Chapters 3 Objectives
1. Explain how carbon's electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds carbon will
form
2. Describe how carbon skeletons may vary
3. Explain how the variation in carbon skeleton contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic
molecules
4. Recognize and identify the structural formulas for the major functional groups and describe the
chemical properties of organic molecules in which they occur
5. List the 4 major classes of biomolecules
6. Explain how organic polymers contribute to biological diversity
7. Describe how covalent linkages are formed and broken in organic polymers
8. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates and explain how they are classified
9. List four characteristics of a sugar and identify the structural formulas of representative mono- and
disaccharides
10. Describe the important biological functions of polysaccharides
11. Identify a glycosidic linkage and describe how it is formed
12. Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose and explain why the
difference is biologically important
13. Explain what distinguishes lipids from other major classes of macromolecules
14. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats and steroid-based lipids and identify the
structures/formulas for representative examples
15. Describe the characteristics that distinguish proteins from the other major classes of
macromolecules and explain the biologically important functions of proteins
16. List and recognize four components of and amino acid and explain how amino acids may be grouped
according to the physical and chemical properties of the side chains
17. Identify the structural formulae of biologically important amino acids
18. Identify a peptide bond and explain how it is formed
19. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important
20. Define primary structure
21. Describe the two types of secondary protein structure and explain the role of hydrogen bonds in
maintaining the structure
22. Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure
23. Using collagen and hemoglobin as examples, describe quartenary protein structure
24. Define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured
25. Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other major groups of
macromolecules
26. Summarize the functions of nucleic acids
27. List the components of a nucleotide and describe how these monomers are linked together to from
a nucleic acid
28. Recognize and distinguish between the structural formulae of purine and pyrimidine bases
29. Distinguish between the structural formulae of ribose and dexoyribose
30. Briefly describe the 3-dimenstional structure of DNA
Chapter Terms:
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organic chemistry
hydrocarbon
isomer
structural isomer
geometric isomer
enantiomer
functional group
hydroxyl group
alcohol
carbonyl group
ketone
aldehyde
carboxyl group
carboxylic acid
amino group
amine
sulfhydryl group
thiol
phosphate group
polymer
monomer
condensation reaction
dehydration reaction
hydrolysis
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carbohydrate
monosaccharide
disaccharide
glycosidic linkage
polysaccharide
starch glycogen
double helix
cellulose
chitin
lipid
fat
fatty acid
triacylglycerol
saturated fatty acid
unsaturated fatty
acid
steroid
cholesterol
protein
conformation
polypeptide
amino acid
protein
peptide bond
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Chapter Outline Framework
A. The Importance of Carbon
1. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
2. Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of molecules
3. Variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the diversity of organic molecules
B. Functional Groups
1. Functional groups also contribute to the molecular diversity of life
a. hydroxyl group and alcohols
b. carbonyl group and aldehydes and ketones
c. carboxyl group and carboxylic acids
d. amion groups and amines
e. sulfhydryl group and thiols
f. phosphate groups
C. Polymer Principles
1. Most macromolecules are polymers
2. A limitless variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers
primary structure
secondary structure
alpha helix
pleated sheet
tertiary structure
hydrophobic interaction
disulfide bridges
quarternary structure
denaturation
chaperone proteins
gene
nucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid
ribonucleic acid
nucleotide
pyrimidine
purine
ribose
deoxyribose
polynucleotide
D. Carbohydrates: Fuel and Building Material
1. Sugars
a. smallest carbohydrates
b. serve as fuel and carbon sources
2. Polysaccharides
a. polymers made of sugars
b. storage and structure
E. Lipids: Diverse Hydrophobic Molecules
1. Fats store large amounts of energy
2. Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes
3. Steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones
F. Proteins: The Molecular Tools of the Cell
1. A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids connected in a specific sequence
2. A protein's function depends on its specific conformation
G. Nucleic Acids: Informational Polymers
1. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
2. A nucleic acid strand is a polymer of nucleotides
3. Inheritance is based on replication of the DNA double helix
4. DNA and proteins can serve as tape measures of evolution