SB4a
1. Which of the following best describes a biome?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2b
2. The plant cell shown above is in which phase of mitosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2b
triptophase
anaphase
interphase
prophase
metaphase
3. A human skin cell contains 46 chromosomes. After the cell completes the
process of mitosis and the cell divides, how many chromosomes will each
of the new skin cells contain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1a1
areas of like climate and ecology
primary productivity per square kilometer
all of the living organisms in an ecosystem
areas that include the entire range of an organism
each of the seven continents on the Earth
2
4
23
46
92
4. Passive transport differs from active transport in that passive transport
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
uses ATP from the cell's mitochondria.
requires twice as much energy to take place.
uses energy from the cell's energy reserves.
does not require energy from ATP to take place.
enters the cell through membrane proteins
5. A cross between two hybrids results in a _____ phenotypic ratio.
SB2c
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
9:3:3:1
1:2:1
4:2:2:1
3:1
1:1:1:1
SB5d
6. Artificial selection is human intervention allowing only the best organisms
to produce offspring. How is this process most useful to humanity?
A. It allows the development of new species not dependent on the
environment.
B. It allows geneticists to emphasize desirable traits in food, plants,
and animals.
C. It prevents the development of new species.
D. It gives the existing species a better chance to reproduce in greater
numbers.
E. It led to artificial intelligence that allowed the creation of robots and
super computers
SB4b2
7. According to this graph, which of these is most important in developing the
biomass of these plants?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Nitrates
Phosphates
Sulfates
Magnesium
Iron
SB3a
8. Energy produced by cellular processes, such as photosynthesis and
respiration, is stored by
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2e
9. Which explains how the advantage of genetic variation through sexual
reproduction occurs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1a2
O2
DNA
RNA
ARP
ATP
One of each pair of chromosomes comes from each parent.
The union of sperm and egg occurs during meiosis.
Meiosis occurs in all body cells also.
Division of body cells results in a greater variety of traits.
Sexual reproduction allows for a great number of offspring to be
produced
10. A cross section of part of a Golgi complex is shown below.
Part of the membrane of the Golgi complex pinches off and moves away.
Which of the following is a function of this process?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
to release energy from ATP
to begin the process of mitosis leading to cell division
to deliver proteins to other locations in and outside the cell
to collect amino acids for use in protein synthesis
to send messages about cell requirements to the nucleus
SB5a
11. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, differences between species
may be the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4d
12. Humans have had a tremendous impact on the environment. What has
caused an increase in the amount of acid rain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2a
the disuse of body structures
the transmission of acquired characteristics
mutagenic agents
intelligent design at the beginning of creation
natural selection
use of chlorofluorocarbons
use of pesticides
coal burning power plants
nuclear power plants
use of industrial acids in machinery work
13. The function of mRNA is to
A. carry genetic information from the nucleus to the site of protein
synthesis.
B. begin the "unzipping" of the DNA molecule.
C. maintain homeostasis within the cell during mitosis.
D. direct the movement of centrosomes during meiosis.
E. Translate genetic code into DNA before meiosis.
SB4b1
14. A food web is shown below.
In this food web, the trophic level with the least energy includes which of
the following organisms?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
grasses
mice
frogs
snakes
hawks
SB5d
15. Albino (white-haired) deer that are born in forest surroundings will
probably:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB3b
16. Which is the female part of a flower?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2b
Reproductive cells called gametes are produced.
Two gametes unite to form a zygote.
Chromosomes are paired.
Nuclear material in the cell divides equally.
Cell division is completed and two cells are formed
18. Some unicellular organisms are motile (have the ability to move) and some
are nonmotile. Which cellular structures are associated with movement?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4d
nectar
sepal
petal
pollen
pistil
17. What is the final outcome of mitosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1a2
survive better
reproduce
be eaten
adapt
migrate
Ribosomes
Flagella
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
mitochondria
19. Which of the following practices is MOST likely to slow the buildup of
CO2 in the atmosphere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
increased use of tropical rain forest areas for agriculture
increased use of genetically engineered plants
decreased pesticide use in favor of biological controls
decreased use of fossil fuels
decreasing the use of nuclear power
SB2a
20. In living things, whether plant or animal, the carrier of hereditary
instructions is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1a3
21. A type of cell that can exist in a broad range of environmental conditions,
can rapidly multiply, and lacks a nucleus is known as what type of cell?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2d1
independent assortment
transcription
crossing over
nondisjunction
segregation
23. Which of the following is a seed-producing plant?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4b2
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
mammal
plant
reptile
22. Half of Wendy's chromosomes came from her mother and half from her
father. Few of her chromosomes are identical to those of either parent
because most of the genes on them have been exchanged with genes on
other chromosomes. What process accounts for this?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB3b
DNA.
genetic vacuole.
messenger RNA.
mitochondria in animals, chloroplasts in plants.
ATP
protozoans
mushroom
lichen on rocks
moss with sporophyte stalk
maple tree
24. In an energy pyramid, the bottom level represents:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
primary consumers
producers
scavengers
decomposers
secondary consumers
SB5b
25. The diagram below represents a section of undisturbed layers of
sedimentary rock in New York State and shows the location of fossils of
several closely related species. According to currently accepted
evolutionary theory, which is the most probable assumption about species
A, B, and C?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1c
26. Which of the following macromolecules are a prominent part of animal
tissues that function in insulation, helping animals conserve heat?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4b3
Species B is more abundant than species C.
Species C existed before species B.
Species A and B are genetically identical.
Species B descended from species A.
Species C evolved from Species B
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
water
27. The phosphorous cycle differs from the water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles
in that
A. the reservoir for phosphorous exists in mineral form in rocks rather
than in the atmosphere.
B. phosphorous is far more abundant than water, carbon, or nitrogen.
C. phosphorous is less important to biological systems than water,
carbon, or nitrogen.
D. phosphorous, once used by an organism, does not cycle back to the
environment.
E. Phosphorous is not used by living organisms and its cycle is not
dependent on living organisms
SB2c
28. The diagram below represents a cell. The letters in the diagram represent
alleles for two different genetic traits.
According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, which of the following
shows all of the allele combinations expected in gametes produced by this cell?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tg
tG
gT
Gt
E
SB4b3
29. In one of the steps of the carbon cycle, a person exhales a molecule of
carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Which of the following is most
likely to happen next to the atom of carbon in this molecule?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
It may be used as part of a sugar in a plant.
It may become part of a protein in an animal.
It may be consumed as a fossil fuel is burned.
It may be decomposed into carbon and oxygen by a bacterium.
It may pick up a phosphorus molecule in the phosphorus cycle
SB1a1
30. Which of the following describes homeostasis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB5d
A cat chases a ball of string.
A dog barks at a television set.
A child inherits brown hair color.
A boy's heart rate increases when running.
An adult disciplines a child for incorrect behavior
31. The illustration below represents a marine iguana.
The marine iguanas of the Galápagos Islands feed on seaweed and algae.
Marine iguanas have flattened tails while other species of iguanas that live
inland on the Galápagos and on the South American mainland have
rounded tails.
Which of the following best explains this difference in tail shape?
SB4b3
A. Flattened tails are better for swimming than rounded tails.
B. Flattened tails move more easily on land than in the ocean.
C. Flattened tails are harder for predators to grasp than rounded tails.
D. Flattened tails release heat more rapidly in the ocean than on land.
E. Flattened tails are not functionally different than round tails
32. Some bacteria have the ability to "fix" nitrogen. This means
A. they convert ammonia into nitrites and nitrates.
B. they convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into biologically useful
forms of nitrogen.
C. they break down nitrogen-rich compounds and release ammonium
ions.
D. they convert nitrate into nitrogen gas.
E. They convert nitrites into ammonia
SB2e
33. Which are examples of asexual reproduction? I. binary fission II.
fertilization III. budding
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB3b
34. For which group of organisms is binary fission the most common type of
asexual reproduction?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4f
I only
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
simple plants like mosses and ferns
advanced flowering plants
invertebrates such as worms
unicellular organisms like amoebae
primitive reptiles that are now extinct
35. A student hypothesizes that thick leg muscles are an inherited trait in dogs.
The student collects data on several dogs, and the data show that dogs that
live outdoors have thicker leg muscles than dogs that live indoors. What
should the student conclude?
A. Dogs that inherit thick leg muscles may not survive indoors.
B. Dogs with thick leg muscles may require more exercise than dogs
with thin leg muscles.
C. Inheritance alone may not account for thick leg muscles in dogs.
D. Inheritance of thick leg muscles may be associated with coat
thickness in dogs.
E. The student’s data must have been incorrect because dogs cannot
have different thickness in leg muscle due to different living
conditions.
SB5a
36. Charles Darwin incorporated Mendel's theories of inheritance into his own
theory.
A. This is true, and they worked together. Thus, Darwin knew how
genetic information was passed from one generation to the next and
this was the foundation of his theory.
B. This is impossible since Mendel was not born until after Darwin
wrote his theory.
C. This is unknown. Darwin may have read the theory and not
mentioned it in his writing.
D. This is not possible because genetics and evolution are unrelated.
E. This is false.
SB1a2
37. Which pair of structures best shows that plant cells have functions different
from animal cells?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4e
Cytoplasm and mitochondria
Chloroplasts and cell walls
Nuclei and centrioles
Ribosomes and cell membranes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
38. The plant below is a xerophyte, It has smaller leaves, grow compactly and
close to the ground, and a
non-porous covering on
their leaves such as wax.
Hair on the leaves of
plants helps to reduce
evaporation from the
surface of leaves by
reflecting sunlight and
inhibiting air movement.
These characteristics are
adaptations that allow this
plant to:
A. survive in extreme
cold habitats
B. not be eaten by
herbivores
C. resist insect
infestations
D. trap more sunlight
E. survive with very
little water
SB4b1
39. Which of these food chains is in the correct order?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
cattail, caterpillar, frog, water snake
cattail, frog, caterpillar, water snake
water snake, frog, caterpillar, cattail
caterpillar, cattail, frog, water snake
frog, cattail, caterpillar, water snake
SB3d
40. Which of these could not be a virus?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. All of the above are viruses
SB2d1
41. An example of nondisjunction would be
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
unsuccessful DNA cloning of a single-celled organism.
a spontaneous mutation occurring naturally in an organism.
A genetic mutation that does not impact the phenotypic expression.
an abnormality in the number of chromosomes within an organism.
the manipulation of DNA segments and chromosomes within
microorganisms.
42. An undisturbed deer population grows until its carrying capacity is
reached. Which of the graphs below BEST resembles this deer population?
SB4a
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. None of the above graphs represent an undisturbed deer population
SB5c
43. Structures (like molar teeth in vampire bats) which are homologous to
important structures in other organisms but serve no purpose in the
organism being considered are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1b
44. Amylase is found in your saliva and speeds the breakdown of starch. What
kind of substance is Amylase?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2c
buffer mixture
carbohydrate
enzyme
phospholipid
nucleic acid
45. An organism that is capable of passing on a trait for a specific disease to its
offspring, but which does NOT express the disease itself, is described as
which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Sb5e
Analogous
Mutations
Vestigial
Convergent
Reassigned
a carrier
homozygous recessive
homozygous dominant
a mutant
a purebred
46. The Light brown apple moth, originally from Australia, was transported to
California in 2007 and has devastated apple crops. Farmers have sprayed
pesticides to kill them, but more and more moths are surviving when the
pesticide is applied because:
A. The farmers are using weaker pesticides each time.
B. The moths are less affected in the summer when the temperature is
above 90°.
C. New invasions from Australia occurred after each pesticide spraying.
D. The natural predator of the brown moth migrated north.
E. The brown moths that survived the first spraying were more immune to
the pesticide and their offspring inherited this resistance and were
increasingly harder to kill by spraying pesticides.
SB3a
47. Photosynthesis is BEST represented by which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2d1
48. A rare genetic condition causes dwarfism and immunodeficiencies. Which
of the following is the most likely cause of this condition?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4b2
SB1a2
a parasitic infection
birth complications
a mutation in DNA
a bacterial disease
an excess of ATP
49. For the biomass pyramid shown below, choose the correct statement:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2a
6H20 + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
6H20 + 6CO2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 + 3O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 + 3O2
6COOH + 3H20 + 3O3 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Producers reproduce quickly but are also consumed at a rapid rate
Biomass decreases with higher trophic levels
Humans represent the lowest trophic level (bottom rectangle)
This biomass pyramid is consistent with an algal bloom
This biomass pyramid is not possible
50. Messenger RNA carries genetic information in groups of three bases
known as
A. amino acids.
B. codons.
C. enzymes.
D. helixes.
E. RNA polymerase
51. Cells secrete proteins, often as enzymes, that have been engineered or
directed by the DNA in the nucleus. Which processes are involved in
protein synthesis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
transfer to RNA, then to amino acids
transcription into RNA, then translation into amino acids
replication of DNA, then transcription into enzymes
translation into RNA, then replication into DNA
SB2c
52. What genotype would
result in the upper
right box of this
dihybrid cross?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2e
53. To maintain the number of chromosomes from parents to offspring during
sexual reproduction, two steps are required. The first, meiosis, results in
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB3b
twice as many chromosomes as in the original cell.
rearranged chromosomes of the same size and number.
larger chromosomes than those in the original cell.
half the number of chromosomes as in the original cell.
The same number of chromosomes as in the original cell.
54. One-celled monerans that contain chlorophyll and can make their own
food are
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB5d
SsYy
SSYY
Ssyy
Ssyy
ssYu
viruses.
bacteria.
protists.
monocots.
blue-green bacteria.
55. During the fall reproductive season, the belly of a male brook trout
becomes bright orange. The orange belly provides some camouflage and
helps attract females.
This trait evolved in brook trout because, compared to males with pale
bellies, males with bright orange bellies are more likely to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
live in good habitats.
be eaten by predators.
mate with other species of fish.
fertilize eggs to produce offspring.
Swim further up rivers before mating
SB1a1
56. As illustrated below, the molecules of many membranes are arranged with
their polar heads to the outside and their nonpolar tails to the inside.
With this arrangement, where would you MOST likely find water
molecules?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1a2
57. A cell with numerous ribosomes is probably specialized for —
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB5e
A only
B only
C only
A and C
B and C
enzyme storage.
energy production.
cell division.
photosynthesis
protein synthesis.
58. Some viral diseases require only one vaccination, which lasts for years. For
other diseases like the flu, vaccinations last only one season. The flu
vaccine lasts such a short time because the flu virus
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
is more easily transmitted
is partially resistant to the flu vaccine and regains its strength
mutates much more rapidly
is less dangerous
is much smaller
SB5d
59. The diagram below illustrates the change that occurred in the frequency of
phenotypes in an insect population over 10 generations. A probable
explanation for this change would be that over time there was
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2a
60. Which is in the shape of a double helix?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1a3
a decrease in the adaptive value of gene a
an increase in the adaptive value of gene a
an increase in the population of this insect
a decrease in the mutation rate of gene A
a random redistribution of characteristics over time
amino acid
ribonucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid
enzyme
protein
61. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
assemble into multicellular organisms
establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms
obtain energy from the Sun
store genetic information in the form of DNA
Replicate by binary fission
SB3a
62. The graph below shows the amount of ATP produced in a cell during a
period of time.
According to the graph, which of the following processes must have
increased between points A and B?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB3b
63. The largest groups into which living things are classified are called
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4e
cellular respiration
cytokinesis
DNA replication
meiosis
photosynthesis
families.
species.
orders.
kingdoms.
genus
64. What is a tropism in plants?
A. an internal chemical signal that controls a plant's growth and
development
B. a movement in response to an external stimulus
C. a movement in response to light stimulus
D. a pigment that absorbs light and affects seed germination
E. A evolutionary adaptation over time
SB2b
65. Tissue samples taken from the heart and stomach of a grasshopper would
be expected to have the same —
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1c
66. Athletes are often concerned with the question of how much protein they
need in their diets because of the requirement of growing muscles for
protein. Just as muscles need the basic building block of protein, protein
itself has basic building blocks also. Which of the following are the basic
building blocks of protein?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB5c
cell shape.
cell size.
metabolic rates.
number of mitochondria
DNA.
triphosphates
nitrates
amino acids
monosaccharides
nucleotides
67. Fossils help scientists classify extinct species and determine their
relationships to current species.
Fossils provide the most information about extinct species' —
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB1c
habitats
structures
metabolism
reproduction
life expectancy
68. Which is the primary energy source for most animals?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
carbohydrates
proteins
fiber
fats
photosynthesis
SB5b
69. Which statement is best supported by the phylogenetic tree shown?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB3d
70. The trait that viruses share with living things is the ability to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4c
Species X is likely to become extinct before species Y
Species V is still alive today and is the oldest species.
Species W is still developing from a prior species.
Species X, Y, and Z became extinct 20 million years ago.
Species W first came into existence
adapt.
use food.
respond.
reproduce.
respire
71. A rocky island appears as oceanic waters recede. Which of the following
forms of vegetation would probably appear first on the bare rocks?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
lichens
weeds
shrubs
pioneer trees
mature forest trees
SB1d
72. Which of the diagrams below best represents the net movement of
molecules in osmosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E. None of the above diagrams represent Osmosis accurately
SB4a
73. The organisms in a typical backyard are likely to include bacteria, grass,
shrubs, trees, insects, spiders, birds, and small mammals. Together, all
these organisms make up —
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a kingdom
a biome
a community
a population
an experimental group
SB3c
74. According to the table, as vertebrate embryos develop —
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2c
75. The observed trait that appears in an organism as a result of its genetic
makeup is called the organism's
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4c
amphibians and humans develop the same structures.
only mammals develop both limbs and external ears.
reptiles and amphibians grow external ears.
limbs and external ears grow on mammals and birds.
Notochords and gill structures are visible through adulthood in all
species
Sympatric speciation
allele
genotype
phenotype
karyotype
76. Which of the following is an example of ecological succession?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a moth species evolving gray wings for camouflage
a dog chasing a bird to use it for nutritional value
a pine forest slowly replacing a grassy meadow
leaves decomposing in a forest
the beaks of finches changing over time in adaptation to available
food sources
SB5b
77. The structural similarities between the flippers of whales and the arms of
humans are used to show that the
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB4f
78. When one animal looks like another animal to protect itself, this adaptation
is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
SB2e
human species began life in the oceans
human species and whales have a common ancestry
whales are older than the human species
whales evolved from the human species
whales and humans experience similar evolutionary pressures
instinct
hibernation
mimicry
migration
commensualism
79. Which is usually considered a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
It is a fast method of reproduction.
It produces a large number of offspring.
It requires two parents.
Too much variability in the phenotypic expression
It produces identical offspring.
SB4b1
80. A food web in a rain forest is shown below.
Which of the following most likely occupies the location marked X in this
food web?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
decomposers
primary consumers
producers
secondary consumers
abiotic factors