TSDSI-M2M-TR-SmartCitiesICT-V0.1.0-20150326
Technical Report
TSDSI - Sub Group on Indian Smart Cities
Smart Cities - An overview of the role of
Information
and
Communication
Technologies in the Indian context.
Draft Release 1.01
Attention: This is not a publication made available to the public, but an internal TSDSI document intended only for use
by members of TSDSI and their collaborators. It shall not be made available to, and used by, any other persons or
entities without the prior written consent of TSDSI.
Page 1 of 64
Table of Contents
1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 7
2
Scope ............................................................................................................................................... 8
3
Public objectives achievable from ICT in Smart Cities .................................................................... 9
4
Business Drivers for Smart Cities .................................................................................................. 10
5
A ‘Common’ approach to Smart Cities .......................................................................................... 12
5.1
6
Financial viability of this unifying common model ............................................................... 14
ICT Pillars of a Smart city............................................................................................................... 15
6.1
Integrated Management Centre ........................................................................................... 17
6.2
Services and Applications...................................................................................................... 19
6.2.1
Services and Applications for Physical Infrastructure ................................................... 19
6.2.2
Services and Applications for Social Infrastructure ...................................................... 20
6.2.3
Services and Applications for Institutional Infrastructure ............................................ 20
6.2.4
Services and Applications for Economic Infrastructure ................................................ 21
6.3
Communications Network .................................................................................................... 22
6.4
Devices .................................................................................................................................. 24
6.5
Data Center, Cloud, Analytics and Backend Platforms ......................................................... 25
6.6
Information and Digital Security ........................................................................................... 27
7
Challenges ..................................................................................................................................... 27
8
Smart Ministries and Departments............................................................................................... 28
9
Use Cases for Smart Cities ............................................................................................................ 29
9.1
Vertical: Transportation ........................................................................................................ 29
9.2
Vertical: Health ..................................................................................................................... 32
9.3
Vertical: Pollution Control..................................................................................................... 38
9.4
Vertical: Smart Home ............................................................................................................ 40
9.5
Vertical: Remote Access Management (RAM) ...................................................................... 42
9.6
Vertical: Public Safety ........................................................................................................... 49
9.7
Vertical: Utilities .................................................................................................................... 51
9.8
Vertical: Industrial Automation............................................................................................. 58
10
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 62
Page 2 of 64
Index of Tables
Table 1 - Smart applications for Public Infrastructure ......................................................................... 20
Table 2 – Smart applications for Social Infrastructure.......................................................................... 20
Table 3 – Smart applications for Institutional Infrastructure ............................................................... 20
Table 4 – Smart applications for Economic Infrastructure ................................................................... 21
Table 5 – Use Cases for Transportation ................................................................................................ 32
Table 6 - Use Cases for Health .............................................................................................................. 38
Table 7 - Use Cases for Pollution Control ............................................................................................. 40
Table 8 - Use Cases for a Smart Home .................................................................................................. 42
Table 9 - Use Cases for Remote Asset Management ............................................................................ 49
Table 10 - Use Cases for Public Safety .................................................................................................. 51
Table 11 - Use Cases for Utilities........................................................................................................... 58
Table 12 - Use Cases for Industrial Automation ................................................................................... 61
Index of Figures
Figure 1 – Silo’d systems ....................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2 – Common Information Infrastructure ................................................................................... 13
Figure 3 – ICT Pillars of a Smart City ..................................................................................................... 15
Figure 4 – Integrated Management Center .......................................................................................... 17
Figure 5 – City IMC: From Ingestion to Insight...................................................................................... 18
Figure 6 – Different networks in a city .................................................................................................. 22
Figure 7 – Network Technologies ......................................................................................................... 23
Figure 8 – Various Sensors .................................................................................................................... 25
Page 3 of 64
About this Technical Report
This Technical Report has been prepared as a contribution to the TSDSI Focus Group on Smart Cities
under the aegis of M2M workgroup.
Acknowledgements
This Technical Report was researched and principally authored by Bipin Pradeep Kumar from
Reliance Jio Infocomm (RJIL). The author would like to thank TSDSI for providing such an exciting
opportunity to work and research under the TSDSI M2M Working Group. Aastha Sayal (RJIL), Bindoo
Srivastava (TICET), Sumit Chowdhury (GSC), Anuj Asokan (TTSL), Hem Thukral (ISGF) provided inputs
for this Technical Report. Mayuri Nayak (GSC) provided fresh views to the graphics. Individual
vertical heads and contributors provided their respective uses cases which were then adopted as
appropriate for Smart City uses.
Page 4 of 64
Left Blank for Procedural information to be addressed
Page 5 of 64
Left Blank for Procedural information to be addressed
Page 6 of 64
Some have called the smart city trend the most transformative thing to happen to cities since the
urban renewal movement of the 1960s1
Introduction
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
One of the captains of the Internet world – the W3C sees Smart cities as a web of people, things and
services2. Whilst this is a contextual manner to begin this document, its relevance is compounded as
it also illustrates the notion that cities are viewed differently by different professions and people.
City engineers view the city as a complex system with multiple layers. Information Technology
companies view cities as an area where information and technology can be unleashed. Architects
and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) see the city in terms of people, social inclusion, and a
sense of space. Government leaders view the city in terms of economic growth, managing scarce
resources and a political arena. Visionaries view it as space for new or improved city services
supported by policy initiatives designed to effect positive change. Regardless of their viewpoint,
most agree on a common vision: make cities smarter and more sustainable; to improve quality of
life.
Smart Cities present an opportunity to achieve most of the views expressed by integrating
technology advancements, especially in the Information and Communications Technology space to
physical city infrastructures—from utilities, transportation, education, health and real estate to city
services; thereby bringing about a cyber-physical metamorphosis. But ultimately, no matter how
technologically adept or challenged it may be, a Smart City is not about M2M or IoT or Big Data or
any particular Information or Communication Technology, but about what technology enables one
to do, about how technology empowers citizens, and how technology improves the quality of life for
every individual.
This becomes paramount in the Indian context. From the 2001 census to 2011 census, there is an
insignificant a shift in urban – rural users in India. Roughly 70% of India still lived in villages and the
remaining 30% in urban areas. But reports released last year3, show that by 2030 India will have 590
million urban inhabitants. Taking this number along with another 200 million that is expected to live
in close proximity to the major cities, it means that in another 15 years, roughly more than half of
India will live in its cities or close to cities.
This unprecedented shift to urban areas, areas that are more contained, creates overwhelming
challenges for local municipalities such as growing demand for services, safety of its citizens, and
effective utilisation of resources and consequently impacts their ability to manage their citizens’
quality of life. Mismanaged or under managed cities are likely to have detrimental social and
environmental repercussions, as well as significant economic costs on the nation. It would be
arguable to say that Information and Communications Technologies, that we all acknowledge is and
1
2
3
http://www.govtech.com/data/The-Rise-of-the-Sensor-Based-City.html
http://www.w3.org/2013/Talks/smart-cities-dsr-mws-2013.pdf
India’s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, sustaining Economic Growth. McKinsey Global Institute
Page 7 of 64
was an important economic driver for India, has not been leveraged optimally within India and its
cities. It needs to move from being seen as a mere 'employment spinner' or ‘economic contributor’
to a medium for infrastructure improvement and large scale upliftment.
40
45
50
55
As we compose and discuss this document in early January 2015, 6 Indian cities have made it to the
‘Megacities’ list of which there are only 35 in the world4. A megacity is usually defined as a
metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people. In India these are Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad, in respective order of ranking.
Furthermore, not just about size, but going forward, Indian cities are expected to dominate world
competitiveness. The Economist’s Hotspots for 20255, that benchmarks the future competitiveness
of cities, has New Delhi (along with Tianjin) leading the City Competitiveness Index globally. Nine
Chinese and seven Indian cities are in the top 20, with Bengaluru 11th on the global list.
Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) has the capability to provide environmentally
friendly and economically viable solutions for cities. Potential advancements could be made in the
forms of efficient water management based on real-time information exchanges, public transport
systems organized through information gathered by satellites, cellular technologies or plain
exchange of data among other civic systems, exploring solutions to concerns related to air quality
monitoring and electromagnetic fields, among others. These technological solutions enhance the
environment, improve governance and facilitate more efficient energy utilisation. In addition, this is
where the concept of ICT based smart and sustainable becomes more inclusive.
This document strives to broadly depict areas within Information and Communications Technologies
(ICT) that can help cities become smarter, more sustainable and efficient, improve governance
structures, bring in more autonomy thereby improving overall quality of life of its citizens.
60
The material in this document is mostly strategic; it highlights and presents the few but expansive
Smart city ICT pillars to the reader. It outlines the scope and possible depth and breadth of each
area, at the same time impressing their importance and calling to attention the diligent studies
further needed in each of those specific areas.
To drive cohesion, this document includes a non-exhaustive draft of Smart City related use cases
that is filtered from some of the vertical study items of TSDSI M2M Study Group.
65
1 Scope
The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) released its draft ‘Concept note on Smart City’ in
September 2014. This TSDSI document seeks to complement it by addressing the ICT aspects of
Smart Cities.
70
This document seeks to:
4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity
5
http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf
Page 8 of 64
1. provide an overview of the main ICT pillars that contribute to the smartness of cities
2. explore the role and potential of ICTs within smart Cities, and
3. acknowledge, at a general level, the key ICT infrastructure needed to enable smart cities
75
80
This document is not intended to be a specification or a recommendation for best practices. It aims
to lay a general foundation for further, more in-depth explorations of specific topics on smart cities
in the Indian context. Consequently, it provides a broad overview of issues that impact the concept
of a smart city, while at the same time setting the stage for additional detailed technical reports
which could be topics of separate TSDSI Focus Groups on Smart Cities.
The intended audience of this Technical Report are stakeholders and members of the government,
industry, academia and even general civil society interested in gaining a better understanding of
what constitutes a smart sustainable city, and what its main attributes are.
This document identifies the existence of further opportunities of collaboration in the identified ICT
pillars, as well as the need to foster further dialogue and discussion on these issues.
2 Public objectives achievable from ICT in Smart Cities
85
90
95
It is important to begin this section stating the obvious - that different cities have different
objectives, and that cities in India are different from each other, sometimes vastly. However, just
like the fundamental requirements and basic rights of every citizen in India are the same,
expectations of and by every city dwelling Indian for day to day activities and tasks are similarly
fundamental and aspirational to large extents.
Combine this with the speed of urbanization occurring in India and it poses an unprecedented
managerial and policy challenge—yet India has not engaged in a national discussion about how to
handle the seismic shift in the makeup of the nation6. As urban population and incomes increase,
demand for every key service such as water, transportation, sewage treatment, low income housing
will increase five- to sevenfold in cities of every size and type. And if India continues on its current
path, urban infrastructure will fall woefully short of what is necessary to sustain prosperous cities. If
not well managed, this inevitable increase in India’s urban population will place enormous stress on
the system.
ICT though not a direct answer to any problem, is seen as a means to manage this more efficiently.
100
In general the objectives expected from Smart Cities and therefore the implementation of ICT in
Smart Cities are:
105
6

Optimization: Looking at all data coming in from various input sources – resources, utilities,
devices and services and putting in systems such that they can improve their operations and
make it more efficient.

Predictive failure information: Forecasting the probability or knowing when a system or
public machinery will go down. And as next steps, taking measure to address that.
The Planning Commission, Approach to the 12th Plan, The Challenges of Urbanization in India
Page 9 of 64

Improved usage information: Understand how citizens are using different services and the
consumption of essentials. Enhance what is falling short, and de-emphasize what is excess.

Improved failure and diagnostic information: Make sure services are operating and
generating revenue.
Transparency: Facilitated by making the information, processes, costs, consequences, more
open and democratic
110


115
From a sector specific view, the objectives expected by the public that ICT can significantly aid in are:



120



125

130
135
New services packages: With more information about citizen behaviour and consumption
patterns, the government will be able to offer more tailored services in and future.
City administration: to streamline management and deliver new services in an efficient way
Education: to increase access, improve quality, and reduce costs
Health care: to increase availability, provide more rapid, accurate diagnosis, provide
wellness and preventive care, and create more cost efficiencies
Public safety: to use real-time information to anticipate and respond rapidly to emergencies
and threats
Real estate: to reduce operating costs, use energy more efficiently, increase value, and
improve occupancy rates
Transportation: to reduce traffic congestion while encouraging the use of public
transportation by improving the customer experience and making travel more efficient,
secure, and safe
Utilities: to manage outages, control costs, and deliver only as much energy or water as is
required while reducing waste
Unlike more developed countries where ICT is more prevalent and city infrastructures are more
mature, the dynamics in India are very different and consequently the requirements, uses and
methods to achieve this vastly different too.
But, just like the laws of physics and chemistry are not different in India or anywhere e else in
the world, the foundations of these requirements or use cases are no different; differences
usually lie in the nuances of implementation. A non-exhaustive set of use cases for different
verticals worked upon by the different groups in the TSDSI M2M Study Group are listed in
Section 10 of this document.
3 Business Drivers for Smart Cities
140
145
A sound local economy attracts investment, increases the tax base, creates employment
opportunities for residents and generates public revenues. An economic strategy which balances the
need for development with other city goals and objectives is the call of the hour. As such, while
cities may have many social and environmental objectives, one cannot dismiss the economic
objectives of cities which are usually common. These include and are not limited to:


Increasing revenue of the various public departments
Improving operational efficiencies
Page 10 of 64
150






Reducing costs of services, both top line to citizens and bottom line to the administration
Improve citizen satisfaction and quality of life
Staying ahead of the consumption cycle
Identifying new service opportunities
Improving Economic investment which results in maximum public revenues and minimum
public service costs.
An economic climate conducive to attracting new developments which yield net social and
economic benefits to the City
Page 11 of 64
155
4 A ‘Common’ approach to Smart Cities
160
Cities are intricate composite environments and the manner in which cities are operated, financed,
regulated and planned are extremely complex to say the least. City operations are multidimensional
and comprise of multiple stakeholders whose dependencies and interdependencies affect and
ultimately determine the built environment.
165
170
These dependencies and interdependencies though known, are mostly overlooked by the various
departments in their efforts and focus of providing their services and of being answerable only for
the services they provide. Part of the answer to making cities 'smarter' is a more all-embracing
coordinated management of resources and infrastructure, a collaborative approach to a cleaner
greener environment, and harmonized governance that result in a better quality of living of its
citizens.
Coordination, collaboration and harmonization can be better implemented by the effective use of
open, common and shareable, information and communication technologies that allows the creation
of a truly interconnected system with seamless communication between services. Even though the
services and applications can be diverse, they could leverage the use of common infrastructure to
achieve this objective. Cities have to move from isolated silo’d systems as depicted in Figure 1 to a
more unifying, common model
From a vertical, silo’d approach
Transportation
Gas
Water
Power
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
175
Waste
Management
Servers &
other ICT
Infra
Other City
Services and
Departments
180
Sensors
Meters
Meters
Meters
Sensors
Figure 1 – Silo’d systems
To a converged common ICT infrastructure pool
185
A common infrastructure pool allows the creation of a truly interconnected system with seamless
communication between services. Even though the services and applications can be diverse, they
could leverage the use of common infrastructure which is highly recommended or at the least
common data models and semantics.
Page 12 of 64
190
The interconnection or adoption of ICT by different government departments and agencies or the
means to do so is not the realm of this document. However, the sharing of infrastructure, unifying
the information infrastructure or even the sharing of meaningful information/data such that it can
improve efficiency and the quality of life of its citizens is an opportunity that will be recommended.
195
Cities with
Homes with
Multiple Smart
Meters
Com
mon
Info
rma
tion
Infra
stru
ctur
200
Multiple Network Topologies
Common
Network
Secure VPN
Common
Data
Platform
Integrated Data Acquisition /Integrated Data Management
Internet
Secure Open Data
Platform
Transportation
Master Data
Management System
Gas
Water
Power
Waste
Manageme
Public Utility
Companies
205
Infrastructure Business
Support Systems (BSS)
Figure 2 – Common Information Infrastructure
210
215
India has already undertaken a path towards Open government data in collaboration with the United
States of America (USA). Together they have pioneered OGPL7, a joint product to promote
transparency and greater citizen engagement by making more government data, documents, tools
and processes publicly available. This platform is used to build the Open Government Data (OGD)
Platform India8 which on date makes available 13,203 resources in 3,439 catalogs provided by over
30 Ministries and Departments. While this refrains from laying basic ontology and semantics, of true
ability for interoperable data, of a regular stream of real time data, in many ways, it is a big leap
forward. Taking this to the next step would be a similar platform at City or State level, along with a
Common Information Model, which going forward could be integrated at a National level
An example for a common information model is the Common Information Model (CIM) for
Electricity9, a standard developed by the electric power industry that has been officially adopted by
7
http://ogpl.gov.in/
https://data.gov.in/
9
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5772503
8
Page 13 of 64
220
225
230
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) that aims to allow application software to
exchange information about an electrical network. It defines a common vocabulary and basic
ontology for aspects of the electric power industry10. Another example of a common model to share
information between various infrastructures at state or central government bodies and departments
is the National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) in the United States of America11. NIEM is a
community-driven, standards-based approach to exchanging information. Diverse communities can
collectively leverage NIEM to increase efficiencies and improve decision making. It was started by a
handful of organizations supporting state and local government to overcome the challenges of
exchanging information across state and city government boundaries. NIEM was formally initiated in
April 2005 by the chief information officers of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the
U.S. Department of Justice. In October 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
joined as the third steward of NIEM.
A common information pool can be designed in manners that it need not impact jurisdictional
overlap within government agencies nor a shift towards decentralized planning, should that come
into play. Unifying the network and data platform would only make it more transparent, easier for
informed decision making and less strenuous financially.
235
4.1 Financial viability of this unifying common model
240
When one looks at smart cities from financial viability perspective, the common model may make it
more economically viable too. It will overwhelmingly likely make the next application or service
cheaper and easier to implement, and the next, and the next. This is an important and oft-neglected
feature and this increased simple scalability would be an ongoing feature.
245
250
Traditionally every department in every city or area puts out its own technology infrastructure as
depicted in Figure 1 and they make their procurements and purchases independently. These hinder
the financial autonomy of urban local bodies, the state government and of the central government
too. The financial implications or burden are borne by the organisation and ultimately by the general
public. What this independent, department-wise infrastructure sourcing and operations has resulted
in is no sharing of costs and resources – resulting in net higher costs to the city and taxpayer, a lot of
waste or duplication in investment and effort and possible under-utilisation of the infrastructure
too. Financial viability and feasibility of projects – regardless of whether they are EPC, PPP or
through other means of funding could be better addressed and made more feasible by the Common
model.
This could in turn ensure the long term viability and health of many projects and of the overall Smart
City initiatives too.
255
Identification of a minimum common set of service layer requirements and capabilities, data model
and semantics, visualising meta-models from the varied information sources to create a higher level
of information, and consequently ideating the base set of criteria of a ‘Common information pool’
can be the objective of a separate dedicated Study Item.
10
11
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5772503
https://www.niem.gov/
Page 14 of 64
5 ICT Pillars of a Smart city
260
265
The Information and Communication Technology - ICT pillars of a Smart City are not to be confused
with the pillars of a Smart City. The latter consists of traditional functions – physical, social,
institutional and economic infrastructures that are required for a city, are addressed in the
document released by the MoUD. The former that is the realm of this document consists of the
different technological domains and technologies, and attempts to determine the main classification
of methods and means in which each of those functions in cities can be made smarter.
This document identifies and recommends 6 areas as pillars for a Smart City. These are depicted in
Figure 3 below.
5
3
Communications
Network
2
Services/Applications that cover
1
Physical Infra
270
4
Governance
275
Education
Devices
and
Chipsets
Econo
mic
Infra
Transport
Utilities
(Gas, Electricity, Water)
Service/Data exchange
Safety & Security
Data
Centre,
Cloud,
Analytics
and
Backend
Platforms
Social
Infra
Dashboard &
Integrated
Mngmt and
Command
Center
Healthcare
Buildings
Institutional Infra
280
6
Information and Digital Security
Figure 3 – ICT Pillars of a Smart City
As such to make a Smart City, the essential pillars comprise of:
285
1. An Integrated Management and Command Centre – That will provide a single interface to
view all integrated city level information. These Command Centres do not imply that only
one will be applilcable to a city, but many smaller ones could feed requisite information
along its various nodes
Page 15 of 64
290
295
300
305
310
2. The Services and Applications across various verticals - These have been classified according
to the Infrastructure segments identified by the MoUD. It covers vertical solutions or
applications in Predictive Maintenance, Vehicle telematics, Insurance, Healthcare, Fleet
management, Connected cars, Home automation, Utility solutions and, the software and
solutions that can be used by the various departments for Smart Governance
3. The Communications Network – This includes the wired and wireless networks, satellite
networks, transmission protocols (MQTT), M2M connectivity; networks that can be called
MAN, WAN, PAN, HAN. Dedicated resources could be allocated for critical communication
or communication during emergencies or disasters.
4. Devices and Chipsets – Devices are an immense area and comprise a larger umbrella of
routers, computers and other networking equipment. For narrowing focus and since M2M is
a tenet this study revolves around, this document focuses on Sensors, RFID tags, Chipsets,
Mobile devices, Embedded software, etc. that facilitate the ‘sensor web’ in cities
5. Data Centre, Cloud, Analytics and Backend Platform Infrastructure – This includes the M2M
platforms, Service enablement solutions, Application services, Device management
software, Cloud services, Integration and Managed services that are hosted on the Cloud or
Data Centre and the Analytics necessary to derive intelligence and implement it
6. Information and Digital Security – Security of Smart City is a very large area and as illustrated
in the diagram touches every aspect – the devices themselves, the communications part, the
data part, the application part and the storage and services part. Besides information
security, security as a topic also encompasses privacy of data and physical security. This
section briefly addresses the illegal access to information and attacks causing physical
disruptions in service availability in a Smart City.
Each of these ICT pillars are only outlined in this document. Each has their own intricacies and
challenges and detailed study items for every pillar will be required. A call for this more focussed
study further is outlined in the respective sections
Page 16 of 64
315
320
325
5.1 Integrated Management Centre
A vast body like a city consists of large number of heterogeneous information resources. These
include sensors, exchanges between or information from citizens, the various workflows and
processes, events that occur, etc. that can together complement the integrated management of
smart cities. The relationships of these diverse information resources are complicated and could be
complementary, reinforced or redundant relationships. The data gathered can further be processed
and modelled, correlated with historic data and other activities performed on it before it can be
made insightful and can be presented to offer MIS, analysis, decision support or forecasts. This is
illustrated in Figure 4
There is also a recursive cycle to the data in a Smart City. Information that is generated is
information that is consumed which in turn adds to the information generated which becomes
information used again.
Generate
330
With an
Objective of
Decision Support
Insight & Information
Presentation for City
Management
Reports
Forecasts &
Prediction
Apply
335
Integrated
Management Center
Perform
Analysis
Enrich
Algorithms, Tools
Data Modeling for
City Operations
Metadata
Optimize, Process
Historic infusion
Input
340
Integrate from
and with all
sources
Data Ingestion from
all City Stakeholders
and Systems
Citizens
Sensor data &
metadata
Events
Workflows,
Processes
Figure 4 – Integrated Management Center
345
In India, resources, data and information generated by the city from different sources, systems and
services are distributed across the myriad different government departments, agencies, their
Page 17 of 64
contractors, in different regions and thus in varied information systems. There is no mechanism or
model to connect them together. Disparate, disconnected, silo’ d systems are harbingers of
cataclysm of the very concept of smartness.
350
355
360
The integrated management centre is intended to establish a co-ordinated approach to this
constraint. The functions of the Integrated Management Centre will include the observation,
reporting, analysing, correlation, forecasting and decision supporting for the entire gamut of citywide services.
At its very foundation, it will integrate with and ingest data from all possible sources, then apply
various data models, processes and tools and ensure quality with an aim to provide insight and
intelligence on various city resources and services while at the same time establishing a sharing and
serving mechanism for all information resources and services in the city.
Different sources of information can blend together, in some ways compensating their own
deficiencies, enriching the larger information pool and therefore providing the ability to offer
services more efficiently. A drill down of the above is depicted in Figure 5 below.
Forecasts
Applications
Information & Insight
365
Reporting
Engine
Trend
Analysis
Energy
Modelling
Bill
Analysis
Environmental
Impact
Cost
Allocation
Historic Data
Processing
Data Modelling
Data Quality
Data Warehouse
Data Sharing
370
Data Integration
375
Power, Water, Waste
Management and
Metering systems
Transport,
Power, Water,
Production, Building Waste, Transport
Automation systems billing and
Pricing systems
Ingestion
Governance,
Financial,
Business and
Accounting
systems
Other relevant
inputs: Metadata,
Weather,
Occupancy, Area
Figure 5 – City IMC: From Ingestion to Insight
Page 18 of 64
380
385
To this effect, while the semantics of data that sensors generate can be studied for standardisation,
prior research (Visconti and Cook, 2002; ISO 2003, Chen, 2014), could facilitate the approach for the
metadata for Indian use fairly easily.
A separate more detailed document outlining the information sources of cities in India and their
data models uniformly, determining metadata, visualising meta-models from the varied information
sources to create a higher level of information, and consequently ideating the base set of data to
open and share to citizens will be the objective of a separate dedicated Study Item.
5.2 Services and Applications
390
The draft Concept note on Smart Cities identified 3 pillars of Smart Cities. These are Physical
Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure and Institutional Infrastructure. This was then extended to
include Economic Infrastructure. Basing applications and services on this classification we can look at
applications and services that enrich these spaces.
5.2.1
395
Services and Applications for Physical Infrastructure
Physical infrastructures and the services and applications that run on top of, or cater to the physical
infrastructure comprises of:
No.
Physical Infrastructures
Smart Services and Applications
1.
Energy
2.
Buildings
3.
Transportation
4.
Water
5.
Waste Management
Smart Electricity Management
Smart Power Grid
Smart Metering for Electricity and Gas
Smart Gas pipeline Management
Smart Lighting
Smart buildings
CCTV Surveillance
Smart Transportation (across roads, bridges,
highways, local trains, buses, cabs, metro train,
ports, airports)
Route Optimization
Smart Ticketing
Smart Signage
Smart Parking
Interactive Bus Stops
Smart Water Management
Smart Metering
Water Leakage Detection
Smart pipes and sensor networks
Smart Irrigation management
Smart Waste Management
Page 19 of 64
6.
Housing
7.
Disaster Management and
Emergency
8.
Public works
Waste tracking systems
Integrated Building management
Housing finder
Housing plan management and tracker
Integrated Response and Management for
Regional Police Headquarters, Coastguard
facilities (for coastal cities), Fire Headquarters,
Hospitals, Ambulance and Administrative
Departments
Smart Management of Public Works – Dams,
Canals, Subways
Smart Public Lighting
Table 1 - Smart applications for Public Infrastructure
5.2.2
400
Services and Applications for Social Infrastructure
Services and applications that run on top of, or cater to Social infrastructure include:
No.
Social Infrastructures
Smart Services and Applications
1.
Safety and Security
2.
3.
Health Care
Education
Smart physical safety and security
City Surveillance
Remote Monitoring
Smart health care
Remote Education
4.
5.
Entertainment
Environment
6.
Homes and Buildings
Open public access digitally
Smart Lighting
Smart Irrigation management
Controlling appliances remotely
Home security, climate control and lighting.
Table 2 – Smart applications for Social Infrastructure
5.2.3
Services and Applications for Institutional Infrastructure
Services and applications that run on top of, or cater to Institutional infrastructure include:
No.
405
Institutional Infrastructures
Smart Services and Applications
1.
2.
Service Delivery
Transparency and Accountability
3.
Citizens Participation and Advisory
4.
Justice and Judicial System
Smart Digital Transactions
Models, optimization, and decision-support
tools
Citizens interface to policy
Direct voting
Transparent, Integrated Legal processes
Smarter Court System
Table 3 – Smart applications for Institutional Infrastructure
Page 20 of 64
5.2.4
Services and Applications for Economic Infrastructure
Services and applications that run on top of, or cater to Economic infrastructure include:
No.
Economic Infrastructures
Smart Services and Applications
1.
Job Creation
2.
Livelihood Activities
3.
Transparency and Accountability
Remote Education
Smart Evaluation
Environmental Information
Access to Experts
Remote Education
4.
Taxation
Tax calculator and filer
Claims management
Table 4 – Smart applications for Economic Infrastructure
410
415
420
Many of the above applications are detailed in the use cases against each vertical addressed towards
the end of this document.
To leverage these infrastructure services and applications holistically, fundamental systems need to
be connected and exchange information where required between other services and applications. As
outlined in the section above, the Common Information Model (CIM) for Electricity12, and the
National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) in the United States of America13 are good examples
of homogenizing information exchange methods between utilities by the former and the state and
local government in the latter to overcome the challenges of exchanging information across silo’d
government boundaries.
In order to realize these opportunities – of applications and solutions in Physical, Social, Institutional
and Economic infrastructures in cities and of leveraging the benefits of exchanging information
between these, a separate more detailed technical report that determines and details the services
and emphasizes the need for careful design and proper coordination among all relevant
infrastructure sectors will be the matter of a dedicated Study Item.
425
12
13
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Information_Model_(electricity)
https://www.niem.gov/
Page 21 of 64
5.3 Communications Network
430
435
440
As part of the realization of a smart city, communication systems are an indispensable part of the
public infrastructure. The telecommunications infrastructure is the basis for data generation,
exchange of data, control information and their transport that provide intelligence to the city. The
reason for this is that many of the requirements of a smart city, including creating systems to reduce
the environmental load, revitalization of corporate activities, and the achievement of comfortable
living can only be realized by seamlessly coordinating everything14. To this end, communication
network or networks are necessary to establish all sorts of connections and share information for
coordination, including human to human, human to machine and machine to machine. Within a
city, many kinds of communication networks can exist, many kinds of communication networks will
be needed to fulfil various needs and all could carry matter relevant for a city’s functioning. A smart
city must combine legacy networks and new communication architectures in order to configure
existing communication networks to achieve compatibility and interoperability15. There could even
be a Network of Networks in a city.
These networks can be visualised as a series of layers as illustrated in Figure 6. Sensors, objects or
systems that need to transport information could use more than one type of network to reach its
destination.
445
Back-haul using
fiber, microwave
Sensor
Mesh-Network
DC1
WiFi-network
MDC
Ultra Narrow
Band Network
2G, 3G, 4G
Network
DRC
Multi-Network
Figure 6 – Different networks in a city
14
http://www.hitachi.com/products/smartcity/smart-infrastructure/communication/index.html
Network Architecture based on Virtualized Networks for Smart Cities. A.D. Guerrero-Pérez, A. Huerta, F.
González and D. López http://smartcities.ieee.org/images/files/images/pdf/ngn_sdn_v3.1.0.pdf
15
Page 22 of 64
450
An ideal Network of Networks would offer the benefits of stateless routing with adequate failover
mechanisms. Network technologies that can co-exist include the following ones illustrated in the
Figure 7.
Satellite
Cellular
GSM/GPRS
CDMA/1X
3G
Wide Area
Network
455
4G/LTE
WiFi
INMARSAT
IRIDIUM
DOMESTIC VSAT
Fixed
xDSL
Optic Fiber
Wireless
Personal & Local
Area Network
RFID
NFC
Wi-Fi
Z Wave
X Bee
Wireless M-Bus
M2M only Networks
Ultra Narrow Band
Whitespace
DSRC
Wired
Bluetooth/BLE
ZigBee
Ethernet
PLC
HomePlug
HomeGrid
HomePNA
LonWorks
Figure 7 – Network Technologies
460
465
470
Communications network in a city should make provisions and be prepared for communication
during times of crisis, emergency or disasters. Such systems rely on the common network or cross
network principles designed to integrate the cross-communication of messages. This communication
could occur between varieties of communication technologies on one plane and citizens and
relevant governmental and non-governmental agencies that are part of the Critical Communication
axis on another.
This section highlights the communications possibilities for smart cities. It also impresses upon the
reader the existence of further opportunities of collaboration in this field, as well as the need to
foster further dialogue and discussion on evolving communication networks in cities. A separate
more detailed document outlining the various networks, the spectrum used for wireless networks,
critical communication needs and other related communication infrastructure for cities would be the
objective of a dedicated study item.
Page 23 of 64
5.4 Devices
475
Devices needed by a smart city cover a wide spectrum of Electronics and Computational equipment.
Typical devices that are part of a Data / ICT city infrastructure include:








480
485
490
Sensors, Actuators, HMI’s and HCI’s
Chipsets, Modules, Boards, PLC’s
Computers, Servers and Networking LAN infrastructure
Mobile phones, Tablets and other Handheld devices
Core Routing Switches & Access Switches
Wireless Networking Gateways and Routers
Firewalls and Network Routers
OSP, Base Stations and Towers
For the purposes of this document, since IoT and M2M are central themes, devices will be restricted
to the realm of sensors, actuators and HMI/HCI that are embedded in physical objects; tiny
electronic devices that can measure and track just about anything that goes on in a city and can
control or perform actions. This is linked through communication networks described in the above
section. These include the sensors, actuators, HMI’s that are illustrated in the diagram below that
can function in systems like:









495
Building Automation & HVAC Control / Energy Management Systems
Lighting Control Systems
Building Security and Access Control
Video Surveillance Systems
Fire and Safety Systems
Car Parking Systems
Smart Grid systems
Health and Medical systems
Transportation
500
505
“Sensor technology has the power to provide data about what’s going on in a number of
unprecedented ways. It changes the way we can understand, manage and study cities. Citizens can
be better engaged by having more city data available”16, said the director of New York University’s
Center for Urban Science and Progress. Sensors and Actuators are the cornerstone of the devices
that will be used in City Management. The notion of having sensors and actuators on every utility
pole, water line, bus, train and traffic light is steadily gaining acceptance.
SenML and its extensions are an attempt to arrive at a uniform way to exchange sensor metadata,
which includes sensor measurement, name, id, unit, timestamp etc., as well as methods to uniformly
16
http://www.govtech.com/data/The-Rise-of-the-Sensor-Based-City.html
Page 24 of 64
510
exchange actuator metadata, that includes commands to actuators like reduce speed of a motor,
switch on or off power17.
Machine Vision,
Ambient Light
Acceleration, Tilt
Electric, Magnetic
Water Leaks, Levels, Force, Load, Torque,
Displacement
Strain, Pressure
Position, Presence
Liquid/Gas Flow
Motion, Velocity
Temperature, Humidity, Acoustic, Amplitude,
Moisture
Vibration
515
These devices communicate with each other and with the Command Center
Figure 8 – Various Sensors
520
Sensor Virtualisation, the challenges imposed by Heterogeneity where sensors/actuators belong to
different domains, using various technologies to communicate, the management of connected
objects, their discovery, the naming and addressing of these billions of objects are all items for more
detailed study and a separate document
525
5.5 Data Center, Cloud, Analytics and Backend Platforms18
530
535
Data and information availability are vital for the functioning of any smart solution. Access to data
must be possible under any circumstance, thus enabling corresponding actions to be taken by city
officials both through the Integrated Command Centre and through individual applications or
services. This becomes particularly important in the case of emergency and crisis situations.
Cross-scale information sharing using common platforms allow policy makers and officials from
different sectors to base their decisions on common information, and undertake coordinated
courses of action. Such data exchange not only strengthens the collaborative efforts between
departments and sectors, but could also be used as part of critical assessments and forecasting of
various emergencies, as well as to optimize any smart solutions implemented in the city. The
unifying nature of the Common information model has also been illustrated above
17
Datta, Soumya Kanti; Bonnet, Christian; Nikaein, Navid, "CCT: Connect and Control Things: A novel mobile
application to manage M2M devices and endpoints," Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information
Processing (ISSNIP), 2014 IEEE Ninth International Conference on , pp.1,6, 21-24 April 2014
18
Largely derived from ITU draft on Smart Sustainable Cities, Sekhar Kondepudi
Page 25 of 64
540
Therefore, it is recommended for city managers to base the implementation of smart solutions on
appropriate policies and governance structures that can support and sustain such efforts in the
short, medium and long term. In addition, the recursive nature of data in a smart city has been
illustrated earlier, highlighting the characteristic of a system of continuous growth and consequently
the need for data storage and mechanism of immense scale.
The following are some of the key components that ensure data accessibility and management in a
Smart city:
545
550
555
560
565
570
575
Accessibility to data: There is a need for schemas, semantics and ontology that will promote
openness and accessibility to data. While there will always be a concern in terms of privacy and the
proprietary nature of data, most sensitive data can be made anonymous or different levels of access
rights enabled before being made accessible. This question of balancing the need for security,
privacy and accessibility is still not well understood in terms of a legal and regulatory framework and
needs to be addressed in the design of smart sustainable cities.
Open data: It is recommended that data on energy, utilities, transportation, and other basic datasets
are to be made public. This is vital in facilitating the cross-scale information sharing component of a
smart city that was suggested above. Information sharing allows better operational decisions to be
made and implemented. It is equally important to note that all data should be presented in a
consistent and standardized manner. It is only when all data is based on the same parameters that it
allows for meaningful exchanges and decision making, such as in the case of open application
programming interfaces (APIs).
Managing massive data: Cities come in various sizes and so does the information associated with
them. To get an accurate view of the data from various sources and various places, this information
usually comes in huge packets and should be able to provide accuracy, analytical capabilities, data
security, and data storage. Therefore, data needs to be managed using highly efficient database
constructs.
High performance: Creating new insights from massive volumes of data needs to be complemented
with digital infrastructures that are capable of high performance. Large amounts of data can place a
lot of pressure on the workload and operational capacity of existing devices. To make the task
optimal, the ICT systems should be reliable, ensure precise data transmission, minimize downtime,
and avoid system failure. In cases of failure, the solution should be ready to handle and recover from
error.
Maximum efficiency: In order for ICTs to be ready to swiftly disseminate the information from one
corner of the city to another, it should operate at its peak efficiency at all points of time. Improving
quality and flexibility while minimizing capital and operational cost is crucial for both maximizing and
maintaining the role of ICTs over time.
A more detailed document that captures the ‘big’ data that a city will generate, the varied
information sources, the frameworks for offering open data, the viability and practise of cloud
enablement, the analytics necessary to derive intelligence for a city to evolve to self-sustainability
will all be the objective of a separate dedicated Study Item.
Page 26 of 64
5.6 Information and Digital Security
580
Security of Smart City is a very large area and as illustrated in the Pillars diagram touches every
aspect – the devices themselves, the communications part, the data part, the application part and
the storage and services part. Besides information security, security as a topic in a city also
encompasses privacy of data and physical security.
********************This section will be addressed in a subsequent release******************
585
6 Challenges

590

595

600


605


610

615

All resources and information generated by the city from different sources, systems and
services are distributed in different departments, regions and their respective information
systems. There is no mechanism or model to connect them together, leave alone the
perceived need. Until this verticalisation is resolved, whatever technology or intelligence
applied will be grossly insufficient and inefficient in holistically addressing issues from a city
wide perspective.
There is no technical proposal to manage data created across the multiple departments in
an integrated way so that the redundant information can be eliminated, the weakness of
one kind of information resources can be supplemented by another, and several information
resources can be combined together to fulfil tasks more effectively.
While the interconnection of different government departments and agencies is not the
space of this document, the sharing of meaningful data that can improve efficiency and the
quality of life – a recurrent theme of a Smart City, of citizens is a challenge that can be
explored.
Scaling of many newer technologies is unproven.
Because ICT is an enabler in Smart City projects, the implementation of the necessary layers
related to ICT services (for example, Communication, Command Centre and
Services/Applications) is usually determined by drivers behind the project and those who
initiate it.
Although ICT is a key enabler in the development of a Smart City project, the value
propositions of most Smart City initiatives do not position ICT as the key to the project’s
success.
Technology challenges the existing status quo in how cities are run; and technology is not
well understood across city sectors and by its administrators.
Among the main barrier to adopting such solutions is the complexity of how cities are
operated, financed, regulated, and planned. City operations are multidimensional and
comprised of multiple stakeholders whose dependencies and interdependencies affect and
ultimately determine the built environment.
Rapid urbanization adds pressure to the resource base, and increases demand for energy,
water, and sanitation, as well as for public services, education and health care.
Consequently, social, economic and environmental issues have become tightly interrelated.
Page 27 of 64
But this relatedness remains opaque to officials in charge of particular departments
responsible for those services
620
7 Smart Ministries and Departments
A non-exhaustive list of ministries and government departments that are developing ICT based
Smart Solutions and could leverage Common Information Pool and other matter described in this
document is listed below:
625
630
635
640
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
Ministry of Company Affairs, Government of India
Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
Ministry of Finance, Government of India
Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India
Ministry of Defense, Government of India
Ministry of Power, Government of India
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DAR&PG), Government of India
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture
Department of Commerce, Govt. of India
Department of Food & Civil Supplies, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Civil Supplies
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), Ministry of Commerce
Department of Personnel & Training, Government of India
Director General of Income Tax (Legal & Research), Income Tax Department
Employee’s State Insurance Corporation, Ministry of Labour and Employment, Govt. of India
Page 28 of 64
8 Use Cases for Smart Cities
645
These use cases are derived from the various vertical sub-groups of theM2M Work Group.
8.1 Vertical: Transportation
Criteria for a use-case’s inclusion in Smart City domain:
1. Use-case is related to public transport
2. Use-case is related to essential (must-have) features for all transport vehicles (including
public and private fleet car/cab companies) like safety etc.
3. Use-case is related to efficient utilization and management of public/shared infrastructure
(like toll booths, roads, highways, parking lots etc.)
4. Use-case is related to safety, security, emergency services on the road
650
Exclusions or Limitations:
655
1. Use cases related to smartness of private vehicles for including non-essential features like
infotainment etc. are not considered under the purview of smart city use-case list.
S.
No.
Use case name
Use case objective
1
Panic buttons in
public
conveyance
In vehicle
Emergency Call
System
Public Security
and Emergency
Management in
India
A panic button in vehicle to raise alarm in
emergency control centre
2
3
4
5
Over Speed and
Traffic Signal
Violation
Monitoring
Smart Parking
Can be
used
directly
in Smart
Cities
Yes
To Provide Auto Emergency calling in
vehicle in case of road accident
Yes
Framework to provide faster security and
emergency services in case of any
untoward scenario, This is a very
important use case which will enhance the
public security and emergency
management system in India. M2M
technology will enable police emergency
VAN to respond to Citizens panic calls
efficiently and will reduce the time to
react. The framework can enable officials
to manage and monitor the incident
remotely.
Framework to monitor and control over
speeding and traffic violation centrally
Yes
Pre-book parking slot using your smart
phone, while vehicle is approaching the
parking area at the allocated time slot,
various sensors can detect and guide the
vehicle to the allocated slot using sign
Yes
Can be used
in Smart
Cities with
slight
modification
Remarks
Yes
Page 29 of 64
6
Traffic
management and
Route optimizing
7
Real-time
Passenger
Information
Systems
Automatic
Passenger
Counting
Traffic Signal
Priority
8
9
10
Car Sharing
Services
11
Vehicle
Diagnostic &
road side
assistance
(OBDII)
12
Fleet
Management
boards, central monitoring system will
manage the parking areas and deduct the
charges electronically.
Once we have considerable number of
vehicles in a city fitted with GPS device,
data can be monitored centrally to find
out the traffic congestion by determining
the speed at which all vehicles are moving
on a particular road. This information can
be provided to the vehicles approaching
the congested area. Same data can be
used by traffic regulators to manage it
remotely.
Yes
Framework to provide bus and route
information to the passengers, along with
the vacant seats in the public vehicle.
Yes
To count the number of passengers
coming in and going out of the transport
vehicle.
Adjusting the signal timing and priority
based upon the priority of the vehicle like
ambulances etc.
Smart car-pooling to reduce traffic on
road
Yes
For OBDII complaint vehicles, collect data
related to health of the vehicle, oil
temperature, coolant temperature,
Speed, breaking, Oil level, to perform the
vehicle health & driver behaviour analysis
and creating use cases for the insurance,
Logistics companies.
This use case will enable transportation
fleet enterprises to manage their
operations more efficiently. The High
Value Asset (fleet) will be connected with
a GPS + GSM/CDMA module, and will
transmit location information on a
predefined time or on request. The
Application will utilize the data
transmitted by the device to derive
maintenance schedule, route
optimization, distance travelled, speed,
driving behaviour, fleet efficiency.
Can be done in
3 ways:
1. Google Maps
traffic density
on phone
2. GPS-based
traffic
monitoring with
advisory on
OBD
3. Satellitebased traffic
monitoring with
advisory on
OBD/phone
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Can be done in
ways:
1. Smartphone
app-based
2. GPS-based
tracking of
vehicle
Road-side
assistance
comes under
purview of
smart cities.
For public
vehicles, it is a
smart city usecase.
Page 30 of 64
13
Radio Taxi
Management
14
Employee
Commutation
Safety
15
Students
Commutation
Safety
16
Work Force
Management
(Different
sectors)
17
Road Tolling:
Electronic fee
collection
18
Smart Highways
This use case will enable radio taxi
operators to automate their operational
process. All the CABs operating in the field
will be embedded or fitted with a M2M
gateway device, which would
continuously transmitting the location,
status, alerts, driver behaviour. Call Centre
Agent can track any CAB through the GUI
and allocate the CAB to the nearest
customer. Value Added Services like
maintenance management, Driver
behaviour, Security feature for passengers
(Panic Button), In vehicle surveillance etc.
This service will enable companies
operating in BPO/ITES/IT sector to
automate their CAB Management service
for employees and ensure their safety. All
the CAB operating for a specific company
will be tracked along with the employees
on board. Companies will be able to
manage and monitor their employee
commutation policies.
This use case will ensure safety of children
traveling by school’s owned transport
services. The users of this solution would
be school administrators, parents of the
students who would track and trace the
school bus on real time, receive alerts and
notifications. The device installed in the
vehicle should be equipped with GPS for
Locations tacking, RFID for identifying the
students and staff on boarded.
Assigning tasks online to work force,
define beat routes. And track daily
movement with regards to the schedule
and route as well as monitor progress.
This use case will enable private car/fleet
owners to decide the most economical toll
route and pay the charges automatically
through online payment gateway. Using
RFID tags telematics box on vehicles,
automated road toll collection can be
computed.
Automated highway system defines
relationship with vehicle and highway
infrastructure. The concept uses short
range communication, sensors and
obstacle-detection to enable smooth and
safe traffic flow. It will also have smart
digital signage to inform driver about the
dynamic condition of the road ahead. As a
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
City control
centre should
be able to
access this info
on demand,
even if it is
managed by
private
companies.
City control
centre should
be able to
access this info
on demand,
even if it is
managed by
private
companies.
All public utility
services
involving field
force, offered
by municipality
directly would
come under
purview of
smart city.
Electronic toll
collection and
smart challans
come under
purview of
smart cities.
Real-time
broadcast of
road condition
using digital
signage comes
under smart
city.
Page 31 of 64
19
Push advertising
in public
transport
future concept it can also control the
vehicles to regulate speed and driving
behaviour.
Location Based Advertising on integrated
displays in public transport systems has
great potential. The passengers are
normally bored when they ride with a
public transport system (metro, bus, tram
etc.) so they are open to general interest
information and location based
advertising (push approach).
Therefore they will receive messages
during their ride. Mostly they get valueadded information e.g. on events, special
activities, opening hours of museums,
timetables, delays, city-activities etc.
Example: When the public transport
system passes an electronics store, on the
display of the high resolution screen
special offers and saving of the store are
displayed. At the next exit you have the
chance to get out of the public transport
system and go directly to the store to
check the service/product and buy it
directly.
Yes
Can be looked
at as a revenue
model for the
city through
advertising for
tourist spots,
museums etc.
Table 5 – Use Cases for Transportation
660
8.2 Vertical: Health
Criteria for a use-case’s inclusion in Smart City domain:
1. Use-case is related to ambulance services, elderly care, community city centres, unique
patient identification through Adhaar card
2. For hospital-specific use-cases, only the government/municipal hospitals are considered to
be under the purview of smart city (Private players would automatically fall in line and
follow the best practices)
665
Exclusions or Limitations:
1. Use cases related to smartness of private hospitals, or non-essential but good-to-have
features like medical asset tracking are not considered under the purview of smart city usecase list.
670
S.
No.
Use case name
Use case objective
1
UC_Health_RPM
Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) is a
tele-health solution that enables
monitoring of patients outside of
conventional clinical settings (e.g. in the
Can be
used
directly
in
Smart
Cities
Can be used
in Smart
Cities with
slight
modification
Remarks
Yes
Ambulatory
patient
monitoring for
patients
Page 32 of 64
2
UC_Assisted_Livi
ng
3
UC_Mobile_Care
home). The patient has medical device on
or close to his body which has sensors
that capture the patient’s healthcare/
physiological data. This data is then
transferred across networks with the help
of transmitters and is monitored for any
abnormality with the help of software or
clinical and healthcare experts.
Assisted Living application combines
housing, support services and health care,
as needed. It is designed for individuals
who require assistance with everyday
activities such as meals, medication
management or assistance, bathing,
dressing and transportation. Some
residents may have memory disorders
including Alzheimer's, or they may need
help with mobility, incontinence or other
challenges. Residents are assessed upon
move in, or any time there is a change in
condition. The assessment is used to
develop an Individualized Service Plan.
Following scenarios exist specific to
Elderly care:
i. Fall condition
ii. Vital Signs monitoring
iii. Routine check-up
iv. Scheduler for Medicines reminder
v. Activity monitoring
vi. Home Dialysis
This use case deals with transportation of
patients to hospitals.
i. There are following types of Ambulance
services
 Advance transport ambulance:
Contains special equipment
 Patient Transport Ambulance: Not
much medical equipment are there
ii. Two-way communication is needed
using UHF/VHF/ Cellular phones
This is needed to provide information to
hospital about the Patient condition and
physical information.
iii. Patient allergies need to be recorded
and informed to the hospital. The medical
equipment can be used which can be used
for measurement of the physical data and
informed to the hospital
iv. Video conference is also required for
transferring medical information of the
patient
v. Online 12 Lead ECG which can be
transmitted from moving Ambulance. ECG
with DICOM compatibility is useful.
registered with
govt. hospitals
falls under smart
city domain.
Yes
Yes
At present, India
has over 18
different models
of transportation
for emergency,
pregnant women,
children and
other categories
of patients, which
are broadly
categorized as:
a. State-wide
models. This is
the “108
Emergency
Transport
Facility”, where
the ambulance
comes with
equipment and
trained staff to
manage
emergencies
during transit.
Page 33 of 64
b. Decentralized
district or blocklevel publicprivate
partnership (PPP)
models. Here, the
District Health
Society (under
the Govt.
Department of
Health) manages
these services.
The fleet includes
government and
contracted
private vehicles.
c. Decentralized
communitybased models.
These are
managed by
communitybased
organizations and
there is
significant
involvement of
communities and
private vehicle
owners. Typically,
these vehicles are
not tracked in
real time by any
government
body.
4
UC_Asset_Tracki
ng
Asset Tracking and Device Tracking is
important aspect in the health sector
where the entire health care instrument
needs to be tracked in hospital. RFID, Real
time location based services (RTLS) and
NFC technology can play an important role
in the asset tracking inside the hospital. All
the hospital equipment / instruments can
have a NFC passive Tag embedded with
unique id of the instrument. All the
entrance/exit should have NFC transceiver
which would record the movement of the
medical instrument/equipment and
update in the database on the hospital
management system.
Yes
For
municipal/govt.
hospitals, it
comes under
smart city
purview.
Over the past decade, there is deployment
of hundreds of RFID and RTLS applications,
tracking assets as diverse as medical
supplies, aircraft subassemblies,
Page 34 of 64
5
UC_Patient_Iden
tification
6
UC_Video_Confe
rencing
agricultural seeds, tissue samples,
reusable transport items, controlled
pharmaceuticals, industrial machinery, lab
equipment and storage trailers. In
Healthcare, different kinds of
organizations use asset tracking for
different purposes. Hospitals and clinics
may track medical equipment and
consumables. Medical facilities may need
to pay extra attention to the location of
small, highly mobile supplies and
equipment stored on their trucks. Medical
laboratories need to automate medical
specimen tracking, while medical device
and pharmaceutical firms have asset
tracking processes similar to other
complex manufacturers.
The Patient Identification is needed for
correct logging of the data in the servers
and systems
These can be following types
i. Aadhar number: India this number is
unique number provided by UIADI
(Unique Identification Authority of India).
Each citizen has a unique number.
ii. Biometric type: User uses the thumb
impression as login in the system. The
It can be linked to Aadhar system in India
for validation and getting the user details
iii. RFID: Near Field communication tag
unique to the user can be issued. It will
contain a unique ID for the user and when
this tag is put on the authentication
device, a unique number is used to get the
Patient identity etc. This can be good for
Primary health care system
iv. Iris Type: The eye scan can be used as
unique identity. However, the technology
still needs to be deployed on mass-scale
v. Mobile Phone number: Users phone
number can be used as unique ID. Though
the Mobile phone penetration in the
population is high the challenge is that all
people do not have the mobile
vi. Smart-Cards: Smart cards can be used
for the unique ID. These can be ISO7816
compatible. The health-system must have
the smart-card reader input.
The video conferencing solution, would
bridge the healthcare practitioners and
the patients, across geographies, to make
basic healthcare services available. It
could assist in monitoring with recently
discharged or recovering patients,
preliminary consultation with patients in
locations where in-person appointments
with a specialist may not be easily
Yes
Initiatives like
Smart cards
linked to Adhaar
number for each
citizen come
under smart city
purview.
Yes
For
municipal/govt.
hospitals and
community
centres, it comes
under smart city
purview.
Page 35 of 64
available, among many other possible
benefits.
7
UC_TeleMedicine
8
Rural Health
The Tele-health Counselling System is
used as a Tele-health consultation service,
that provides a communication service by
video phone between citizens (e.g. elderly
people) in rural areas and health
professionals (e.g. medical doctors) in
urban areas, and includes e-health device
(e.g. blood pressure monitor, weight scale
and pedometer) to be used by citizens at
home or local community centre, and an
easy service to upload their data. The
purpose of the Tele-health Counselling
System is to provide counselling to
patients remotely using video phone and
easy data uploads from e-health device.
This deals with enabling outreach to the
rural population through ASHA and AWW
workers by supporting them through
standardized patient interview kits, audio
training packs and remote telephonic
support.
Yes
For
municipal/govt.
hospitals and
community
centres, it comes
under smart city
purview.
Yes
For
municipal/govt.
hospitals and
community
centres, it comes
under smart city
purview.
Medical services organizations can create a
custom questionnaire containing multiplechoice-questions,
quantitative
input
questions,
and
qualitative
audio
recordings, that can be broadcast to
different contact groups. For example: a
network of ASHA workers (community
health workers) can be sent a survey to
capture self- reported data on the number
of visits they did; similarly, AWWs
(Aanganwadi Workers) can be sent a
survey to get data on the number of
children that were fed, the menu that was
served, and if they are running out of ration
supply and need to alert the district
authorities. Audio packs with a series of
tutorial messages can be created, which
can be played out over a phone call to a
desired contact group. For example, ASHAs
or AWWs, could be sent messages on best
practices to follow during ante-natal care,
danger signs to look out for, and ensure
that they take expectant mothers for
institutional delivery. The users can also
ask questions, which can be answered by
experts. Thus, if ASHAs or AWWs have any
questions or concerns, they can record
their message which can be answered by
experts live or through recordings over the
phone.
Page 36 of 64
9
Smart Gadgets
This includes wearable health monitoring
devices that could save your life.
Some devices allow care givers to
constantly monitor patient's medical
conditions, so that doctor can be notified
immediately on detection of any
abnormality and thus avoid development
of complications. Other devices can detect
whether an elderly patient has taken a fall,
or remind patients it's time to take their
medications. Still other wearables allow
consumers to keep tabs on their own
health and fitness, helping them lose
weight or sleep better. Wearable devices
provide output and connect to the Web in
various ways. Some enable wearers to
monitor their own readings using a mobile
phone and a special website. Others allow
data to be downloaded and viewed by
third parties such as healthcare managers,
or clinicians who are watching for
disturbing trends that merit medical
intervention. Some devices simply
encourage wearers to share their fitness
progress with work-out buddies and
friends via social media sites.
10
Remote Surgery
Remote surgery or tele-surgery is
performance of surgical procedures where
the surgeon is not physically in the same
location as the patient, using a robotic teleoperator system controlled by the surgeon.
The remote operator may give tactile
feedback to the user. Remote surgery
combines elements of robotics and highspeed data connections. A critical limiting
factor is the speed, latency and reliability
of the communication system between the
surgeon and the patient, though transAtlantic
surgeries
have
been
demonstrated.
11
Remote Drug
Delivery
It is an easy way to provide
drugs/medicines to animals and monitor
compliance for people far off from
healthcare facilities.
12
Remote
Equipment
Management
Majority of medical equipments are capital
intensive and a remote equipment
management can help in preventive
Yes
Yes
Yes
Page 37 of 64
measures to reduce the failure of medical
equipments. A simple example can be seen
from “Silent Observer” which sends SMS
status to headquarter with respect to the
machine on/off/storage statistics etc. Such
a system may come handy for medical
imaging and ICU related equipments as
most hospitals have only limited number of
such equipments due to their costs. A more
comprehensive diagnostics and remote
terminal system for firmware upgrade/bug
fixing can cut down on the costs of visits
and ensure a timely and cost effective
service
delivery
through
Remote
Equipment Management.
13
Hospital
Information
Management
System
It addresses the automation needs of all
departments of a hospital covering the
administrative, clinical back office and
peripheral
activities.
The
various
components envisaged under a typical
HIMS architecture are as follows:
Mobile Registration process
Mobile Admission
Patient Transfer
Ambulance Management
Patient consultation with resident
doctors
f. Operation theatre
g. Blood bank, Stores and Purchases
Inventory Management
h. Billing and Cash Counter
i. Payroll
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
14
Laboratory
Information
System
A laboratory information system (LIS) is a
series of computer programs that process,
store and manage data from all stages of
medical processes and tests. Physicians
and lab technicians use laboratory
information systems to supervise many
varieties of inpatient and outpatient
medical testing, including hematology,
chemistry, immunology and microbiology.
Yes
Table 6 - Use Cases for Health
8.3 Vertical: Pollution Control
Criteria for a use-case’s inclusion in Smart City domain:
Page 38 of 64
1. Use-cases related to pollution control, waste disposal and management, monitoring the
quality of essentials like air, water, food etc. are considered as smart city use-cases
675
Exclusions or Limitations:
1. Use cases related to pesticide use in agricultural and farm-lands are not considered under
smart city
S.
No.
Use case name
Use case objective
1
UC_Automotive
Vehicle Pollution
Under Control
To control the pollution done by Vehicles,
Indian Govt has recently mandated that
the fuel to a vehicle will only be provided
on producing valid PUC certificate. It is
possible to enable the complete process
of validation electronically, to ensure the
mandate is easily adhered to. Vehicle
Pollution checking test records will be
uploaded online to a centralized Pollution
monitoring server along with scanned
vehicle details. The Central system will
generate a PUC report online, that can be
downloaded by the vehicle owner and
more importantly, can be accessed by fuel
dispensing owners, traffic police etc. Fuel
pump owner will be able to check if
vehicle has valid PUC, online from the
Centralised server, on submitting vehicle
details that are scanned from vehicle RFID
tag. RFID tags on vehicle with a facility to
upload the details of the vehicle condition
on cloud.
2
UC_Urban
Garbage Disposal
Management
Objective of this use case is to monitor
waste collection and disposal
electronically in urban areas. Waste
collection vehicle is fitted with a GPS
tracking device to monitor its location and
movement. Waste bins are fitted with
RFID tags that can be used to
electronically handshake with the waste
collection vehicle. Waste Bins will have
sensors to monitor its capacity and the
ability to provide alert notification when it
is full. This will help Garbage collection
vehicle to approach the bin to collect
waste immediately.
Can be
used
directly
in Smart
Cities
Yes
Can be used
in Smart
Cities with
slight
modification
Remarks
Yes
Page 39 of 64
3
UC_Water
quality
monitoring
Water quality monitoring will be a system
to ensure that the water is not
contaminated from the source to the
destination. The water reservoir can have
sensors to detect the quality of water;
there can be sensors to monitor the water
quality at the intermediate distribution
centres. Portable sensors will be used in
household and societies to ensure that
the water is of good consumable quality.
Monitoring of air water and solid wastes
generated by the factories. And penalize
them on real time to ensure they are not
polluting the environment.
This use case envisages a network of
online sensors, which capture the
pollution parameters of the City. The
sensors can be static and also mounted on
public vehicles fitted with GIS/GPS system
(in order to mark the location and time of
sampling of pollution data). The sensor
network can capture the parameters
related to within the city for monitoring
air, water, soil pollution and also
radioactive waves. A Central monitoring
centre acquires sensor data online and
disseminates the same to relevant
stakeholders and public. Pollution heat
maps created from this online data can be
useful for policy makers and controlling
authorities to work out remedial actions.
4
UC_Factory
Waste
monitoring
5
UC_Remote
Pollution
monitoring in
Public Areas
6
UC_River Health
Monitoring
Health of rivers and other water bodies
can be monitored in real time using static
sensor networks on banks of river and
floating sensors which collect data with
the location and time stamp and dump
this data to the central monitoring centre
whenever they obtain connectivity.
7
UC_Methane
GAS monitoring
in drainage
Loss to human life occurs due to methane
gas in mines and drainages. A portable
device which can check the methane
presence before a human enters to
complete the operational activity.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Initiatives like
Ganga cleaning
to clean/
maintain the
city-specific
rivers/other
infrastructure/r
esources are
considered to
be a part of
smart city
activities.
Yes
Table 7 - Use Cases for Pollution Control
680
8.4 Vertical: Smart Home
Criteria for a use-case’s inclusion in Smart City domain:
Page 40 of 64
1. Use-cases related to safety and security of home/office/in-building premises are considered
as smart city use-cases
2. Use-cases related to efficient utilization of utilities like power, water, gas etc. are considered
as smart city use-cases
685
Exclusions/Limitations:
1. Use cases related to good-to-have, but non-essential smart home features like moodsensing lights, automatic HVAC, mobile control of equipment etc. are not considered a part
of smart city use-cases.
S.
No.
Use case name
Use case objective
1
UC_SmartHome_
Safety_PanicAlar
m
2
UC_SmartPremis
e_Safety_GasLea
kageDetection
UC_SmartPremis
e_Automation_
WaterPumpMan
agement
Single touch panic alarm to alert
monitoring station and family members
during medical, fire or any other
emergency situation . Early detection of
fire using smoke detectors to ensure
timely response.
Detection of hazardous LPG/CO (Carbon
monoxide) gas leakage
3
4
UC_SmartPremis
e_EnergyManage
ment_Total
Power
Consumption
On/off control of water pump based on
the water levels in OH/UG tanks. The
system allows monitoring the water levels
in the overhead tank as well as the
underground sump. Base on the
program/logic the pump motor is started
or stopped.
The customer is presented with
information about the global energy
consumption of his/her house. The Smart
Meter provides a sub-set of its data,
included instant power. Data are
dispatched either periodically, or upon
request. The Smart Meter provides its
data to the HAN either directly, using its
own interface, or through a meter service
module [The meter records its
measurements in the form of index (one
per tariff period type) or load curves.
Some smart meter also has a switching
device to limit the power output in
conformance with the contracted
subscribed power. It is also equipped with
a HAN interface for delivering information
(index, tariff period, etc.) to devices in the
HAN. ] This information may be directly
received, treated, stored and displayed on
a dedicated display, either in kWh or in €.
It may also be collected by a Home
Gateway, who hosts a Web application
Can be
used
directly
in Smart
Cities
Yes
Can be used
in Smart
Cities with
slight
modification
Remarks
Yes
Yes
In the interest
of promoting
effective water
usage in the city
Yes
In the interest
of promoting
effective power
usage in the city
Page 41 of 64
690
5
C_SmartPRemise
_CCI_Monitoring
,Alerts &
Notifications
6
Smart LPG
Distribution
System (SLDS)
that collects data from HAN (Home Area
Network) devices and organizes them for
a user-friendly presentation.
1. Central monitoring station for 24*7
alarm monitoring and verification
2. Programmable Notifications of events
(like their children coming home from
school) via text message, e-mail, instant
message on multiple cell-phones & email
accounts as registered
3. Co-ordinated third party emergency
response - Medical, Fire, Police
4. In case an alarm goes off, an alert to
authorities with message to user cell
phone
5. Wrong passcode alert
6. Duress alert
7. Pet alert
8. Device health update alerts like low
battery, tamper, fault, etc.
India has a discrete LPG gas distribution
system, customer need to book a cylinder
at least 7 days before the actual
requirement. Every household entitled to
hold only one connection with a maximum
12 cylinders at subsidised rates. Up to 35%
of India’s LP Gas has to be imported, so
subsidies constitute a huge drain on
national resources which is affecting the
CAD.
Problem Statement:
These subsidised cylinders which are to be
used for domestic purposes are being
used for commercial illegal consumption
in auto gas, manufacturing and hospitality
industries.
Solution:
The smart LPG system designed to address
this problem will reduce illegal use of LPG
cylinder and help government reduce
fiscal deficit. This system will address the
following areas:
 Track illegal usage of domestic
cylinders
 Smart Gas Leakage Alert System
 Fuel Gauge Monitoring
Yes
Inter-linking of
these
alarms/notificat
ions with
services like
police, fire,
ambulance is
under the
purview of
smart city.
Yes
In the interest
of promoting
gas usage in the
city.
Also, linking the
LPG distribution
with Adhaar
number, comes
under smart
city purview.
Table 8 - Use Cases for a Smart Home
8.5 Vertical: Remote Access Management (RAM)
Criteria for a use-case’s inclusion in Smart City domain:
695
1. Use-cases related to management of public assets like street-lights, garbage bins, digital
signage boards etc. are considered as smart city use-cases
2. Use-cases related to notifications, alerts, data management, insights and reports on city
dashboards are considered as smart city use-cases
Page 42 of 64
Exclusions or Limitations:
1. Use cases related to private companies/individuals assets like BTS sites, ATM sites, various
sensors etc. are not considered a part of smart city use-cases.
S.
No.
Use case name
Use case objective
Can be
used
directly
in Smart
Cities
Yes
1
UC_RAM_Cell
Tower
The power consumption of assets, energy
source utilization, battery health, cooling
parameters & asset health are the typical
parameters remotely monitored at a
cellular base station site. The objective is
to ensure high site uptime & maintain
conducive environment for BTS &
transmission equipment operation while
keeping track of energy utilization. For
security/theft concerns accurate reporting
is more important than immediate
preventive action.
2
UC_RAM_ATM
Site
Security is the primary requirement & real
–time detection of any theft attempt with
actionable insights is critical. Multi-layer
detection system based on sensors &
CCTV is required, with capability for
instant feed retrieval from remote server.
Yes
3
UC_RAM_Logistic
s fleet
management
Consider the case of Refrigerated trucks
used for this use case. Other use cases
have requirements which are generally a
subset of Refrigerated truck fleet
requirements. Location tracking,
temperature monitoring for different
chambers, door open alarm, goods in/out
tracking, alerts on route deviation &
unexpected delays, energy/fuel
monitoring are typical requirements.
Yes
4
UC_RAM_Data
center
Monitor temperature, energy
consumption & health of equipment.
Yes
5
UC_RAM_Carrier
s (Railway, Bus,
taxi)
Location tracking, secure communication
link, Message transfer
Yes
6
UC_RAM_Power
Grid Sites
Monitor health and operating parameters
Yes
Can be used
in Smart
Cities with
slight
modification
Remarks
Page 43 of 64
7
UC_RAM_Industr
ial Equipment
(Chiller, Pumps
etc.)
Remote management of distributed
industrial equipment such Chillers, Pumps,
Compressors, Generators, Wind Turbines
etc. includes centralized monitoring of
operational performance on the field,
remote diagnostics and tracking of mobile
assets. Remote diagnostics and tracking of
the asset (its visibility, availability, and
health can be covered in RAM horizontal).
Asset connectivity monitoring is also part
of RAM (note – not all assets are required
to be online all the time). These features
are currently considered as part of the
specific Industrial Automation solution.
This improves asset visibility, availability
and utilization thus resulting in reduced
operational costs.
Oil/gas pipelines transmit crude
oil/natural gas from point of production to
processing facilities and subsequently to
point of end use. They are high risk, high
value assets in remote locations running
into thousands of kilometres and hence
require continuous monitoring to detect
leaks, tampering, potential damage due to
encroachment or environmental factors
like floods etc. Near real-time visibility
enables the oil/gas companies to respond
to any abnormalities quickly to prevent
any further damage to the pipeline or to
the environment. This application comes
under Pipeline SCADA segment. Remote
Asset Monitoring and Management
(visibility, availability and health of the
assets is an inherent part of the SCADA
solution).
Yes
8
UC_RAM_Oil/Gas
Pipelines
9
UC_RAM_Storag
e Tanks
Remote tanks are deployed in various
industries to store liquids, solids or gases.
Remote tank monitoring helps in better
inventory management, immediate
actionable information in case of
abnormalities and optimal re-filling trips
resulting in reduced operational costs.
Yes
10
UC_RAM_Home
Appliances/Equip
ment
Remote status monitoring of home
appliances; Remote control of appliances
(start/stop); Remote scheduling of
appliances to start/stop at a certain time;
Yes
Yes
Page 44 of 64
Energy consumption insights for the
applications.
11
UC_RAM
_Healthcare
equipment
Monitor health
Yes
12
UC_RAM_Elevato
rs
Remote monitoring enables automated
collection of elevator performance and
usage data to detect any issue quickly. The
trends allow better visibility of
degradation of performance, if any and
identify any potential issue to readjust the
equipment maintenance cycle. This results
in improved uptime of the elevators.
Yes
13
UC_RAM_Digital
Signage
Management
Yes
14
UC_RAM_Forests
/protected
environment
15
UC_RAM_Street
Lights
16
UC_RAM_High
value structures
e.g. bridges
Digital signage management as an asset
(registration, location, health
management).
Digital signage content management remote content upgrade. Content can
have a static element and some real-time
dynamic data.
Remote monitoring of forests could help
in early detection of forest fires which
thus can be quickly brought under control.
It also enables prevention/detection of
cutting of high value trees and movement
of animals in the forest environment.
Street lights should come on based on
illumination levels. Street light health
monitoring to detect faulty lights.
Street lights on lonely stretches should
come on when a vehicle is approaching.
Street lights powered by solar panels
should be monitored for charge status.
Street light poles can be used to mount
environment monitoring sensors (for
pollution and noise level monitoring).
Street light infrastructure can be used to
mount other utilities like communication
cables, TV cables etc.
Critical and remote infrastructural assets
like bridges have to comply to rigid safety
demands. These structures may have to
bear harsh environmental and operational
conditions throughout their expected life
which is ever increasing. This calls for
continuous monitoring of the structures
for cracks, movements, vibration etc.
which might indicate a potential problem.
Remote monitoring enables remote
gathering and analysis of this data which
reduces overall cost of inspection,
maintenance and repair.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Page 45 of 64
17
UC_RAM_Sensor
s
Commonly used sensors in remote asset
management applications are:
temperature sensor, humidity sensor,
smoke sensor, air flow sensor, water
sensor, power sensor, door sensor, fuel
level sensor – all these need to be
managed remotely.
Yes
18
UC_RAM_Alarm/
Event notification
Ability for a user to define rules against
which the asset data may be continuously
validated to flag any alarms or events. The
validation can happen on real-time or
historic data. The rules could be defined in
the RAM application or on the edge close
to the asset e.g. on the gateway. The rules
could be to detect a threshold being
exceeded to take an appropriate action or
it could be some action based on changing
state of an asset. Multiple parameters
may be correlated to come up with an
actionable event. Alarm/event notification
could be done using SMS or email etc.
Yes
19
UC_RAM_Registr
ation &
Authentication
Yes
20
UC_RAM_Asset
Location
Management
Detect or acknowledge presence of a new
asset in the field. This asset may be
configured in the system and is therefore
a "Valid" asset or it maybe a "new" asset
that is still to be configured OR a
"Strange" asset that is not meant to be
configured in the system.
Asset geographical time based tracking:
 Asset proximity sensing - detected
through RFID locator or NFC/
bluetooth.
 Some assets are stationary like
meters, cell towers, ATMs. but some
assets are mobile - like hand-heldunits/meter reading instruments etc.
therefore location monitoring has a
time element.
 Asset proximity locator - Previously
geotagged devices should pop up
when they are within communication
range. Example- Walkby meter
reader where the meter reading
instrument carried by the meter
reader is able to detect meters in the
vicinity over bluetooth/WiFi and then
perform remote meter reading.
Another example - radio cabs locator.
Notifications to
city command
and control
centre come
under the
purview of
smart city
Yes
Page 46 of 64

Asset geo-fencing: Monitor location
of asset and raise alert in case it
crosses a predefined geofenced area.
Example - pet animals straying out of
designated "Safe" areas.
21
UC_RAM_Asset
Presence Check
& Health
Diagnostics
Monitor the asset (example - loading
condition of a distribution transformer,
Monitor "health" of the Asset - example
its power supply/battery status,
communication signal quality etc.
Diagnostic monitoring of asset - example:
if an asset is not communicating, perform
remote troubleshooting of the asset.
22
UC_RAM_Data
Accumulation
Various types of data can be captured
from the asset as follows Asset location data – especially for mobile
assets to track their location;
Asset usage data – the period for which
asset has been used;
Asset status/operating data – for
monitoring of health and performance of
an asset;
Asset environment data – monitor
environment data like temperature,
humidity etc. around the asset. This is
important for some assets e.g. perishable
assets like dairy products for which
maintaining a proper ambient
temperature during storage and transit is
of utmost important.
Yes
23
UC_RAM_Aggreg
ation &
Transmission
Transmission of the collected/aggregated
data to a remote centralized location for
analytics and visualization.
The data could be sent by an asset directly
to the RAM application or aggregated for
a number of assets by a gateway and then
sent to RAM application.
Yes
24
UC_RAM_Analyti
cs & Insights
Operational Analytics:
 Static information about assets e.g.
asset ID, asset type, owner etc.
 Trends – Time series trends of the
operating parameters of the asset.
Detect patterns and anomalies.
 Key performance indicators – Monitor
current asset performance e.g.
Yes
Insights about
city services
comes under
smart city
Page 47 of 64
Overall Equipment Effectiveness,
Energy consumption etc.
Predictive Analytics:
 Optimization – Compute optimal
decision based on the sensor data
and the defined system constraints.
For example, predicting optimal route
for vehicles in a fleet , optimal route
maintenance personal to reach a
remote asset, optimal maintenance
schedule for a fleet instead of unitbased maintenance to reduce overall
operational costs
 Condition based maintenance/
predictive maintenance – use of
operational data to predict failures
and schedule maintenance
accordingly. Also, predict remaining
useful lifetimes (RUL) of equipment
 Recommendations – context aware
recommendations. E.g.
promotions/offers on digital kiosks
based on user browsing, context
aware promotions/information on
products etc.
25
UC_RAM_Remot
e Device
Management
26
UC_RAM_Report
s and Dashboards
27
UC_RAM_Interga
tion with
Enterprise
Systems
Remote over the air firmware upgrades of
the asset; Remote configuration of the
equipment e.g. sampling interval,
threshold etc.; Bulk provisioning and
configuration; Remote SIM management if
an interface is provided to CSPs SIM
management platform e.g. SIM
activation/deactivation, SIM data usage
information etc.; Remote diagnosis
Yes
Yes
The sensor data and related analytics
results from the asset may need to be
transferred from the RAM to other
Enterprise IT systems to trigger business
workflows.
City
management
dashboards
comes under
smart city
purview
Yes
Page 48 of 64



28
UC_RAM_Securit
y






700
Ticketing systems – Alerts from RAM
could trigger automated generation
of trouble tickets in a ticketing system
Spare parts Inventory – Predictive
maintenance information could be
fed to inventory system to ensure
availability of spare parts on time
Product Engineering IT systems –
Asset usage information data may be
integrated with product engineering
systems to give an insight on how the
asset features are being used by end
users. This may provide inputs in
deciding asset roadmap.
User authentication –through a login
and password validated against a user
database stored in the RAM
application or interfacing with an
external Identity management system
Role based access control – Ensure
that access to the asset data and
operations on the asset/data will be
based on the authority and the
responsibility pre-defined for a role
which is assigned to a user e.g. Only
Administrator role can configure the
assets or regional offices can only
view assets operating within their
region.
Data Integrity and Confidentiality –
Protect data at rest and data-intransit. The data stored on the asset
could be encrypted if required.
Strong encryption mechanisms
between communicating systems to
ensure a secure data transfer.
Support for secure connectivity with
assets which could be behind firewall
Audit trail – Maintained for user
actions for traceability
Yes
Table 9 - Use Cases for Remote Asset Management
8.6 Vertical: Public Safety
Criteria for a use-case’s inclusion in Smart City domain:
1. All Use-cases related to public safety form a part of smart city use-case list
Page 49 of 64
S.
No.
Use case name
Use case objective
1
City Surveillance
Countering challenges faced by urban
cities like increasing crime rate, terrorist
attacks and situation of unrests. There is a
strong need to monitor our cities and
ensure the satiation is efficiently
controlled without causing damage. This
can be achieved with use of:
• Video surveillance through IP camera
network, fixed as well as mobile.
• Video analytics to detect malicious
activities,
• Automatic number plate recognition
• Facial recognition system
• Command and Control Centres for
monitoring and management
2
Women safety
3
Water level
Monitoring of
rivers and DAMs
4
Controlling
Deforestation
5
Landslide
prediction
6
Smart infra
Can be
used
directly
in Smart
Cities
Yes
Can be used
in Smart
Cities with
slight
modification
Remarks
Yes
Sensor network which can detect the level
of water reservoirs and take automatic
action like raising alarm diverting the
water or opening of closing gates of the
dam
Deforestation is a major concern globally
as well as in India. Major reasons of
deforestation are cutting trees and fire.
Sensor network can identify the cutting of
trees in an areas using accelerometer and
also predict the forest fire using gas
sensing, sensing of environment
parameters and monitoring through
video.
Landslides occur during monsoons in
India, causing great loss of life and
property. Landslide prediction using
sensor network can reduce the damage to
a great extent.
Smart bridge system regularly monitors
the bridge and provides real time
information regarding health of bridge to
the central monitoring system helping the
authority to take the corrective measures
before the deterioration increases which
might led to the high restoration or
maintenance costs or bridge collapse.
Smart bridges also alert vehicles
approaching the bridges of overloading of
the bridge and also of the potential
collision with the underside of the bridge
preventing collisions and damage to both
vehicle and bridge.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Page 50 of 64
Table 10 - Use Cases for Public Safety
705
8.7 Vertical: Utilities
Criteria for a use-case’s inclusion in Smart City domain:
1. Use-cases related to provision and metering of basic utilities including power, water, gas are
considered as smart city use-cases
710
Exclusions or Limitations:
1. Use cases related to asset management and smarter operations of individual utility service
providers are not considered as smart city use-cases.
S.
No.
Use case name
Use case objective
1
UC_Utilities_Adv
anced Metering
Infrastructure
(AMI)
Advanced Metering infrastructure is a
bidirectional communication system
between meters installed at customer
premises and a “head-end” system
installed at utility end. Electricity, Water
and Gas utility service providers install
meters at consumption point to measure
the quantity and quality of the “utility”
supplied to the consumer. An Advanced
Metering Infrastructure helps the service
providers to acquire readings from these
meters remotely and automatically at
regular predefined intervals and on
demand. Apart from shortening the
revenue meter reading cycle, this
infrastructure also helps utility in
monitoring the reliability and quality of
supply to each of its consumers. Thus,
AMI helps to avoid meter related field
trips by utility representative.
Can be
used
directly
in Smart
Cities
Yes
Can be used
in Smart
Cities with
slight
modification
Remarks
Utility can remotely control supply to the
consumer premise by sending
connect/disconnect commands to the
meter. Load Control for Demand
Response programs can also be effected
through AMI. It can also configure the
meters to set their parameters (like
Page 51 of 64
contractual threshold for prepayment
metering) and update their firmware.
2
UC_Utilities_Aut
omated Meter
Reading (AMR)
Power Utilities have been doing revenue
meter reading of users through the
mechanism of Automated Meter Reading
using walk-by or drive-by methodology: a
meter reader walks through a locality
carrying a Meter Reading Instrument
(MRI). This MRI is able to "connect" with
meters in the neighbour-hood over
wireless and acquire meter readings. The
readings are uploaded to a Head end
System (HES) as and when backhaul
connectivity is available (over an internet
connection). HES can give remote route
navigation support to the meter reader.
In some cases, the meter reading
Instrument can be configured to calculate
revenue bill of the user (by pre-loading
the user’s tariff rate and revenue history
in the instrument). Here, the Meter reader
can deliver the bill to the user on the spot,
after reading the meter. This is known as
Spot Billing. The bills generated by the
MRI are uploaded into the utility revenue
system later or online for synchronization
in the Revenue Management System.
Such techniques are very popular in areas
that are difficult to reach, as it helps avoid
dual visit to the customer premise for
delivering bills.
This technique is increasingly being used
widely in water and gas revenue metering
projects.
3
UC_Utilities_AMI
Network
Management
System (NMS)
AMI requires reliable network connectivity
from each meter to the head-end
application through the interim
gateway/Data Concentrator/Aggregator
i.e in the WAN and FAN/NAN segments. A
Network Management system helps
manage the AMI network by configuring,
monitoring, and supporting detection and
restoration of connectivity of devices.
Many of the functionalities of such
systems that are candidates for an M2M
platform common services layer are:
Yes
Page 52 of 64
Configuration, Monitoring, Device
connectivity monitoring and Recovery.
4
UC_Utilities_Distr
ibution
Transformer
Monitoring
Distribution transformers are the “power
gateway” to downstream Low Tension (LT)
residential, commercial and agricultural
consumers in the predominantly radial
distribution systems in India. The intent
behind this is to enable remote
monitoring of DTs through an AMR
system, to identify incipient faults in the
DT. A few utilities have implemented
remote operation of the DT LT supply to
disconnect when the DT is overloaded in
order to save it. Here, DT meters are
provided with an AMR modem that helps
the utility to obtain DT consumption
parameter details at a daily frequency. It
also gets automated notification alerts in
case of supply outage at the DT end.
Yes
5
UC_Utilities_Ring
Main Utilities
(RMU) & Fault
Passage Indicator
(FPI)
Yes
6
Supervisory
Control & Data
Acquisition
(SCADA)
Fault Passage Indicators (FPI) and Ring
Main Unit (RMU) devices are being
installed on key sub-transmission Network
nodes (66kV to 11kV) to improve
reliability of the system. Utility can
monitor the health of the network at
these nodes through remote monitoring
of these devices over a SCADA system.
These devices can autonomously isolate
faults in their section, thus enabling
recovery of the remaining system. Alerts
sent by these to the control centre, help
the maintenance staff to identify the
location of the faulty sections immediately
and thus reduce the time to detect and
locate faulty sections.
Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition
(SCADA) system gathers and displays
information from a wide geographical
area and permits control of selected
elements. Complex systems like road or
rail traffic; power, water or gas grids
cannot be managed locally. These systems
need an overarching monitoring system
that has the capability of detecting critical
conditions and notifying them to the
Operator for their immediate attention
and remedial action. The operators in turn
may need to control the network
remotely in order to respond to such
critical situations example – prevent
traffic jams or collisions, clearing
yes
Page 53 of 64
7
UC_Utilities_Prep
ayment metering
8
UC_Utilities_City
Gas distribution
overloaded power lines in a network,
identify gas leakages etc.
SCADA systems are the fundamental
infrastructure layer in Power systems on
which applications like Energy
Management Systems (EMS), Distribution
Management Systems (DMS), Distribution
Automation (DAS), Substation Automation
(SSA) are built.
Key SCADA system functionalities
comprise of continuous data acquisition
from RTUs, event notification on its
detection at RTU end and remote control
of actuators through the RTUs. Sensors
and actuators are connected to the RTUs
over instrumentation wires. RTU to FEP
communication links are required to be
with deterministic low latency and can be
redundant/fault tolerant depending upon
the criticality of the application. SCADA
systems may have a FEP system at a
Primary Data Centre and may have
another FEP system at a Disaster Recovery
Centre.
Many power utilities are encouraging
prepaid mode of electricity purchase for
their consumers, as this helps to reduce
efforts for collecting payment at their end.
Consumers are adopting prepaid mode in
order to help them “budget” for its usage.
Landlords prefer prepaid mode of
payments, to save them the bother of
recovering payments from their tenant
consumers.
Smart Grids of the future will have smart
meters that support both prepayment
mode as well as credit mode of electricity
consumption, from which consumer can
select any mode at will. In the
conventional credit mode of payment,
utility supplies electricity to the consumer
on “credit” basis and raises a bill for
consumption made in the past, as
measured by electricity meter installed at
the consumption premise. This scenario
applies to water and piped gas supply also
and for Guest houses.
Cities, especially metros are increasingly
going in for supply of natural gas through
piped gas distribution systems. A gas
distribution agency supplies natural gas to
consumers through a pipeline network.
The gas pipeline network is expected to
come with a SCADA/telemetry system to
monitor and control the supply pressure
at various nodes in the distribution
Yes
Yes
Page 54 of 64
network and to ensure that there is no
leakage in the gas flow. AMI meters, also
known as smart meters, are designed to
transmit pricing and energy information
from the utility company to the consumer
enabling a two way communication. The
various solutions in the smart gas market
are Meter Data Management (MDM),
meter data analytics, Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition (SCADA), asset
management for gas pipeline, Geographic
Information System (GIS), leakage
detection, and mobile workforce
management.
9
City Water
Distribution
Water distribution in cities is undergoing
renovation and modernization with water
SCADA systems inbuilt into the newer
systems. Here, SCADA system helps
monitor the water flow and pressure at
various nodes in the water distribution
network as well as help in identifying
leakages quickly. A few municipal bodies
are in the process of implementing SCADA
systems on their existing water and waste
water networks, to monitor the flow and
pressure characteristics for improving
operational efficiencies and planning.
Several water supply
boards/municipalities are piloting the
concept of actual consumption based
water supply billing as against a fixed
charge practice prevalent currently. The
idea behind this move is to accurately
measure the consumption of water by
consumers in order to monitor and plan
for consumption trends, and also to
monitor quality of supply (water pressure)
at the consumption points. Metering is
also expected to help conduct water
audits, a crucial tool for identifying and
plugging water leakages. Most bulk
consumers of water are being provided
with AMR ready/compliant water meters
that can be read either through a
GSM/GPRS based RAMR mode or through
a walk-by AMR mode. AMR metering is
being piloted for residential categories of
consumers in a few municipalities. These
are capable of being read through walk-by
AMR. GPRS based RAMR systems for
residential consumers with dedicated
Page 55 of 64
communication infrastructure does not
make commercial sense.
10
UC_Electric
Vehicles
As per the National Electric Mobility
Mission Plan 2020, there is a potential for
sale of 6-7 million xEV (Hybrid and Pure
Electric) Vehicles in 2020 in India. Electric
Two-wheelers have already gained
popularity in the country. These vehicles
contribute in saving precious fossil fuel
and reduced pollution. However, they are
a new class of consumer for the already
burdened electric grids.
Yes
There are 4 types of EV charging:
1.
2.
3.
V0G or Dumb Charging: Vehicle is
plugged into the power socket and it
gets charged like a regular load.
V1G or Smart Charging: Vehicle
charging characteristics can be
controlled from the grid side through
an enabling AMI infrastructure via the
Home Automation route. Here, the
charging current can be controlled to
suit the prevailing grid side network
characteristics and therefore
overburdening of the grid can be
avoided.
V2G (Vehicle to Grid): Here energy
stored in the EV batteries can be
pumped back into the Grid for grid
support. The EV here acts as a mobile
Electric storage device i.e. Virtual
Power Plant.
4. V2B (Vehicle to Building): Here,
vehicle does not communicate with
the Grid but only with the Building
Automation System. Energy from
vehicle is consumed within the
Building and is not fed back into the
grid.
A suitable public electric charging
infrastructure with standard charging
interfaces and billing and payment
mechanism is required as a companion to
encourage adoption of electric vehicles.
This infrastructure will require a system
for monitoring of charging behavior at the
Page 56 of 64
charging points, and a system to support
pay-on the-go billing (Prepayment or
credit charging) for the electric charging.
Currently, EVs charge status is monitored
remotely by the EV service provider
through a GPRS enabled M2M platform
and alert notifications are provided on the
vehicle dashboard when charge levels are
approaching near empty. The EV service
providers can also remotely enable release
of a “reserve” charge in the vehicle when
it is near empty levels at the request of the
driver.
There is a potential for M2M based
solutions for searching for and indicating
location of the nearest charging point on
the vehicle dashboard, when the vehicle
charge is nearing empty levels.
11
UC_Utilities_Micr
ogrids
EV reverse charging the home or the grid
(in the form of a local storage).
Electricity Micro grid that can be grid
connected or off-grid. It comprises of local
distributed generation (example
solar/wind/biomass/micro-hydel/Diesel),
local storage (battery) and a some local
consumption premises. Meters are used
to measure the generation and
consumption. These can be prepayment
or post-paid type; have load
connect/disconnect switches to manage
or restrict load consumption. Sensors and
actuators are installed at the local
Generation equipment and storage to
manage them from a central control
centre. These are getting popular in
villages and townships.
Yes
Microgrids rely heavily on smart sensor
based communicating systems for AMI
based metering, dispatching of Distributed
Energy Resources (DER) and Storage, and
a Control Centre for managing the
operations, stability and safety of the grid.
Smart Microgrids integrate various
systems such as renewable energy
generation, energy storage, Building
Management System (BMS), the utility’s
Distribution Management Systems
(SCADA/DMS) etc. and facilitate active
Page 57 of 64
participation in the Demand Response and
Ancillary Services markets, create enabling
platform for roll out of Electric Vehicles
(EV) and transition to Net Zero Energy
Buildings (NZEB).
12
UC_Utilities_Distr
ibuted
Generation
Small capacity Generation of electricity
that can be consumed within the power
distribution network locally is known as
Distributed Generation. This includes
Captive Power Generation from Diesel
Generation power backup units, or from
solar, wind, biomass, micro-hydel plants
that serve the load behind the meter.
Small scale solar, wind, or other
renewable power generation that can be
integrated into the local grid at the
distribution network level at community
level also come under this category.
Example – captive power plants in malls,
shopping complexes, hospitals, campuses,
industrial complexes, housing societies
and townships etc.
Yes
Recently, as a result of JNNSM initiative
and net metering policy announcements,
retail level consumers are turning into
prosumers by installing rooftop solar
systems in their homes/buildings.
A renewable distributed generation
system includes a SCADA system with
sensors for monitoring the renewable
source intensity (example - insolation or
wind speed), voltage, current, power
quality (harmonics) etc. This data is
required at a central control centre for
analysis to help improve the forecasting
algorithms and renewable generator
performance. An RAMR system with a
meter at the power generation point for
measuring the actual generation and a
meter at the grid injection point to
measure the net export/import of energy
is also part of the overall distributed
generation package.
Table 11 - Use Cases for Utilities
715
8.8 Vertical: Industrial Automation
Page 58 of 64
Criteria for a use-case’s inclusion in Smart City domain:
1. Use-cases related to automation of industries within/near city geographies are considered
as smart city use-cases
S.
No.
Use case name
Use case objective
1
UC_Industrial
Automation_Utili
ties
2
UC_Industrial
Automation_Oil
& Gas Pipeline
In the case of transmission and distribution
elements of electrical utilities, Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition systems
(SCADA) will monitor substations,
transformers, feeders, lines, capacitor
banks,
breakers,
other
switching
equipment and other electrical assets.
SCADA systems are typically used to
control geographically dispersed assets
that are often scattered over a wide area.
This use case addresses a cellular gateway
to transport oil and gas pipeline data to a
backend server, to remotely monitor,
manage and control devices equipped in
the pipeline (e.g. meters, valves, etc.).
Can be
used
directly
in Smart
Cities
Yes
Can be used
in Smart
Cities with
slight
modification
Remarks
Yes
Oil and gas companies can have meters
are remote destinations that makes
manual monitoring of the state of these
meters as an expensive task to be pursued
on a regular basis. Automated monitoring
of oil and gas pipeline data can streamline
the remote monitoring and management
of these remote pipeline meters.
When a fault is monitored on specific link
of the pipeline network, it is necessary to
open or shut the pipeline valve to block
the link or to provide detour route. Also,
when there is a necessity to change the
quantity of oil and gas in pipeline, the
valves should be damped through remote
control.
3
UC_Industrial
Automation_Sma
rt Buildings
Smart building is a M2M service that
utilizes a collection of sensors, controllers,
alerter, gateways deployed at the correct
places in the building combined with
applications and server resides on the
Internet to enable the automatic
management of the building with just
limited human labour. Smart building
Yes
Page 59 of 64
system can greatly reduce the cost
involved in managing the building like
energy consumption, labour cost. With
the smart building system, services like
video monitor, light control, air-condition
control and power supply can all be
managed at the control centre. Some
services can be triggered automatically to
save the precious time in case of fire,
intruder, gas leak etc.
4
UC_Industrial
Automation_Aut
omated Yard
Management
5
UC_Industrial
Automation_Sola
r Power
Generation
Automated yard management is an
example of Wifi/Zigbee or such wireless
technologies for inventory management &
placement of material in a yard. Several
variation of automated yard management
are available where M2M/IoT technology
is used in varied context depending on the
material in the yard, speed of material
movement, inbound marking & QC of the
material, material grade management
depending on the production cycle or
customer demand, and dispatch.
Since the installation base is spread over
several miles, remote monitoring and
alarm based maintenance & repair will
have better ROIs and near-real time
picture of the performance of their solar
farms for increasing cost of operation,
maintenance, and reducing yield due to
performance degradation during the life
cycle of plant equipment. The critical parts
which need to be monitored and informed
about are
 Weather monitoring such as solar
radiation etc.
 Throughput/efficiency or production
 Plant Condition (dust, rain etc.)
Yes
Yes

6
UC_Industrial
Automation_Rem
ote Equipment
Management
Maintenance & repair as per need
Geographical spread of install based of
equipments is generally difficult to
manage. For example, remote agriculture
pump, submersible water pumps, utility
substation, power banks, telco-tower sites
or at times medical units or industrial/plant
equipment (AC/Refrigerators etc.). They
are generally installed where the resident
population is less, no population area or in
case of medical/consumer equipment
technically less literate population.
Yes
Page 60 of 64
7
8
9
720
UC_Industrial
Automation_Rob
otic Arms
UC_Industrial
Automation_Liqu
id Flow
Management
UC_Industrial
Automation_Pro
duction
Management
It is extremely important for such remote
assets to be monitored from central
monitoring units. Some of the cases also
come into the possibility of remote
monitoring as well as control, or complete
remotely managed equipment. Some of
the important aspects of remote
equipment management are:
 Throughput/efficiency or production
level monitoring
 Condition Monitoring
 Maintenance & repair
Used for uniform painting of an
automobile/consumer good
With regard to the chemical flow
management in various industries for
cleaning & enriching of various ores in
mining; adding of chemicals in food items;
bleaching; preservative addition etc.
Used for qualitative and quantitative
measures of a production life cycle
Yes
Yes
Yes
Table 12 - Use Cases for Industrial Automation
Page 61 of 64
9 Bibliography
725
http://www.govtech.com/data/The-Rise-of-the-Sensor-Based-City.html
http://www.w3.org/2013/Talks/smart-cities-dsr-mws-2013.pdf
India’s Urban Awakening: Building Inclusive Cities, sustaining Economic Growth. McKinsey Global
Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacity
730
http://www.citigroup.com/citi/citiforcities/pdfs/hotspots2025.pdf
The Planning Commission, Approach to the 12th Plan, The Challenges of Urbanization in India
http://ogpl.gov.in/
https://data.gov.in/
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5772503
735
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5772503
https://www.niem.gov/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Information_Model_(electricity)
https://www.niem.gov/
http://www.hitachi.com/products/smartcity/smart-infrastructure/communication/index.html
740
Network Architecture based on Virtualized Networks for Smart Cities. A.D. Guerrero-Pérez, A.
Huerta, F. González and D. López
[http://smartcities.ieee.org/images/files/images/pdf/ngn_sdn_v3.1.0.pdf]
http://www.govtech.com/data/The-Rise-of-the-Sensor-Based-City.html
745
Balazinska M., Deshpande A., J. Franklin M., B. Gibbons P., Gray J., Nath S., Hansen M., Liebhold M.,
Szalay A., and Tao V.. Data Management in the worldwide sensor web [J]. IEEE Pervasive Computing,
2010, 6(2): 30–40. [Online]
Chanier F, Checchin P, Blanc C, et al. Map fusion based on a multi-map SLAM
framework[C]//Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, 2008. MFI 2008. IEEE
International Conference on. IEEE, 2008: 533-538. [Online]
750
Di L., Moe K., and Yu G.. Metadata requirements analysis for the emerging Sensor Web [J].
International Journal of Digital Earth, 2009, 2:3-17. [Online]
Nam T, Pardo T A. Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and
institutions[C]//Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research
Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times. ACM, 2011: 282-291. [Online]
Page 62 of 64
755
Nam T, Pardo T A. Smart city as urban innovation: Focusing on management, policy, and
context[C]//Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic
Governance. ACM, 2011: 185-194. [Online]
Nativi S, Mazzetti P, Geller G N. Environmental model access and interoperability: The GEO Model
Web initiative [J]. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2013, 39: 214-228. [Online]
760
OGC 08-132. OpenGIS Event Pattern Markup Language (EML) [S] (Version 0.3.0). Wayland, MA, USA:
Open Geospatial Consortium, 2008a. [Online]
OGC 08-133. OpenGIS Sensor Event Service Interface Specification[S] (proposed) (Version 0.3.0).
Wayland, MA, USA: Open Geospatial Consortium, 2008b. [Online]
765
Toppeta D. The smart city vision: how innovation and ICT can build smart, “livable”, sustainable cities
[J]. The Innovation Knowledge Foundation, 2010. [Online]
Vijay Kumar, Dr R.K.Pandit . Problems of Solid Waste Management in Indian Cities . International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013
Page 63 of 64
770
Document history
Version
Rel 1.0 20150307
Rel 1.0 20150326
Date
7th March,
2015
26th March,
2015
Released by
Author: Bipin Pradeep Kumar, RJIL.
Change Description
Release 1
Contributors: Aastha Sayal, RJIL;
Bindoo Srivastava, IIT Bombay; Hem
Thukral, ISGF; Anuj Asokan, TTSL.
Author: Bipin Pradeep Kumar, RJIL.
Release 1.01
Contributors: Aastha Sayal, RJIL;
Bindoo Srivastava, IIT Bombay; Hem
Thukral, ISGF; Anuj Asokan, TTSL.
Page 64 of 64