Name: ___________________________ Date: _________ Date of Science Exam: __________ Period: _______
Science 8 - Semester One - Final Exam Study Guide (2012-2013)
Safety and Tools
1. A fire blanket puts out a fire on a __________, while a fire extinguisher puts out a flame in a _________.
2. What tool should be used to accurately measure the volume of a liquid? ________
3. What tool should be used to handle hot materials in a classroom? _____________
The Metric System
Complete the following ladder below and use it to answer the following conversion questions.
4. Name the basic SI unit of measurement for each of the following:
 Volume is measured in
______
 Mass is measured in
______



2.4 km = ________ cm

300 mL = ________ L

1250 g = _______ cg
Length is measured in
Temperature is measured in
______
______
States of Matter
5. Draw a picture for the arrangement of molecules for each of the three states of matter.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Solid
Liquid
A solid has a ____________ shape and _____________ volume.
A liquid takes the _____________ of its container and has a ___________ volume.
A gas ________ its container and has ______ definite volume.
True / False. The particles of matter are always in constant motion, even when it is really cold.
Gas
Waves
10. Waves transfer _____________ from place to place, and it spreads ____________ from the source.
11. What is a mechanical wave? ________________________________________________________
Example of a mechanical wave? _____________ a non-mechanical wave (electromagnetic)? ____________
12. Label the following parts on a longitudinal wave:
a. Compression
b. Rarefaction
13. In a longitudinal wave, the particles move parallel / perpendicular to the direction which the energy moves.
14. A longitudinal wave’s wavelength can be found in two different ways. What are they?
a. ___________________ to __________________
b. ___________________ to __________________
1
15. Draw a transverse wave and label the following:
a. Crest
b. Trough
c. Normal/Resting Point/Equilibrium
d. Amplitude
e. Wavelength
16. In a transverse wave, the particles move parallel / perpendicular to the direction which the energy moves.
17. A transverse wave’s wavelength can be found in three different ways. What are they?
a. ___________________ to __________________
b. ___________________ to __________________
c. ___________________ to __________________
18. The amplitude is the measure of how much _____________ a wave carries.
19. The amplitude of a transverse wave can be found by measuring the distance between the _____________ and
the _____________ or the ____________ and the _______________.
20. Circle the correct answers about the speed of sound and light in different materials.
a. Sound waves travel fastest through a solid / liquid / gas / vacuum because the molecules in that medium are
closest together / farther apart.
b. Sound waves travel fastest through denser / less dense materials.
c. Sound travels slowest through hotter / cooler materials because the molecules are moving slower / faster.
d. Sound waves travel slowest in more elastic / inelastic materials because the particles do / do not bounce
back very quickly.
e. Electromagnetic, or light waves, travel fastest through a solid / liquid / gas / vacuum because the molecules
are closest together / farther apart.
f. You see lightning before hearing thunder because sound travels slower / faster than light.
21. The elasticity of a material describes the ability for the molecules of an object to _________________.
 Circle the most inelastic material:
Water
Rubber
Steel
Wood
22. The loudness (amount of energy in a sound wave) is measured by the ________________ Scale.
23. What are the three main causes of hearing loss? *Star the main cause for teenagers/young adults*
___________________
___________________
___________________
24. Frequency is the measure of how many waves pass in a one second. Amplitude is a measure of how much energy
the wave is carrying. Draw a wave with a low frequency (few waves passing per second) and high amplitude and
a wave with a high frequency (many waves passing per second) and low amplitude.
Low Frequency, High Amplitude Wave
High Frequency, Low Amplitude Wave
25. The frequency of a wave is measured in units called ____________.
2
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
26. Match up each of the words from the word bank with the blanks for the Electromagnetic Spectrum below:
Word Bank
Light rays (Visible Light)
Gamma
X – Rays
Microwaves
Ultraviolet rays
Infrared waves
Radio waves
27. Circle the correct answer from the statements below:
a. Gamma / Radio waves have the highest frequency, and the shortest wavelength.
b. Gamma / Radio waves have the lowest frequency, and the longest wavelength.
c. In a vacuum, all EM waves have the same wavelength / frequency / speed / amplitude.
d. EM waves are drawn as longitudinal / transverse waves, but they are really longitudinal / transverse
waves because their particles move parallel / perpendicular to the direction of energy.
28. What is the only part of the EM spectrum that is visible to the naked eye? ___________
29. What causes the human eye to see different colors? (ex: leaves are green, apples are red)
_____________________________________________________________
30. Wearing a black t-shirt in the summer will make you hotter / cooler because the color black absorbs / transmits /
reflects all of the sun’s energy.
31. What four things do all EM waves have in common?
a. They all travel at the _________ speed.
b. They are all emitted by the __________.
c. They are classified by their ___________________.
d. EM waves do not require a ________________ to travel.
32. The Law of Reflection states that the _________ of ___________ is equal to the _________ of ___________.
33. Draw a picture that shows light rays reflecting off of a plane mirror. (*Hint: They follow the Law of Reflection! )
Plane Mirror
3
34. Circle the correct answers in the sentences below:
a. An object that is transparent is one that allows all / some / none of the light to pass through it.
b. An object that is translucent is one that allows all / some / none of the light to pass through it.
c. An object that is opaque is one that allows all / some / none of the light to pass through it.
35. List three objects that are transparent, translucent, and opaque.
a. Transparent: ____________, _____________, ____________
b. Translucent: ____________, _____________, ____________
c. Opaque: ____________, _____________, ____________
36. Refraction is the _____________ of a light wave as it enters a new medium.
 True / False. Refraction explains why a spoon looks bent in water.
 This phenomenon happens because light speeds up / slows down as it passes from air into water.
37. Which of the following is a form of energy (circle all that apply):
a. Sound
b. Light
c. Gravity
Forces and Motion
38. A force is a ____________ or a ___________.
39. What is the SI or metric units for force? ____________
40. Fill in the blanks for Newton’s Laws:
a. Newton’s 1st Law says that an object at ____________ stays at __________, while an object in
________________ stays in _______________ until an outside force acts upon it.
 Example: _____________________________________________________________
b. In Newton’s 2nd Law, Force = _______________ x _________________.
 Units for acceleration: __________________
c. Newton’s 3rd Law states that for every ___________ there is an equal and opposite
___________________.
 Example: _____________________________________________________________
41. True / False. Balanced forces can cause a change in speed or direction.
42. Draw the arrow showing the Net Force, or the direction in which each of the soccer balls below will move.
43. If the force of a soccer player is 15 N, and the resisting force due to friction is 3 N, what is the net force acting on
the ball? ______________
44. Label the forces acting on the book in the diagram to the
right:
 Normal Force
 Applied Force
 Sliding Friction
 Gravity
 Add arrow for: Net Force
Calculate the net force: ____________
4
45. What is inertia? ________________________________________________________________
 Example of an object with a lot of inertia? ______________________________
46. Label the arrows for the force diagram to the right:
 Inertia
 Centripetal
 Centrifugal
 Gravity
47. Centripetal / Centrifugal forces are responsible for making an object turn in a circle.
48. _______________ occurs when two objects slide, roll or glide past each other, and acts in the _______________
direction of an object’s motion.
49. Friction can cause an object to do all of the following except _________________________.
a. Slow down / decelerate
c. Speed up / positively accelerate
b. Produce heat / thermal energy
d. Change direction
50. Label each of the scenarios as being examples of sliding friction, rolling friction, or fluid friction.
a. A skateboard rolling down a hill ____________________
b. A plane flying through the air __________________
c. A child sliding down a slide _____________________
51. To increase the gravitational pull between two objects:
a. You must increase / decrease the distance between them.
b. You must increase / decrease the mass of one of the objects.
52. Which of these would result in the MOST gravitational attraction?
a. Two 1 g objects, 2 meters apart
b. Two 1 g objects, 4 meters apart
c. Two 2 g objects, 2 meters apart
d. Two 2 g objects, 4 meters apart
53. If two objects are five meters apart, which of these changes will DECREASE the gravitational force between the
two objects? (Circle all the apply)
a. Decreasing the mass of one object
c. Moving the objects to 3 meters apart
b. Decreasing the mass of both objects
d. Moving the objects to 7 meters apart
54. True / False. Small objects do not exert a gravitational force on other objects.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
The acceleration due to gravity on a person or object on the surface of a planet is ______________.
The force of gravity on a person or object’s mass is called ______________. Calculated: mass x gravity.
An object is in _______ ________ when the only force acting on it is gravity.
What is terminal velocity? _________________________________________________________
What is the formula for calculating momentum? _________________________________________
An object is accelerating if it changes speed, or ______________________.
 Example of a decelerating object? ________________________________________________
61. What is the difference between speed and velocity?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 What is the formula for calculating speed? ___________________________________
 When is an object going a constant speed? _________________________________________
62. A horse gallops at a constant speed of 4 m/s. How far will it travel in 20 minutes? ________________
5
Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
63. Energy is measured in units called _______________.
64. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can never be _____________ or _________________, only
transformed from one type to another.
65. What is Potential Energy? _________________________________________________________
 Formula to find Potential Energy? _________________________
 A mountain climber with a mass of 85 kg reaches a height of 50 m above the ground. What is
her potential energy? ___________________________
 Two types of PE and how they are different: ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
 Example of object with PE: ______________________________________________________
66. What is Kinetic Energy? _________________________________________________________
 Formula to find Kinetic Energy? _________________________
 A baseball with a mass of 2.4 kg is thrown at a velocity of 20 m/s. What is the baseball’s
kinetic energy?
___________________________
 Example of object with KE: _____________________________________________________
67. When/where does a roller coaster have the most potential energy? The most kinetic energy?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Graphing
68. Which letter represents the greatest velocity?______
69. Which letter represents the lowest velocity?
______
70. Which letter represents a velocity of 0 m/min? ______
71. What is the velocity at segment: (distance ÷ time)
 A
________ m/min
 B
________ m/min
 C
________ m/min
 D
________ m/min
72. What is the total time that the person ran?
______
73. What is the total distance they traveled?
______
74. How long did they stop for?
______
75. Which object is positively accelerating? ______
76. Which object is negatively accelerating? _____
77. Which object travels at a constant speed the
entire trip? ___________
78. Which object starts at a constant speed, then
stops? __________
6