GENETICS all domains and elements( usatestprep2012)
Allele
Anaphase
Animal Cell
Asexual
Cutting
DNA
Fingerprinting
Electrophoresis
G1
Gene Therapy
Artificial
Selection
Cancer
Chromosome
Theory
Cytokinesis
DNA
Sequencing
Enzyme
G2
Generation
Binary Fission
Cell Division
Biotechnology
Centrioles
Budding
Chromosome
Codominance
Diploid
Crossing Over
DNA
Dominant
Forensics
Gene Expression
Egg
Frameshift
Gene Splicing
Genetic
Engineering
Haploid Cell
Genetic
Variation
Heredity
Genetics
Genotype
Growth
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Inheritance
Insertion
Interphase
Human
Genome
Project
Karyotype
Independent
Assortment
Law Of
Segregation
Mitosis
Lethal Gene
Meiosis
Mendel
Monohybrid
Cross
Nucleotide
Plant Cell
Monohybrid
Cross
Nucleus
Ploidy
Recessive Trait
Sperm
Recessive
Allele
Selective
Breeding
Spore
Multiple
Alleles
Nucleus
Point
Mutation
Recombinant
DNA
Sexual
Trisomy
Zygote
Nondisjunction
Phenotype
Punnett Square
RNA
Sex
Chromosomes
Telophase
Trait
Cell
Cleavage
Deletion
DNA
Sequencing
Evolution
Gamete
Genetic Cross
Mendelian
Inheritance
Mutagens
Offspring
Prophase
Replication
Sexual
Reproduction
Transgenic
Crop
Asexual
Reproduction
Cell Cycle
Clones
Dihybrid Cross
Dominant
Fertilization
Gene
Genetic
Disorders
Haploid
Incomplete
Dominance
Law Of
Dominance
Metaphase
Mutation
Parent
Protein
Synthesis
Reproduction
Somatic Cell
Translocation
Allele- This is an alternative form of a gene.
Anaphase- This is the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes separate to the opposite ends of
the cell.
Animal Cell -This kind of cell does not have a large central vacuole.
Artificial Selection- This is the process of intentionally interfering with the breeding process to
encourage certain traits over others.
Asexual- This is a type of reproduction where one organism divides into two and there is no exchange of
genetic information.
Asexual Reproduction- Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself.
Binary Fission -This is a form of asexual reproduction in which one cell or organism is split in two; this is
a natural form of cloning and provides no genetic variety.
Biotechnology- This is the use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products
intended to improve the quality of human life.
Budding- This is a type of asexual reproduction where an offspring grows out of the body of the parent.
Cancer- This is the result of uncontrolled cell division. Often caused by mutations. Mutations may be
caused by environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals.
Cell- This is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms, and are sometimes called the
"building blocks of life."
Cell Cycle- The series of events in a eukaryotic cell that involve growth, replication and division.
Cell Division- This is the process of cell reproduction where cell splits into two daughter cells.
Centrioles- These are barrel shaped microtubules in most animal cells, that organize the spindles during
cell division.
Chromosome- This is the structure in the cell nucleus that houses a cell's genetic information.
Chromosome Theory- This theory of inheritance states that genes are located on chromosomes which
undergo segregation and independent assortment.
Cleavage- This is when minerals break on specific planes.
Clones- These are organisms that come from the same cell and are genetically identical to one another.
Codominance- This is a type of heredity where two dominant alleles are both fully expressed in a
phenotype.
Crossing Over- This is the process in which two chromosomes exchange DNA during prophase of
meiosis.
Cutting- This is a method of asexual plant reproduction in which a piece of stem, root, or leaf is used to
group new plants identical to the mother plant.
Cytokinesis- This is the last part of the cell cycle, and it is where the cytoplasm is divides amongst the
two new daughter cells.
Deletion- A genetic mutation caused by the loss of a chromosomal segment.
Dihybrid Cross- This is the inheritance of alleles of two genes from two different parents.
Diploid- This is an organism or cell with two sets of chromosomes.
DNA- This holds an organisms hereditary information.
DNA Fingerprinting- This is a technique used to distinguish between individuals of the same species
using only samples of their DNA.
DNA Sequencing- This is the process of identifying the sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA.
DNA Sequencing- This is a biochemical process used for determining the order of the nucleotide bases,
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in any DNA molecule. By comparing the DNA sequence of two
organisms, scientists can see if the organisms are related or not, as well as how closely they are related.
Dominant- This is an observable trait of an organism that can mask the recessive trait.
Dominant- This term describes a species which is the central, most important one in an ecosystem
Egg- This is the female reproductive cell.
Electrophoresis- This is the process of separating DNA fragments by size using an electric field and a
fluorescent dye.
Enzyme- These are complex proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the amount of
energy needed to get the reaction started.
Evolution- This is a change in the genetic makeup of a population or species over time.
Fertilization- The process of one gamete (sex cell) joining another.
Forensics- This is the application of a wide range of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal
system. DNA analysis is one component that may be used to place a suspect at a crime scene.
Frameshift- This is a genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides
that changes the amino acid sequence from the site of the mutation forward.
G 1- This is the period during the cell cycle when the cell is neither preparing for cell division nor
dividing; it is just being a cell and doing what it usually does during normal cellular activities.
G 2- This the period during the cell cycle between the DNA replication and mitosis. Chromatin condense
into chromosomes and the chromosomes get ready for segregation.
Gamete- This is a haploid cell with half the reproductive information from the parent.
Gene- This is a segment of DNA on the chromosome that is coded for a particular trait.
Gene Expression -This is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a
functional gene product. These products are often proteins.
Gene Splicing -The cutting of DNA by specific enzymes known as restriction endonucleases.
Gene Therapy- This is the insertion of genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a disease,
hereditary diseases in particular.
Generation- The next level of offspring from the parent. For humans, it occurs about once every 30
years.
Genetic Cross- This is showing possible outcomes, genotypes and phenotypes, of offspring from two
parents. This is usually shown using a Punnett square.
Genetic Disorders- These are inherited diseases that cause negative, abnormal physical effects in
organisms.
Genetic Engineering- The process of manipulating the DNA code of living organisms.
Genetic Variation- This is one result of gamete formation through meiosis and fertilization during sexual
reproduction that promotes biodiversity within a species.
Genetics- This is the science of genes, heredity and variation of organisms.
Genotype -The genetic makeup of an organism.
Growth- This refers to an increase in some quantity over time. In organisms, this is a result of mitosis.
Haploid- This is a cell or organism having half of the diploid chromosome number, symbolized by "n".
Haploid Cell- This is a cell that has one copy of its genetic information in each cell.
Heredity -This is the transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring.
Heterozygous- This is an organism that has two different alleles for the same genetic trait.
Homozygous- This is an organism that has two identical alleles for the same genetic trait.
Human Genome Project- This mapped all the genes in the human genome.
Incomplete Dominance- This is a trait that is a blend of the dominant and recessive gene
Independent Assortment- This is one of Mendel's principles that govern the process of genetic
inheritance. It states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes (sex
cells). This means that traits are passed to offspring independently of one another.
Inheritance- The passing on of genetic traits from parents to offspring.
Insertion- This is a type of mutation that occurs when a nucleotide base pair is added into a genetic
sequence.
Interphase- This is the time before the cell cycle where the cell is performing its normal functions and
beings to get ready to divide.
Karyotype- This is the complete set of all chromosomes of a cell of any living organism. They are often
displayed in a photograph of chromosomes that have been grouped into matching pairs.
Law Of Dominance One of Mendel's Laws of Inheritance- This law states an organism has two different
alleles for a trait and the allele that is expressed in the phenotype, masking the expression of the other
allele,is said to be dominant. The allele whose expression is masked is said to be recessive.
Law Of Segregation- This is Mendel's first law. For each inherited trait, there are at least one pair of
alleles. This states that during gamete formation each member of an allelic pair separates from the
other member to form the genetic make-up of a gamete (sex cell).
Lethal Gene- This is a genetic mutation that causes the premature death of the organism.
Meiosis- This is a process where a parent cell divides into four sex cells with half the chromosomes.
Mendel- This scientist is known as the Father of Genetics, because of his work with pea plants.
Mendelian Inheritance- This is the concept that organisms pass traits to offspring through genes.
Metaphase- This is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell before being
separated into each of the two daughter cells.
Mitosis- The process of nuclear division in cells that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical
to each other and to the parent cell.
Monohybrid Cross -This is the inheritance of a single pair of contrasted characteristics.
Monohybrid Cross -This is a type of Punnett square genetic cross that predicts the result of crossing two
different alleles for the same gene.
Multiple Alleles- This is the possibility of one of many different genes on a chromosome.
Mutagens- This is any physical or chemical agent that interacts with DNA to cause a mutation.
Mutation- This is a random error/change in the DNA sequence. These may be inherited or occur in cells
during the lifetime of the organism.
Nondisjunction- This is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis.
Nucleotide- This is the repeating structural unit that forms RNA and DNA.
Nucleus- This is a group of protons and neutrons in the center of all atoms.
Nucleus- The structure that houses the cells genetic information.
Offspring- These are the descendants of the parent generation.
Parent- This is the generation that produces the offspring.
Phenotype- The physical expression of genes.
Plant Cell -This kind of cell has a large central vacuole and a cell wall.
Ploidy- This indicates the number of copies of the basic number of chromosomes.
Point Mutation- This is a genetic mutation caused by the replacement of a single base nucleotide with
another nucleotide. This term also includes insertions or deletions of a single base pair.
Prophase- This is the first stage of nuclear cell division in which centrioles move to opposite ends of the
cells and chromosomes, spindle fibers, and an aster become visible.
Protein Synthesis- This is a two-part process that ends in the assembly of proteins at the ribosomes
within cells. The first part, transcription, begins in the nucleus, when the DNA code is transferred to
mRNA. The second part, translation, takes place at the ribosomes, where both mRNA and tRNA work to
assemble proteins.
Punnett Square- This is a diagram that shows the gene combinations that might result from a genetic
cross.
Recessive Allele- This is a form of a gene that is hidden by another, dominant, form of the same gene.
Recessive Trait- A trait that can be masked by another one.
Recombinant DNA -This is an artificial genetic sequence from combining two other sequences in a
plasmid.
Replication- This is the copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA.
Reproduction- This is the biological process of creating a new organism.
RNA -A single stranded nucleic acid that plays a role in protein synthesis.
Selective Breeding -The process of developing a cultivated group of domesticated animal.
Sex Chromosomes- This is the biological determination system for the sex of an offspring.
Sexual- This is a type of reproduction where there is a exchange of genetic information in order to create
new individuals.
Sexual Reproduction- Process by which two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of
a new organism.
Somatic Cell- This is any cell in a living organism that is not part of reproduction.
Sperm- This is the male reproductive cell.
Spore- This is a haploid reproductive cell produced by fungi, and in some cases, algae, or non-vascular
plants.
Telophase- This is the final phase of nuclear cell division during which a nuclear envelope forms around
each new set of chromosomes.
Trait- A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another.
Transgenic Crop- This is plant or crop that contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted
instead of acquiring them through fertilization. The inserted gene sequence is known as a transgene and
may come from an unrelated plant or from a completely different species.
Translocation- This moves a segment from one chromosome to another, nonhomologous one.
Trisomy- This is the result of nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis. This mutation results in
three copies, instead of the normal two. It can happen with sex or autosomal chromosomes.
Zygote- This is the first cell of a new individual, formed by the fusion of a sperm and egg at fertilization