Arctic Ice… ....................................................................................................... 3
Rising Sea level ................................................................................................. 5
Melting Glaciers ................................................................................................ 10
Maple Trees ....................................................................................................... 13
Eutrophication ................................................................................................... 15
Hurricane Katrina .............................................................................................. 17
Penguins & Climate Change ............................................................................ 18
Droughts ........................................................................................................... 21
Coral Bleaching ................................................................................................ 23
Dengue Fever ................................................................................................... 26
United Nations ................................................................................................. 28
Water-Bourne Diseases .................................................................................... 30
Hurricane Sandy ............................................................................................... 32
Changes in Animal Distribution ...................................................................... 34
Arnold Schwarzenegger ................................................................................... 35
Mahatma Gandhi .............................................................................................. 38
Jane Goodall ..................................................................................................... 41
Ansel Adams .................................................................................................... 44
The Koch Brothers ........................................................................................... 46
\
Glossary……………………………………………………………………….49
2

Arctic Ice
By Eva
Many changes have happened because of global warming. The world’s climates have changed many times during the earth’s long history. The Arctic ice is a typical example, during the ice age climate has changed, and average world temperatures have risen by between 0.50 degrees
Fahrenheit and 1degrees Fahrenheit. Today, our climate also is changing. New data scientists published information in August 2011 , about 2,315 cubic miles sea ice in Arctic - just half the average volume and 62% lower than the maximum volume of ice that covered the Arctic in
1979. Foliating Arctic sea ices naturally melt, but also freezes. The rate of decline is now twice as great as it was in 1972, according NSIDE, with a decline of about 10% per decade. Many scientists think this endanger from global warming, “global warming” is caused by certain
“greenhouse” gases in the lower atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide and methane. CO2 from plants, animals, but more from people, because in our home every time we use much electricity and other energy, with our waste, will have some exhaust gases and other pollution gases, may has much CO2, CO2 made greenhouse, that make our global warming. In warming, Arctic ice has change, it melting. So we need to know more about Arctic ice, and global warming.
NRDC (the Natural Resources Defense Council), is one of the non-profit environmental protection organizations today USA most productive, since its establishment in 1970,to protect our Earth, protect human health and the creatures living environment and make unremitting efforts together. From NRDC.org article, average temperatures in the Arctic region are rising twice as fast as they are else where in the world. Since
1979, the size of summer polar ice cap has shrunk more than 20%. The polar ice cap as a whole is shrinking; ice cover is contracting at a rate of 9% each decade. If this trend continues, summers in the Arctic could become ice – free by the end of the century. The melting of once–permanent ice is already affecting native people, wildlife and plants. The native people of the Arctic view global warming as a threat to their cultural identity and their very survival. The contraction of the Arctic ice cap is accelerating global warming. Snow and ice usually from a protective, lodging layer over the
Arctic. When that covering melts, the earth absorbs more sunlight and gets hotter. Melting glaciers and land-based ice sheets also contribute to rising sea levels, threatening low-lying areas around the globe with beach erosion, coastal flooding, and contamination of freshwater supplies.
(Sea level is not affected when floating sea ice melts.) If Arctic ice doesn’t stop, rising sea levels would severely impact the United States as well. Scientists project as much as a 3-foot sea levels rise by 2100, in September 8, 2011 floating sea ice in the Arctic covered areas is 4.24 million square kilometers, in September 17, 2007 floating sea ice in the Arctic covered areas is 4.27
3

million square kilometers, that is minimum of 2007. NRDC help me find these information, let’s me to look our question is why global warming is even doing?
4

Rising Sea Levels
By: Jack
Many places in Boston could be under water in 100 years. Cities in the world located on the coast are at risk because of rising sea levels. Earth’s sea levels are rising because of global warming. Almost a billion people in the world live near a coastline and might be in danger.
Climate change causes a lot of problems and one of the biggest problems caused by global warming is that the world's sea levels are rising. GMSL (Global Mean Sea Level) has gone up 4 to 8 inches over the last 100 years and scientists predict that the sea level will rise 2.5 feet to 6.5 feet by the year 2100. The four primary factors of sea level rise are: 1. thermal expansion 2. melting of glaciers and polar ice caps 3. ice loss from Greenland and West
Antarctica and 4. sinking or compressing of the land. Thermal expansion is when the ocean water expands from the high temperatures and heat from the sun that radiates down 2 miles below the surface. The polar ice caps and glaciers all over the world are melting due to temperatures rising and flowing into the sea. The largest ice sheets in the world are in Greenland and Antarctica and they are melting fast. Also, the land is sinking or compressing, like it did in
New Orleans, making the relative sea level higher. 1/3 of the rise in sea levels is caused by thermal expansion and 2/3 is caused by melting ice.
The impact of rising sea levels is very big. Scientists agree that rising sea levels could be the greatest threat of global warming. The world's temperature is rising because CO2 levels are too high. High CO2 levels keep the sun's heat in the atmosphere, which is called the greenhouse effect. The oceans absorb 80% of the heat and expands and the heat melts the ice on land. If we do not slow down CO2 emissions, the earth's ice will melt and most of the coastlines will be under water. A small 1% loss of the Greenland and the East and West Antarctica ice sheets would make all the oceans rise 76cm. The ice sheet on Greenland holds 10% of the world's ice mass and if it all melted the sea level would rise 21 feet. Even small rises in the sea level will mean bigger storm surges and bigger flooding problems for coastal cities.
Bigger rises in ocean levels will mean that the people who live on a coastline will have to move away from their homes. Mozambique has 1,650 miles of coastline and 13 million people live on the coast. There is already a flooding problem in the capital city of Maputo and the whole coast is in danger. The solutions are too expensive for Mozambique because they are so poor.
Rotterdam has the best flood protection in the world. It is below sea level and they will try to be climate proof for 2050. Boston should start planning for rising sea levels, too.
Boston Harbor
The impact of climate change could leave parts of Boston under water
5

Quote
“ We have irreversibly committed future generations to a hotter world and rising seas.”—
National Geographic, Rising Seas, September 2013 by Tim Folger
Works Cited
"The Consequences of Global Warming on Glaciers and Sea Levels." NRDC . natural resources defense council, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/fcons/fcons4.asp>.
Cook, John. "How Much Will Sea Levels Rise in the 21st Century." Skepticalscience . N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Jan. 2014. <http://www.skepticalscience.com/sea-level-rise-predictions.htm>.
David, Laurie, and Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming . New York:
Orchard, 2007. Print.
Gillis, Justin. "The Flood Next Time." nytimes.com
. The New York Times, 12 Aug. 2013. Web.
18 Jan. 2014. <http://nytimes.com>.
6

Hirst, Michael, and Kate McGeown. "Rising Sea Levels : A Tale of Two Cities." BBC News .
BBC News, 24 Nov. 2009. Web. 9 Jan. 2014. <http://news.bbc.co.uk>.
Meier, Mark F. "Glaciers and Sea Level." Encyclopedia Britannica . Online ed. N.p.: n.p., 2013.
N. pag. Print.
Tidwell, Mike. The Ravaging Tide . New York City: Freepress, 2006. Print.
Unknown. "The Ocean Sea Level Rise." National Geographic . National Geographic, n.d. Web. 9
Jan. 2014. <http://Ocean.nationalgeographic.com>.
7

Rising Sea Levels
By Andrew
We can see that the sea level did not abruptly level off after the rather swift rise as the major continental glaciers melted, but slowly continued to rise, with one episode of falling between 3 and 4 thousand years ago.
Because of global warming sea levels are rising. Human activities, such as burning coal and oil and cutting down tropical forests, have increased atmosphere concentrations of heat-trapping gases and caused the planet to warm by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880. As the rate of ice loss has accelerated, its contribution to from little more than half of the total increase from 1993 –
2008 to 75 – 80 percent to the total increase between 2003 – 2007. I think sea level rise is very scary, because we can know if the sea levels rise it means mountain glacier and ice cap melt, sea levels will rise 0.5m. That’s a lots, if the largest of them(the East Antarctic Ice street) melts, the global sea levels will rise 64m. Think about this ,if the sea level rise 64m, maybe the Boston will submerge, all East temperature are warming ocean waters, which expand as the temperature increase. This thermal expansion was the main driver of global sea level rise for 75 – 100 years declined as the shrinking of land ice has accelerated. Even the Arctic and
Antarctic ice has declined as the shrinking of land ice has accelerated.
Even the Arctic and Antarctic ice could not melt expansion of sea level will cause the sea level rise, permanent inundation. Many low-lying coastal land areas are expected to be gradually submerged by rising sea levels A rising and structure in the US at risk of inundation with roughly half of that value concentrated in Florida we can maintain or restore the natural burrier islands, such as tidal wetland ,mangroves, can also help protect the coastline, but most impotent, things is that we could not continue to use fossil fuels.
Rising sea levels and climate change like a food web .Why sea level rise because the Arctic and
Antarctic ice melt .Why the ice melt because the temperature is to high think about this .If we want to turn water to ice .So us temperature need to be 0 degrees so it will turn to ice .If we want to turn ice more thick so we need temperature more high so we can let ice more thick , if the ice thick in Arctic are 1000m and the temperature goes up a little so the ice will melt 100m if we need the water turn to ice again so we need turn temperature back ,but we can’t because the climate is not in human control , like now the temperature goes up to much so the ice in Arctic and Antarctic melt ,but not all. Even climate turn little it will be really bad .Now the temperature turn little so it is really bad. Again why sea level rise because the sea water expand .Why the sea water expand because the temperature is to high, if the water can expand that mean the water will evaporation if the water evaporation so it will condensation and it will rain ,if the temperature to
8

high the water will evaporation to much and it will rain to much so we will have flood. Sea level rise can contact many things just like food web losing something and all food web will broke
.Why the sea level rise because the climate change the climate change can let sea level rise , if the sea level rise to much the it will raid coast area the coast area river or something that had water it will acidification if the water acidification so the animal could not drink water and some of the animal will die and the food web broke so many things will happened when climate change and sea levels rise. How people know the climate is change?
Works Cited
Cherry, Lynne, and Gary Braasch. How We Know What We Know about Climate Change .
Nevada: Dawn, 2008. Print.
Gosselin, P. Unknow, unknow. "A level look at sea levels." Notrickszone . Notrickszone, n.d.
Web. 4 Feb. 2014. <http://notrickszone.com/2011/02/16/a-level-look-at-sea-levels/>.
Greatly, Daniel J. "The Pamir Paradox Water Insecurity and Huger at the Source of Central
Asias Viver." International Affairs : 16. Print.
Hirst, Michael. "http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8369236.stm." BBS news . BBS news,
24 Nov. 2009. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. <http://news.bbc.co.uk>. About Rising sea levels.
Sea Level Rising Faster than Average in Northeastern U.S.
24 Oct. 2012. On Earth . Web. 6 Feb.
2014. <http://www.onearth.org/article/sea-level-rising-faster-than-average-innortheastern-us>.
Unknow. "http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/fcons/fcons4.asp." NRDC . NRDC, n.d. Web. 23
Jan. 2014. <http://www.nrdc.org>.
Unknown. "http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climatechange/impacts/sea_level_rise/." Greenpeace International . Greenpeace, 4 July 2012.
Web. 21 Jan. 2014. <http://www.greenpeace.org>. About rising sea levels.
World book, Unknow Unknow. "Ocean Islands and Polar Region." Ocean Islands and Polar
Region . University of Michigan: World book, 2011. 6-36. Print.
9

Melting Glaciers
By Sophie
Glaciers are large bodies of ice on land. Glaciers usually form on high alpine slopes. A glacier forms when there is more snowfall during the winter in one area then melting in the summer. When there is an increase in the amount of snow, the pressure builds up and causes the snow at the bottom of the snowfield to become more compact and creates pellets of half-formed ice called firn . The mounting pressure then pops all the air bubbles. When the glacier is about
200 feet thick, the glacier starts to slowly creep downhill. When the front, or snout of a glacier moves into a place where the average temperature is above 32 degrees Fahrenheit, the snout slowly starts to melt and evaporate. When there is a prolonged period of warmth, serious melting can occur.
There are four types of glaciers. The first type of glaciers is the cirque glacier. Cirque glaciers, (also known as glaciertts, niche glaciers, or corrie glaciers), form in highmountain hollows called cirques. Cirque glaciers are the smallest type of glacier. When two cirques form facing opposite directions, they usually create a singular ridge called an arêtes . Arêtes can also form in the middle of 2 parallel valleys. When multiple cirque glaciers meet at an arêtes
, they create a low, saddleshaped gap called a col . This is how many mountain passes form. When more than one cirque glacier enlarges and comes together, they form a triangular-shaped peak. This was how
Matterhorn was made.
After a cirque glacier “grows” too big, it spills out into the second type of glacier, a valley glacier. The valley glaciers are larger, ranging from about 7-65 miles in length. Valley glaciers have a tremendous force, eroding and pushing away the rocks and dirt in its way.
Robert Van Der Hilst. “Patagonia: Pierto
Morano Glacier
Valley glaciers can even form valleys that are U or V-shaped. Valley glaciers create the most scenic landscapes. For example, Yosemite is a glacier-made valley.
Valley glaciers feed into the third type of glacier, the piedmont glacier. Piedmont glaciers are usually frying pan-shaped, with a skinny valley glacier as a handle. This is the end of the road for most glaciers because not many become large enough to become ice sheets, or ice caps.
Ice sheets are the largest type of glacier. They are also the thickest. Ice sheets used to cover around 1/3 of earth’s surface though now they only cover about 1/10 of it. The largest remaining ice caps are in Antarctica and Greenland. The Antarctica glacier is huge; it covers about 5 million square miles and around 2.5 miles thick. The Greenland glacier is smaller, covering around 668,000 square miles and is about 1.9 miles thick. Together, they make up 99% of the world’s glacial ice and 75% of the world’s freshwater. While cirque, valley, and piedmont
10

glaciers roughen the ground they pass over; ice sheets smooth the ground and round off the peaks they pass over.
Glaciers collect all the rocks and sediment, called drift , and moves it to another place to deposit it. This is called deposition. Deposition happens the most at the snout. The drift that is deposited directly is called till while drift that is deposited by meltwater is called outwash . There are many landforms that where made by glaciers. Moraines are one example. Moraines are large deposits of drift. Recessional moraines show where the glacier stopped. They are helpful because they can show us the many glacial retreats in history.
During the last ice age/glacial period, glaciers covered areas as south as northern USA.
They also covered some of South America. In the early 1900s, the climate was cooler so glaciers crept into warmer areas. Then, there was a large glacial retreat in the 1950s. Now, glaciers only cover a fraction of their original spaces. In the summer of 2012, arctic ice reached a record low, only 24% of the Arctic Ocean!
Did you know that if the Greenland ice sheet melts suddenly, the sea level would rise 25 feet? A rise in sea level that big could flood some parts of Boston! The Greenland ice sheet is unlikely to melt suddenly. It could take around 10,000 years to melt. If you think a rise in 25 feet is big, we now know that the oceans were 300 feet lower 17,000 years ago. Now that’s a big difference. Since 1900, melting glaciers have contributed around 20cm to rising sea level. At the rate they’re melting, by 2300 they will have contributed around 42cm to rising sea level and most of the 300,000 glaciers in the world will be gone. Now, about ½ of the glaciers on the Alps are gone!
“ Because the global glacier ice mass is relatively small in comparison with the huge ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica, people tend to not worry about it, but it’s like a little bucket with a huge hole in the bottom: it may not last for very long, just a century or two, but while there’s ice in those glaciers, it’s a major contributor to sea level rise,”
- Professor Tad Pfeffer
Glaciologist at CU-Boulder’s Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.
Works Cited
Der Hilst, Robert Van. "Patagonia: Pierto Morano Glacier." Encyclopedia Britannica .
Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.
<http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/274565/media?assemblyId=55391>.
Gallant, Roy A. The Ice Ages . New York: First, 1985. Print.
Gillis, Justin. "Ending Its Summer Melt, Arctic Sea Ice Sets New Low That Leads to Warnings."
New York Times . New York Times, 19 Sept. 2012. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
11

<http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/science/earth/arctic-sea-ice-stops-melting-butnew-record-low-is-set.html>.
Unknown. "Glacier." Encyclopedia Britannica . Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2014.
<http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/274565>.
- - -. "Glaciers." The New Book of Popular Science . 3rd ed. Vol. 2. N.p.: Grolier, 2006. 93-95.
Print.
- - -. "Melting Glaciers Raise Sea Level." InfoTrac Junior Edition . Gale, 15 Nov. 2012. Web. 13
Jan. 2014.
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com/k12/infomark/904/318/19242185w16/purl=rc1_K12J_0_
A330099045&dyn=6!xrn_8_0_A330099045?sw_aep=mlin_m_pierce>.
- - -. "World's Melting Glaciers Making Large Contribution to Sea Rise." Targeted News Service
17 May 2013: n. pag. Info-Trac . Web. 28 Jan. 2014.
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com/k12/infomark/129/825/19778471w16/purl=rc1_K12J_0_
A330099045&dyn=3!xrn_5_0_A330099045?sw_aep=mlin_m_pierce>.
Unknown. "Arctic Environment Melts before Our Eyes." Greenpeace International . Greenpeace
International, 7 Aug. 2002. Web. 10 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/glaciers-melt-before-oureyes/>.
12

Maple trees
By: Hana
Maple trees are one of the most common trees in the United States. Fourteen species out of 250 are native to North America. The rests are in Eastern Asia, parts of Europe and Eastern
Asia and the most is in Japan. Maples grow well in places not too hot or too cold, such as the
Midwest. Maples are also the first North American trees that have opposite lobed leaves. This tree grows well in sun or shade. That’s why before winter, maple loses almost all its leaves. On the other hand, these fascinating trees bloom sooner in spring then any other type of tree.
Maple seeds are sometimes called Keys . Maples are an important source of lumber. In
Autumn, maples have a beautiful orange/ yellow color. Maple trees are popular for because of their colorful leaves. Maples or any other types of trees have carbon dioxide.
In the spring, maples have started to bloom early. This is a result of climate change. We would not want trees or any other types of plants to bloom early. If this happens they well flower in late march when there not supposed to which means they will die sooner.
According to keeling curve, if we had more trees, for example Maples, we can lower our use of carbon dioxide and less fossil fuels well be go into the atmosphere. That well shows a big change difference in the global warming. Maples are beautiful colors. From green to pink and red to orange. Over all I hope maples or any other tree shouldn’t get destroy because of global warming and early blooms.
Maple trees are beautiful at fall.
Works Cited
David, Laurie, and Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming . New York:
Orchard, 2007. Print. junior edition . N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
<http;//school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/275678 . N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
Unknown. "Maple Trees." Kids InfoBits PResents: Plants and Animals 2010: n. pag. Kids
InfoBits . Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/KidsInfoBits;jsessionid=EFFEF6E0433752A9E18
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E83B1EEE1E7E0?subTopic=Trees&locID=mlin_m_pierce&srchtp=topic&failover=0&c
=2&topic=Plants&searchTerm=Maple%2Btrees&ste=6&tbst=tsrch&tab=1&docNum=B
X3201348190&bConts=55&printer=1>.
World Book M.13
. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
14

EUTROPHCATION
By Haley
Eutrophication is a process by which algae take over a body of water. Ponds, rivers, lakes and sometimes even oceans get to much nutrients and grow so much algae that it sucks out all the oxygen and blocks out all the sunlight in the water so that it is inhabitable for any or all creatures. In Greek eutrophication means well or over-nourished.
Eutrophication is caused naturally over a long period of time; but recently the process has been speeding up. It used to take thousands of years for a body of water to become eutrophic. Eutrophication has been sped as a result of human beings. We have been dumping fertilizers and sewage into the water for years; even if we didn’t know it. People have been dumping fertilizers on the ground or in their gardens thinking that it will help it does help the garden but it doesn’t help the water. When it rains or when the snow melts it washes the fertilizers into the ground and into the under water rivers and then flows into the bigger bodies of water. Same thing happens with sewage.
Eutrophication appears all around the world. There is a lake in China and the eutrophication level there is so bad that if you stick your feet in the water it will look like you just came out of a bucket of green paint. That lake is called Feeth Lake. Another lake that has been greatly impacted by eutrophication has rocks around which have turned green. That lake is called lake Chaohu. Lake Choahu is China’s 5 th
largest fresh water lake.
Dead zones are caused by eutrophication. It’s called the dead zone because it’s a hypoxic area. Few organisms can live in the hypoxic conditions. Dead zones are all over the world. One of the worst dead zones ever seen is located in the Gulf of Mexico. In 2010, this dead zone was nearly 7,776 square miles long.
Eutrophication is not the biggest cause of climate change but it is very important! It is a very big sign that climate change is happening and humans are helping it come a lot faster.
Works Cited
"Blue-green algae overwhelms Chaohu Lake in E China's Anhui." China Daily . Zhu Ningzhu, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2013-
07/20/c_132558260_4.htm>.
"Chaohu Lake Faces Imminent Algae Outbreak."
China Daily . N.p., 9 July 2009. Web. 23 Jan.
2014.
<http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-
07/09/content_8404343.htm>.
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Chislock, Michael F., et al. "Eutrophication-causes-consequences-and-controls." the Nature
Education Knowledge Project . Nature Education, 2013. Web. 10 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/eutrophication-causes-consequencesand-controls-in-aquatic-102364466>.
David, Laurie, and Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming . New York
City: Orchard, 2007. Print.
"Dear EarthTalk: What is a 'dead Zone' in an Ocean or Other Body of Water?" Earth Talk 14
Aug. 2011: n. pag. Gale Global Issues in Coontext . Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://find.galegroup.com/gic/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DateDescend&t abID=T003&prodId=GIC&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchId=R1&searchType=
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None%2C14%29eutrophication%24&userGroupName=mlin_m_pierce&inPS=true&docI d=A271974973&contentSet=IAC-Documents&docId=A271974973&docType=IAC>.
"Eutrophication." UXL Encyclopedia of Science . U*X*L, 2007. Science in Context . Web. 13 Jan.
2014.
"The Explosive Growth of Algae in Chaohu Lake in China Has Turned Its Waters Green."
Current Science, a Weekly Reader Publication 28 Nov. 2008: 1. Kid info. bits . Web. 23
Jan. 2014.
<http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/KidsInfoBits?vrsn=127&locID=mlin_m_pierce&fa ilover=0&sgcmd=MAIN&srchtp=basic&c=1&sub=%2522Eutrophication%2522&ste=35
&tbst=tbasic&tab=2&txb=Eutrophication&docNum=A189652693&bConts=3>.
Wikipedia . N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication
>.
16

Hurricane Katrina
By Sandro
Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans on August 29, 2005, at 6 am. It was one of the most destructive storms ever to hit the US. The hurricane killed over 1,800 people, and about 1500 of the victims were from/ in New Orleans. Although the lost of lives was great, the hurricane was not even considered a category 5 storm by the time it hit New Orleans, it was category 3!
Because it was a category 3, people were not completely prepared as they took everything down and un-boarded their homes. This is one of the reasons why New Orleans was so badly damaged.
Additionally, New Orleans is so close to the water it’s an inland state, so that can also be part of the reason that it got hit so badly.
However, that’s not the main reason why New Orleans got flooded, the main reason is levee failure.
Levees , are these dam like things that protect the city from flooding, but in New
Orleans, they made a mistake, they put the levees a foot too deep underground.
Also, they built the levees with sand instead of clay. Clay is the most useful material to build a levee with, because it stops the water and prevents it from passing through it like it does when you use sand.
People in New Orleans took shelter in the Superdome, where the Saints play.
However, that didn’t go down so well, because it was like an oven in there, because of no air conditioning, and no air conditioning because of no power in there, and no power because we’re in a hurricane! The smell was awful. Because of how many people were in there, and no one took baths or anything like that. Nobody died in there, fortunately.
The reason Hurricane Katrina is an example of climate change because when greater hurricanes occur, that’s a sign of extreme weather, and not only are greater hurricanes going to occur, they start happening more often, which is a huge sign of climate change.
This tells you that climate change is really happening, that people are really causing something bad here. Extreme weather is a huge sign of climate change, and as people don’t stop this, storms like this happen more and more. The storm was so severe because of changes in the climate.
17

Climate Change is happening and Penguins are Getting Harmed
By Edward
Climate change is not an abstract concept, it is happening right around us. Warmer temperature has already caused sea levels to rise. According to a report by New England
Aquarium, in Boston, “the sea level has risen by 11 inches over the last 100 years (both because of climate change and land subsidence) and could rise another 2 to 6 feet by 2100.”
Yes, our earth is getting warmer, and at a fast rate. In the past 50 years, the average temperature has increased by 12 o F. The warming up of the earth’s atmosphere is caused by the actions of human beings. Humans have been putting too much Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere and upsetting the balance between heat that stays in the atmosphere, and the heat that goes into space. Now there is a lot of Carbon Dioxide staying in the atmosphere and a miniscule amount leave. Carbon Dioxide will absorb heat and radiate it back to earth, we need it, but too much of a good thing can be bad. When humans burn oil, natural gas, or coal for energy it all emits Carbon Dioxide into the air around us. The Carbon Dioxide emissions have gone up steadily over the past years, and 2013 reached over 400 parts per million and rising, when a safe zone is at 350.
The rising temperature is causing many problems to the lives of human beings and the animals on this planet. By 2500 about a third of the animals alive right now will be extinct, and one of which is the penguin, my favorite animal. Penguins are aquatic, flightless birds mostly living in the Southern Hemisphere, especially in Antarctica. Global warming is endangering the survival of the penguins.
The Antarctic ice melting or breaking is causing penguins to decline and behaving unnaturally. Penguins love to eat krill and it is one of their major food supplies, but with thin ice the krill will migrate to thicker ice. With the krill moving to different areas the penguins will have to swim farther to catch the krill. If they can’t make the move, with no krill the penguins will inevitably die.
TYT Network Photo: "Young Penguins Dying Due to Lack of Food”
The breaking or melting of ice can also hurt nesting for ice nesting penguins like the Emperor.
The thin ice is bad for the chicks giving them a higher mortality percentage than before. Some of the chicks that hatch will drift off on broken pieces of ice away from their parents, meaning certain death.
Some chicks won’t even be lucky enough to hatch.
The percentage for an Emperor Penguin to live past 1 year is only 25%. This is the same with the Adelie
Penguins, they like to nest in places where there is no ice or snow, but with warming temperatures there will be more precipitation, most likely snow.
When they breed on snowy tundra the eggs will most likely not hatch due to melting snow. Now the Adelie Penguins have delayed their breeding season in order to avoid springtime snow. Even with the delayed times, the hatchlings are probably doomed; the best survival rates have been from 10% to 15%. If the chicks can get past the juvenile stage they probably will not have
18

enough fat, and with the delayed breeding, the chicks will be out of order with the springtime proliferation of krill. If we don’t do anything to help, in less than 500 years the famous animals of the South Pole will be gone forever.
From now, if the temperature rises1.3
o
C it would jeopardize 40% of Emperor Penguins and 70% Adelie Penguins, and it could increase that much in less than 50 years. Most penguin species are already decreasing; about 11 of 18 species are seeing decreased populations Emperor
Penguins have already decreased by 50% since 1970. The Southern Rock-hopper Penguin population has declined 90% since 1940. Penguins are indeed very tough, “To see Adelie
Penguins that have almost been cut in half by leopard seals still coming back everyday with a stomach full of krill for their chicks, sets the standard for their toughness,” Quote by Fen
Montaigne, studying penguins in the south pole. The penguins are toughest animals that Fen has ever seen, but is on the brink of extinction.
It is upon us to do our best to save our planet and help animals to survive. We should preserve our earth so our future generations will be able to see as many animals as we are seeing now.
Works Cited
[1] Britannica School. "Emperor Penguins." Britannica School Middle . Middle ed. Vol.
Middle. N.p.: n.p., 2014. 1. Britannica School Middle . Web. 8 Jan. 2014.
< http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/322466 >.
[2] The Center for Biological Diversity. "Southern Rockhopper Penguins Listed as
Threatened Species; Climate Change Protections Needed." InfoTrac Student
Edition . By Info Trac. Student ed. 2011. 1. InfoTrac Student Edition .
Web. 13 Jan. 2014.
<
>.
[3] Cherry, and Braasch. How We Know What We Know. Nevada City: Dawn, 2008. Print.
[4] David, Laurie, and Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming .
New York City: Orchard, 2007. Print.
[5] Levin, David. "The Decline and Fall of the Emperor Penguin? Climate Change and
Shrinking Ice Threaten Polar Bird." Science in Context . Oceanus: Woods Hole
Oceanographic, 2013. 1-2. Science in Context.
Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
< http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/
AcademicJournalsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=nor mal
&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Journals&limiter=&u=mlin_m_pierce
&cur
rPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_res
ults=&p=SCIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA3514
34745 >.
[6] Levy, Sharon. "Penguins in Peril." On Earth . On Earth, 18 Jan. 2011. Web. 21
Jan. 2014.
< http://www.onearth.org/article/penguins-in-peril >.
19

[7] Moran, Joseph M. "Causes of Climate Change." World Book . Vol. 2006. N.p.: n.p.,
2006. N. pag. Print.
[8] TYT Network. "Young Penguins Dying Due to Lack of Flood." The Raw Story . N.p.,
11 Apr. 2011. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.
< http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/04/11/young-penguins-dying-due-to-lack-of-food/ >.
[9] Wolf, Shayne. "Penguins-waddling Wonders of the South Hemisphere."
Actionbioscience . Actionbioscience, 2009. Web.
< http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/wolf.html
>.
21 Jan. 2014.
20

Droughts
Henry
Do you know what a drought is? A drought is caused by a lack, or insufficient amounts, of rain. The rain must not fall for a long period of time. During a drought the area around it loses water and becomes a desert. Droughts affect everything that drinks water or lives in that area.
Anything-alive ether relocates from that area or dies. There are droughts happening all over the world.
Droughts are heat waves can kill people. They are especially deadly if they go on through the day and night. In places where are not equipped to cope with extreme heat it is easier for them to die.
Droughts can happen in any place, at any time and in any region. There are droughts happening all over the world. Most of the heat waves happen in Africa. The worse drought that ever hit America was called “The Dust Bowl”. It spread over 50 miles of land and it spread over
50 miles of land from Canada to Texas and Colorado to Illinois. The measurement instrument used to determine a drought is called the Palmer Index. It measures precipitation, on a scale of
+5 to -5. The Dust Bowl was -9, which was off the charts, on the index. This indicates a very severe drought.
Droughts have been around for a long time, but they have been occurring more frequently. According to climatologist James Hansen, “Increasingly intense droughts in
California, all of the Southwest, and even in the Midwest, have everything to do with man-made climate change.” Hansen made this statement in
January of 2014 in an interview for an article entitled, “Leading Scientists Explain How
Climate Change is Worsening California’s Epic
Droughts”.
The people who study droughts are called meteorologist. A meteorologist is a scientist or expert in study of weather, climate, and atmosphere. Droughts research has improved over the years. There are lots of satellites that are scouting for droughts. They even send out maps of impending droughts.
Their researches proved that the climate is changing.
Cracked, dry dirt covers marshland in a drought region California.
Works Cited
Burt, Christopher C. Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book . New York: W.W. Norton’s &
Company Ltd, 2004. Print.
David, Laurie, and Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming . New York:
Orchard, 2007. Print.
21

"Drought." Britannica School Elementary . Britannica School Elementary, 6 Feb. 2014. Web. 4
Feb. 2014. <http://school.eb.com/levels/elementary/article/399431#>.
"Droughts." Encyopedia Britannica School Middle . 2014. 1. Print.
"Droughts." International Encyclopedia of Science 2008: n. page. Print.
Woodward, John. Eyewitness Climate Change . New York: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2008.
Print.
22

Picture the Bahamas - a perfect vacationing spot with clear water, and sandy beaches. But the colorful coral reefs are also a popular attraction. Imagine that. Unfortunately, now all of the coral is in the process of becoming a plain, blinding white. This process is what is referred to as coral bleaching, and it is happening as a result of global warming.
So what exactly is coral bleaching? Coral tolerates a temperature range of 77°F-84.2°F
(25°C-29°C). When warming ocean waters cause coral to get agitated, their symbolic algae will become stressed. Coral is typically able to adapt, but not at the same pace we humans are polluting at. Now, coral’s algae becomes stressed and will bleach at around 89.6°F (32°C). In previous years, people were not taking coral bleaching as seriously as they do now. They put it on a small scale, by checking on coral bleaching in overheated tide pools , and not using any equipment, just writing
Bleached branching coral (Foreground) down their own observations. But coral bleaching
Normal branching coral (Background),
Keppel Islands, Great Barrier Reef. is very serious.
Coral bleaching is becoming more common because of our warming planet. Did you know that coral reefs could all experience bleaching annually by 2045? If we continue polluting the Earth at this rate, there might not be any coral reefs left. Humans depend on coral reefs indirectly. The reefs provide protection and food for fish, shellfish, and crustaceans from predators like sharks. Humans are able to get the sea animals and plants for food, and we don’t always do it in friendly ways.
Some people use dynamite, making the dazed fish float to the surface, while severely damaging the coral as well. Think of it is a chain. If one link is missing, the whole thing is useless. If the coral reefs’ vegetation is gone, the fish will all die.
Aside from overheating oceans, coral is also weak against ultraviolet light . Ultraviolet light is generated from rays of sunlight, and there are three forms of it:

UVA: Wavelength: 315-399 nm. Not absorbed by the ozone layer.

UVB: Wavelength: 280-314 nm. Mostly absorbed by ozone layer, but can reach Earth’s surface.

UVC: Wavelength: 100-279 nm. Completely absorbed by the ozone layer and atmosphere.
In the 1960s, UV rays affected coral only above 49 ft (15 m). Because of so much pollution contributing to climate change, in 1998 it could affect coral down to 164 ft (50 m).
Some coral has had time to evolve to scatter light more efficiently. But if the Earth is letting in more and more warmth, the more unpredictable, wacky weather we will experience.
There could be scorching hot days that can severely damage the coral reefs. The coral will try to adjust to the sudden change, but then it could plummet into real cold temperatures. The coral would be caught off-guard, and would just expel its algae into the ocean, becoming bleached.
The ocean acts like a sponge. It takes in carbon dioxide. The coral and other sea life act like trees and bushes, by taking in the carbon dioxide. They help us keep our planet at a livable
23

level. Sadly, we just keep on polluting. People need to notice all of the factors in global warming, not just factories, cars and carbon emissions. The trees and plant life matter as well.
Everything is all connected in global warming.
Works Cited
Cherry, Lyne, and Gary Braasch. How We Know What We Know about Our Climate Change .
Nevada: DawnPublishers, 2008. Print.
"Coral Bleaching." Coral Bleaching . Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_bleaching>.
Environmental Encyclopedia . N.p.: Gale, 2011. Science in Context . Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOve
rType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view
&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&u=mlin_m_pierce&currPage=&disableHighl ighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&a ction=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCV2644150331>.
"Insights into Deadly Coral Bleaching Could Help Preserve Reefs." Junior Edition . Gale
CENAGE Learning, 12 May 2013. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com/k12/infomark/939/367/20322459w16/purl=rc2_K12J_1_I nsights+into+deadly+coral+bleaching...)+and+ac+fulltex_xx_&dyn=5!sg_df_Insights+in to+deadly+coral+bleaching..._xx_?sw_aep=bkl>.
"Keppelbleaching." Coral Bleaching . Wikipedia, 22 Aug. 2011. Web. 6 Feb. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keppelbleaching.jpg>.
Unknown. "Coral Bleaching." Gale Science in Context . Environmental Encyclopedia, 13 June
2011. Web. 21 Jan. 2014.
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<http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOve
rType=&query=&prodId=SCIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view
&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&u=mlin_m_pierce&currPage=&disableHighl ighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&source=&search_within_results=&p=SCIC&a ction=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CCV2644150331>.
- - -. "Three Quarters of the World's Coral Reefs Will Experience Coral Bleaching Conditions
Annually by 2045." Junior Edition . Gale CENAGE Learning, Apr. 2013. Web. 9 Jan.
2014.
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com/k12/infomark/525/92/20066384w16/purl=rc2_K12J_1_co ral+bleaching)+and+ac+fulltex_xx_&dyn=2!sg_df_coral+bleaching_xx_?sw_aep=bkl>.
25

Dengue Fever
Nicky
Imagine experiencing painful rashes, muscle soreness, headaches, vomiting, mouth and nose bleeding. Over 400 million people have some or all of these symptoms each year as a result of
Dengue fever. This disease is spreading rapidly. Dengue usually happens in the sub-tropic and tropic regions in the United States, Puerto Rico, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the
Pacific Islands. Warmer temperatures are attracting more and more mosquitos, which causes
Dengue fever to become more prevalent in specific areas. The Health ministry recorded 431,194 people were infected in the world and it infects 1,000 Queenslanders each year in Australia.
There is no specific treatment to cure it. The equator is warm so the mosquitoes would stay they until it gets colder because it only goes to warm places. Why is there no treatment to cure it? Is it really hard to find one? If you have a fever it can spike
Up to 104-105 4-7 days after it will have an infection. There is 2 parasites that spreads it which is dengue fever and from the mosquitoes. The bacterizes are harmless so they cant spread.
So only mosquitoes can spread it. One of the bacteria that the mosquitoes release in the human body is called Wobachia and caused by 3 different bacteria. Dengue fever is spreading really quickly. The mosquitoes have strategies to kill the male mosquitoes or turn them into females. 1/3 of the world had dengue fever the rest of the 2/3 didn’t have dengue fever. If it speeds faster people will have less time to live and our population will become smaller. So when it get warmer in certain places mosquitoes will travel there and bite people and cause dengue fever and lower our population each year. These are the symptoms of dengue fever. Theses are a lot of symptoms in the human body when you have dengue fever.
Works Cited
CNN. CNN, n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014. <http://infotrac.galegroup.com>. David, Laurie, and
Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming. New York: Orchard, 2007.
Print.
Häggström, Mikael. "Symptoms of dengue fever." Wikiimedia commons. Mikael Häggström, 16
Jan. 2011. Web. 16 Jan. 2014.
<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dengue_fever_symptoms.svg>.
P. monath, Thomas. "Dengue Fever." World Book. Vol. 5. N.p.:2013, n.d. N. pag. Print.
26

Stephen James, O'Meara. "Dengue." Odyssey. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Kids InfoBits. Web. 1 Feb.
2007.
<http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/KidsInfoBits?vrsn=127&locID=mlin_m_pierce&failover=
1&sgcmd=MAIN&srchtp=basic&c=2&sub=%2522Dengue+Fever%2522&ste=35&tbst=tbasic& tab=2&txb=Dengue+Fever&docNum=A1624697 41&bConts=7>. Yong, Ed. "Defeating dengue by releasing mosquitoes withvirus-blocking bacteria." Not exactly rocket science. N.p., 9 Aug.
2014. Web. 1 Jan. 2014. <http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com>.
27

The United Nations
Elsa
The United Nations is an organization where independent countries send representatives to debate on topics and attempt to end wars. They also debate on topics that they believe will benefit the world, like fair trade and global warming. The
United Nations was founded in 1945, after World War II.
The UN was also created so that they could help prevent wars and terrorism, such as bombings.
Any country can join the United Nations, as long as it is a ‘peace loving state’. As of 2002, there are 191 member nations, also known as member states.
The United Nations’ flag
These include Russia, Canada, the United States of
America, and also both North and South Korea. However, when the United Nations was founded in 1945, only 51 nations were members, and 50 were able to attend the signing (Poland was not able to send a delegate). The Charter of the United Nations was signed in San Francisco, California on June twenty-sixth, 1945.
There are 5 members of the United Nations that have a much larger amount of power than many other countries, also known as, ‘the Big Five’. Those countries are the United States of America, Russia, The United Kingdom, France and China. They have so much power because they can veto many different proposals from the Security Council (also known as the Council) and even prevent some discussions over some issues in the Council.
As there are many different nations that participate in United Nations, there are a few countries that are able to contribute more so. These countries are the United States, France,
Japan, Germany, United Kingdom, and Italy.
The current Secretary-General of the UN is Ban Ki-moon. He is from South Korea, and experienced war from a young age.
“I grew up in war”,
the Secretary-General has said, “ and saw the United Nations help my country to recover and rebuild. That experience was a big part of what led me to pursue a career in public service. As Secretary-General, I am determined to see this Organization deliver tangible, meaningful results that advance peace, development and human rights.”
Each member of the United Nations is usually able to speak dozens of languages.
However, the meetings to discuss things between each nation state are only a choice of 6 languages: English, Spanish, Standard Chinese (Based off of the Beijing dialect of Mandarin),
Arabic, French, and Russian.
The United Nations has helped countries achieve peace from intense wars across nations.
They have also helped with social, economic, and technical aid with developing countries.
Besides those things, they also help with global warming. They have been able to achieve bring much attention to air, water, and land pollution, which all relate to climate change.
In 1968, the General Assembly passed a resolution showing the United Nations to work towards solutions to problems relating to the environment. Also in 1972, they established the UN
Environment Programme because of the conference. The UN Environment Programme encourages countries to fight pollution and not use as many of Earth’s natural resources so that they last a longer amount of time and to also preserve them.
In 1992, the representatives of the UN nation countries met in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for a meeting called the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known
28

as the Earth Summit. The members of the UN signed agreements to help prevent global warming, preserving forests, endangered animals, and other issues. Ten years later, representatives met again at the United Nations’ World Summit on Sustainable Development in
Johannesburg, South Africa.
SOURCES
Goodrich, Leland M., and Edvard Hambro. Charter of the United Nations . Boston: World Peace
Foundation, 1949. Print.
United Nations. "Flag." Britannica School Middle
. Encyclopædia, 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.
<http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/277510/media>.
Unknown. "The Science." United Nations . United Nations, 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.un.org/climatechange/the-science/>.
- - -. "United Nations." Britannica School Middle
. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2014. Web. 15 Jan.
2014. <http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/277510>.
- - -. "United Nations." World Book Encyclopedia . 2011 ed. Vol. 20. Chicago: World Book,
2011. Print.
- - -. "United Nations Convention on Climate Change." BBC . BBC, 28 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Jan.
2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/climate/policies/un_convention.shtml>.
- - -. "United States History." Britannica School . Britannica, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/277511>.
- - -. "Secretary General Ban Ki-moon - Biography." United Nations . United
Nations, 2012. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. <http://www.un.org/sg/
bi
29

Waterborne Diseases
By Josephine
Waterborne Diseases is becoming big impact on our health. It has become the leading cause to illness and infectious related deaths, around 1.8 million each year. These diseases can cause some serious skin, eye and ear problems, also diarrhea, vomiting, etc. Sometimes serious enough can cause death. Pathogenic microorganisms, usually in fresh water, case them. Infection could be spread in results of bathing, washing, drinking, preparation and consumption of food.
Waterborne Diseases are more threating to developing or undeveloped countries due to lack of sewer systems. So if you accidently drink contaminated water, you might get really sick.
There are four kinds of pathogenic microorganisms: protozoa, bacteria, parasites and viruses. These organisms can invade you circulatory systems or tissues. Lets take Cholera for example, one of the most common waterborne diseases. It is an infection to your small intestine.
It’s caused by a kind bacterium named
Vibrio Cholerae . The symptoms are watery vomiting and diarrhea, if serious, it can lead to death due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance if not treated.
Like a lot of other diseases, you can get
Cholera from drinking of eating food contaminated by feces. Or you can get it from someone who is infected, even one who doesn’t have any symptoms. It is so commonly spread, that it affects 3 to 5 million people and causes 100,000 to
130,000 deaths per year.
Image of Vibrio Cholerae
So what does this have to do with climate change? Well, did you know that extreme rainfall affects the spread of waterborne diseases? Some cities have combined sewer systems, it means that their storm-drain and their other sewer that contains human waste is combined, and that’s a big problem. Cause when their storm-drains flood, it’ll bring up with it the disgusting waste-infected water. The diseases thrive in this wastewater, and can spread into other watersources. So? Rising sea level and rainfall, both caused by global warming usually causes floods.
Rainfall has increased by a dramatic amount over the past years, why? Scientists have been tracking weather patterns for decades now, and they saw the change. The heaviest 1% of the storms have increased precipitation by 20 to 31%, and continue rising. Scientists predict that it will increase by 40% by the end of the century. Warmer temperature plays a big part in increased precipitation. Greenhouse gases, such as CO2, can trap heat. The atmosphere is becoming warmer and warmer. And the warmer the air, the more moisture it can hold, resulting in heavier rain. With every degrees Fahrenheit, its 4% more moisture. And did you know that storms could draw moisture from an area 10 to 25 times larger than the actual precipitation area, making storms more severe.
“If weather extremes do intensify, as these findings suggest, our health will be at greater risk.”
Jonathan Patz
30

Works Cited
"Causes and Symptoms of Waterborne Illness." Minensota Department of Health . Minensota
Department of Health, 25 Apr. 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/dtopics/waterborne/basics.html>.
"Cholera." Wikipedia . N.p.: n.p., 2014. Wikipedia . Web. 26 Jan. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera>.
"HEAVY FLOODING AND GLOBAL WARMING: IS THERE A CONNECTION?" States
News Service . N.p.: n.p., 2010. N. pag. InfoTrac Junior Edition . Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com/k12/infomark/10/311/19751489w16/purl=rc1_K12J_0_CJ
222063136&dyn=16!xrn_1_0_CJ222063136?sw_aep=mlin_m_pierce>.
"How Does Climate Change Contribute to Heavy Rain and Flooding?" Union of Concerned
Scientists . Union of Concerned Scientist, 12 May 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.ucsusa.org/news/press_release/climate-change-heavy-rain-flooding-
0540.html>.
Image of the vibrio cholerae. Health Tap . N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2014.
<https://www.healthtap.com/user_questions/94003-is-cholera-caused-only-by-thebacterium-vibrio>.
"Waterborne disease risk upped in Great Lakes." NewsRXScience . N.p.: n.p., 2008. N. pag.
InfoTrac Junior Edition . Web. 9 Jan. 2014.
<http://infotrac.galegroup.com/k12/infomark/22/142/19520472w16/purl=rc1_K12J_0_A
187082590&dyn=8!xrn_18_0_A187082590?sw_aep=mlin_m_pierce>.
"Waterborne Diseases." Wikipedia . N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_disease>.
31

Hurricane Sandy
By: Rider
Hurricane Sandy is the second largest Atlantic tropical storm on record. It is the storm that hit the east coast of the United States, which started in the Caribbean. It was nick named
“Frankenstorm,” because of how close it was to Halloween. The National Hurricane Center’s official name for the storm is “Post Tropical Cyclone Sandy.” The storm began as a tropical wave in the Caribbean on October 19th and then became a hurricane on October 24th. Hurricane
Sandy killed many people (110 in the United States and 71 in the Caribbean, mostly Haiti/Cuba) and made many people homeless. The damage caused by the storm cost billions of dollars.
Hurricane Sandy hits the East Coast
Hurricane Sandy is a result of climate change . Hurricanes and other extreme types of weather seem to be on the rise possibly because of climate change, especially global warming . Hurricanes form when eastern and western winds meet at the tropical oceans such as the Pacific and the Atlantic. The temperature must be 80 degrees or higher. Near the shoreline, were given some warning that the Super Storm Sandy was coming. It was called super storm because of its size: Sandy was over 900 miles in diameter. The people who were affected in particular from Hurricane Sandy, in New York and New Jersey, lost their homes, and their jobs and are struggling to rebuild. The areas along the coast don't seem well prepared for these kind of storms that have not been seen that often before, even with the warming of the coming storm, this also meant there was a large amount of erosion of the beaches. We need to research more about climate change and global warming, so we can better prepare for hurricanes.
Quote:
"Sandy was extremely devastating, but it actually uncovered and brought to light an already existing problem, which was a lack of affordable housing," says Ismene
32

Ispeliotis, executive director of the Mutual Housing Association of New York.
"Now you have hundreds and thousands of additional families going into the shelter system and burdening available housing." -- Hurricane Sandy One Year Later: 10
Places That Are Still Suffering Rolling Stone Magazine Kristen Gwynne November 1,
2013
Works Cited
Blau, Reuven. "Hurricane Sandy one year later 200 city survivors without home." New York
Daily News 26 Oct. 2013: 1-5. Print.
David, Laurie, and Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming . New york city: ORCHARD, n.d. Print.
Dolesh, Richard J. "Climate change: now can we talk?" Parks & Recreation Dec. 2012: 1-3.
Kids InfoBits . Web. 10 Jan. 2014.
<http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/KidsInfoBits?as1=climate+change+now+can+we+t alk&vrsn=127&ai2=TD&locID=mlin_m_pierce&srchtp=advanced&c=1&ab1=AND&st e=49&ab2=AND&tab=2&tbst=asrch&ai3=TD&ai1=KE&n=10&docNum=A314933280
&bConts=2>.
Gwynne, Kristen. "Hurricane Sandy One Year Later." Rolling Stone 1 Nov. 2013: 1-3. Print.
NOAA/NASA GOES Project. Hurricane Sandy. Livescience . N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.livescience.com/24380-hurricane-sandy-status-data.html>.
Sharp, Tim, ed. "SuperStorm:Facts About the Frankenstorm." Livescience . N.p., 27 Nov. 2012.
Web. 7 Feb. 2014. <http://www.livescience.com/24380-hurricane-sandy-statusdata.html>.
33

Changes in Animal Distribution
By Sasha
Human interactions have an impact on animal distribution. The homes of animals are being lost because of humans and many animals are having to locate to new places.
In a couple of years, most of the animals in the rainforest may become extinct. Their habitats are in danger of being overtaken by farmers who want to grow crops.
Deforestation is the leading cause of animal relocation. Farmers are chopping down trees to make farmland. Motane, or high- altitude, tropical, and subtropical rainforest all have endangered animals loosing homes due to people chopping down trees for land.
The humidity is also having an impact on the animals and crops. The warmer temperatures make it hard for animals to survive. The temperatures are changes so quickly that animals do not have time to adapt. The changing climate is hurting the animals. Certain species of animals can adapt to the type of weather, such as the golden tree frog. However, these animals need trees in order to live.
Red-eyed tree frog on branch
Works Cited
David, Laurie, and Cambria Gorden. The Dow-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming . New York:
Orchard, 2007. Print.
U.S. Global Change Research Program . U.S. Global Change Research Program, n.d. Web. 7
Feb. 2014. <http://www.globalchange.gov/component/content/article/71-islands/218islands>.
Vogt, Richard C. Rainforest . Illus. Christer Eriksson. New York: Simon, 2008. Print.
34

Arnold Schwarzenegger
Talia
Arnold Schwarzenegger giving a speech in 2007.
Arnold Schwarzenegger had made many positive contributions. People have always had different thoughts about him whether good or bad. Some people thought that he was conceited or selfish and others thought of him as a good role model. He also had many reputations throughout the time he was a governor and actor. There was always news about him and his personal life.
Schwarzenegger was born in Austria in July 30, 1947. He started to lift weights in his teenage years. When he was twenty years old, he won Mr. Universe and won Mr. Olympia seven times.
He wrote many books about bodybuilding and became one of the most well none bodybuilder.
He got married to Maria Shriver (now 58) on April 26, 1986 and got divorced on July 1, 2001.
Now he is mostly known for his acting and bodybuilding career. In 2003, Schwarzenegger ran for republican governor of California. He ran against Democrat Gary Davis and won although
35

the votes were very close (3,653,386 to 3,469,025). He got re-elected in 2006. He is now a sixty six year old retired man.
The time when Arnold Schwarzenegger was in the political position of being the governor of California, he wanted to stop the effects of climate change and help the Earth. He wanted to make a change and to take the action. He set many goals having to do with greenhouse gas emissions. He wanted to reduce greenhouse gases, which trap heat in our atmosphere. The heat causes raising sea levels and wildlife habitats to disappear occur a lot easier. He had a program called “million solar roofs” that put more and more solar power in homes. Arnold
Schwarzenegger didn’t make many specific actions to climate change but he definitely wanted to make a change. He did work with multiple programs and organizations to continue with climate action.
Some people who lived in California thought that Schwarzenegger wasn’t always the most trust worthy governor because he did himself drove and owned a Hummer, which is a gasguzzler. He did say that he was in favor of environmentally friendly transportation but did not set a very good example. He got confronted about driving a Hummer and said that he had changed his car so it didn’t guzzle gas but used hydrogen. People say that he didn’t care about the environmental issues but some of the evidence says that he did. Schwarzenegger started "I say the debate is over. We know the science, we see the threat and we know the time for action is now.”
Works Cited
"Arnold Schwarzenegger." Britannica School . N.p.: n.p., n.d. 1. Britannica School . Web. 23 Jan.
2014. <http://www.noodletools.com/noodlebib/cite.php?ADD=Database>.
Halperin, Ian. The Governator . New York, New York: HarperCollins, 2010. Print.
Leamer, Laurence. "Pecs to politics; The governor of California." The Economist 4 June 2005: 1.
Gale Biography in Context . Web. 21 Jan. 2014. <http://ic.galegroup.com/>.
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Photograph. AP Images., Photograph. AP Images. "Arnold Schwarzenegger." Gale Biography in
Context . Gale Biography in Context, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. <http://ic.galegroup.com>.
"R20." Regions Of Climate Change Action . Regions Of Climate Change Action, 2013. Web. 23
Jan. 2014. <http://regions20.org>.
Texas Oil Firms Oppose California Climate Law . N.p.: n.p., 2010. Texas Oil Firms Oppose
California Climate Law . Web. 21 Jan. 2014.
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Mahatma Gandhi
By Nicholas
When Gandhi was 16 years old, he started his career as a politician by going to study in a law school in London. By doing this, he set himself up to help his people over come the British rule over India. One day when he was studying for an exam Gandhi read a book called “Civil
Disobedience” by Henry David Thoreau and realized his point in life. When he finished law school he saw the world more clearly as he walked the streets of London. People pointing at him and calling him names. Judging him by his skin not the content of his character.
He sailed back to his hometown in India. He visited his family in India and search for a job suitable for his strong points. No luck came his way in India so he traveled to South Africa and joined the Congress there.
One day he was sitting in first class on a train to work. A white man walked toward him and told him to get out of that seat. Gandhi peacefully showed him his first class badge. The man reluctantly walked away and returned with an attendant. The attendant told Gandhi to go to the back of the train but Gandhi wouldn’t budge. Eventually the man snapped. He took Gandhi’s baggage and overcoat and threw him into the back compartment where he froze in silence.
Gandhi’s respect for the man is like the respect that Earth has given us but, we just keep ignoring it and go on with whatever we thing is the best for us in the moment. Eventually we will get us and the planet killed if someone like Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, or Martin Luther King Jr. to step in and “win the conversation” Once this happens someone will lead us into the right road and more and more people will follow.
Mahatma Gandhi was a social activist who fought for human rights. While there is an
Organization called The Gandhi Institute for
Combating climate change he mainly saw the changes in rights rather than Climate in his lifetime. Many of
Gandhi’s ideas have been connected to climate change like in Dr. Glass’s opera about Gandhi called:”Satygraha” (the power of truth) Dr. Glass believed that Gandhi believed in seeing the truth and with that in mind we need to see that Climate Change is happening and we to do what we can to stop it.
Climate change is one of the things that we can do to make our earth less livable. It is the change in climate overtime. Climate change can be natural but now most people see that the signs all lead to us.
If people used Gandhi’s ideas than everyone would have a smaller carbon
Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1942 footprint. A carbon footprint is the amount of CO2 that each individual releases into the atmosphere. CO2 is a heavy greenhouse gas that warms up are atmosphere and make the earth potentially less hospitable. The average American adult emits 20 tons of carbon each year. I think that since Gandhi had so few possessions he would have a much smaller carbon footprint. Each time you use any day things to you and me we release carbon. For instance, when your turn on the lights you release carbon. When you leave on the computer you
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release carbon, and even when you cut down a tree you release carbon and Gandhi did none of the above.
People need a social activist like Gandhi to influence them with great ideas and lead them in the charge toward climate change leading the people to change. Someone like that could help make people change their minds about using petroleum and fossil fuels and to invest in solar and clean energy. They could make power plants similar to the one in Ivanpah appear in place over the oil plants already disappearing across the country.
Many people (like the small amount of liaisons in the CALC organization set up by Al
Gor) who work everyday to get people to change their minds need a leader to help them win the conversation. They don’t fight to lead thousands of citizens to protest like Gandhi once did in the
Great Salt March. Leading the charge of the battle will get harder with years gone by so if someone gets people to change their mind now then we will have time to act and people will have a harder time getting out of their old ways.
As India continues on their Industrial revolution Gandhi died with less than 10 possessions. He believed to live simply and he did live with nothing more than the amenities.
Now, the Indians are getting cars, and televisions and throwing out their bikes and conversations.
Many believe that Gandhi’s last words after being assassinated on January 30, 1948 were “Hey
Rem” which means “Oh God”
As a child Gandhi saw discrimination occurring all around him. Now we see what one person can do to take a lead and change people’s minds, which in turn could change the way we all live forever.
Works Cited
Adams, Jad. Gandhi, The True Man Behind Modern India . New York: Pegasus Books, 2011.
Print.
Applebome, Peter. "Applying Gandhi's Ideas to Climate Change." Nytimes.com
. New York
Times, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/nyregion/30towns.html?_r=0>.
Bawaba, Al. "To Every Englishman in India." Global Issues in Context . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan.
2014.
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rue&docId=CJ353977487&contentSet=IAC-
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India.gov.in. "Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Combating Climate Change." Department of
Environment . Government of NTC of Delhi, India, 25 June 2010. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Important+links/
Mahatma+Gandhi+Institute+for+Combating+Climate+Change>.
"Mahatma Gandhi." Britannica School . 2014. 1. Britannica Middle School . Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/274487>.
"Mahatma Gandhi, 1942." Biography in Context . gale, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2014.
"Mohandas Gandhi." Historic World Leaders . Gale, 1994. Biography in Context . Web. 23 Jan.
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Jane Goodall is mostly famous for her studies of chimpanzees, however, there is much more than chimps to learn. Today, Jane does research for her organization, The Jane Goodall
Institute. Jane helps to teach people around the world about good and bad change, and how we can make earth a better place.
“How does this relate to chimpanzees?” you may wonder. As you might have heard: when Jane was a child, she was immensely interested in animals. She even organized her own nature club. This was not just any old club, there was a real test that people had to pass in order to be part of the club. Anyone willing to take it would have to name: ten types of dogs, ten species of birds, ten kinds of trees, and five butterflies or moths.
Many people’s interests change as they age, but Jane’s curiosity and love for animals stuck with her. When Jane grew old enough, in 1956, she was invited by her family friend to travel to Kenya. She happily accepted the invitation, and went in 1957. While there, she met
Louis Leakey, an anthropologist , and became his secretary. Jane was to go and study vervet monkeys on an island in Lake Victoria.
She went back to England for a documentary on animals. Later, Jane traveled again to
Africa, with her mother and an African cook. She stayed by Lake Tanganyika, located in the
Gombe Stream Reserve. In Africa, she began watching chimpanzees. The creatures were difficult to work with, they were very protective, and didn't trust humans. When Jane tried to get a closer look at them, they ran and hid from her. Very gradually, within around one year of observing, the chimps would let Jane come closer to them. By the second year, they were quite comfortable with Jane, and would roam around near her, sometimes even come up to her.
Jane Goodall now educates many children and adults about fair animal treatment.
She works to help prevent deforestation in
California. Jane has written many books (for children and adults) about these subjects such as The Chimpanzee
Family Book, which won the
Unicef/Unesco Children's Book-
This is a photo taken of Jane Goodall, a primatologist, at a conference in a zoo in Australia, in 2006 of-the-Year Award. She recently finished a book with Gail Hudson, entitled Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the Plants.
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Jane Goodall does more than stare at chimpanzees; she educates people about nature, and the earth in general. Jane now goes around the globe; teaching kids about the importance of keeping the earth clean for everyone. “Only if we understand, can we care. Only if we care, we will help. Only if we help, we shall be saved.”
-Jane Goodall
Jane Goodall has come to the point where she gives talks to people all around the
world due to her early love for animals. If you had a strong passion for something as a child, think about how amazing and accomplished you would feel if you had come to a point where you spoke globally about your topic. If looking more closely into a childhood interest lead everyone to becoming a successful scientist and leader, I predict that many more people would pursue their interests.
Jane Goodall didn’t seem to have plans for her future like what has come her way.
Her friend simply invited her on a trip to Africa, where there, she discovered more wildlife and saw her favorite animal in live action. From there, Jane continued to learn about, and observe chimpanzees. She went from writing about chimpanzees, to teaching people about fair animal treatment, to teaching people about the earth being our only home, and the need to keep it clean and safe.
Works Cited
"Chimpanzees." Environmental Encyclopedia. N.p.: n.p., 2011. N. pag. Biography in Context.
Web. 7 Feb. 2014. <http://ic.galegroup.com>.
David, Laurie, and Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming. New
York: Orchard, 2007. Print.
The Jane Goodall Institute. "Jane Today." The Jane Goodall Institute. The Jane Goodall
Institute, 2014. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. <http://www.janegoodall.org>.
"Jane Goodall, Primatologist Information (Emeritus), Facts, News, Photos." National
Geographic. National Geographic Society, 2014. Web. 11 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.nationalgeographic.com>.
Unknown. "Chimpanzee." Encyclopedia Britannica - Middle School Edition. N.p., n.d. Web. 9
Jan. 2014. <http://school.eb.com>.
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- - -. "Jane Goodall Biography - Facts, Birthday, Life Story." Jane Goodall Biography. A+E
Networks, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. <http://www.biography.com>.
"You Can Change The World." Appleseeds Apr. 2010: n. pag. Kids InfoBits. Web. 7 Feb. 2014.
.com>.
<http://galenet.galegroup.com>.
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By Natalie
Ansel Adams was struck by the beauty of nature at an early age; he found joy in it. Although he wasn’t always an aspiring photographer, even in his teenage years he wanted to help preserve the environment. Before he got into photography, Ansel Adams liked music. He played the piano and was quite good at it. But once he got his first camera he fell in love and took photos as a hobby.
Later, with his father’s (Charles Hitchcock Adams) support Ansel became a photographer and took photos of the outdoors and the wilderness. As a photographer he got contradicted but in 1927 he published his first portfolio . After a long time, Adams’ hard work paid off and many people considered him the most important landscape photographer of the 20 th century. It was obviously the right career for him.
A year after Ansel published his first portfolio he married Virginia Rose Best. In 1935 their first child was born. Around that time Ansel started taking color photographs. In June of 1980 he was awarded the presidential Medal of Freedom.
Four years later he died at the age of 82 in Monterey,
California
Ansel Adams impacted climate change in many different ways. With his images people realized how important it was to protect the Earth because it is the only one that we have. He mostly took pictures of the dramatic western landscape in the
United States and spent many summers in Sierra
Nevada’s as he had grown up around there. People saw how pretty the nature there was and how if we didn’t help by not polluting the earth it wouldn’t be nice anymore.
Ansel Adams poses in front of a rocky hillside, ready to capture a picture of the beautiful nature surrounding him.
He captured many national parks before tourists arrived to mess them up and then persisted to help expand the national parks system. Also many of Ansel’s books were about nature and preserving the Earth. He always said beauty comes first.
Although it might not have been on purpose, Ansel Adams changed many people’s minds about the environment and climate change.
Ansel Easton Adams (named after his uncle Ansel Easton) was born in San Francisco on
February 20 th
1902. He was the only child born to the parents of Olive Bray Adams and Charles
Hitchcock Adams. Adams was a hardworking man and died on April 22 nd
.
It is horrifying that we have to fight our own government to save the environment!
-Ansel Adams
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Works Cited
The Ansel Adams Gallery . The National Park Service, 2014. Web. 6 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.anseladams.com>.
Britannica Middle School Edition . 2014. Contemporary Heroes and Heroines . n.p., 1992.
Http://school.eb.com/levels/middle
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Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary . 1995. InfoTrac Junior Edition . Web. 4 Feb. 2014.
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w_aep=mlin_m_pierce>.
Spaulding, Jonathan. Ansel Adams and the American Landscape: A Biography . N.p.: U of
California p, 1995. Print.
Wikipedia . N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_Adams>.
The Wilderness Society . Wilderness society, 2014. Web. 4 Feb. 2014.
<http://wilderness.org/bios/former-council-members/ansel-adams>.
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The Koch Brothers
Dashiel
David and Charles Koch, known as the Koch brothers, are most known as owners of Koch industries a multi-billion dollar corporation. They are libertarians that are against all climate change research and science. David
Koch ran for president on the libertarian ticket in 1980. He got 1.06% of the vote. Koch Industries is the second biggest privately owned oil company. Owning 37,000 miles of oil and gas pipeline. Koch materials owns enough asphalt to pave 125,000 miles of road a year. They use their money to fund and influence groups, opinions and policy. They have been known to pay up to 50 million to groups that support their ideas. The Koch Industries is an international company that started in 1967 when
Charles Koch took over his father’s small oil company, Rock Island Oil Refining, and turned into a company, which makes approximately 100 billion dollars per year. Koch Industries was named in honor of their father. In 2010 the Koch brothers were exposed and some organizations had found out what bad things Koch industries and the Koch brothers were doing.
The Koch brothers use their money to hinder global climate change by influencing lawmakers to protect their companies from laws and regulations. They also give money to “think tanks” that influence news stations and the media, which then influences public opinion. They make global warming look like an opinion when it is actually a scientific fact. What would climate change be like now without the Koch brothers or their supporters? Climate change research might be a little farther along and public opinion. What if the Koch used their money for climate change research? Maybe we would have new ways to prevent climate change from happening and new ways get energy or alter natives to fossil fuels.
Billionaire tycoon David Koch likes to joke that Koch Industries is, "The biggest company you’ve never heard of". But the nearly US$50 million that he and his brother Charles quietly funnelled to front groups which deny that climate change is a problem is no joking matter. Our new report shows how that cash, between 1997 and 2008, went to groups working to prevent action being taken against climate change.
Works Cited
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Bates, Michael Uknown. Globe & Mail . Toronto: Globe & Mail, 1989. Gale Biography in
Context . Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
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David, Laurie, and Cambria Gordon. The Down-to-Earth Guide to Global Warming . New York:
Orchard, 2007. Print.
Scientific American . N.p., 31 Mar. 2010. Web. 23 Jan. 2014.
<http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/who-funds-contrariness-on/?print=true>.
Unknown. "Charles Koch." International Directory of Business Biographies . By Unknown.
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. unknown, 1 Feb. e. Web. 4 Feb.
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Unknown, Unknown Unknown. "Exposing the dirty money behind fake climate science." greenpeace . Greenpeace International, 30 Mar. 2010. Web. 10 Jan. 2014.
47

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30032010/>.
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Glossary Terms
Thermal Expansion - Increase in volume of a material as its temperature is increased
Relative Sea Levels - The sea level in relation to the level of the continental crust
Arêtes
- a ridge in the middle of two cirques or a ridge between two parallel glaciers
Col - a low, saddle-shaped gap made when two glaciers meet at an arêtes
Keys –Maple seed
Lobed – A leaf having deeply indented margins
Eutrophic – Having waters rich in mineral and organic nutrients that promote a proliferation of plant life, especially algae, which reduces the dissolved oxygen content and often causes the extinction of other organisms
Hypoxic – Deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching body tissues
Parts per Million - If you take a million parts of air how many parts of that is CO
2
Mortality - death, esp. on a large scale
Meteorologist- Scientific study of the atmosphere.
Insufficient- Not enough.
Climatologis t-A type of meteorologist who studies long terms weather patterns over time.
Tide Pools - Tide pools, or rock pools, are rocky pools by oceans that are filled with seawater.
Many exist because of the tide going out, leaving some water trapped.
Crustaceans - Crustaceans are animals like crabs, crayfish, lobsters, shrimp, krill, and barnacles.
Ultraviolet light - Ultraviolet light or rays are electromagnetic radiation, with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
Representatives : A person chosen or elected to speak and act on behalf of others in a legislative assembly or deliberative body.
Programme : A planned series of future events, items, or performances
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Electrolyte – A conductor in which electric current is carried by the movement of ions that are not metallic.
Pathogenic – Causing disease
Climate Change : Significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years.
Global Warming : Continuing rise in the average temperature of Earth's climate system.
Environment-friendly are ambiguous terms used to refer to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies claimed to inflict reduced, minimal, or no harm at all, upon ecosystems or the environment
Emissions are the production and discharge of something, esp. gas or radiation.
Liaisons - communication or cooperation that facilitates a close working relationship between people or organizations.
CO
2
- carbon dioxide: a heavy odorless colorless gas formed by formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis.
PortfolioA bunch of photographs that are published together, usually with the same theme.
Aspiring having the ambition to do a certain thing or be like a certain person.
Anthropologist – a scientist who studies humankind
Primatologist – a scientist who studies primates (mammals such as apes, monkeys, chimpanzees, etc.)
Deforestation – the cutting down of plants in the forest, particularly trees
Libertarian - a person who believes in the doctrine of free will
Asphalt - mixture of dark bituminous pitch with sand or gravel used for roads
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