1 FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION ONLY 2 Supplementary material 3 4 FIGURE LEGENDS 5 Fig. S1 Seasonal (a, c, e) and interannual variability (b, d, f) in climatic variables 6 (PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, SWC and VPD) from 2003 to 2009 at QYZ. The scaled monthly 7 variables were calculated by (Xi - mean)/SD, where Xi is a value of climatic 8 variables in a specific month from 2003-2009. The mean and SD (standard 9 deviation) were from all the 84 monthly values. The values and error bars on 10 panels a, c, e are the means and SDs of scaled monthly variables in equivalent 11 months from 2003 to 2009, in which SD represent the interannual variability in 12 climate of the specific month. The values of interannual variability on panels b, d, f 13 are scaled by annual variables. The monthly PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, SWC and VPD were 14 534±244 μ mol m-2s-1, 95±74 mm mon-1, 18.2±8.0 ℃, 17.8±6.5 ℃, 0.32±0.034, 15 and 0.56±0.35 kPa (mean±SD). The annual PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, SWC and VPD were 16 6884±1009 mol m-2 y-1, 1140±186 mm y-1, 18.2±0.30 ℃ , 17.8±0.11 ℃ , 17 0.32±0.016, and 0.57±0.067 kPa. 18 Fig. S2 Seasonal (a, c, e) and interannual variability (b, d, f) in climatic variables 19 (PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, SWC and VPD) from 2005 to 2009 at MOZ. Scaled variables 20 were calculated by the same method in Figure S1. The monthly PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, 21 SWC and VPD were 347±150 μ mol m-2s-1, 85±62 mm mon-1, 12.9±9.2 ℃, 22 13.1±7.3 ℃, 0.35±0.094, and 0.66±0.36 kPa. The annual PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, SWC 23 and VPD were 10972±917 mol m-2 yr-1, 1035±330 mm yr-1, 13.0±0.80 ℃, 24 13.2±0.72℃, 0.35±0.078, and 0.67±0.094 kPa. 25 Fig. S3 Seasonal (a, c, e) and interannual variability (b, d, f) in climatic variables 26 (PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, SWC and VPD) from 2005 to 2009 at DK1. Scaled variables 27 were calculated by the same method in Figure S1. The monthly PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, 28 SWC and VPD were 335±118 μ mol m-2s-1, 84±45 mm mon-1, 15.0±7.5 ℃, 29 15.8±7.5 ℃, 0.33±0.11, and 0.61±0.26 kPa. The annual PAR, PPT, Ta, Ts, SWC 30 and VPD were 10701±571 mol m-2 yr-1, 1022±191 mm yr-1, 15.1±0.43 ℃, 31 16.5±1.2℃, 0.32±0.042, and 0.62±0.11 kPa. 32 Fig. S4 Seasonal (a, c, e) and interannual variability (b, d, f) in GPP for the study 33 period at QYZ, MOZ and DK1. The scaled GPP was calculated by (Xi - mean)/SD, 34 where Xi is GPP in a specific month for the study period. Panels b, d, f represent 35 observed and modeled annual GPP. Error bars in modeled values are the range of 36 the 95% credible interval predicted by the empirical model. The grey dashed 37 horizontal lines are the means of the observed annual GPP. 38 Fig. S5 Seasonality (a, c, e) and interannual variability (b, d, f) in RE for the study 39 period at QYZ, MOZ and DK1. The calculation of scaled RE and the meaning of 40 the error bars are the same as in Figure S4. 41 42 43 44 Fig. S6 Comparison of modeled and observed GPP at QYZ (a), MOZ (b) and DK1 (c) for the study period. The values represent the weekly mean GPP. Fig. S7 Comparison of modeled and observed RE at QYZ (a), MOZ (b) and DK1 (c) for the study period. The values represent the weekly mean RE. 45 Fig. S8 Daily Am (a) and Q10 (b) from 2005 to 2009 at MOZ. The values were 46 obtained from the equations Am = b0 + b1×Ta + b2×Ta2+b3×VPD + b4×VPD2 and 47 Q10 = a0 + a1×Ts +a2×SWC using the values of parameters from the 48 parameterization of the empirical model. 49 Fig. S9 Daily Am (a) and Q10 (b) from 2003 to 2007 at DK1. The values were obtained 50 from the equations Am = b0 + b1×Ta + b2×VPD + b3×VPD2 and Q10 = a0 + a1×Ts 51 +a2×SWC + a3×Ts×SWC using the values of parameters from the parameterization 52 of the empirical model. 53 Fig. S10 Contributions of climatic and biotic effects to interannual variability in NEE 54 (a-d), GPP (e-h) and RE (i-l) of MOZ at daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal scales. 55 The values were derived by partitioning the variance by analysis of variance 56 (ANOVA) in crossed model predictions at the specific day (or week, month, season) 57 of the year. 58 Fig. S11 Contributions of climatic and biotic effects to interannual variability in NEE 59 (a-d), GPP (e-h) and RE (i-l) of DK1 at daily, weekly, monthly and seasonal scales. 60 The values were derived by partitioning the variance by analysis of variance 61 (ANOVA) in crossed model predictions at the specific day (or week, month, season) 62 of the year. 63 (b) (a) PAR PPT PAR PPT 2 2 1 0 0 -1 Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 -2 -2 (d) (c) Ta Ts Ta Ts 2 2 1 0 0 -1 Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 -2 -2 (f) (e) SWC VPD SWC VPD 2 2 1 0 0 -1 -2 -2 J 66 M A M J J A Month 64 65 F Fig. S1 S O N D 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Year Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 (a) PAR PPT (b) PAR PPT 2 2 1 0 0 -1 Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 -2 (c) Ta Ts (d) Ta Ts 2 -2 2 1 0 0 -1 Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 -2 (e) SWC VPD (f) SWC VPD 2 -2 2 1 0 0 -1 -2 -2 J F M A M J J A Month 67 68 69 Fig. S2 S O N D 2005 2006 2007 Year 2008 2009 Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 (a) PAR PPT (b) PAR PPT 2 2 1 0 0 -1 Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 -2 (c) Ta Ts (d) Ta Ts 2 -2 2 1 0 0 -1 Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 -2 (e) SWC VPD (f) SWC VPD 2 -2 2 1 0 0 -1 -2 -2 J F M A M J J Month 70 71 72 Fig. S3 A S O N D 2003 2004 2005 Year 2006 2007 Anomaly (dimensionless) Anomaly (dimensionless) 4 ) 1 Annual GPP ( g C m yr 0 -1 1500 1400 1300 -1 -2 (c) MOZ 1200 1400 1 ) (d) MOZ 2 Annual GPP ( g C m yr Index 1 0 1000 -2 -1 1200 -1 -2 800 1600 (f) DK1 1 ) (e) DK1 1400 2 1 0 -1 1200 1000 -1 -2 800 F M A M J J A S O N D 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Index Fig. S4 -2 Annual GPP ( g C m yr Index Annual GPP ( g Cm yr ) 2 Annual GPP ( g Cm yr ) 2 73 75 1600 Observed Modeled 2 1 J 74 (b) QYZ -2 Scaled GPP (dimensionless) GPP anomaly Scaled GPP (dimensionless) GPP anomaly Scaled GPP (dimensionless) GPP anomaly (a) QYZ Annual GPP ( g Cm yr ) 2 2008 2009 ) 1 Annual RE ( g C m yr 1150 2 -1 1100 1050 1000 -2 950 800 ) (d) MOZ 0 -1 600 500 -1 -2 3 400 1500 (f) DK1 ) (e) DK1 1400 1 Index 2 1 0 1200 1100 -2 -1 1300 900 M A M J J A S O N D 2003 2004 2005 2006 Index Fig. S5 2007 2008 2009 -1 1000 -2 F Annual RE ( g Cm yr ) 2 700 2 1 -2 Annual RE ( g C m yr 1 Index Annual RE ( g Cm yr ) 2 (c) MOZ Annual RE ( g C m yr Scaled RE (dimensionless) RE anomaly Observed Modeled -1 Scaled RE (dimensionless) RE anomaly 0 76 78 (b) QYZ -2 Scaled RE (dimensionless) RE anomaly 1 J 77 1200 (a) QYZ Annual RE ( g Cm yr ) 2 0.08 0.04 0.02 c(rep(NA, 104), GPP.mod.w$MOZ[1:260]) 2 1 GPP ( g C m yr ) Modeled Observed 0.06 0.00 0.15 (b) MOZ Index 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.15 (c) DK1 Index GPP.mod.w$DK1 2 1 GPP ( g C m yr ) (a) QYZ GPP.mod.w$QYZ 2 1 GPP ( g C m yr ) 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Index 79 80 81 Fig. S6 2007 2008 2009 (a) QYZ 0.06 0.04 0.02 c(rep(NA, 104), RE.mod.w$MOZ[1:260]) 2 1 RE ( g C m yr ) 0.00 0.08 (b) MOZ Index 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.16 (c) DK1 Index 0.12 RE.mod.w$DK1 2 1 RE ( g C m yr ) Modeled Observed RE.mod.w$QYZ 2 1 RE ( g C m yr ) 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Index 82 83 84 Fig. S7 2007 2008 2009 (a) 2 Am ( mg C m s 1 ) 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 5 (b) Q10 4 3 2 1 0 2005 2006 2007 Year 85 86 87 Fig. S8 2008 2009 2 Am ( mg C m s 1 ) 0.4 (a) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 5 (b) Q10 4 3 2 1 2003 2004 2005 Year 88 89 90 Fig. S9 2006 2007 Contribution to IAV in NEE (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) 1.0 Climatic effect Biotic effect 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Contribution to IAV in GPP 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Contribution to IAV in RE 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 100 200 Day of year 91 92 93 Fig. S10 300 0 10 20 30 Week 40 50 Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Month Spring Summer Autumn Season Winter Contribution to IAV in NEE (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) 1.0 Climatic effect Biotic effect 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Contribution to IAV in GPP 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Contribution to IAV in RE 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 100 200 Day of year 94 95 96 Fig. S11 300 0 10 20 30 Week 40 50 Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Month Spring Summer Autumn Season Winter