ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Establishment of laurel forest vegetation in adjacent secondary forest in central Japan
Landscape and Ecological Engineering
Keiko Sasaki1,2, Tomohiro Ichinose3, Tomoko Doko1,4,5, Ikuko Imoto6, Fred Jopp2,7
Corresponding Author: Sasaki, Keiko. Keiko.Sasaki@bio.uni-giessen.de
1
Keio Research Institute at SFC, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8520, Japan
2
Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 26-32, 35392
Giessen, Germany.
Supplementary Material 1 Map showing the locations of (a) Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan, (b) the study site, and (c)
the old-growth and abandoned secondary forests surveyed.
Supplementary Material 2 Analyses including Aucuba japonica
(a) Mean (±SE) for comparison of height, coverage, and density between old-growth and secondary forests. Mean (±SE)
in parentheses indicates height, coverage, and density of lucidophyllous species, and those that showed significantly
higher values are emphasized by bold font. A. japonica was included.
Forest Type
Old-growth Forest
Secondary Forest
Number of Quadrats
18
78
Area (m²)
450
1950
12.3±1.3 (12.6±1.2)
12.7±1.5 (13.1±1.9)
8.4±1.0 (8.3±1.0)
8.3±1.0 (8.2±1.1)
Shrub Layer
2.53±1.53 (2.52±1.50)
2.57±1.36 (2.45±1.29)
Herb Layer
0.331±0.285 (0.351±0.288)
0.331±0.287 (0.360±0.292)
Tree Layer
73.7±32.6 (65.1±35.7)
90.0±13.9 (18.9±33.3)
Sub-Tree Layer
22.9±28.2 (20.3±26.9)
22.2±28.1 (11.6±20.7)
Shrub Layer
43.6±23.2 (41.8±24.5)
70.1±21.1 (54.3±21.4)
Herb Layer
12.2±14.5 (11.6±14.5)
6.52±5.62 (5.80±5.53)
Density of Trees,
Trees
2.83±1.89 (2.28±1.56)
1.59±1.30 (0.359±0.558)
Saplings, and
Saplings
11.7±5.70 (11.6±5.54)
12.6±4.53 (11.0±4.44)
Seedlings per 25m²
Seedlings
16.2±8.34 (14.7±8.19)
15.2±6.51 (12.8±6.27)
Height (m)
Tree Layer
Sub-Tree Layer
Coverage (%)
*1
*2
***
***
*
**
***
*1 p value of all species, *2 p value of lucidophyllous species. Levels of significance (p) are denoted with * p < 0.05, ** p
< 0.01, and *** p < 0.001
(b) The density of lucidopyllous a) sapling and seedling and b) shrub species as a function of distance from the vegetation
border. Filled circles and solid line in the plot (a) indicate the observed density and regression line for sapling, and crosses
and dotted line for seedling. A. japonica was included.
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
Supplementary Material 3 Mean (±SE) for comparison of height, coverage, density, and number of species between
old-growth and secondary forests. Mean (±SE) in parentheses indicates height, coverage, density, and number of
lucidophyllous species, and those that showed significantly higher values are emphasized by bold font. Aucuba japonica
was excluded from height, coverage, and density.
Forest Type
Old-growth Forest
Secondary Forest
Number of Quadrats
18
78
Area (m²)
450
1950
12.3±1.3 (12.6±1.2)
12.7±1.5 (13.1±1.9)
8.4±1.0 (8.3±1.0)
8.3±1.0 (8.2±1.1)
Shrub Layer
2.53±1.53 (2.81±1.57)
2.57±1.36 (2.93±1.46)
Herb Layer
0.331±0.285 (0.328±0.288)
0.331±0.287 (0.306±0.277)
Tree Layer
73.7±32.6 (65.1±35.7)
90.0±13.9 (18.9±33.3)
Sub-Tree Layer
22.9±28.2 (20.3±26.9)
22.2±28.1 (11.6±20.7)
Shrub Layer
43.6±23.2 (37.1±25.8)
70.1±21.1 (40.4±23.8)
Herb Layer
12.2±14.5 (10.8±14.2)
6.52±5.62 (4.10±5.24)
Density of Trees,
Trees
2.83±1.89 (2.28±1.56)
1.59±1.30 (0.359±0.558)
Saplings, and
Saplings
11.7±5.70 (8.83±4.25)
12.6±4.53 (5.99±3.58)
**
Seedlings per 25m²
Seedlings
16.2±8.34 (12.3±7.49)
15.2±6.51 (8.10±5.09)
*
Species number
All
57 (34)
81 (33)
Tree species
20 (11)
24 (10)
Small tree species
6 (4)
8 (4)
Shrub species
7 (6)
14 (6)
Herb species
4 (2)
10 (3)
Vine species
13 (5)
16 (5)
Fern species
7 (6)
9 (5)
16.8±4.0 (14.2±3.8)
18.8±4.3 (11.6±2.4)
5.22±1.80 (4.06±1.43)
6.38±2.05 (3.28±1.47)
*
*
Small tree species
2.17±0.707 (1.94±0.539)
1.71±0.884 (1.36±0.837)
*
**
Shrub species
3.50±1.15 (3.39±0.979)
3.23±1.08 (2.50±0.716)
Herb species
1.61±0.916 (1.39±0.608)
2.58±1.01 (1.86±0.552)
***
Vine species
2.94±1.35 (2.22±1.22)
4.31±1.67 (2.18±0.893)
**
Fern species
1.33±1.81 (1.17±1.47)
0.615±0.970 (0.423±0.712)
Height (m)
Tree Layer
Sub-Tree Layer
Coverage (%)
Species number
All
per 25m²
Tree species
*1
*2
***
***
*
***
***
***
***
*
*1 p value of all species, *2 p value of lucidophyllous species. Levels of significance (p) are denoted with * p < 0.05, ** p
< 0.01, and *** p < 0.001
Supplementary Material 4 Results of generalized linear models for non-lucidophyllous species.
(a) The density of non-lucidopyllous (a) sapling and seedling, (b) tree, (c) small tree, and (d) shrub species as a function of
distance from the vegetation border. Filled circles and solid line in the plot (a) indicate the observed density and
regression line for sapling, and crosses and dotted line for seedling.
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
(b) The number of all non-lucidophyllous species and that of non-lucidophyllous tree, small tree, shrub, herb, vine, and
fern species in relation to environmental variables in the secondary forest.
Non-Lucidophyllous
D
LS
LW
W
S
H
C
A
AIC
species
All
0.0077**
0.083***
Tree species
0.0084*
0.057
-0.0031*
0.042
Small tree species
Shrub species
274.7
-0.011
113.6
170.2
0.018
Vine species
0.30***
0.063
0.031
0.33***
364.1
-0.0073**
0.13*
Herb species
Fern species
-0.035*
160.6
254.2
0.012
73.1
Environmental variables selected under Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) are denoted. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p <
0.001
D distance from the vegetation border, LS relative light intensity in summer, LW relative light intensity in winter, W soil
moisture, S slope angle, H soil hardness, C overstory coverage, A difference in altitude from the top transect
Supplementary Material 5 Species’ preferring forest based on occurrence frequency (%) and average of cumulative
coverage (%, in parentheses).
Old-growth Forest
(18 quadrats)
Occurrence Frequency %
Life
(Average of Cumulative
form
Coverage %)
Secondary Forest
(78 quadrats)
Occurrence Frequency %
(Average of Cumulative
Coverage %)
*1
*2
*
*
Old-growth forest preferring species (lucidophyllous species)
Camellia japonica L.
ST
100 (23.67)
74 (12.94)
Castanopsis sieboldii (Makino) Hatus. ex T.Yamaz. et Mashiba
T
94 (42.51)
44 (6.62)
*** ***
Microtropis japonica (Franch. et Sav.) Hallier f.
S
94 (10.11)
81 (5.45)
***
Damnacanthus indicus C.F.Gaertn. var. indicus
S
72 (7.39)
・
*** ***
Ficus nipponica Franch. et Sav.
V
72 (0.45)
3 (0.09)
*** ***
ST
67 (7.00)
17 (5.37)
*** ***
Ilex integra Thunb.
T
39 (5.00)
・
*** ***
Dryopteris erythrosora (D.C.Eaton) Kuntze
F
33 (0.22)
1 (+)
*** ***
Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.
S
33 (0.11)
6 (+)
Lemmaphyllum microphyllum C.Presl
F
22 (0,78)
・
Abies firma Siebold et Zucc.
T
17 (+)
4 (+)
Aucuba japonica Thunb. var. japonica
S
94 (5,.62)
Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold et Zucc.) Nakai
V
78 (+)
Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H.Bailey
H
61 (0.06)
95 (0.29)
Quercus glauca Thunb.
T
22 (0.50)
60 (6.41)
Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.
V
6 (+)
56 (4.31)
Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz.
T
6 (+)
33 (0.27)
Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz.
V
6 (+)
63 (+)
*** ***
Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim.
T
6 (0.56)
55 (30.87)
*** ***
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch.
V
11 (+)
51 (0.03)
**
Pleioblastus chino (Franch. et Sav.) Makino
H
17 (0.06)
50 (0.30)
*
*
Quercus serrata Murray
T
11 (0.56)
41 (20.77)
*
**
Acer palmatum Thunb.
T
・
41 (11.28)
Lonicera japonica Thunb.
V
・
36 (0.07)
**
**
Callicarpa japonica Thunb.
S
・
28 (1.41)
*
*
Stachyurus praecox Siebold et Zucc.
ST
・
21 (4.50)
*
*
Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn.
T
・
21 (0.69)
*
*
Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl.
H
78 (+)
83 (0.14)
Quercus salicina Blume
T
72 (21.28)
49 (11,.86)
Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold ex Nakai
T
44 (1.17)
56 (1.65)
Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean
V
44 (0.06)
51 (0.17)
Machilus thunbergii Siebold et Zucc.
T
39 (2.95)
41 (13.23)
Litsea coreana H.Lév.
T
33 (7.89)
17 (2.00)
Dryopteris bissetiana (Baker) C.Chr.
F
33 (0.06)
21 (0.09)
Ardisia crenata Sims
S
33 (+)
55 (0.07)
Torreya nucifera (L.) Siebold et Zucc.
T
22 (1,22)
22 (+)
Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal
V
22 (+)
13 (+)
Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.
ST
17 (0.06)
35 (0.67)
F
11 (0.17)
15 (0.18)
ST
11 (+)
10 (0.14)
S
11 (+)
6 (+)
H
・
8 (+)
Eurya japonica Thunb. var. japonica
**
**
*** ***
*
*
100 (15.67)
*
***
95 (1.29)
*
***
Secondary forest preferring species (lucidophyllous species)
*** ***
**
**
*** ***
*
*
Secondary forest preferring species (non-lucidophyllous species)
Species of unclear preferences (lucidophyllous species)
Dryopteris lacera (Thunb.) Kuntze
Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Knight ex Forbes) K.Koch var.
harringtonia
Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume
Ophiopogon ohwii Okuyama
**
*** **
Supplementary Material 5 (continued) Species’ preferring forest based on occurrence frequency (%) and average of
cumulative coverage (%, in parentheses).
Old-growth Forest
(18 quadrats)
Occurrence Frequency %
Life
(Average of Cumulative
form
Coverage %)
Secondary Forest
(78 quadrats)
Occurrence Frequency %
(Average of Cumulative
Coverage %)
Species of unclear preferences (non-lucidophyllous species)
Aphananthe aspera (Thunb.) Planch.
T
44 (+)
63 (0.08)
Deutzia scabra Thunb.
S
11 (0.17)
29 (1.12)
Cerasus jamasakura (Siebold ex Koidz.) H.Ohba
T
22 (2.50)
27 (11.60)
T
6 (1.11)
24 (5.21)
Acer pictum Thunb. subsp. dissectum (Wesm.) H.Ohashi f.
dissectum (Wesm.) H.Ohashi
Celtis sinensis Pers.
T
・
17 (4.27)
Aristolochia debilis Siebold et Zucc.
V
6 (0.06)
17 (+)
Dumasia truncata Siebold et Zucc.
V
・
14 (+)
Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC.
V
22 (0.28)
14 (+)
ST
・
12 (0.64)
Viola grypoceras A.Gray var. grypoceras
H
・
12 (0.03)
Pteris cretica L.
F
Idesia polycarpa Maxim.
T
Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne. var. villosa
17 (0.11)
9 (0.06)
・
8 (3.53)
Athyrium niponicum (Mett.) Hance
F
・
8 (+)
Dioscorea japonica Thunb.
V
6 (+)
6 (+)
Citrus iyo Hort. ex Tanaka, nom. nud.
S
・
5 (0.01)
Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold et Zucc.
S
・
5 (+)
Aristolochia kaempferi Willd.
V
11 (+)
4 (+)
Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
T
6 (1.67)
4 (+)
Dioscorea tokoro Makino
V
・
4 (+)
Disporum smilacinum A.Gray
H
・
4 (+)
Rhus succedanea L.
T
・
4 (1.79)
Dryopteris uniformis (Makino) Makino
F
・
4 (0.01)
Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino
T
6 (+)
3 (0.27)
Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai, excl. typo
T
・
3 (1.03)
Persicaria filiformis (Thunb.) Nakai ex W.T.Lee
H
・
3 (+)
Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep.
V
・
3 (+)
Quercus myrsinifolia Blume
T
・
3 (+)
6 (+)
1 (+)
Species recorded less than 4 times
Ficus erecta Thunb. var. erecta
ST
Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne.
V
・
1 (+)
T
・
1 (+)
Styrax japonica Siebold et Zucc.
ST
・
1 (0.03)
Daphne pseudomezereum A.Gray
S
・
1 (+)
Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.
F
・
1 (+)
Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breitenb.
H
・
1 (+)
Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kunze
F
・
1 (+)
Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. et Schult.
H
・
1 (+)
Rosa multiflora Thunb.
H
・
1 (+)
Hydrangea paniculata Siebold
S
・
1 (0.15)
Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold
S
・
1 (+)
Rhododendron kaempferi Planch. var. kaempferi
S
・
1 (0.03)
Cyrtomium falcatum (L.f.) C.Presl
F
・
1 (+)
・
1 (+)
Ginkgo biloba L.
Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T.Aiton
S
Lithocarpus edulis (Makino) Nakai
T
22 (1.50)
・
ST
17 (2.00)
・
Rhus sylvestris Siebold et Zucc.
*1
*2
Supplementary Material 5 (continued) Species’ preferring forest based on occurrence frequency (%) and average of
cumulative coverage (%, in parentheses).
Old-growth Forest
(18 quadrats)
Occurrence Frequency %
Life
(Average of Cumulative
form
Coverage %)
Quercus acutissima Carruth.
T
11 (2.78)
Secondary Forest
(78 quadrats)
Occurrence Frequency %
(Average of Cumulative
Coverage %)
・
Dryopteris hondoensis Koidz.
F
11 (0.06)
・
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi
V
6 (+)
・
Rhus ambigua Lavalee ex Dippel
V
6 (0.06)
・
Cornus controversa Hemsl. ex Prain
T
6 (0.56)
・
Microlepia marginata (Panzer) C.Chr.
F
6 (+)
・
Liliaceae sp.
H
6 (+)
・
*1 p value of occurrence frequency, *2 p value of average of cumulative coverage.
Levels of significance (p) are denoted with * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001
Life forms: T tree species, ST small tree species, S shrub species, H herb species, V vine species, F fern species
· species that were not recorded in the corresponding forest
(+) average of cumulative coverage is < 0.01%.
*1
*2
Non-Lucidophyllous Species (54 Species)
Lucidophyllous Species (39 Species)
Supplementary Material 6 Changes in species composition based on occurrence frequencies.
Old-growth Forest
Preferring
OG1+2 OG3 OG4 2.5
Forest
(8)
(4) (6)
(4)
Microtropis japonica
OLD
IV
4
III
4
Camellia japonica
OLD
IV
4
IV
4
Castanopsis sieboldii
OLD
IV
4
III
2
Eurya japonica
OLD
III
1
III
1
Elaeagnus pungens
OLD
I
2
II
2
Ficus nipponica
OLD
IV
4
I
Damnacanthus indicus
OLD
IV
4
I
Dryopteris erythrosora
OLD
III
Ilex integra
OLD
II
3
Lemmaphyllum microphyllum
OLD
II
Abies firma
OLD
I
I
Aucuba japonica
SEC
IV
4
IV
4
Trachelospermum asiaticum
SEC
III
4
III
4
Liriope muscari
SEC
III
3
II
4
Quercus glauca
SEC
I
1
I
1
Euonymus fortunei
SEC
I
Neolitsea sericea
SEC
I
Quercus salicina
UNC
IV
2
III
3
Ophiopogon japonicus
UNC
III
4
III
2
Hedera rhombea
UNC
II
3
I
1
Ardisia crenata
UNC
II
2
I
1
Machilus thunbergii
UNC
II
1
II
3
Dryopteris bissetiana
UNC
II
1
II
Kadsura japonica
UNC
II
1
Cinnamomum japonicum
UNC
I
4
II
1
Ligustrum japonicum
UNC
I
2
1
Litsea coreana
UNC
I
2
II
3
Torreya nucifera
UNC
I
1
I
Cephalotaxus harringtonia
UNC
I
1
Dryopteris lacera
UNC
I
Ardisia japonica
UNC
II
Ophiopogon ohwii
UNC
Lithocarpus edulis
II
Dryopteris hondoensis
I
Microlepia marginata
I
Dryopteris uniformis
Cyrtomium falcatum
Pittosporum tobira
Quercus myrsinifolia
Average Number of Species per Subplot
16.1 15.5 10.7 10.5
Akebia trifoliata
SEC
I
1
Parthenocissus tricuspidata
SEC
I
1
Pleioblastus chino
SEC
1
II
Quercus serrata
SEC
II
2
Carpinus tschonoskii
SEC
I
3
Callicarpa japonica
SEC
3
Acer palmatum
SEC
Lonicera japonica
SEC
Stachyurus praecox
SEC
Picrasma quassioides
SEC
Wisteria floribunda
UNC
II
1
II
Pteris cretica
UNC
II
Aphananthe aspera
UNC
I
3
II
1
Deutzia scabra
UNC
I
1
Albizia julibrissin
UNC
I
Cerasus jamasakura
UNC
1
II
Acer pictum
UNC
1
Aristolochia debilis
UNC
1
2
Dioscorea japonica
UNC
I
Celtis sinensis
UNC
Dumasia truncata
UNC
Viola grypoceras
UNC
Pourthiaea villosa
UNC
Citrus iyo
UNC
Aristolochia kaempferi
UNC
Ligustrum obtusifolium
UNC
Athyrium niponicum
UNC
Idesia polycarpa
UNC
7.5
(4)
4
4
4
1
12.5
(4)
3
2
4
1
1
17.5
(6)
III
III
II
II
22.5
(6)
III
II
III
II
Secondary Forest
27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
III
III
III
II
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
II
I
I
I
I
I
47.5
(6)
III
III
II
I
52.5
(6)
III
III
II
57.5
(6)
III
IV
I
I
62.5 67.5
(6) (6)
IV
III
IV
III
I
I
I
4
4
3
2
1
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
4
3
3
2
1
1
3
3
2
1
2
2
I
IV
IV
III
II
I
II
II
III
II
II
II
I
II
IV
III
IV
II
IV
II
III
II
III
II
I
IV
IV
IV
II
III
II
II
IV
III
III
II
III
III
I
III
I
I
II
II
1
1
I
IV
III
IV
III
III
II
II
III
III
III
III
III
II
III
I
I
II
IV
III
IV
III
III
II
III
III
II
III
II
III
II
II
I
I
1
I
11.8
3
2
3
1
1
10.0
3
1
3
1
1
I
10.7
III
III
II
II
I
I
11.5
III
I
III
II
II
II
I
2
2
II
II
2
II
1
1
2
I
II
I
I
III
1
1
I
I
I
12.0
III
II
III
II
II
III
III
II
I
I
I
13.7
III
III
III
I
III
I
III
III
II
13.2
IV
III
II
12.2
III
I
II
I
II
II
II
III
II
II
II
III
I
I
III
II
IV
IV
IV
IV
II
III
II
III
III
III
II
I
II
III
II
II
I
I
IV
IV
IV
III
IV
II
II
IV
I
IV
II
I
I
III
II
II
IV
IV
IV
III
II
I
III
III
II
II
II
II
I
II
13.3
III
II
II
III
III
II
II
IV
I
II
I
12.8
IV
III
II
III
III
I
III
II
II
III
I
10.5
I
III
II
III
II
II
I
II
II
III
III
II
III
II
III
II
I
III
II
III
II
II
I
I
I
II
I
II
III
II
II
IV
II
I
I
II
II
I
II
II
I
I
II
II
II
II
I
I
I
I
II
I
II
II
I
I
II
I
I
II
II
I
II
I
IV
IV
IV
II
II
III
I
III
I
II
I
I
I
II
I
IV
IV
III
II
II
II
II
III
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
III
III
I
I
I
I
I
2
I
I
II
I
I
I
I
II
I
II
IV
IV
IV
III
III
I
III
IV
IV
III
III
II
I
II
II
II
II
I
I
I
9.7
II
III
III
II
III
III
III
II
IV
II
I
I
I
I
I
II
II
II
I
I
II
I
II
II
10.0
II
III
II
II
III
II
II
I
I
III
II
I
I
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
Non-Lucidophyllous Species (54 Species)
Supplementary Material 6 (continued) Changes in species composition based on occurrence frequencies.
Old-growth Forest
Preferring
OG 1+2 OG3 OG4
Forest
(8)
(4) (6)
Rhus sylvestris
I
1
Ficus erecta
I
Quercus acutissima
I
Liliaceae sp.
I
Cornus controversa
1
Zelkova serrata
1
Rhus ambigua
I
Pueraria lobata
I
Rhus succedanea
Kalopanax pictus
Styrax japonica
Broussonetia kazinoki
Daphne pseudomezereum
Hydrangea paniculata
Rhododendron kaempferi
Akebia quinata
Dioscorea tokoro
Cayratia japonica
Disporum smilacinum
Pinellia ternata
Persicaria filiformis
Oplismenus undulatifolius
Rosa multiflora
Ginkgo biloba
Onychium japonicum
Lygodium japonicum
Average Number of Species per Subplot
2.4
3.0 2.7
2.5
(4)
7.5
(4)
12.5
(4)
17.5
(6)
22.5
(6)
Secondary Forest
27.5 32.5 37.5 42.5
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
47.5
(6)
52.5
(6)
57.5
(6)
62.5 67.5
(6) (6)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
II
I
I
3.3
3.5
5.0
4.2
5.2
8.2
9.0
9.2
9.0
9.8
I
9.8
7.3
6.8
7.5
Parentheses () indicate the number of quadrats in plots and subplots in the old-growth and secondary forests, respectively.
OLD old-growth forest preferring species, SEC secondary forest preferring species, UNC species of unclear preferences, species recorded less than four times.
Arabic numerals (four quadrats): 1 appeared once, 2 two times, 3 three times, 4 four times.
Roman numerals (six quadrats): I appeared once, II two or three times, III four or five times, IV six times.
Roman numerals (eight quadrats): I appeared once or two times, II three or four times, III five or six times, IV seven or
eight times.
The vertical solid line in the center represents the vegetation border.