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Supplementary material
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Numerical earthquake models of the 2013 Nantou, Taiwan,
earthquake series: Characteristics of source rupture processes, strong
ground motions and their tectonic implication
Shiann-Jong Lee, Te-Yang Yeh, Hsin-Hua Huang, and Cheng-Horng Lin
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Shiann-Jong Lee, Cheng-Horng Lin and Te-Yang Yeh, Institute of Earth Sciences,
Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
Hsin-Hua Huang, Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt
Lake City, Utah, USA; Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California, USA.
Corresponding author: S. J. Lee, Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei,
Taiwan (sjlee@earth.sinica.edu.tw)
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Introduction
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This supplementary material contains details on data fitting and six figures.
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Data fitting
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The inversion results of the data fitting for the 0327 event are shown in Figure S1. The
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inverted teleseismic synthetic waveform compared with observed data showed that the
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peak amplitudes and later phases fit sufficiently well, including the stations in the
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northwest side where waveforms contain more complex high frequency phases (Fig.
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S1.1). The teleseismic waveform misfit is 0.25. The near-field synthetic waveforms
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versus observed velocity waveforms are shown in Figure S1.2. Most of major phases
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can be explained not only for stations near the source area, but also for the stations far
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from it in all three components. However, some discrepancies can be found in the peak
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amplitude of the waveforms. Note that the stations located west to the epicenter usually
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have relatively large amplitude in all three components compare to other stations. These
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amplified waveforms could be caused by the directivity effect resulted from the
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westward rupture process. The ground motion waveform misfit is 0.44. Synthetic and
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observed GPS coseismic displacements are shown in Figure S1.3. Both the horizontal
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and vertical observations have large displacements in the western side of the epicenter.
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The synthetic can explain these observations well. However, the fit is poor for GPS
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sites located farther that could be due to data uncertainty. The GPS data misfit is 0.73.
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In summary, the total misfit is 0.44 from the joint inversion of three data sets.
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The data fittings of 0602 event are shown in Figure S2. For the teleseismic data (Figure
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S2.1), the amplitude and during time are larger than 0327 event. The peak amplitudes
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and later phases fit sufficiently well, and the waveform misfit is 0.22. The near-field
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synthetic waveforms versus observed velocity waveforms are shown in Figure S2.2.
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Again, most of major phases can be explained for both the stations near the source area
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and the stations far from it in all three components. The stations located west to the
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epicenter also have large amplitude in all three components compare to other stations
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that could be caused by the strong directivity effect. The ground motion waveform
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misfit is 0.34. Synthetic and observed GPS coseismic displacements are shown in
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Figure S2.3. Large displacements are observed in the western side of the epicenter in
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both the horizontal and vertical components. The synthetic can explain these
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observations well. The GPS data misfit is 0.36. The total misfit of 0602 event is 0.32
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from the joint inversion of three data sets.
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Figure captions
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Figure S1.1: The inverted teleseismic synthetic waveform compared with observed data
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of the 0327 event. Both synthetic (red lines) and observation (black lines)
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were employed a band-pass filter between 0.01 and 0.5 Hz. The number
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beneath the station (blue triangle) indicates the peak value of observation.
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Peak amplitudes and later phases fit sufficiently well, including the
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stations in the northwest side where waveforms contain more complex
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high frequency phases. The teleseismic waveform misfit is 0.25.
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Figure S1.2: The near-field synthetic waveforms versus observed velocity waveforms
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of the 0327 event: (a) E component, (b) N component, and (c) Z
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component. The black lines denote the observations, while the red lines
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represent the synthetics. All the waveforms are band-pass filtered between
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0.05 and 0.2 Hz. The number in front of each waveform indicates the peak
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value of observation. The stations located west to the epicenter usually
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have relatively large amplitude in all three components compare to other
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stations. These amplified waveforms could be caused by the directivity
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effect resulted from the westward rupture process. Most of major phases
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can be explained. However, some discrepancies can be found in the peak
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amplitude of the waveforms. The ground motion waveform misfit is 0.44.
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Figure S1.3: Synthetic and observed GPS coseismic displacements of the 0327 event.
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The black vectors with error ellipses are observations, and the blue vectors
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are model predicted. The epicenter (red star), fault plane (open green
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rectangle) and slip distribution derived from the joint inversion are also
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presented. Both the horizontal and vertical observations show large
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displacements in the western side of the epicenter. The synthetic can
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explain these observations well. However, the fit is poor for GPS sites
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located farther that could be due to data uncertainty. The GPS data misfit
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is 0.73.
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Figure S2.1: The inverted teleseismic synthetic waveform compared with observed data
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of the 0602 event. Both synthetic (red lines) and observation (black lines)
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were employed a band-pass filter between 0.01 and 0.5 Hz. The number
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beneath the station (blue triangle) indicates the peak value of observation.
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The teleseismic waveform misfit in the joint inversion is 0.22.
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Figure S2.2: The near-field synthetic waveforms versus observed velocity waveforms
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of the 0602 event: (a) E component, (b) N component, and (c) Z
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component. The black lines denote the observations, and the red lines
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represent the synthetics. All the waveforms are band-pass filtered between
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0.05 and 0.2 Hz. The number in front of each waveform indicates the peak
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value of observation. Most of major phases can be explained for both the
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stations near the source area and the stations far from it in all three
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components. The waveform misfit is 0.34.
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Figure S2.3: Synthetic and observed GPS coseismic displacements of the 0602 event.
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The black vectors with error ellipses are observations, and the blue vectors
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are model predicted. The epicenter (red star), fault plane (open green
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rectangle) and slip distribution derived from the joint inversion are also
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presented. Most of the large displacements are observed in the western
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side of the epicenter in both the horizontal and vertical components. The
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synthetic can explain these observations well. The GPS data misfit is 0.36.
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