Journal of Biogeography
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Climatic niche breadth and species richness in temperate treefrogs
Zachary A. Chejanovski and John J. Wiens
Appendix S1 Climatic data for the hylid species from North America used in phylogenetic
ancestral reconstruction, results of evolutionary model testing, and supplementary analyses of
climatic niche breadth versus species richness, phylogenetic generalized least squares and the
time-for-speciation effect. Climatic variables used throughout these analyses include: annual
mean temperature (BIO1), annual mean precipitation (BIO12), minimum temperature of the
coldest month (BIO6), maximum temperature of the warmest month (BIO5), minimum
precipitation of the driest quarter (BIO17) and maximum precipitation of the wettest quarter.
These variables were coded according to the WorldClim database
(http://www.worldclim.org/bioclim), which contains 19 climatic variables derived from
monthly temperature and precipitation values (Tables S1–S5 and Figs S1–S6).
Phylogenetic and locality information were obtained from Wiens et al. (2011) for all 24
species in eastern North America (north of Mexico) and for 56 related species in the tribe
Hylini (including all genera in the tribe).
REFERENCE
Wiens, J.J., Pyron, R.A. & Moen, D.S. (2011) Phylogenetic origins of local scale diversity
patterns and the causes of Amazonian megadiversity. Ecology Letters, 14, 643–652.
1
Table S1 Variables derived from annual mean temperature (BIO1) and annual precipitation
(BIO12) for all extant species used in the study. The minimum (Min.) and maximum (Max.)
represent the minimum and maximum values among the localities included for a given
species. The midpoint represents the midpoint between these minimum and maximum values.
The 24 species in eastern North America are highlighted in bold. See Table S3 for sample
sizes.
Species
Acris crepitans
Acris gryllus
Anotheca
spinosa
Bromeliohyla
bromeliacia
Charadrahyla
nephila
Charadrahyla
taeniopus
Diaglena
spatulata
Duellmanohyla
rufiocolis
Duellmanohyla
soralia
Duellmanohyla
uranochroa
Ecnomiohyla
miliara
Ecnomiohyla
minera
Ecnomiohyla
miotympanum
Exerodonta
chimalapa
Exerodonta
melanoma
Exerodonta
smaragdina
Exerodonta
sumichrasti
Hyla andersoni
Hyla annectans
Hyla arborea
Hyla arenicolor
Hyla avivoca
BIO1 (°C × 10)
BIO12 (mm year-1)
Min. Max. Breadth Midpoint Min. Max. Breadth Midpoint
88
224
136
156.0 324 1591
1267
957.5
156
234
78
195.0 1168 1561
393
1364.5
171
264
93
217.5
943
3338
2395
2140.5
160
212
52
186.0 1693
4941
3248
3317.0
200
212
12
206.0 2890
3792
902
3341.0
144
197
53
170.5 1248
2283
1035
1765.5
242
276
34
259.0
469
1076
607
772.5
193
224
31
208.5 2956
4335
1379
3645.5
196
268
72
232.0 1653
1861
208
1757.0
183
219
36
201.0 1860
3906
2046
2883.0
193
256
63
224.5 2785
3784
999
3284.5
160
225
65
192.5 1293
2523
1230
1908.0
133
252
119
192.5
456
3338
2882
1897.0
212
229
17
220.5 1219
1249
30
1234.0
191
248
57
219.5
598
1776
1178
1187.0
206
265
59
235.5
647
1643
996
1145.0
184
116
97
49
98
129
255
195
254
189
258
194
71
79
157
140
160
65
219.5 580
155.5 1101
175.5 889
119.0 506
178.0 182
161.5 1166
2290
1584
2104
1336
1381
1646
1710
483
1215
830
1199
480
1435.0
1342.5
1496.5
921.0
781.5
1406.0
2
Species
Min. Max.
Hyla chinensis
146
219
19
201
Hyla chrysocelis
131
234
Hyla cinerea
Hyla
euphorbiacea
110
195
Hyla eximia
96
220
160
237
Hyla femoralis
123
228
Hyla gratiosa
Hyla japonica
82
178
Hyla
meridionalis
103
178
Hyla plicata
87
179
160
237
Hyla squirella
44
204
Hyla versicolor
Hyla walkeri
123
151
Hyla wrightorum
65
174
Isthmohyla
pseudopuma
121
200
Isthmohyla
rivularis
114
193
Isthmohyla tica
179
223
Isthmohyla zeteki 156
209
Plectrohyla
ameibothalamae
145
156
Plectrohyla
arborescandens
142
212
Plectrohyla
bistincta
121
211
Plectrohyla
cyclada
132
183
Plectrohyla
glandulosa
94
198
Plectrohyla
guatemalensis
130
222
Plectrohyla
matudai
137
182
Plectrohyla
pentheter
178
206
Pseudacris
76
145
bracyphona
Pseudacris
135
158
brimleyi
Pseudacris
cadaverina
103
217
BIO1 (°C × 10)
BIO12 (mm year-1)
Breadth Midpoint Min. Max. Breadth Midpoint
73
182.5 960 3089
2129
2024.5
182
110.0 465 1550
1085
1007.5
103
182.5 743 1591
848
1167.0
85
124
77
105
96
152.5 538
158.0 357
198.5 1159
175.5 1101
130.0 1072
1665
1695
1546
1638
2312
1127
1338
387
537
1240
1101.5
1026.0
1352.5
1369.5
1692.0
75
92
77
160
28
109
140.5 291
133.0 585
198.5 1010
124.0 790
137.0 1122
119.5 430
1074
1982
1611
1564
1435
987
783
1397
601
774
313
557
682.5
1283.5
1310.5
1177.0
1278.5
708.5
79
160.5 1969
4062
2093
3015.5
79
44
53
153.5 2651
201.0 1912
182.5 1969
3496
4062
3336
845
2150
1367
3073.5
2987.0
2652.5
11
150.5
655
750
95
702.5
70
177.0
665
3792
3127
2228.5
90
166.0
622
2469
1847
1545.5
51
157.5
837
1871
1034
1354.0
146.0 1535
2423
888
1979.0
92
176.0
938
3100
2162
2019.0
45
159.5 1317
2990
1673
2153.5
28
192.0 1276
1375
99
1325.5
69
110.5
982
1474
492
1228.0
23
146.5 1073
1240
167
1156.5
611
483
369.5
104
114
160.0
128
3
Species
Pseudacris
clarkii
Pseudacris
crucifer
Pseudacris
feriarum
Pseudacris
foquettei
Pseudacris
illinoensis
Pseudacris
kalmi
Pseudacris
maculata
Pseudacris
nigrita
Pseudacris
ocularis
Pseudacris
ornata
Pseudacris
regilla
Pseudacris
streckeri
Pseudacris
triseriata
Ptychohyla
euthysanota
Ptychohyla
hypomycter
Ptychohyla
leonhardlschultei
Ptychohyla
spinipollex
Smilisca baudinii
Smilisca
cyanosticta
Smilisca fodiens
Smilisca phaeota
Smilisca sila
Smilisca sordida
Smilsca puma
Tlalocohyla
godmani
Tlalocohyla
loquax
BIO1 (°C × 10)
BIO12 (mm year-1)
Min. Max. Breadth Midpoint Min. Max. Breadth Midpoint
117
230
113
173.5
522
1016
494
769.0
43
204
161
123.5
786
1605
819
1195.5
96
183
87
139.5
929
1505
576
1217.0
137
195
58
166.0
918
1637
719
1277.5
113
148
35
130.5
958
1236
278
1097.0
125
144
19
134.5 1043
1086
43
1064.5
-76
150
226
209
1104
895
656.5
160
237
77
198.5 1187
1577
390
1382.0
171
237
66
204.0 1168
1504
336
1336.0
162
199
37
180.5 1170
1573
403
1371.5
10
235
225
122.5
61
2295
2234
1178.0
133
201
68
167.0
641
1005
364
823.0
75
101
26
88.0
813
1021
208
917.0
112
260
148
186.0 1540
4364
2824
2952.0
166
206
40
186.0 1424
1979
555
1701.5
163
235
72
199.0 1269
2184
915
1726.5
179
170
219
279
40
109
199.0 1449
224.5 684
1718
4900
269
4216
1583.5
2792.0
217
184
200
230
184
241
244
254
271
263
267
262
27
70
71
33
83
21
230.5
219.0
235.5
246.5
225.5
251.5
979
271
1429
2633
1753
2863
4044
1425
4373
3668
4642
4776
3065
1154
2944
1035
2889
1913
2511.5
848.0
2901.0
3150.5
3197.5
3819.5
204
244
40
224.0 1082
2022
940
1552.0
200
272
72
236.0
4090
3279
2450.5
37.0
811
4
Species
Tlalocohyla
picta
Tlalocohyla
smithi
Triprion
petasatus
BIO1 (°C × 10)
BIO12 (mm year-1)
Min. Max. Breadth Midpoint Min. Max. Breadth Midpoint
205
272
67
238.5 1228 3325
2097
2276.5
212
287
75
249.5
447
1775
1328
1111.0
225
261
36
243.0
822
2898
2076
1860.0
5
Table S2 Variables derived from climatic extremes (i.e. warmest/coldest monthly
temperatures and wettest/driest quarterly precipitation values). The BIO6 and BIO17 values
represent the minimum values among the localities included for each species, whereas BIO5
and BIO16 represent maximum values. The 24 species in eastern North America are
highlighted in bold. See Table S3 for sample sizes.
Species
Acris crepitans
Acris gryllus
Anotheca
spinosa
Bromeliohyla
bromeliacia
Charadrahyla
nephila
Charadrahyla
taeniopus
Diaglena
spatulata
Duellmanohyla
rufiocolis
Duellmanohyla
soralia
Duellmanohyla
uranochroa
Ecnomiohyla
miliara
Ecnomiohyla
minera
Ecnomiohyla
miotympanum
Exerodonta
chimalapa
Exerodonta
melanoma
Exerodonta
smaragdina
Exerodonta
sumichrasti
Hyla andersoni
Hyla annectans
Hyla arborea
Hyla arenicolor
Hyla avivoca
BIO6 BIO5
BIO17 BIO16
(°C × 10) Breadth Midpoint (mm quarter–1) Breadth Midpoint
–138
367
505
114.5
29
451
422
240.0
–19
338
357
159.5
127
625
498
376.0
104
336
232
220.0
31
1635
1604
833.0
92
295
203
193.5
133
2230
2097
1181.5
128
295
167
211.5
221
1910
1689
1065.5
42
283
241
162.5
96
1040
944
568.0
94
374
280
234.0
6
724
718
365.0
131
286
155
208.5
194
1575
1381
884.5
117
337
220
227.0
119
722
603
420.5
126
288
162
207.0
133
1326
1193
729.5
131
315
184
223.0
38
1322
1284
680.0
97
284
187
190.5
11
1090
1079
550.5
23
357
334
190.0
28
1548
1520
788.0
128
310
182
219.0
14
702
688
358.0
85
332
247
208.5
8
985
977
496.5
88
375
287
231.5
8
1133
1125
570.5
80
–55
–43
–109
–75
–62
346
326
365
299
381
339
266
381
408
408
456
401
213.0
135.5
161.0
95.0
153.0
138.5
6
237
17
6
4
192
1161
523
1182
389
891
510
1155
286
1165
383
887
318
583.5
380.0
599.5
197.5
447.5
351.0
6
Species
Hyla chinensis
Hyla chrysocelis
Hyla cinerea
Hyla
euphorbiacea
Hyla eximia
Hyla femoralis
Hyla gratiosa
Hyla japonica
Hyla
meridionalis
Hyla plicata
Hyla squirella
Hyla versicolor
Hyla walkeri
Hyla wrightorum
Isthmohyla
pseudopuma
Isthmohyla
rivularis
Isthmohyla tica
Isthmohyla zeteki
Plectrohyla
ameibothalamae
Plectrohyla
arborescandens
Plectrohyla
bistincta
Plectrohyla
cyclada
Plectrohyla
glandulosa
Plectrohyla
guatemalensis
Plectrohyla
matudai
Plectrohyla
pentheter
Pseudacris
bracyphona
Pseudacris
brimleyi
Pseudacris
cadaverina
Pseudacris
clarkii
BIO6 BIO5
BIO17 BIO16
(°C × 10) Breadth Midpoint (mm quarter–1) Breadth Midpoint
–23
340
363
158.5
65
1923
1858
994.0
–244
357
601
56.5
49
535
486
292.0
–40
359
399
159.5
117
677
560
397.0
26
–4
–5
–48
–88
305
338
333
333
325
279
342
338
381
413
165.5
167.0
164.0
142.5
118.5
10
12
134
158
89
891
1001
642
598
1008
881
989
508
440
919
450.5
506.5
388.0
378.0
548.5
–36
–10
–5
–183
41
–103
341
279
356
354
234
319
377
289
361
537
193
422
152.5
134.5
175.5
85.5
137.5
108.0
5
23
134
84
51
22
397
1017
642
482
669
686
392
994
508
398
618
664
201.0
520.0
388.0
283.0
360.0
354.0
71
266
195
168.5
82
1445
1363
763.5
64
121
101
262
285
270
198
164
169
163.0
203.0
185.5
181
49
102
1328
1388
1260
1147
1339
1158
754.5
718.5
681.0
25
272
247
148.5
20
408
388
214.0
38
295
257
166.5
34
1910
1876
972.0
12
316
304
164.0
16
1378
1362
697.0
53
285
232
169.0
26
994
968
510.0
8
273
265
140.5
19
1079
1060
549.0
43
306
263
174.5
6
1454
1448
730.0
44
262
218
153.0
21
1400
1379
710.5
50
309
259
179.5
19
809
790
414.0
–97
307
404
105.0
209
441
232
325.0
–41
317
358
138.0
233
403
170
318.0
–8
409
417
200.5
2
338
336
170.0
–94
359
453
132.5
39
343
304
191.0
7
Species
Pseudacris
crucifer
Pseudacris
feriarum
Pseudacris
foquettei
Pseudacris
illinoensis
Pseudacris
kalmi
Pseudacris
maculata
Pseudacris
nigrita
Pseudacris
ocularis
Pseudacris
ornata
Pseudacris
regilla
Pseudacris
streckeri
Pseudacris
triseriata
Ptychohyla
euthysanota
Ptychohyla
hypomycter
Ptychohyla
leonhardlschultei
Ptychohyla
spinipollex
Smilisca baudinii
Smilisca
cyanosticta
Smilisca fodiens
Smilisca phaeota
Smilisca sila
Smilisca sordida
Smilsca puma
Tlalocohyla
godmani
Tlalocohyla
loquax
Tlalocohyla
picta
BIO6 BIO5
BIO17 BIO16
(°C × 10) Breadth Midpoint (mm quarter–1) Breadth Midpoint
–183
354
537
85.5
86
537
451
311.5
–80
332
412
126.0
180
469
289
324.5
–58
347
405
144.5
127
455
328
291.0
–91
333
424
121.0
142
387
245
264.5
–45
310
355
132.5
235
307
72
271.0
–338
344
682
3.0
23
371
348
197.0
–10
335
345
162.5
134
642
508
388.0
6
336
330
171.0
127
642
515
384.5
–10
333
343
161.5
199
577
378
388.0
–177
398
575
110.5
0
1104
1104
552.0
–74
358
432
142.0
61
338
277
199.5
–97
289
386
96.0
147
322
175
234.5
44
332
288
188.0
17
1979
1962
998.0
88
294
206
191.0
50
802
752
426.0
83
327
244
205.0
14
1199
1185
606.5
106
65
302
387
196
322
204.0
226.0
95
4
626
2079
531
2075
360.5
1041.5
138
20
143
160
128
183
328
400
348
335
344
326
190
380
205
175
216
143
233.0
210.0
245.5
247.5
236.0
254.5
32
6
22
68
11
187
2031
1115
1829
1511
1842
1652
1999
1109
1807
1443
1831
1465
1031.5
560.5
925.5
789.5
926.5
919.5
115
329
214
222.0
93
1033
940
563.0
127
357
230
242.0
56
1585
1529
820.5
113
350
237
231.5
107
1502
1395
804.5
8
Species
Tlalocohyla
smithi
Triprion
petasatus
BIO6 BIO5
BIO17 BIO16
(°C × 10) Breadth Midpoint (mm quarter–1) Breadth Midpoint
92
402
310
247.0
5
1230
1225
617.5
147
359
212
253.0
54
1273
1219
663.5
9
Table S3 Means of annual mean temperature (BIO1) and annual precipitation (BIO12) across
localities, including sample sizes for each species (number of localities).The 24 species in
eastern North America are highlighted in bold.
Species
Acris crepitans
Acris gryllus
Anotheca spinosa
Bromeliohyla bromeliacia
Charadrahyla nephila
Charadrahyla taeniopus
Diaglena spatulata
Duellmanohyla rufiocolis
Duellmanohyla soralia
Duellmanohyla uranochroa
Ecnomiohyla miliara
Ecnomiohyla minera
Ecnomiohyla miotympanum
Exerodonta chimalapa
Exerodonta melanoma
Exerodonta smaragdina
Exerodonta sumichrasti
Hyla andersoni
Hyla annectans
Hyla arborea
Hyla arenicolor
Hyla avivoca
Hyla chinensis
Hyla chrysocelis
Hyla cinerea
Hyla euphorbiacea
Hyla eximia
Hyla femoralis
Hyla gratiosa
Hyla japonica
Hyla meridionalis
Hyla plicata
Hyla squirella
Hyla versicolor
Hyla walkeri
Hyla wrightorum
Isthmohyla pseudopuma
Isthmohyla rivularis
Isthmohyla tica
Mean BIO1 Mean BIO12
Localities
(°C × 10)
(mm year–1)
167.64
956.92
59
194.79
1371.12
19
216.47
2250.53
15
189.71
2344.14
7
206.00
3341.00
2
168.33
1694.89
9
257.53
869.67
15
208.50
3645.50
2
216.80
1719.00
5
197.00
2875.75
4
231.00
3222.40
5
197.33
1915.33
3
197.41
1684.23
56
220.50
1234.00
2
222.43
1185.86
7
242.57
1104.86
14
218.09
1417.36
11
159.57
1324.43
7
163.23
1312.38
13
109.33
704.26
27
171.69
743.65
95
171.00
1340.33
15
185.22
1697.22
9
132.87
1070.68
130
189.09
1262.21
34
157.43
983.29
14
157.89
1011.95
81
201.61
1347.61
23
185.00
1333.37
19
132.20
1523.33
15
147.20
613.10
10
123.07
1084.17
30
200.57
1354.03
30
134.67
1099.26
27
138.57
1241.29
7
110.40
637.10
10
179.13
2863.63
8
164.67
3037.33
6
193.67
3052.33
6
10
Mean BIO1 Mean BIO12
Localities
(°C × 10)
(mm year–1)
Isthmohyla zeteki
179.17
2705.17
6
Plectrohyla ameibothalamae
150.50
702.50
2
Plectrohyla arborescandens
174.75
1831.00
4
Plectrohyla bistincta
164.90
1452.50
10
Plectrohyla cyclada
158.25
1352.00
4
Plectrohyla glandulosa
133.20
1894.30
10
Plectrohyla guatemalensis
176.05
1668.14
22
Plectrohyla matudai
166.25
2138.25
4
Plectrohyla pentheter
191.00
1341.33
3
106.75
1200.13
16
Pseudacris bracyphona
146.73
1153.04
26
Pseudacris brimleyi
Pseudacris cadaverina
165.91
386.36
11
160.88
771.41
32
Pseudacris clarkii
120.86
1151.91
35
Pseudacris crucifer
136.47
1105.77
57
Pseudacris feriarum
172.27
1315.33
15
Pseudacris foquettei
132.25
1088.75
4
Pseudacris illinoensis
133.83
1071.33
6
Pseudacris kalmi
47.87
531.75
564
Pseudacris maculata
200.50
1361.50
16
Pseudacris nigrita
208.47
1306.53
15
Pseudacris ocularis
185.90
1276.90
10
Pseudacris ornata
Pseudacris regilla
127.80
554.02
88
163.25
832.90
20
Pseudacris streckeri
88.80
936.80
5
Pseudacris triseriata
Ptychohyla euthysanota
202.25
2965.00
8
Ptychohyla hypomycter
191.67
1610.78
9
Ptychohyla leonhardlschultei
203.00
1602.65
3
Ptychohyla spinipollex
200.50
1572.67
6
Smilisca baudinii
233.86
2017.05
21
Smilisca cyanosticta
233.40
2979.80
10
Smilisca fodiens
225.91
842.53
47
Smilisca phaeota
247.08
2811.58
12
Smilisca sila
247.17
3039.83
6
Smilisca sordida
242.87
3071.38
53
Smilsca puma
254.91
3917.45
11
Tlalocohyla godmani
224.67
1583.67
3
Tlalocohyla loquax
249.31
2046.24
29
Tlalocohyla picta
240.33
2068.00
9
Tlalocohyla smithi
250.77
1064.54
71
Triprion petasatus
255.17
1262.74
23
Species
11
Table S4 Log-likelihoods and corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) values obtained
for each evolutionary model tested on each climatic variable used in the ancestral
reconstructions and phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS). Models included white
noise (WN; lambda = 0, trait evolution is independent of phylogeny), Brownian motion (BM;
lambda = 1, trait evolution is completely dependent on phylogeny), random walk (RW;
another BM model using the maximum likelihood estimate of lambda, intermediate between
WN and BM), and Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU; trait evolution is constrained by stabilizing
selection around an optimal trait value). The best-fitting model (lowest AICc) is highlighted
in bold. Climatic variables are defined in Table S5.
Temperature niche width
(maximum BIO1 – minimum BIO1 across localities)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
–1068.58
2141.33
Brownian motion
–461.64
927.44
Random walk
–417.37
841.06
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–417.59
841.50
White noise
Temperature niche midpoint
(midpoint between maximum BIO1 – minimum BIO1 across localities)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
White noise
–971.26
1946.69
Brownian motion
–441.69
887.55
Random walk
–394.79
795.90
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–411.53
829.39
12
Precipitation niche width
(maximum BIO12 – minimum BIO12 across localities)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
–336927.00
673858.20
Brownian motion
–665.17
1334.50
Random walk
–652.58
1311.49
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–659.11
1324.55
White noise
Precipitation niche midpoint
(midpoint between maximum BIO12– minimum BIO12 across localities)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
–268297.90
536600.00
Brownian motion
–642.10
1288.35
Random walk
–629.02
1264.36
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–641.19
1288.70
White noise
Temperature niche width
(maximum BIO5 – minimum BIO6 across localities)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
–5486.51
10977.17
Brownian motion
–507.19
1018.54
Random walk
–471.59
949.49
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–488.43
983.17
White noise
13
Temperature niche midpoint
(midpoint between maximum BIO5 – minimum BIO6 across localities)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
–1214.11
2432.37
Brownian motion
–443.31
890.78
Random walk
–400.54
807.40
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–421.03
848.37
White noise
Precipitation niche width
(maximum BIO16 – minimum BIO17 across localities)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
–113512.70
227029.60
Brownian motion
–598.93
1202.02
Random walk
–592.13
1190.58
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–594.86
1196.05
White noise
Precipitation niche midpoint
(midpoint between maximum BIO16 – minimum BIO17 across localities)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
–25527.10
51058.35
Brownian motion
–543.19
1090.54
Random walk
–536.65
1079.63
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–538.86
1084.03
White noise
14
Temperature niche position (mean BIO1)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
White noise
–1001.17 2006.50
Brownian motion
–433.28
870.71
Random walk
–393.68
793.67
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–411.26
828.84
Precipitation niche position (mean BIO12)
Model
Likelihood
AICc
White noise
–258667.00 517338.20
Brownian motion
–638.34
1280.84
Random walk
–626.22
1258.75
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck
–633.40
1273.13
15
Table S5 Summary of all phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) results. Niche
breadth was calculated as the maximum – minimum values of temperature (temp.) (BIO1)
and precipitation (precip.) (BIO12) across the localities included. Niche position was the
midpoint of the niche breadth for BIO1 and BIO12. Niche breadth was also calculated as the
maximum BIO5 – minimum BIO6 across the localities for a given species (for temperature)
and maximum BIO16 – minimum BIO17 across the localities (for precipitation). Niche
position was also measured as the midpoint of the niche breadth for BIO5/6 (for temperature)
and BIO16/17 (for precipitation), and as the mean of BIO1 across localities (for temperature)
and the mean of BIO12 across localities (for precipitation).
Variables regressed
Temp. niche breadth (BIO1) vs. precip. niche breadth (BIO12)
r2 P-value
0.565 < 0.0001
Temp. niche breadth (BIO5/6) vs. precipitation niche breadth (BIO16/17)
0.040
Temp. niche position (BIO1 midpoint) vs. precip. niche position (BIO12
midpoint)
Temp. niche position (BIO5/6 midpoint) vs. precip. niche position
(BIO16/17 midpoint)
Temp. niche breadth (BIO1) vs. temp. niche position (BIO1 midpoint)
Temp. niche breadth (BIO5/6) vs. temp. niche position (BIO5/6
midpoint)
Precip. niche breadth (BIO12) vs. precip. niche position (BIO12
midpiont)
Precip. niche breadth (BIO16/17) vs. precip. niche position (BIO16/17
midpoint)
0.9181
0.388 < 0.0001
0.360
0.0001
0.200
0.0052
0.824 < 0.0001
0.049
0.1357
0.247
0.0018
Temp. niche position (BIO1 mean) vs. temp. niche breadth (BIO1)
0.178
0.0085
Precip. niche position (BIO12 mean) vs. precip. niche breadth (BIO12)
0.045
0.1483
Temp. niche position (BIO1 mean) vs. precip. niche position (BIO12
mean)
0.494 < 0.0001
16
Figure S1 Relationship between mean climatic niche breadth and species richness per
climatic band for the 24 species in North America for both (a) temperature and (b)
precipitation. Climatic niche breadths were calculated using all available localities, in
contrast to the original exclusion of those extending west of 100° longitude.
17
Figure S2 Distribution of eastern North American treefrog species (Hylidae) on (a)
temperature and (b) precipitation niche axes using warmest/coldest monthly temperatures
(maximum BIO5 – minimum BIO6) and wettest/driest quarterly precipitation (maximum
BIO16 – minimum BIO17), respectively. Each line indicates the minimum values of BIO6
and BIO17 and maximum values of BIO5 and BIO16 of localities sampled across the
species’ geographical ranges for these variables.
18
Figure S3 Relationship between mean climatic niche breadth (range of BIO1 and BIO12
values across localities) and species richness per climatic band for the 24 North American
species for both (a,c) temperature and (b,d) precipitation. The number of bins (or climatic
band widths) used to generate these plots was varied from the original (i.e. temperature, 16;
precipitation, 14) to test the robustness of our results. (a) Eight bins of 4°C band width; (b)
seven bins of 200 mm year–1 band width; (c) 32 bins of 1°C band width; (d) 28 bins of 50
mm year–1 band widths.
19
Figure S4 Relationship between species richness and mean climatic niche breadth per
climatic band of (a) annual mean temperature and (b) annual precipitation for the 24 North
American species. These regressions integrated the species composition of climatic bands
derived from annual mean temperature (BIO1) and annual precipitation (BIO12) with
alternative measurements of niche breadth calculated from climatic extremes. Temperature
niche breadths were measured as the maximum temperature of the warmest month (BIO5) –
the minimum temperature of the coldest month (BIO6) across all the localities for each
species. Precipitation niche breadths were measured as the maximum precipitation of the
wettest quarter (BIO16) – the minimum precipitation of the driest quarter (BIO17) across all
the localities for each species.
20
Figure S5 Climatic niche evolution in eastern North American hylids, based on ancestral
reconstruction of climatic niche breadth (temperature, maximum BIO5 – minimum BIO6
values across species localities; precipitation, maximum BIO16 – minimum BIO17 values
across species localities) and climatic niche position (midpoint of these ranges) for
temperature and precipitation. For illustrative purposes, the range of values across all nodes
was divided into three bins of equal size for each variable (but reconstructions were based on
continuous values).
21
Figure S6 Relationship between time of colonization and species richness per climatic band
of (a) annual mean temperature and (b) annual precipitation. In contrast to using only the
oldest node within each climatic band, the colonization times used here were measured as the
summed ages of all independent colonization events.
22