Assg: ALL
Biology: The Science of Life: DNA: The Master Molecule of Life
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Date
.
pd.
Log-on to Discovery Education using any of the username and passwords below. Complete this video notes handout
while watching the video. Feel free to pause, rewind and even replay the video as needed. This assignment goes at your
pace. Learn the material well. Then go to your QUIA class page and complete the assignment.
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khsbiology1
khsbiology2
khsbiology3
khsbiology4
khsbiology5
password henriquesbio
password henriquesbio
password henriquesbio
password henriquesbio
password henriquesbio
Username:
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Username:
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khsbiology6
khsbiology7
khsbiology8
khsbiology9
khsbiology10
password henriquesbio
password henriquesbio
password henriquesbio
password henriquesbio
password henriquesbio
Click on either the “My Assignments or Completed Assignments” button. Look for the title “Biology: The Science of Life:
DNA: The Master Molecule of Life”, highlight and paste it into the box (see below) then hit search.
Play the video and complete the worksheet below as notes.
1. AS LONG AGO AS THE 1830s SCIENTISTS HAD BEGUN TO REALIZE THIS FACT WHEN THEY DISCOVERED THAT ALL
LIVING THINGS ARE MADE FROM
2. ONE MOLECULE IN PARTICULAR CALLED
OR
, CAPTURED THEIR
ATTENTION.
3. SCIENTISTS DISCOVERED THAT DNA USES A
TO CHEMICALLY STORE THE
INFORMATION CELLS NEED TO PERFORM THEIR MANY ___________-SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES.
4. RESEARCHERS ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THIS GENETIC CODE IS TRULY UNIVERSAL BECAUSE IT IS USED IN ________
LIVING CELL: FROM LOWLY BACTERIA LIKE THESE, TO THE COMPLEX CELLS OF
AND PLANTS.
5. IN THE CELLS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS ALMOST ALL THE DNA IS LOCATED INSIDE THE
IN THE SUBSTANCE CALLED
6. BEFORE A CELL REPRODUCES THE CHROMATIN CHANGES INTO THE SEPARATE STRUCTURES SEEN HERE THAT ARE
KNOWN AS
7. INSIDE A CHROMOSOME THE DNA, ALONG WITH SOME
, IS NEATLY PACKAGED. IT IS
TWISTED AND FOLDED OVER AND OVER AGAIN.
8. SOMETHING LIKE THIS IS POSSIBLE BECAUSE DNA IS A VERY LARGE MOLECULE, A
9. A CLOSER LOOK SHOWS THAT THE DNA MOLECULE IS ACTUALLY MADE UP OF
SEPARATE STRANDS THAT
WIND AROUND AND AROUND ONE ANOTHER CREATING A SHAPE CALLED A
10. EACH OF THE DNA STRANDS IS MADE UP OF SMALLER CHEMICAL SUBUNITS CALLED
WHICH ARE JOINED TOGETHER, ONE AFTER ANOTHER, IN A VERY PRECISE ORDER.
11. ONLY
DIFFERENT SUBUNITS ARE USED IN DNA BUT EACH ONE CAN BE FOUND TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF TIMES IN THE HUGE MOLECULE.
12. THIS STRUCTURAL FORMULA SHOWS THAT EACH DNA SUBUNIT CONTAINS A
COMPOSED OF A SINGLE ATOM OF THE ELEMENT PHOSPHORUS (P), BONDED TO 4 ATOMS OF THE ELEMENT
OXYGEN (O), PLUS A SINGLE HYDROGEN ATOM (H).
13. EACH DNA SUBUNIT ALSO CONTAINS A
CALLED
THAT IS MADE FROM FIVE CARBON ATOMS, ONE OXYGEN ATOM AND SEVERAL HYDROGEN ATOMS.
14. INDIVIDUAL DNA SUBUNITS IN A STRAND ARE LINKED TOGETHER BY STRONG CHEMICAL
BETWEEN THEIR PHOSPHATE AND SUGAR GROUPS.
15. THESE BONDS FORM THE "
" OF THE DNA MOLECULE. EACH OF THE FOUR DNA SUBUNITS
POSSESSES A
CONTAINING BASE.
16. THE CHEMICAL NAMES OF THE BASES ARE ABBREVIATED
17. THESE BASES ARE ALWAYS FOUND IN
LINKED TO ONE ANOTHER BY WEAK CHEMICAL BONDS,
CALLED
THAT EXIST BETWEEN THE BASES IN EACH STRAND.
18. THE BASES ALWAYS PAIR UP THE
WAY. SO THAT IF ONE DNA STRAND HAS AN "A", THE OPPOSITE
STRAND WILL ALWAYS HAVE A "____" IN EXACTLY THE SAME PLACE.
19. LIKEWISE, A "G" IN ONE STRAND IS ALWAYS PAIRED WITH A "____" IN THE SAME PLACE IN THE OPPOSITE STRAND.
20. BECAUSE OF THE WAY BASE PAIRING OCCURS, DNA MOLECULES END UP HAVING TWO EXACTLY OPPOSITE OR
STRANDS.
21. THE SUBUNITS APPEAR IN THE DNA STRANDS THAT IS THE KEY TO THE GENETIC
, AND
THE GENETIC CODE IS THE KEY TO
ITSELF.
22. PROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF LONG CHAINS OF
OF WHICH THERE ARE _____
DIFFERENT KINDS.
23. LIVING ORGANISMS USE PROTEINS FOR A LOT OF DIFFERENT THINGS. THEY CAN BE USED FOR BUILDING CELL
________________ REPAIRING ________________, FIGHTING ________________ AND REGULATING THE
______________ OF THE TENS OF THOUSANDS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE INSIDE OF __________
24. EACH CHROMOSOME IN A CELL HAS MANY DIFFERENT GENES AND GENES THEMSELVES ARE SIMPLY CERTAIN
REGIONS OF A ________________ MOLECULE.
25. GENES DETERMINE THE ________________ AMINO ACIDS WILL APPEAR IN A PARTICULAR ________________
CHAIN AND IT IS THIS ORDER WHICH GIVES THE PROTEIN THE ABILITY TO DO ITS ________________
26. MOST OF THE 64 CODE WORDS USED BY LIVING THINGS REPRESENT, OR "CODE FOR", _______________________
AND EACH OF THESE WORDS IS ONLY ________________ LETTERS LONG.
27. A PROTEIN MADE FROM THESE AMINO ACIDS COULD HAVE A ________________, OR SENTENCE OF CODE WORDS,
LIKE THIS "WRITTEN" IN ONE OF THE DNA STRANDS. THIS SENTENCE INFORMS THE CELL THAT THIS PARTICULAR
________________ IS TO BE MADE USING ONLY THESE FOUR AMINO ACIDS, IN THIS ________________ ORDER.
28. ALL THE DNA IN A CELL CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS A ________________ CONTAINING BOOKS OF INSTRUCTIONS
WHICH TELL THE CELL HOW TO MAKE THE ________________ IT NEEDS TO STAY ________________.
29. IN FACT, EVERY TIME A CELL DIVIDES ITS DNA IS COPIED OR ________________ SO THAT EACH NEW CELL WILL
HAVE A FULL LIBRARY OF ________________.
30. INSIDE LIVING CELLS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING PROTEINS ARE ________________ IN THE NUCLEUS BUT THE
PROTEINS THEMSELVES ARE MADE, OR ________________, IN THE CYTOPLASM.
31. AS IT TURNS OUT, CELLS USE A SPECIAL MOLECULE FOR THIS TASK CALLED ________________ RNA. RNA, OR
RIBONUCLEIC ACID, IS VERY SIMILAR TO DNA.
32. THE RNA ALPHABET IS ________________________________ NOT THE A-T-C-G USED BY DNA.
33. WHENEVER A CELL NEEDS MORE OF A CERTAIN PROTEIN IT SENDS A CHEMICAL SIGNAL TO THE ________________
WHICH CAUSES THE GENE FOR THAT PROTEIN TO BE "_________________________ ".
34. AS WE HAVE JUST LEARNED, DNA PERFORMS AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN THE LIVES OF
35. IT STORES HUGE AMOUNTS OF ________________ IN THE UNIQUE BIOLOGICAL LANGUAGE CALLED THE
__________________________________
36. DNA'S GENETIC INFORMATION IS TRANSCRIBED INTO ________________ RNA WHICH CARRIES IT TO THE
________________ WHERE, WITH THE HELP OF ________________ RNA, NEW PROTEINS ARE MADE THAT
PERFORM THOUSANDS OF ________________ INSIDE OF CELLS.
37. BUT DNA IS EVEN MORE AMAZING BECAUSE IT CAN MAKE EXACT ________________ OF ITSELF.
38. AS A RESULT, GENES AND THE INSTRUCTIONS THEY HOLD ARE ________________ ON; NOT JUST FROM OLD CELLS
TO ________________ CELLS BUT FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE ________________.
WHEN THIS HAPPENS THE DNA CODE WORDS IN THE GENE ARE COPIED INTO THE RNA CODE WORDS, OR CODONS, OF
MESSENGER RNA.
THIS PROCESS IS CALLED GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. AFTER THE GENE IS COPIED, THE MESSENGER RNA CARRIES THE
PROTEIN-MAKING INSTRUCTIONS TO A RIBOSOME IN THE CYTOPLASM.
HOWEVER, JUST THE FACT THAT THE MESSENGER RNA HAS REACHED A RIBOSOME IS NOT ENOUGH FOR THE PROTEIN
TO START BEING MADE. IN ORDER FOR THE MESSAGE TO BE TRANSLATED A THIRD KIND OF RNA, CALLED TRANSFER
RNA, IS NEEDED. TRANSFER RNAs ARE SMALL RNA MOLECULES THAT CAN PICK UP AMINO ACIDS AND TRANSFER THEM
TO THE MESSENGER RNA ON THE RIBOSOME. THERE ARE ALMOST AS MANY TRANSFER RNAs AS THERE ARE DNA CODE
WORDS.
IN FACT, EACH OF THE DIFFERENT TRANSFER RNAs HAS A DIFFERENT ANTICODON WHICH IS BASICALLY A DNA CODE
WORD WRITTEN USING THE LETTERS OF THE RNA ALPHABET.
TRANSFER RNAs CARRYING AMINO ACIDS MATCH-UP THEIR ANTICODONS TO THE MESSENGER RNA CODONS AS THE
RIBOSOME MOVES ALONG THE MESSAGE.
AS A RESULT, THE AMINO ACIDS CARRIED BY THE TRANSFER RNAS WILL BE PUT INTO THE PROTEIN CHAIN IN EXACTLY
THE RIGHT ORDER.
ONCE THE PROTEIN IS FINISHED IT IS READY TO PERFORM ITS JOB IN THE CELL AND AS THE PROTEIN GOES TO WORK
FOR THAT PARTICULAR PROTEIN.