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Oak Ridge: The City Behind the Gates
Annotated Bibliography
Emily Campbell
Senior Division
Website
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PRIMARY
Atomic Energy Commission. Development of Atomic Power No Simple Problem. 22 Aug. 1946.
Print.
This press release shows the importance of the Clinton Laboratories centered in Oak
Ridge as it relates to the contribution of Argonne National Laboratories. The two
laboratories were both sharing the challenge of power piles, another part of a project after
the Manhattan Project. This release showed the importance of the Oak Ridge
Laboratories and that the city continued to make scientific progress even after the main
wartime purpose of the town had been fulfilled.
Atomic Energy Commission. Research Activities August 1945-August 1946. 1945 Print.
This report is focused on the continuation of any sort of atomic research during
peacetime. One of the considerations was ensuring time and manpower would be used to
protect the nation rather than for pure research. However, the contracts were renewed for
the Argonne Laboratory at Chicago, the Clinton Laboratories in Oak Ridge, and the
General Electric Company to continue studies in the fundamentals of chemistry,
engineering, and physics in connection with the atomic energy program. This report
showed that the projects that were worked on in Oak Ridge were important enough to
support for at least another year, despite concerns about a loss of manpower and time.
Atomic Energy Commission. The Role of Clinton Laboratories in the Atomic Bomb Project.
1945. Print
This article describes the contribution of the Clinton Laboratories in Oak Ridge,
Tennessee to Atomic Bomb Project. In Chicago 1942, the elements needed to destroy one
of the cities in Japan was found. One element, element number 94, is called plutonium.
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This element had to be produced by separating uranium from plutonium. Clinton
Laboratories were built in order to produce small, experimental quantities to be used in
the atomic bomb. I was able to use this paper to show how a building in a small new town
could bring serious progress to the Atomic Bomb project.
Atomic Scientists of Chicago. "Medical and Industrial Uses of Pile Products." Bulletin of Atomic
Scientists. 1.9 (1946): 16. Print.
This journal article talks about future uses for atomic energy, promising that Oak Ridge
will remain in business. Even after the war is over, Oak Ridge continues to produce
scientific achievements in atomic energy.
Barcella, Ernest. "Booming Guns Quiet While Pact Awaits Formal Signature." Knoxville News
Journal [Knoxville, TN] 15 Aug 1945, Oak Ridge Edition Front Page. Print.
This article in the newspaper told of the Japanese surrender after the second bomb was
dropped. Although the Japanese wanted their emperor to remain where he was and retain
all of his power, the Allies gave only the option of unconditional surrender. One main
reason of this surrender was because of the dropping of two atomic bombs, which Oak
Ridge helped make.
Black, Colleen. Rowan, Sheila. Iocavino, JoEllen. Personal Interview. 30 Dec. 2012.
In this interview with the three sisters, I learned much about life in Oak Ridge from
different age perspectives. Colleen was a working young woman in Oak Ridge during the
war, and her sisters Sheila and JoEllen were young schoolgirls. The women gave me an
idea of how war affected even a special town such as Oak Ridge through occurrences like
metal drives. Through humorous stories, I gained a mental picture of how the start,
duration, and end of the war affected the women. They shared that they took great pride
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in Oak Ridge’s activities scientifically today and during the war. They also spoke about
security in the town and that it was very important and that even the then schoolgirls new
that it was necessary.
Bogardus, Muriel. Personal Interview. 31 Dec. 2012.
Muriel moved from New York as a new bride with her husband to the East Tennessee
area because her husband got drafted into the service to do engineering for Oak Ridge.
They originally had to live right outside of Oak Ridge until they got housing in town.
Boggild, Robert. Interview by Michael Willie. "Interview with Robert Boggild." Veterans
History Project. 03 Jan. 2003. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Web.
Robert Boggild was involved in the Manhattan Project in a way that allowed him to get a
bigger picture of what was actually happening in Oak Ridge during wartime than most
people. When he moved to Oak Ridge, he worked for the Kellex Corporation, a
construction company. Robert inspected equipment, installation, and instrumentation for
the K-25 gaseous diffusion plant. Because of his job, it was necessary that Robert have an
idea of how the whole plant ran, meaning he had enough information to gather an idea
about what Oak Ridge was really doing. Mr. Boggild gave me insight into the perspective
of a non-scientist worker in Oak Ridge during wartime.
Brehmer, Jr., Robert L. Interview by Brooks Kohli. "Interview with Robert Louis Brehmer,
Jr."Veterans History Project. 30 Nov. 2003. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Web.
Robert Brehmer was a chemical engineer for the Tennessee Eastman Company during
World War II. Robert was able to describe his work in converting uranium oxide to
uranium chloride, the first enrichment step needed to produce uranium 235. He also
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provided an accurate description of what it was like for the people of Oak Ridge
immediately after the bomb was dropped. Robert states his feelings of pride and surprise
that came when he learned about Oak Ridge’s participation in the production of the
atomic bombs.
Department of Energy. Tulip Town Market. 4 July 1945. Photograph.
This photograph shows the women preparing to work at a local market. The photograph
helps me to see that even though the town was full of scientists and was kept a secret
from everyone else on the planet, some everyday habits were still maintained.
General Electric Company. Adventures Inside the Atom. 1948. Print.
This comic book produced exclusively for Oak Ridge children is full of information
about the discovery of the atom leading up to the ways that scientists can harness the
atom’s power. This comic book assisted me by showing that even the children in Oak
Ridge at the time it was first built were influenced by the science going on and were well
educated on it.
Groves, Leslie. General Groves’s Speech to Civilian Personnel. 29 Aug. 1945. Print.
In this speech, General Groves speaks to the civilians about their victory of the war.
General Groves says that the United States won as a result of the Manhattan Project. He
congratulates all the civilians and speaks about how well all of the people performed even
when the utmost secrecy was required. This speech shows how the Manhattan Project
played a tremendous role in the victory of World War II. Since Oak Ridge was a major
contributor to the Manhattan Project, it was also a major contributor to the victory over
Japan.
Groves, Leslie. General Groves’s Speech to Enlisted Personnel. 28 Aug. 1945. Print.
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In this speech General Groves thanks the people who worked in several of the
laboratories, including the Clinton Laboratory. He said that without the work of the
laboratories, the war would not have been won. This speech shows that even after all of
the efforts of all contributors to the war, Oak Ridge was recognized as one of the greatest.
Groves, Leslie. General Groves’s Speech to Officers Regarding the Atom Bomb. 1945. Print.
In this speech, General Groves explained that the use of the atomic bomb was the only
way to end World War II, losing as few lives as possible for both the Americans and the
Japanese. He says that he does not feel sorry about what has happened but is pleased that
the secret efforts of the laboratories throughout the country have truly paid off. This
speech is useful to me because it shows that General Grove believes that the only way
that the United States could have seen victory was with the use of the atomic bombs.
Lane, Joan. Personal Interview. 31 Dec. 2012.
Joan Lane moved with her family to East Tennessee because her father could not get
work in construction anywhere else. She described moving to Tennessee as the beginning
of the brighter days for her family. Since she was only 10 when she came to Oak Ridge,
her perspective was that of a child’s life in Oak Ridge. Even as a child, she was definitely
aware of the tight security and secrecy, as well as the impact Oak Ridge made in ending
the war.
Major General Leslie R. Groves, in charge of the Manhattan Project. 1942. Photograph. Office
of War Information, New York. Web.
This is a photograph of General Leslie R. Groves, the head of the Manhattan Project. In
this picture, he paused his work planning and running the Manhattan Project, which was
also referred to as the atomic bomb project, to smile for the camera.
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Miller, Glenn. Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree. Glenn Miller. N.d. MP3
This song was a popular wartime song even in Oak Ridge that spoke about the women
hoping their soldiers would stay true to them even at war and that the women would do
the same.
Salisbury, Harrison. "Papers Passed Through Sweden and Switzerland." Knoxville News-Sentinel
[Knoxville, TN] 10 008 1945, Final Edition 1. Print.
This article explains the first surrender option that Japan offered, requesting that the
emperor remain in power. The country wanted to surrender quickly for fear of another
impending atomic bomb dropping on a major city of theirs. The article shows the
importance of the atomic bombs in Japan’s surrender which shows the importance of Oak
Ridge in Japan’s surrender.
Salisbury, Morse. Release on Miniature Power Plant at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 3 Sept.
1948. Print.
This memorandum from Mr. Salisbury to Gordon Molesworth discourages the unveiling
of an atomic powered flashlight because it will make the people form a poor opinion of
the laboratory. Salisbury thinks that showing the public this flashlight will make the
public believe that they are wasting valuable time and money on such a “toy.” He also
thinks that the public might begin to get the impression that the scientists at the
laboratory have seriously advanced their knowledge so that they may focus on building
flashlights rather than new research and development. This memorandum shows that the
scientists’ creativity lived on past Manhattan Project, and they did not cease to continue
the exploration of atomic energy even after the war.
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Tennessee Valley Authority. Oak Ridge Elementary School. 1938. Photograph.
This photograph shows how simple the schoolhouse was before the secret city was built
and running. This photograph shows the simplicity of life before the Manhattan Project
brought new technology and a booming population to East Tennessee.
Tyree, William. "Japs Stunned Second Time In Four Days With Atomic Bomb." Knoxville
Journal [Knoxville, TN] 09 008 1945, Oak Ridge Edition 1. Print.
This article talks about the damage done by the second atomic bomb being dropped soon
after the first. Every person was shocked that it happened again, and thousands of lives
were lost for the second time. This article shows just how the thousands of workers in
Oak Ridge contributed to World War II.
Werner, Lessie, and George Werner. Personal Interview. 30 Dec. 2012.
Lessie had just graduated from college and was only able to find a job in Oak Ridge at
the time. She worked in a chemistry laboratory at the Y-12 plant, one of two females in
that position. She explained the high level security in the plants and the badges used to
get in and out of designated places. She was married and raised children in the town, so
she was also able to give me a good idea of recreational activities for a young woman, a
mother, and children. George was an electrical engineer and worked in Y-12 even after
the war. He worked to find better ways to enrich uranium, worked with magnetism, and
experimented with lasers. Both Lessie and George gave good insight on Oak Ridge
during and after the war and Oak Ridge’s impact on World War II and the present.
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Westcott, Ed. A&P Store in Jackson Square. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. c. 1943. Print.
This picture shows three men working at a meat counter at the A&P store in Jackson
Square, explaining to the waiting women that they have no meat to sell because the meat
rations for the week have not lasted the entire week. Many of the women in the
photograph are laughing because this is such a common thing to happen, and the man
behind the counter also laughs. This photograph shows that even though Oak Ridge is a
town special because of the Manhattan Project and all of its scientific endeavors, the
people were still faced with the same challenges as other American towns during the war.
Westcott, Ed. A&P Store in Jackson Square. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. c. 1943. Print.
This photograph shows a beta racetrack that is made up of many calutrons. These
calutrons are controlled from many floors above and the racetrack itself is used for
separating uranium isotopes in the Y-12 Electromagnetic Separation Plant.
Westcott, Ed. Calutron Panel. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c.
1943. Print.
This picture is of a young woman working at one of the calutron control panels. She
knew how to do her specific job as a panel worker although she had no idea that the panel
she operated was a calutron and did not know what a calutron was. This picture shows
just one of the many young women who came to Oak Ridge to work without any
knowledge of what they were doing or why.
Westcott, Ed. Early X-10. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c. 1943.
Print.
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In this photograph, the laboratory known as Clinton Laboratories is shown in its early
days, when Oak Ridge was still being built. Many houses were still being put up, trailers
were being brought in, other laboratories were being built, and recreational centers were
being made.
Westcott, Ed. Hutment Area. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c. 1943.
Print.
This photograph depicts the settlements in which the black families lived in Oak Ridge.
This picture shows what Oak Ridge was like for all types of people before Oak Ridge
ceased segregation, one of the first towns in the state to do so.
Westcott, Ed. In the Days of Mud. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c.
1943. Print.
This is a photograph of two pairs of muddy boots and a sign that reads, “IN THE DAYS
OF MUD.” This picture shows the sort of conditions that the workers and families of the
new town of Oak Ridge had to deal with. Everywhere in the town was muddy, and as a
result, it was rare that any person owned a pair of clean, mud-less shoes.
Westcott, Ed. Inside St. Mary’s Catholic Church. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. c. 1943. Print.
This church was the first Catholic church to be built in Oak Ridge. A large amount of
Oak Ridge’s population was Catholic. Before this church was built, the Catholics had to
share the Chapel on the Hill church with all other denominations at different times on
Sundays. Sometimes, the Catholics had to hold mass inside the movie theaters.
Westcott, Ed. K-25. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c. 1943. Print.
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This photograph shows the K-25 plant, the plant that used the gaseous diffusion process
to separate uranium. This aerial view shows how incredibly large this plant is and helps
me understand exactly how much manpower was needed to operate the facilities inside.
Westcott, Ed. Logan Emlet Inspects Toy Train. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. c. 1943. Print.
In this photograph, Logan Emlet, a worker from the Oak Ridge National Laboratories
(ORNL) inspects a toy train engine that is run using nuclear power. This photograph
shows that even after the war, Y-12, later known as ORNL, still conducted research and
experimented with nuclear energy to try to find a new use for the energy that could be
used during peacetime.
Westcott, Ed. Public Pool. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c. 1943.
Print.
This photograph shows one of the recreational cities that was provided to the citizens and
workers of Oak Ridge. These sorts of facilities were nearly always full because the
population of the town was so large.
Westcott, Ed. Stone Webster Ball Team. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. c. 1943. Print.
This is a baseball team that played in Oak Ridge during the war. This program was one of
the many recreational programs provided to the thousands of workers living in Oak Ridge
during World War II.
Westcott, Ed. War Bond Sign in Jackson Square. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. c. 1943. Print.
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This picture measures the amount of war bonds bought in Oak Ridge, along with a giant
figure of Uncle Sam rolling up his sleeves. This picture shows that every man and
woman, civilian or scientist needed to do their part to help in helping towards reaching
their main goal, winning the war.
Westcott, Ed. Wedding. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c. 1943.
Print.
This photograph shows the first wedding that was held in Oak Ridge. This wedding is at
the church called Chapel on the Hill. Later on, many weddings for all denominations
occurred at this church.
Westcott, Ed. What You See Here. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c.
1943. Print.
This is a photograph shows a very famous billboard from Oak Ridge. It reads, “What
You See Here, What You Do Here, What You Leave Here, Let It Stay Here,” and has
three monkeys showing the actions of seeing hearing and speaking. This famous
billboard was just one of the many reminders of Oak Ridge to never talk about their work
or what they knew of the big project with anyone for the sake of winning the war.
Westcott, Ed. X-10 Workers. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c. 1943.
Print.
These workers are using poles and special telescopes to see inside the machine they work
in. They work in the X-10 laboratory, also known as the Clinton Laboratories.
Westcott, Ed. Workers Looking Inside Graphite Reactor. n.d. Photograph. Private collection.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c. 1943. Print.
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These plant workers are using special telescopes to look inside the graphite reactor to
finish their experiments. Because it was unsafe to actually come in contact with the
contents of the reactor, these instruments were used to see inside.
Westcott, Ed. Victory Gardens. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c.
1943. Print.
This photograph gave a good image of everyday Oak Ridgers working in their victory
gardens, gardens they could use to grow their own food to prevent the need to buy any.
This left more food available to the soldiers. The photograph helps me see that even
though many people in the town of Oak Ridge were not soldiers or scientists, they were
still very active in helping the out in the war effort.
Westcott, Ed. Y-12 Racetrack. n.d. Photograph. Private collection. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. c.
1943. Print.
The “racetrack” seen in the picture, located inside the laboratories was one of the many
machines used to process materials for the atomic bombs. This machine required many
workers to operate; some had to run the actual machine, some operated panels from
several levels above the machine, and some processed calculations for the machine.
SECONDARY
Brown, Harrison. Must Destruction Be Our Destiny?. 1st ed. New York: Simon and Schuster,
1946. 3. Print.
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The book talks about why the bomb might have been the only answer for ending World
War II quickly enough. This gave me insight into the extreme importance of Oak Ridge
because it helped end a deadly war, saving hundreds of thousands of lives.
Hunnicutt, Don and Emily Hunnicutt. Personal Interview. 29 Dec. 2012.
Emily Hunnicutt is the daughter of Ed Westcott, the singular official photographer and
documentarian of Oak Ridge during the war. Because Mr. Westcott was the only person
allowed to take photographs of the town, he was able to get pictures inside the
laboratories and capture the everyday life of Oak Ridgers. Don and Emily Hunnicutt are
now in charge of sorting all of Mr. Westcott’s photographs, so they showed me many. I
was able to see each of the plants during its construction phase as well as while it was in
use. In addition to pictures from inside the plants, I also was able to see photographs
taken from around town that depicted a day in Oak Ridge. Through all of the
photographs, I was able to see Oak Ridge grow as a city and see some of the things that
made the town have such an impact on the world.
Johnson, Charles W., and Charles O. Jackson. City Behind a Fence. Knoxville: University of
Tennessee Press, 1981. Print.
An incredible resource, this book provides a thorough look into many aspects of Oak
Ridge during the years of 1942 through 1946. The impact of secrecy both in the
laboratories and in civilians lives, daily life of the military run town, the construction and
challenges of a new town, and the impact on the war was discussed in this source. Along
with detailed description, the book also had many photographs and maps showed the
history artfully.
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Johnson, Leland, and Daniel Schaffer. Oak Ridge National Laboratory: The First Fifty Years.
Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994. Print.
I used this book to learn about everything that went on in the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, formerly known as X-10 and Clinton Laboratories during World War II.
Because this source covers a span of fifty years of the laboratory’s history, only a small
portion of which was during the war, this book was an excellent source to show the
continuing scientific developments in Oak Ridge and specifically those in the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory.
Kelly, Cynthia C. A Guide to the Manhattan Project in Tennessee. :Atomic Heritage Foundation,
2011. Print.
This book was useful in that is offered a good overview in all of the parts of Oak Ridge.
There were sections on all of the plants and their contributions to the atomic bomb during
wartime as well as contributions to the world after the war. The source gave information
on housing, segregation, women, and daily life that included recreation and church
services.
Lang, Daniel. From Hiroshima to the Moon, Chronicles of Life in the Atomic Age. 10th. New
York: Simon and Schuster, 1959. Print.
This book explains uses for atomic energy in science, engineering, space, and medicine,
helping me to see how the discoveries in Oak Ridge helped continue scientific progress
for our country even after the war was over. It showed that besides the atomic bomb, Oak
Ridge was extremely helpful in furthering scientific knowledge in many different
subjects.
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Secret City: The Oak Ridge Story 1945-2006. Dir. Keith McDaniel. Prod. David Bradshaw and
D. Ray Smith. Storyville Productions, 2006. DVD.
This documentary film gave a history of Oak Ridge beginning from its prime in 1945 and
ending with modern day discoveries. The film showed how much of an impact the atomic
bombs made on the war and on the world and linked these bombs to Oak Ridge. It also
showed some of the more recent scientific discoveries such as the medical uses of
radioisotopes which were discovered in the laboratories of Oak Ridge. This documentary
was a good source to get thorough background of Oak Ridge and see that just as it
changed the world by ending World War II, it continues to change the world today.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory Creative Media. A Laboratory Reborn: Oak Ridge National
Laboratory: Managed by UT-Battelle for the Department of Energy. Oak Ridge: UTBattelle, 2008. Print.
This book presents the story of Oak Ridge through photographs, both modern and
historical. The images and captions describe exactly why the Manhattan Project was
necessary and why Oak Ridge was the prime location for a site. Also shown are the
activities in the laboratories with descriptions of what they are. After showing daily life
in Oak Ridge, the book shows the importance of Oak Ridge developing a purpose in
peacetime and then proceeds to show exactly how this was done through pictures of
laboratory work from the end of the war until the modern day.
Office of Science. “The High Flux Isotope Reactor at ORNL.” Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Neutron Sciences. U.S. Department of Energy. Web.
This website provided me with information on some of what Oak Ridge has done since
the war. ORNL has used the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) to study physics,
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materials, engineering, chemistry, and biology. The HFIR is the highest flux-reactor
based source of neutrons used for research in many fields in the United States.
Owens, Mary. Our Century 1930-1940. Print.
This book assisted me in my research by giving me a very detailed picture of what was
happening during the time before the city of Oak Ridge was built. It not only included
information about what was happening in the United States, but also about the other
important and influential countries in the world.
Rockwell, Theodore. Creating the New World: Stories & Images from the Dawn of the Atomic
Age. Bloomington: 1st Library, 2003. Print.
In this book explanations of development in nuclear science and technology are found.
The author both defends past and recent developments and also refutes some claims
against nuclear development. He also gives a history of Oak Ridge from its being
prophesied to the post-war lifestyle and its continuing developments in science,
engineering, and technology.
Smith, D. Ray. "Apollo "Moon Boxes" Made at Y-12, Part 2 -- Y-12's Moon Mission, Use of
Teflon." A Rough Road Leads to the Stars (2011): 31-33. Print.
A continuation from previous article discussing "moon boxes," this article presents some
of the reasons the Oak Ridge Y-12 plant was chosen to construct the containers. These
reasons included the available test, manufacturing, quality control, and engineering
facilities; extensive expertise; support from many scientific areas; and the integration of
the program which Oak Ridge had previously participated in. This article showed that
because of its scientific developments during and long after the war, Oak Ridge was a
choice for major scientific projects that would also affect the world.
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Smith, D. Ray. "Apollo "Moon Boxes" Made at Y-12." A Rough Road Leads to the Stars (2011):
29-30. Print.
In this article, Ray Smith details exactly what the "moon boxes" were used for. They
were used for safely transporting moon rock samples from the moon to Earth to be
examined and studied. The article says that Oak Ridge was understandably chosen to
complete the production of such a box because Oak Ridge had been involved in another
of NASA's past projects, the "BIG" project which required a device to test the effects of
radiation on human blood in space, a device that Oak Ridge built. This article gave me a
good background on what the "moon boxes" were and showed me that Oak Ridge's
contribution was vital to them.
Smith, D. Ray. Personal Interview. 29 Dec. 2012
Ray Smith is the historian for the Y-12 National Security Complex. He gave me an
overview of the areas surrounding Oak Ridge and their reactions to the new town being
built. He discussed the importance of the laboratories during war and the secrecy that was
rooted into all of the workers as well as families of the workers. He talked about the
impact that was made when the gates to the city were opened, making Oak Ridge
available to all. He also told me about the scientific and technological advances that have
taken place since the war that many people tend to forget, such as the radioisotope
program used very widely in medicine, the world’s most powerful neutron generator, the
world’s fastest and largest computer, climate research, and material science. He shared
that without Oak Ridge’s developments during and after the war, the world would not
have been the same.
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Smith, Rodney B. "A ‘Glovebox Well Traveled’" A Rough Road Leads to the Stars (2011): 1628. Print.
In this article, I learned that Y-12 participated in another of NASA's projects. When
NASA wanted to bring back moon rocks to Earth, the challenge was to create a container
that would safely contain the rocks. This meant that Earth's environment could not
damage the rocks and the rocks would in no way endanger the Earth. The Oak Ridge Y12 plant was presented with the task of producing the container. This feat allowed
scientists to safely further our knowledge of the moon and of outer space.
Smith, Walker. "The BIG Project." A Rough Road Leads to the Stars (2011): 8-12. Print.
This article describes, in depth, the participation of the Y-12 laboratory in a project of
NASA's, a project that tested the effect of radiation on human blood in space. The article
says that a device had to be built that met very stringent requirements and could also
operate well. By the end of tests and experiments, a device was built that was soon used
in two test flights to space. The article is useful because it shows that Oak Ridge
continued research and development even after the war and assisted NASA in one of its
major projects.
Smyser, Richard D., Ruth Carey, and Marilyn Schuette. Oak Ridge 1942-1992: A
Commemorative Portrait. Oak Ridge: Oak Ridge Community Foundation, 1992. Print.
This book provides a terrific background history of Oak Ridge. It describes the origins,
the scientific aspects, daily life, and secrecy of the town. The book also discusses why
Oak Ridge was chosen as a site for the Manhattan Project as well as the ways the town
was similar to any regular wartime town. The book was also a good source to show how
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Oak Ridge evolved as a town and how its science continued to develop even after World
War II ended.
Szaflarski, Diane, Robert Dean, and Melanie Dean. "Modern Uses of Radioactive Isotopes.”
Cruising Chemistry. Duke University, n.d. Web. 16 Mar 2013.
This website from Duke University provides some examples of uses of radioactive
isotopes in the modern world. The examples provided include medicine, fire safety,
agriculture and pest control, and archaeology. Since Oak Ridge discovered radioactive
isotopes, this website shows that the discoveries made in Oak Ridge are still instrumental
to the everyday lives of many people.
Westcott, Ed. Images of America: Oak Ridge. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2005. Print.
This book is filled with images taken by the singular official photographer of Oak Ridge,
Ed Westcott. The photographs show the plants in operation as well as during
construction; public housing; public services such as recreation, businesses, and
churches; war efforts of the town; important figures in the Manhattan Project; and the end
of the war.
World Nuclear Association. “Radioisotopes in Medicine.” World Nuclear Association. World
Nuclear Association. Sep. 2012. Web.
This source showed me exactly how radioisotopes, which were discovered in Oak Ridge,
can be used in numerous fields of medicine. This source helps show that in modern day
life Oak Ridge technology is used for many people all over the world.