Appendix 1: Definition of variables used in the empirical analysis
Variable
Definition
INCOME
Daily household income per capita. Sum of gross income from
farm and off-farm sources. The local currency was converted
into US$ equivalent at an exchange rate that prevailed at the time
of survey (i.e. 1US$:Tshs1200).
Household vulnerability score that was constructed as presented
under section 3.3.1.
Sex of household head set as a dummy with 1 = female headed
households; 0 = male headed households.
Age of household head.
VULNER
SEXHEAD
HHAGE
Value/
measure
US$
Expected sign
Numeric index
Dependent
Years
-: income
+: vulnerability
±
Dependent
HHAGESQ
HHSIZE
Original age (HHAGE) squared
Size of the household in terms of total number of all household
members.
Years
Numbers
-
HSIZESQ
Size of the household squared to test for the presence of linearity
with the dependent variable.
Numbers
±
LABFC
Farm labour force as the number of adult members (of 15 years
of age and above) who usually work on the farm.
Farm labour force squared to test for the presence of linearity
with the dependent variable.
Number of years the household head has farmed as an
independent decision-maker.
Squared farming experience aimed at evaluating the linearity
trend.
Numbers
Numbers
+: income
-: vulnerability
±
Numbers
±
Numbers
±
CCANTH
The dummy constructed from the response by the farmers
whether they believed climate change to be anthropogenic
1=
climate
change
is
anthropogenic, 0=otherwise
+: income
-: vulnerability
EXTENS
1=
accessed
0=otherwise
Ratio
+: income
-: vulnerability
-: vulnerability
+: income
POTLOC
The dummy that captured access to agricultural extension
services
The numerical composite index constructed by determining the
ratio of the number of adopted tactical adaptation strategies to
the total number of potential adaptation strategies in this
category
The numerical composite index constructed as the ratio of
adopted number of adaptation strategies out of the total potential
strategies related with agricultural water management such as
soil and water conservation, irrigation; fertilizer application; and
agro-forestry.
This is the amount of farm land the household would access and
manage.
The amount of accessible land squared was fitted in order to
explore the linear influence of land on income poverty and
vulnerability as the amount of accessible land increase
substantially.
The dummy of agro-climatic potential across localities
OFFARM
The dummy of self-employment in off-farm activities
CREDIT
The dummy for credit access
WEALTHX
WEALTHSQ
LABFSQ
FAMEX.
FAMEXSQ
TACADAP
STRADAP
LAND
LANDSQ
HHEDUC
extension,
Ratio
-: vulnerability
+: income
Acres
±
Acres
±
1= high potential villages, 0 =
drier villages.
1= heads engaged in off-farm;
0= otherwise
1= if accessed credit, 0=
otherwise
-: vulnerability
+: income
-: vulnerability
+: income
-: vulnerability
+: income
The long-term wealth measured in terms of assets based index.
Numeric index
The squared wealth index was intentionally fitted to test the
nature of relationship between wealth and both income poverty
and vulnerability
Household head education in years of schooling
Numeric index
-: vulnerability
+: income
-: vulnerability
+: income
Years
-: vulnerability
+: income