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Speaker- an imaginary voice created by the poet (or performer) to tell the poem
Voice- speaker, mask, or persona (Latin for mask)
Tone- attitude projected toward the subject and audience
Formal Tone- features standard English and formal grammar
Informal Tone- may feature colloquial language, local idioms or slang
Denotation- word’s literal definition
Connotation- emotional associations the word evokes
Sensory Details- details appealing to sight, sound, hearing, taste, and or touch
Figurative language- words and phrases not meant to be taken literally that draw comparisons
between ideas and images
Simile- make direct comparisons using as or like
Metaphor- make direct comparisons by stating that one thing is another
Personification- gives human qualities to nonhuman things
Hyperbole- an extreme exaggeration
Free Verse- does not follow a fixed pattern but may use rhyme, sound devices, meter, and
varied stanzas
Formal verse- follows established patterns regarding rhyme scheme, meter, and line or stanza
structure
Narrative- tells a story, has a plot, characters, and a setting
Epic poem- long narrative poem about gods or heroes
Ballad- describes a single event and may be set to music
Dramatic- tells a story using characters own thoughts or spoken statements
Lyric- expresses feelings of a single speaker using melodic language, imagery, rhythm, and sound
devices
Odes- poems of praise often exhibiting complex metrical patters
Elegies- poems of loss expressing both praise for the dead and an element of consolation
Sonnets- 14 line poem in which lines consist of 5 iambic feet
Haiku- a form of Japanese poetry that consists of three unrhymed lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables
Tanka- form of Japanese poetry consisting of 5 unrhymed lines consisting of 5, 7, 5, 7 and 7
syllables
Shakespearean sonnet- three stanzas, four lines a piece with an abab, cdcd, efef, rhyme scheme
followed by a rhyming (gg) couplet
Petrarchan sonnet- eight line stanza with an abbaabba rhyme scheme followed by a six line
stanza with a cdecde rhyme scheme
Alliteration- repetition of initial consonant sounds
Assonance- repetition of vowel sounds within stressed syllables
Consonance- repetition of consonant sounds within stressed syllables
Onomatopoeia- invented word imitating the sound it describes