His Excellency Mr Leopold Sédar Senghor
President of the Republic of Senegal
“The Third World has united its weaknesses to make of them a
force”
Your Majesty,
Your Excellences,
My Dear Brothers,
We are at last living, here and now, a dream that we have long
dreamed: the dream of a Conference, which should bring together,
fraternally, the Heads of all the independent States of Africa. It is a great
step forward. You are agreed; we have no right to fail. This dream that we
are living is for us to put into effect, now, if we are not to be guilty of
treason: treason toward our own countrymen, treason toward Mother Africa.
How we are to put it into practice is what I propose to discuss.
I will begin by stressing the choice of the method. For the
success of our grand design, the effectiveness of the method
counts for more than the strength of our feelings. This strength of
feeling, this passion is one of the features of “African-ness”. It has
been expressed, all too often in speeches, in motions, whose
virulence is exceeded only by their lack of realism. It is time to build
on our land, on our realities. It is the essential condition for our
success.
I would like, as briefly as possible, to express my thoughts on
the three points on which we must focus on:
- The foundations of African unity;
- Its object;
- The ways and means of achieving it.
The Foundations of African Unity
Most of us feel that what brings us close to one another and
must unite us is our position as under-developed countries,
formerly colonized. Nor is that wrong. But we are not the only
countries in that position. If that could be said objectively to be the
whole truth, then African Unity ought one day to dissolve with the
disappearance of under development.
I am convinced that what binds us lies deeper; and my
conviction is based on scientific demonstrable facts. What binds us
is
beyond
history;
it
is
rooted
in
pre-history.
It
arises
from
geography, ethnology and hence from culture. It existed before
Christianity and Islam; it is older than all colonization. It is that
community of culture, which I call “African-ness”. I would define it as
“the sum total of African civilized values”. Whether it appears in its
Arab-Berber aspect or its African Negro aspect, “African-ness”
always shows the same characteristics of passion in feelings, and
vigour in expression. I recognize an African carpet among those of
all other continents. It is no mere chance that some mosaic in the
Bardot Museum resembles some Malian traditional cloth.
I know our languages are diverse. From North to South, from the
Arab to the Hottentot, they show a series of links, which join them
one to another. Our races are diverse. Since pre-history, they have
mingled.
The consciousness of our community of culture, our “Africanness”, is a necessary preliminary to any progress along the road
to unity. Without it there can be no will, let alone an effective effort
to reach unity. I do not deny that another thing we have in
common
is
our
situation
as
under-developed
countries,
characterized by a certain number of traits which I would sum up
thus: under-nourishment and under-productivity because of lack
of capital and technically trained personnel. But in order to
emerge from this situation, though its nature is material and
technical, it is on spiritual energy that we must call on. We must
forge together a common soul. We have a common soul, which is
embodied in our “African-ness”. All that is needed is to recognize
it and take it on. That means we must begin by rejecting all
fanaticism, whether racial, religious or linguistic. Then, and then
only can we define our aim lucidly.
The Aim of African Unity
The aim we must assign, which we do assign, to our action
can, obviously, only be the very aim which other nations and
continents have set themselves: development through economic
growth. I say development. By that I mean bringing each and
every African to full worth. It is about mankind.
In the past the colonizer thought we were sub-humans and they
treated us as such. Let us be bold enough to admit it, our situation at
that time, as I have defined it above, explains it but does not justify
such disdain. Only the strong ones are respected. If the cold war has
led the Great Powers to court us it is of course because international
morality has grown in minds and hearts; above all, it is because the
Third World has united its weaknesses to make of them a force. But we
must not create illusions, fear is not respect, and Africa is not even
feared.
That means that we must do more. It is not enough that the
union of our weaknesses should appear to be a force. It is not
important to frighten people. The important thing is that we transform
each of our weaknesses into strength, that we make of every African
a man who eats and educates himself to his fullest: a developed
man, because he has consciously cultivated in himself, in body and
soul, all the virtues of “African-ness”. What means is that every
African must be brought, by means of and beyond economic growth
and by means of and beyond greater welfare to the limit of his
capabilities to his optimum state. Now, according to the economists,
Africa could feed three thousand million people: I say that then, by
reviving the virtues of Saint Augustine and of Ibn Khaldun, reviving
the virtues of our builders, our sculptors or painters our poets, North
and South of the Sahara, Africa will contribute powerfully to the
building of a Universal Civilization. By its unity it will have been
previously a factor for peace: of that peace without which there is no
civilization.
Ways and Means of African Unity
It is easy to define our aim. It was more difficult to discover the
solid foundations of our unity. It is more difficult still to discover our
ways and means. If it were that easy we should not have divided
ourselves
into
several
groups.
The
specific
purpose
of
this
Conference is, in my opinion, to merge these groups into one by
agreeing on the ways and means of our unity.
At first sight, there are obstacles to overcome. While they are
clearly visible we ought to pay attention to them. I would remind you
of the fanaticisms - racial, linguistic, and religious - of which we must
rid ourselves, for a start. Then, there are the micro-nationalisms.
Think about it! European nations of 30, 50; 60 million inhabitants
have come to discover that they have not enough land or sufficient
people to organize an economy, or rather build up a civilization that
is not distorted. What shall we say of our countries, the most
populous of which numbers no more than 40 million souls?
And yet, if we do not wish to meet with disaster, we should
consider the European and American examples. We must be
cautious, we must move forward step by step and stage by stage. I
fear that we should be heading rapidly for disaster if we tried to
construct a federation or even a confederation with its own
parliament and military command at the first attempt.
If we cannot overcome our religious differences fairly easily, bearing
in mind that we are all believers, that we all belong to revealed
religions, let us at last dare to say it, the ethnic, linguistic, and cultural
differences will not be wiped out, I don’t say that – that would
impoverish us - but these will be brought into harmony tomorrow.
As a first step, we should recognize these complementary
differences. We should even help to organize them into regional unions.
I can envisage three: North Africa, West Africa, East Africa – until such
time as South Africa is liberated. Each of these unions could, in its turn,
be divided into smaller unions.
But at this Conference we must establish, above the regional
unions, the organization of Independent African and Malagasy States the titles is of little importance - which will become the main instrument
of our unity.
What institutions should make up the Organization? In my mind,
they should be very few to start off with. I can envisage four:
The Conference of Heads of State and Government
This would be the supreme institution of the Organization. Its
decisions would be binding. It would meet every year or every two
years, on the one hand to consider the Organization's activities during
the previous period and on the other hand to define new objectives for it.
Each State Member would dispose of one vote. It is understood that the
Charter of the Organization and the Rules of Procedure of the
Conference would have been drawn up, if possible, in Addis Ababa.
The Conferences of Ministers
These conferences would be made up of ministers nominated by
States according to the issues be examined. Their purpose would be to
examine problems in the different fields of our cooperation and to draw
up drafts for discussion by or recommendation to the Conference of
Heads of State and Government.
The General Secretariat
This would be an administrative body and not a political one; it would be
a non-decision making
Secretary
General,
a body, which implements
nominated
by
the
Conference,
decision. The
would
have
assistants and as many directors as is required by the number of
specialized agencies. The assistants and directors would be chosen in
such a way as to ensure that all the regions and all the linguistic groups
are represented.
The African Group at the United Nations
There is an African Group at the United Nations at present, but
unfortunately it is a fictitious one. A certain amount of solidarity does, of
course, link the non-aligned countries. But, it is no less true that our
problems are not the same as those of Latin America or even of Asia.
The proof of this lies in the fact that the Great Powers only reserve a
small part of their international assistance for Africa.
If then we really desire African unity, if we want our action to be
efficacious, it is essential that the African Group in the United Nations
becomes a living reality, and that its deliberations be respected by all
the African States without exception.
Similar African groups might be constituted in all the specialized
agencies of the United Nations.
As I said earlier, our cooperation should extend to every field, and
especially
to
that
of
economics.
Our
struggle
for
the
political
independence of all the African territories is far from being finished, as
we all know. I will even venture further: so far we have used words
more than deeds against Portuguese and South African colonialism. It
is
time
that
the
diplomatic
and
economic
blockade
that
was
recommended should be methodically organized and implemented.
It remains to be said that there will not be an African Community
without an Economic Community. This is the place to draw a distinction
between the Common Market and the Economic Community. Too often,
in Africa the "Common Market" has come to be regarded as a magic
instrument for curing all the ills of under-development. Now the
Common Market is in a modest way, a customs union like those that
existed here and there under the colonial regime. The Economic
Community is far more and far better. It will have a common economic
and financial policy, with harmonized planning and free circulation of
goods and persons, in addition to provisions like those governing the
Common Market.
As you may guess, the African Economic Community is not
planned for tomorrow. But we must give it a thought today; and better
still, direct our steps and stages in that direction. The first step could
well be the African Common Market. We should not dissimulate the
difficulties. Indeed, the Common Market presupposed the fixing of a
common external tariff with the elimination of customs duties and
quotas. Now, as you know, our budgets are mainly financed by customs
duties as well as by import and export duties. At the same time, part of
these dues protects our emergent industries. Even in this field, we shall
likewise proceed in stages.
I have dwelt upon the obstacles that confront us on the road of
African unity. You will forgive me for this. I thought that it is the best
method. Now we must establish the dimensions of these obstacles
and then remove them, or at least reduce them in order to progress.
We shall do so by giving our institutions rational and realistic
structures.
Above all, we shall do so by each one of us accepting, some
sacrifices. By accepting and applying in practice the general principles
which are the strength of all international institutions: the equality of
Member States, non-interference in the internal affairs of others, no
resorting to violence to settle differences, and effective solidarity
between all the African States.
I conclude where I began. Whatever the difficulties of the
undertaking, I am convinced that we can succeed if we want to. But to
feel that, we must think of, accept and be conscious of what we have
in common - our “African-ness”.
Long live eternal Africa!