Your Name _______________________Period ______ Date __________
Chapter 11 Earth Science Word Study – Deformation of the Crust
Directions: Study the following words by reading and rereading them each
evening so you will be prepared for the word study test each week. You may use
one index card to write as many words and definitions on as possible to use for the
test. The card must written in ink, be in your handwriting, and have your name,
period, and chapter recorded in the top, right corner with no obvious erasures or
mark outs. If all the criteria are met, you may use your index card during the
test. It will then be stapled to your test.
1.) deformation – changes in rock formations that result from the bending,
tilting, or breaking of Earth's crust
2.) isostosy – the state of equilibrium on the crust when the force of gravity,
or weight, pressing down on the lithosphere is equal to the force of
buoyancy from the asthenosphere pressing up on the lithosphere
3.) stress – the amount of force per unit area that acts on a rock; each of the
three types of stresses occur at or near all types of plate boundaries
4.) compression - the type of stress that squeezes and shortens a body of rock
reducing the amount of space that rock occupies; this type of stress
usually occurs near convergent (boundaries that push together)
boundaries
5.) tension - the type of stress that stretches and pulls a body of rock apart
often causing the rock to become thinner; this type of stress is usually
found near divergent (boundaries that pull apart) boundaries
6.) shear - the type of stress that pushes part of the body of rock in opposite
directions causing the rock to bend, twist, or break apart as they slide by
each other; this type of stress usually occurs at transform boundaries
where tectonic plates slide past each other
7.) strain - any change in the shape or volume of rock that results from stress
8.) factors affecting strain - temperature, pressure, and composition affect
how rock deforms
9.) brittle - materials that respond to stress by breaking or fracturing
10.) ductile - materials that respond to stress by bending or deforming without
breaking
11.) fold – a form of ductile strain in which rock layers bend, usually because of
a result of compression
12.) anticline - a fold that is usually arched and in which the oldest layer is in
the center
13.) syncline - a fold that is usually bowl shaped and in which the youngest
layer is in the center
14.) monocline - a fold in which both limbs are usually horizontal and is formed
when Earth's crust moves up and down
15.) ridge - la large, narrow, strip of elevated land that can occur near
mountains
16.) limbs - the sloping sides of a fold
17.) hinges - the section where the limbs of a fold meet at the bend in the rock layers
18.) axial plane -a plane that could slice a fold's structure into two symmetrical
halves when the fold is symmetrical
19.) fracture - a break in which there is no movement of the surrounding rock
20.) fault - a break in which the surrounding rock moves
21.) normal fault - a fault in which the hanging wall moves downward from the
footwall; this type of fault usually occurs at divergent boundaries
22.) reverse fault - when compression causes the hanging wall to move
upward relative to the footwall; this type of fault usually occurs at
divergent boundaries where the crust is being pulled apart by tension;
common in steep mountain ranges such as the Rockies and the Alps
23.) thrust fault - a type of reverse fault in which the fault plane is at a low
angle or is nearly horizontal and because of this low angle, the rock of the
hanging wall is pushed up and over the rock of the footwall; common in
steep mountain ranges such as the Rockies and the Alps
24.) strike-slip fault - the rock on either side of the fault plane slides
horizontally in response to shear stress and usually occurs at transform
boundaries such as the San Andreas fault system that stretches 1,200 km
25.) mountain range - a group of mountains that are adjacent or next to each
other
26.) mountain system - a group of mountain ranges that are adjacent or next
to each other
27.) mountain belts - the largest mountain systems are part of two larger
systems/the two largest mountain systems include the circum-Pacific belt
which circles the Pacific Ocean and the Eurasian-Melanesian belt which
runs from the Pacific Islands through Asia and southern Europe and into
north-western Africa
28.) folded mountain - mountains formed when tectonic movements squeeze
rock layers together into accordion-like folds/Examples include parts of
the Alps, the Himalayas, and the Colorado Plateau next to the Rockies
29.) plateaus - large, flat areas of rock high above sea level that usually form
when thick, horizontal layers of rock are slowly uplifted so that the layers
remain flat instead of faulting and folding
30.) fault-block mountain - a mountain that forms where faulting breaks
Earth's crust into large blocks, which causes some blocls to drop down
relative to other blocks/ The Sierra Nevada mountains in California are an
example of a fault-block mountain range.
31.) grabens - long, narrow valleys developed when steep faults break the
crust into blocks and one block slips down
32.) dome mountain - a rare type of mountain that forms when magma rises
through the crust and pushes up the rock layers above the
magma/Examples include the Black Hills of South Dakota, the Adirondack
Mountains of New York, and Stone Mountain in Georgia
33.) volcanic mountains - mountains that form when magma erupts onto
Earth's surface