Study Title
Author
Sample
Size
Cleft Types
Control Group
Gender
Distribution
1. Coping With a Cleft:
Psychosocial Adjustment of
Adolescents With a Cleft Lip
and Palate and Their Parents
Berger et al.
134
Cleft palate: 54; cleft
lip: 20, CLCP: 71
Cleft: 67 male,
65 female
2. Coping With a Cleft II:
Factors Associated With
Psychosocial Adjustment of
Adolescents With a Cleft Lip
and Palate and Their Parents
Berger et al.
91
Cleft lip, Cleft
palate, CLCP
3. Social function in boys with
cleft lip and palate: Relationship
to ventral frontal cortex
morphology
Boes et al.
73
Cleft lip: 8; Cleft
palate: 7; CLCP: 15
4. Psychosocial Functioning and
Sleep Patterns in Children and
Adolescents With Cleft Lip and
Palate (CLP) Compared With
Healthy Controls
Brand et al.
66
Cleft lip, Cleft
palate, CLCP
5. Self-concept of Early Primary
School Age Children with
Visible or Invisible Defects
Broder et al.
58
Cleft lip: 13, Cleft
palate: 13, CLCP: 14
6. The Early Psychological
Adjustment of Cleft
Patients After Maxillary
Distraction
Osteogenesis and Conventional
Orthognathic Surgery: A
Preliminary Study
Cheung et al.
18
Cleft lip, Cleft
palate, CLCP
Normative
groups:
SDQ: 5000
British patients
KIDCOPE: 731
British
adolescents
CEQ: 743
adolescents)
Normative
group:
SDQ: 5000
British patients
KIDCOPE: 731
British
adolescents
CEQ: 743
adolescents)
Specific group:
43 healthy
normal boys, age
and gender
matched
Specific group:
34 children and
adolescents
without a cleft
(age and gender
matched)
Specific group:
first graders in
North Carolina
(age and gender
matched)
Specific group:
normal patients
undergoing
orthognathic
surgery for
maxillofacial
deformities
7. Psychological Profile of
Chinese With Cleft Lip and
Palate Deformities
Cheung et al.
210
Cleft lip:
Adolescent: 2,
Adult: 1; Cleft
lip/alveolus:
Adolescent: 5,
Adult: 4; Cleft
lip/alveolus/palate:
Adolescent: 36,
Specific group:
normal patients
scheduled to
undergo third
molar extraction
Normative
values based on
Age Range
(years)/Average
Range
11-16/ 13.20
Surveys Used
Construct Measured
Country
Strengths and
Difficulties KIDCOPE
Childhood Experience
Questionnaire
Satisfaction With
Appearance
Psychosocial adjustment, coping
strategies, positive and negative
life experiences, satisfaction with
appearance
United
Kingdom
11-16
Strengths and
Difficulties,
KIDCOPE, Childhood
Experience
Questionnaire
Psychosocial adjustment, coping
strategies, positive and negative
life experiences, satisfaction with
appearance
United
Kingdom
Cleft: 30 male
Control: 43
male
7-12
Strengths and
Difficulties-1
Self-concept and peer relation
perceptions
USA
Cleft: 23 male,
9 female
Control: 23
male, 11
female
Cleft: 6-16/10.53
Control: 6-16/9.95
Psychological functioning,
interactional competencies, selfconcept
Switzerland
Cleft: 20 male,
20 female
6-9
Strengths and
Difficulties,
Participation in
Everyday Life
Communication
Questionnaire
Primary Self-Concept
Inventory
Self- concept in intellectual,
personal, social, and self domains
USA
Cleft: 4 male, 5
female
Normal: 2
male, 7 female
Cleft: 15-40/18
Normal: 1540/22.56
Social Avoidance and
Distress Scale,
Satisfaction with Life
Scale, Cultural-Free
Self-Esteem Inventory
Amount of anxiety, subjective
well-being, self-esteem in
parental, social, and academic
domains
China
Cleft:
Adolescent: 25
male, 26
female, Adult:
18 male, 25
female
Control: 45
male, 71
Cleft: 10-40/
(Adolescent group
10-16/12.65; Adult
17-40/25.85)
Control: 17-40/
26.12
Social Avoidance and
Distress Scale,
Satisfaction with Life
Scale, Cultural-Free
Self-Esteem Inventory,
Chinese Miller
Behavioral Style Scale
Amount of anxiety, subjective
well-being, self-esteem in
parental, social, and academic
domains, use of psychological
coping strategies
China
Adult: 38; Cleft
palate: Adolescent:
8, Adult: 0
Cleft lip/palate, Cleft
palate
previously cited
studies
female
Specific group:
normal patients
scheduled to
undergo
orthognathic
surgery
Cleft: 8 male, 7
female
Control: 9
male, 6 female
>16
Social Avoidance and
Distress Scale,
Satisfaction with Life
Scale, Cultural-Free
Self-Esteem Inventory
Self-esteem and satisfaction with
life
China
Child Depression
Inventory, State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory for
Children, Piers–Harris
Children's SelfConcept Scale:
Schedule for Affective
Disorders and
Schizophrenia for
School-Age ChildrenPresent and Lifetime
Version, Ankara
Articulation Test,
Wechsler Intelligence
Scale for ChildrenRevised, Beck Anxiety
Inventory, Beck
Depression Inventory
Childhood Experience
Questionnaire,
Satisfaction with
Appearance,
Personality Inventory
for Children
Satisfaction with
Appearance, SelfPerception Profile for
Adolescents,
Childhood Experience
Questionnaire
Severity and symptoms of
depression, response to anxiety to
stressors, self-concept, assessment
of current and past episodes of
mental disorders, phoneme
acquisition during pictorial
representation, intelligence
Turkey
Child’s perception of social
experience, satisfaction with
appearance, satisfaction with cleftrelated and non-cleft related parts
of the face, speech, psychological
adjustment
Levels of peer harassment,
satisfaction with appearance
Norway
8. The comparison of
psychological adjustment of
patients with cleft
lip and palate after maxillary
distraction osteogenesis and
conventional orthognathic
surgery
9. Psychiatric assessment of
children with nonsyndromic
cleft lip and palate
Chua et al.
30
Demir et al.
60
Cleft lip: 1, Cleft
palate: 1, Cleft
lip/palate: 18
Specific group:
age and sexmatched to cleft
group
Male and
female not
specified
6-16
10. Social Experience in 10Year-Old Children Born With a
Cleft: Exploring Psychosocial
Resilience
Feragan et al.
268
Cleft palate: 83,
Cleft lip/palate: 157,
Submucous cleft
palate: 15
Compared subgroups within
cleft population
Cleft: 164
male, 104
female
9.4-12
11. Peer harassment and
satisfaction with appearance in
children with and without a
facial difference
Feragan et al.
661
Compared subgroups within
cleft population
Male and
female not
specified
10 and 16
12. Adolescents with and
without a facial difference: The
role of friendships and social
acceptance in perceptions of
appearance and emotional
resilience
13. Toward a Reconsideration of
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
in Cleft Lip and Palate:
Implications for Psychological
Feragan et al.
289
Cleft lip/alveolus:
121, Cleft palate:
184, Submucous
cleft palate: 43,
Cleft lip/palate: 313
Divided into visible
(CLP and CLA; 434)
and nonvisible cleft
(CP/SMCP: 227)
Cleft lip/alveolus or
CLCP: 196, Cleft
palate or Submucous
cleft palate: 93
Normative
group: 1832
normal
adolescents
944 male, 888
female
16
Hopkins Symptom
Checklist (HSCL-25),
Self-Perception Profile
for Adolescents
Emotional resilience, selfperceptions of social acceptance,
physical appearance, close
friendships
Norway
Feragan et al.
754
CLCP: 346, Cleft
lip/alveolus: 114,
Cleft palate: 241,
Submucous cleft
Compared subgroups within
cleft population
453 male, 301
female
10
Strengths and
Difficulties
Questionnaire
Psychosocial adjustment, selfconcept
Norway
Norway
Research
14. When There Is More than a
Cleft: Psychological Adjustment
When a Cleft Is Associated with
an Additional Condition
palate: 52
Cleft lip/alveolus or
CLCP: 132, Cleft
palate/syndromic
cleft palate: 73
Feragan et al.
205
Compared subgroups within
cleft population
Normative
group: 8154
normal children
from the
population
between the ages
of 10 and 13
years
Normative
group: 4170
participants, agematched
Male and
female not
specified
10
Strengths and
Difficulties
Questionnaire,
Childhood Experience
Questionnaire
Self-concept, perception of
positive and negative experiences,
psychosocial adjustment
Norway
15. General Health-Related
Quality of Life and Oral Health
Impact Among Australians With
Cleft Compared With
Population Norms; Age and
Gender Differences
Foo et al.
88
Unilateral CLCP:
52, Bilateral CLCP:
32, Isolated cleft
palate: 2, Unilateral
cleft lip: 1,
Submucous cleft
palate: 1
Cleft: 48 male,
40 female
18-65/31
SF-36, Oral Health
Impact Profile
Health-related quality of life,
perceptions of adverse impacts of
oral conditions on well-being
Australia
16. The self-concept of
adolescents with cleft lip and
palate: a pilot study using a
multidimensional/hierarchical
measurement instrument
Gussy et al.
23
CLCP: 23
Normative
group: 5494
students in
Australia
Cleft: 14 male,
9 female
Control: 2658
male, 2836
female
12-16.75/14.1
Strengths and
Difficulties
Questionnaire II
Self-concept in young adolescents
Australia
17. Self-Reports of Psychosocial
Functioning Among Children
and Young Adults With Cleft
Lip and Palate
Hunt et al.
273
Cleft lip and/or
palate
Specific group:
113
patients recruited
from members of
staff
Cleft: 104
male, 56
female
Control: 51
male, 62
female
Cleft: 8-21/13.6,
Control: 8-21/13.0
Number and state of
depressive/anxiety symptoms,
behavioral problems, rates of
teasing, self-esteem levels
Ireland
Kapp-Simon
et al.
222
Cleft lip; 4, Cleft
palate: 15, CLCP: 31
Specific group:
normal children
in elementary
school
5-9
Self-concept
USA
19. Quality of Life in SchoolAge Children With Orofacial
Clefts and Their Families
Kramer et al.
132
Cleft lip: 38, Cleft
palate: CLCP: 38
8-12/9.6
KINDL
Health-related quality of life
Germany
20. Quality of Life Varies With
Gender and Age Among Adults
Mani et al.
86
Unilateral cleft lip
and palate
Normative
group: 1500
German
schoolchildren
between 8 and 12
years of age
Normative
group: 1384 age-
Cleft: 29 male,
21 female
Control: 87
male, 85
female
Cleft: 81 male,
51 female
State Trait Anxiety
Inventory or State Trait
Anxiety Inventory for
Children, Beck
Depression Inventory
or the Children’s
Depression Inventory,
Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Scale or the SelfEsteem Index, Youth
Self-Report or the
problem scales of the
Young Adult SelfReport
Primary Self-concept
Inventory
18. Self-Concept of PrimarySchool-Age Children with Cleft
Lip, Palate, or both
Cleft: 48 male,
38 female
Cleft: 20-47/35
Norm: male: 757,
SF-36
Health-related quality of life
Sweden
Treated for Unilateral Cleft Lip
and Palate
21. Quality of Life in Adults
With Repaired Complete Cleft
Lip and Palate
Marcusson et
al.
134
Unilateral CLP: 56,
Bilateral CLP: 12
22. Different Cleft Conditions,
Facial Appearance, and Speech:
Relationship to Psychological
Variables
Millard et al.
65
23. The effect of cleft lip on
socio-emotional functioning in
school-aged children
Murray et al.
161
Unilateral CLP: 25
(15 boys, 10 girls),
mean age 11.62,
Bilateral CLP: 21
(13 boys, 8 girls)
mean age: 11.89;
Cleft palate: 19 (7
boys, 12 girls) mean
age: 11.64
Total Clefts: 86
24. Satisfaction with treatment
outcome in bilateral cleft lip and
palate patients
Oosterkamp et
al.
86
Bilateral CLP: 43
25. Self-Esteem, Coping Styles,
and Quality of Life in Polish
Adolescents and Young Adults
With Unilateral Cleft Lip and
Palate
Pisula et al.
96
Unilateral cleft lip
and palate: 48
26. Prevalence of psychiatric
Yunusa et al.
200
Cleft lip: 100
Slifer et al.
49
Cleft lip: 3, Cleft
palate: 6, CLCP: 5
morbidity using GHQ‐ 28
among cleft lip patients in
Sokoto
27. Social Acceptance and
Facial Behavior in Children
With Oral Clefts
and gendermatched data
retrieved from
the national SF36 database
Specific group:
66 adults without
a cleft, age and
gender matched
females: 628
Cleft: 44 men,
24 women
Control: 49
male, 17
women
Cleft: 35 male,
30 female
Control
Cleft: 24.2 Control:
25.5
Quality of Life Survey
Quality of life
Sweden
Unilateral CLP:
11.62, Bilateral
CLP: 11.89; Cleft
palate: 11.64
Pediatric Behavior
Scale, Revised
Children's Manifest
Anxiety Scale,
Reynolds Child
Depression
Scale/Adolescent
Depression Scale
Adjustment problems, levels of
anxiety and depression and
associated symptoms
USA
Specific group:
75 randomly
selected patients
from a hospital
Specific group:
43 age,
socioeconomic,
gender matched
people recruited
from population
Specific group:
48 age, location,
socioeconomic
status, marital
status, education
level, gender
matched
participants
without CLP and
with a Polish
ethnic
background
Specific group:
100 healthy
subjects
Male and
female not
specified
Cleft: 7.7
Control: 7.3
Self-perceptions and social
adjustment factors
United
Kingdom
Cleft: 30 male,
13 female
Control: 30
male, 13
female
Cleft: 28.2
Control: 28.5
Pictorial Scale of
Perceived Competence
and Social Acceptance
for Young Children
Rand-36
Health-related quality of life and
deficits in function
Netherlands
Cleft: 31 male,
17 female
Control: 28
male, 20
female
Cleft: 16-23/19.2
Control: 16-23/18.4
Multidimensional SelfEsteem Inventory,
Coping Inventory for
Stressful Situations,
WHOQOL-BREF
Questionnaire
Identity and level of integration,
use of defensive strategies in
response to stress, self-perception
of position in life, methods of
coping
Poland
133 (66.5%)
females, 67
(33.5%) males
Cleft:
20-39/27.75
General Health
Questionnaire-28,
Taylors’ Manifest
Anxiety Scale,
Eysencks Personality
Inventory, Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality
Inventory
Characteristics of anxiety and
insomnia, social dysfunction,
severe depression, somatic
symptoms
Nigeria
Specific group:
25 children with
no known
Cleft: 9 male,
15 female
Control: 12
Cleft: 7-16/10.1
Control: 8-16/11.7
Harter Self-Perception
Profile
Self-perception in relation to
social, behavioral, physical
characteristics
USA
Compared with
subgroups in the
population
physical
abnormality
Specific group:
34 children with
no known
physical
abnormality
male, 13
female
Cleft: 15 male,
19 female
Control: 15
male, 19
female
28. Self-Concept and
Satisfaction With Physical
Appearance in Youth With and
Without Oral Clefts
Slifer et al.
68
CLCP: 34
Cleft: 10.6 Control:
11.6
29. Self-Concept of Children
and Adolescents with Cleft Lip
and/or Palate
Leonard et al.
105
Cleft lip: 2, Cleft
palate: 30, CLCP: 73
Compared with
subgroups in the
sample
Cleft: 67 male,
38 female:
Cleft: 8-18/12
30. Cleft Type, Age, and Sex
Differences in Teen-agers
Ratings of Their Own Behavior,
Self-esteem, and Attitude
Toward Clefting
Starr
94
Cleft palate: 40,
CLCP: 54
Compared with
subgroups in the
sample
Cleft palate: 21
males, 19
females
CLP: 40 male,
14 female
13-18
The Child Behavior
Checklist; Carter SelfPerception Profile for
Children/Adolescents;
The Social Support
Scale for Children and
Adolescents; Quality of
Life Assessment—The
Children’s Health and
Illness Profile (CHIPAE), Social Skills
Rating System
Questionnaire,
Satisfaction with
Physical Appearance
Scale
Piers-Harris SelfConcept Scale
Self-perception, Scholastic
Competence, Social Acceptance,
Athletic Competence, Physical
Appearance, Behavioral Conduct,
and global self-worth, social
support systems
USA
Behavior, intellect, anxiety,
popularity, satisfaction, personal
attributes and physical
appearance.
USA
Missouri Children's
Behavior Checklist
Behavior
USA