Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Unit 1 Measurements
Essential questions:
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Explain the difference between theories and law
How are observations used to form inferences?
What are the standard metric units for length, volume, mass and time?
What are the metric prefixes used in measuring length, time and mass how are the used
What is a serial dilution and how do you make them
What is a spectrophotometer?
How are spectrophotometers used to identify and analyze chemicals in solution?
How are indicators utilized in the spectrophotometer?
Key vocabulary:
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Theory
Law
Inference
Hypothesis
SI Units
Milli
Centi
Deci
Pico
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Nano
Micro
Serial dilution
Micropipette
wavelength
Optical density
Protein concentration
Spectrophotometer
Beers Law
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Transmittance
Dilution factor
Absorbance
Practice:
Explain the main difference between a fact and theory.
What are some of the reasons that theories will be revised?
Define an inference and explain how an inference is similar to a conclusion, but differs from a hypothesis.
Describe the role of observations and logic in forming inferences.
Name the standard units (SI) for mass, time and length.
Identify the factor for each prefix
Prefix
Deci
Centi
Milli
Micro
Nano
Pico
Factor
Explain how to convert between standard units.
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Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Convert 5kg to grams, and micrograms.
Convert 6 microseconds to 6 seconds using scientific notation.
How are serial dilutions made?
What is the dilution factor when 0.2 mL is added to 3.8 mL diluent?
What is the correct order when preparing for pipetting?
Push down on the plunger to the second stop ___
Push down on the plunger to the first stop ___
Put on pipette tip ___
Release pipette plunger ___
Prepare all liquids ___
Place pipette in liquid ___
Slowly release the pipette plunger ___
Place pipette over new container ___
Push down on the plunger to the first stop ___
Set your pipette to the correct volume ___
Explain the use of spectrophotometry in DNA analysis
What would be the absorbance reading of a sample that had a percent transmittance of 80.%?
Unit 2 Aseptic Techniques
Essential Questions
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How are pathogens spread?
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How can contamination be prevented?
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Describe the similarities and differences between sterilizations and disinfection
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Describe occupational exposures to blood borne pathogens such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Describe the proper techniques necessary in order to transfer or inoculate a culture
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Explain why it is important to flame a loop
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Describe how to make a streak plate
Key terms
 Disinfection
 Sterilization
 Sanitation
 Pathogen
 Inoculation
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Contamination
Agar
Agarose
Petri Dish
Autoclave
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Laminar Hood
Incubator
Aseptic Techniques
Blood borne pathogen
Culture
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Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Practice Problems
What are sources of potential contaminates in the lab?
Identify three ways pathogens can contaminate an experiment.
Why do we autoclave utensils and media before use? How does an autoclave work?
How might we detect contamination of an experiment?
Identify “at-risk” behaviors that could transfer blood borne pathogens and explain how transfer can be prevented for each
behavior.
Why do we use a laminar hood? How should items be maneuvered in the hood?
What are the steps to disinfect your workspace?
What is the difference between sanitizing, disinfecting and sterilizing?
Describe how you transfer a culture from a test tube to a petri dish.
Use the circle to show how to make a streak plate
Why are incubators used in the laboratory?
Unit 3 DNA Technology
Essential Questions
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Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
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What is the structure of DNA?
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How does DNA replicate?
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What constitutes DNA technology
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What is recombinant DNA and how is it constructed?
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How can recombinant DNA be used?
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What is PCR and how is it used?
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What is gel electrophoresis?
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Describe what forensic medicine is and how DNA typing is performed
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Explain RFLP’s
Key Terms
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DNA Replication
Helicase
DNA Polymerase
Ligase
Transcription
Translation
RNA
RNA Polymerase
Codon
Anitcodon
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DNA Fingerprinting
Ligases
Endonucleases
Enhancer
Ethidium Bromide
Forensics
Gel Electrophoresis
Plasmid
Recombinant DNA
Restriction Enzyme
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Restriction Fragment
Length Polymorphism
TAE Buffer
TE Buffer
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Practice Problems
Why is DNA considered semi-conservative?
Name the molecules needed for DNA Replication and describe how they work together
Distinguish between transcription and translation
Explain the role bacteria and the transfer of genetic information plays in biotechnology
Explain the function of ligases
Plasmids are very important pieces of DNA. How do they differ from chromosomal DNA molecules?
Describe the process of insulin production.
List examples of industrial and medical uses for recombinant DNA
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Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Why is gel electrophoresis used to study DNA?
Describe the process of gel electrophoresis to separate and visualize DNA fragments bands based on size.
Describe what is meant by a DNA fingerprint
If agarose gel material is labeled 1%, what does the 1% refer to?
What causes molecules to be separated on an agarose gel?
Identify and compare the differing gel stains that stain the DNA.
Why must DNA and proteins be stored in a buffered solution?
Summarize how PCR is used to in forensic medicine to amplify a sample of DNA into an amount that can be analyzed.
Give examples how forensics uses DNA for crimes, identification, familial relationships, and paternity.
Looking at the diagram above, which lane matches the best with Lane A?
a. B
d. E
b. C
e. F
c. D
Unit 4 Cell Cycle and Reproduction
Essential Questions
What is the cell cycle and its major stages?
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Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
What are the events occurring in the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis?
What are the functions of mitosis and the cell cycle?
How is the cell cycle regulated?
How is a cancer produced?
What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?
What is meiosis?
How does crossing over contribute to genetic variation during meiosis?
How does the independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis contribute to genetic variation?
What is the importance of haploid cells in sexual reproduction?
What are the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis?
How is meiosis the basis for genetic variation during sexual reproduction?
Key Terms
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Mitosis
Meiosis
Cytokinesis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
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Telophase
Interphase
Benign tumor
Crossing over
Haploid
Diploid
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Malignant tumor
Oncogene
Tumor suppressor gene
Independent assortment
Metastasis
Practice Problems
Using the following diagrams, name the stage of mitosis for A-D, and give at least two pieces of evidence for
each.
Describe the parts of interphase include G1, S, and G2
Describe the role of cytokinesis
How does a cell maintain the diploid chromosome number?
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Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Explain the role of mitosis in growth repair and asexual reproduction
Describe cyclins and how they relate the cell cycle.
What is the relationship between an oncogene and a mutated gene?
Compare the properties of a benign tumor and a malignant tumor.
Define and identify sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes and distinguish between them.
Draw a diagram that shows crossing over and explain its importance in genetic variation
Describe or diagram the differences between the first and second mitotic divisions during meiosis
Summarize the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis
Unit 5 Heredity
Essential Questions
What are different ways in which changes can occur in the genetic code?
What are several processes in which prokaryotic cells can increase genetic variation?
What are several processes in which eukaryotic organisms can increase genetic variation?
How did Mendel carry out his plant breeding experiments?
What are the uses of a Punnett square?
What are Mendel’s three Laws (Principles) of Genetics?
Do the allele frequencies of certain dominant and recessive traits influence how they are inherited?
How are codominance and incomplete dominance different from simple Mendelian inheritance?
What are sex-linked traits?
What is the difference between inheritance involving multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance?
What is the difference between pleiotropy and epistasis?
What are the functions of a pedigree chart?
Key Terms
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allele
mutation
point mutation
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base pair insertion
base pair deletion
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base pair
substitution
genotype
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Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
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phenotype
dominant
recessive
homozygous
heterozygous
test cross
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Law (principle) of
independent
assortment
Law (principle) of
dominance
Law (principle) of
segregation
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Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Practice Problems
Describe what a mutation is in terms of a change to the genetic code.
Identify and describe the three main types of mutations that can occur. Construct a diagram to show an example
for each type below:
Explain the effects of a missense and a nonsense mutation.
How does the process of crossing-over during prophase I of meiosis increases genetic variation?
Describe the roles of transformation, transduction and conjugation in creating genetic variation in bacteria.
Create a Punnett Square showing a monohybrid cross of Tt xTt. Describe how you would arrive at the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios.
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Genetics
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Create a Punnett Square showing a dihybrid cross of TtRr xTtRr. Describe how you would arrive at the
phenotypic ratio.
Show how incomplete dominance in snapdragons is exhibited by crossing a red (RR) and a white (WW)
flowered plant, and then crossing their offspring. Explain the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the second
cross.
Give 2 detailed examples of codominance
Show how a sex-linked trait such as colorblindness or hemophilia may be inherited by crossing XCXc x XCY.
Describe how polygenic inheritance can result in a continuum of phenotypes
Define and give examples of pleiotropy and epistasis
Construct a pedigree chart based on the word problem below. Be sure to label generations and genotypes. Use
circles/square and shading appropriately.
A father and a mother both have brown eyes. Their two sons have blue eyes and their two daughters have brown
eyes. One daughter carries the gene for blue eyes, the other doesn’t.
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