellular receptors.
c. What are two common second messengers? In general, how do each of these second
messengers work?
3. Explain how changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
a. What might happen to a signal if a protein kinase in a signal transduction pathway is inhibited?
b. What might happen to a signal transduction pathway if a gene mutation changes the structure of
a phosphatase so that the enzyme can no longer remove phosphates from other proteins?
4. Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells in terms of cell communication. Describe
how these similarities and differences provide evidence for the evolutionary relationship between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
a. Explain quorum sensing. How does this feature of cell communication show a relationship
between bacteria cells and multicellular organisms?
Cell Cycle Objectives
Vocabulary:
Cell Cycle
G1
G0
S
G2
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
Cleavage Furrow
Cell Plate
Chromosome
Chromatids
Chromatin
Centromere
Diploid
Haploid
1n, 2n, 4n
Spindle Fibers
Kinetochores
Kinetochore Microtubules
Non-kinetochore Microtubules
Centrioles
Centrosomes
Checkpoints
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
Maturation Promoting Factor
Density-Dependent Inhibition
Anchorage Dependence
Cancer
p53
Oncogenes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Stability Genes
Benign
Malignant
Metastasis
Angiogenesis
5. Diagram, label, and describe the parts of the cell cycle.
a. Label the following structures on the diagram to the right:
Mitosis
Interphase
G1
G2
S
Checkpoint 1
Checkpoint 2
Mark 4n and 2n in appropriate place
Mark G0
Mark where p53 works
6. Outline the sequence of events in mitosis that allow for the even distribution of genetic material.
a. What must happen in interphase to guarantee that each new daughter cell will be genetically
identical once mitosis and cytokinesis occur?
b. A diploid cell has 30 strands of DNA in G1. How many chromosomes and strands of DNA
will the cell have in the following stages of the cell cycle?
Stage
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
# Chromosomes
# DNA Strands
7. Describe components of cell cycle regulation.
a. Describe what happens at checkpoints 1 and 2. How are the “checks” at these points of the cell
cycle communicated within the cell?
b. Which fluctuates in concentration cyclins or kinases involved in the cell cycle?
c. What is the difference between density=dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence?
8. Define cancer and explain how aberrations in the cell cycle can lead to tumor formation.
a. Explain 4 defining characteristics of cancer.
b. Describe how oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and stability genes work in a normal cell
versus a cancerous cell.
c. Are gene mutations the only thing that cause cancer? Explain.
d. What is met by a germ-line mutation versus a somatic mutation?
9. Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells in terms of cell division. Describe how
these similarities and differences provide evidence for the evolutionary relationship between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
a. How are mitosis and binary fission similar? How are they different?
b. How do these similarities and differences account for their relationship?