Mutations Guided Notes Name______________________________Per___ What are Mutations? Mutations are changes in the _______________ ___________________ that happen due to mistakes when ___________________DNA 2 Major Types of Mutations 1. Gene mutation: these are mutations that produce changes in a single ___________________ 2. Chromosomal Mutations: are mutations that produce changes in ________________ chromosomes Gene Mutations Point Mutations: these are mutations that involve changes in one or just a few ___________________ (they occur at a single “__________________” in DNA) Include: ______________________ ______________________ Substitutions: Is where one base is ___________________to another base Deletions: are where on base is ___________________from the DNA sequence Insertions: are where an ____________base is added to the DNA sequence Frame Shift Mutations Are mutations (such as insertions/deletions) that shift the reading frame Because each ___________________ is 3 bases long, if one is deleted then many of the ___________________ ______________will be changed… Chromosomal Mutations Involve ___________________ in the number or structure of chromosomes They include: Deletions, Duplications, ____________________, and Translocation Mutations Many mutations happen in _______________________ regions of DNA and have little or no effect Most ______________________ that cause dramatic changes in protein structure or gene activity are often ______________ or__________________ Genetic disorders, etc Few mutations are _______________________, and give an _______________________ to the organism that has the mutation Beneficial mutations lead to the __________________ of species