Supplemental Materials
A Meta-Analysis on the Impact of Psychiatric Disorders and Maltreatment on Cognition
by M. Masson et al., 2015, Neuropsychology
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/neu0000228
Studies
Sample
characteristics
(M+PD/Control):
Sample size;
% Male;
Education (years)
Age (years)
Onset of
maltreatment
(years)
Diagnosis
PTSD
Bremner et
al. (1995)
21/20;
71.4/80;
13.5/14
18 and older
28.6% before
the age of 5
years
De Bellis et
al. (1999)
44/61;
56.8/59;
Not reported
7-18
4.5 (for 77.3%
of the
maltreated
subjects)
Freeman &
Beck (2000)
20/20;
0/0;
Not reported
7-18
Not reported
PTSD
De Bellis et
al. (2002)
28/66;
50/47;
Not reported
7-18
3.9
PTSD
Beers & De
Bellis (2002)
14/15;
57.1/53.3
Not reported
7-18
Not reported
PTSD
PTSD
Neuropsychological test
Cognitive domains
Effect size
(g)
SRT verbal continuous long-term
retrieval, SRT verbal delayed recall, SRT
verbal long term retrieval, SRT verbal
long term storage, SRT verbal recall,
SRT visual continuous long-term
retrieval, SRT visual delayed recall, SRT
visual long term retrieval, SRT visual
long term storage, SRT visual recall,
WAIS-R FSIQ, WAIS-R PIQ, WAIS-R
VIQ, WMS figural memory delayed,
WMS figural memory immediate, WMS
figural memory retention, WMS logical
memory delayed, WMS logical memory
immediate, WMS logical memory
retention
WISC-R estimated FSIQ, WISC-R
estimated PIQ, WISC-R estimated VIQ
Verbal memory, Visual
memory, Intelligence
-0.337
Intelligence
-0.961
K-BIT FSIQ, K-BIT PIQ, K-BIT VIQ
Intelligence
-0.584
WISC FSIQ, WISC PIQ, WISC VIQ
Intelligence
-0.309
Cowa animal naming, Cowa total words,
CVLT discriminability, CVLT LDFR,
CVLT list B, CVLT SDFR, CVLT trials
1-5, ROCF copy, ROCF recall, Stroop
color, Stroop color word, Stroop
interference, Stroop word, TMT A, TMT
Executive Functions, Verbal
memory, Visuo-spatial/problem
solving, Visual memory,
Processing speed, Working
memory, Intelligence,
-0.595
18 and older
7
PTSD
18 and older
At least 5
years
PTSD
B, WCST category, WCST perseverative
responses, WISC-III object assembly,
WISC-III bloc design, WISC-III Codes,
WISC-III
Digit
span,
WISC-III
similarities, WISC-III Vocabulary
WAIS-R FSIQ, WAIS-R PIQ, WAIS-R
VIQ, WMS figural memory delayed,
WMS figural memory immediate, WMS
figural memory retention, WMS logical
memory delayed, WMS logical memory
immediate, WMS logical memory
retention
WMS auditory delayed, WMS visual
delayed, WMS visual immediate, WMS
working memory, WMS-III auditory
immediate
Bremner et
al. (2004)
18/15;
0/0;
15/17
Pederson et
al. (2004)
17/17;
0/0;
13.7/15.4
Porter et al.
(2005)
24/24;
20.83/20.83
Not reported
Irle et al.
(2005)
30/25;
0/0;
11/11
18 and older
Not reported
BPD
De Bellis &
Kuchibhatla
(2006)
58/98;
51.7/51;
Not reported
7-18
Not reported
PTSD
WISC FSIQ, WISC PIQ, WISC VIQ
GrassiOliveira et al.
(2008)
17/15;
0/0;
9.47/9
18 and older
Not reported
MDD
WMS-R DVR, WMS-R IVR, WMS-R
retention
De Bellis et
al. (2009)
22/45;
61.5/62;
7-18
Not reported
PTSD
7-18
33% before
the age 5, 21%
at age 5, 46%
after the age
of 5
PTSD
WISC-III PIQ, WISC-III VIQ
WAIS-R bloc design, WAIS-R PIQ,
WAIS-R VIQ, WMS-R attention
concentration, WMS-R delayed recall*,
WMS-R digit span backward, WMS-R
digit span forward, WMS-R verbal
memory, WMS-R visual memory,
WMS-R visual span backward, WMS-R
visual span forward
CPT-II omission, CPT-II variability,
NEPSY auditory attention, NEPSY
memory for faces, NEPSY memory for
Intelligence,
Visual memory, Verbal memory
-0.554
Verbal memory, Visual
memory, Working memory
-0.058
Intelligence
-0.914
Visuo-spatial/problem solving,
Intelligence, Attention, Working
memory, Verbal memory,
Visual memory
-0.633
Intelligence
-0.675
Verbal memory
-0.961
Attention, Visual memory,
Verbal memory, Executive
-0.709
Not reported
names, NEPSY narrative memory,
NEPSY tower, NEPSY visual attention,
PPVT-III, WISC-III/WPPSI-R
Functions, Intelligence
* "WMS-R delayed recall" was only included in the global analysis of effect size whereas not in analysis by cognitive domain because this data group both visual and verbal
memory
Table 1S: Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis (k=12)
Studies included in the meta-analysis
Beers, S. R., & De Bellis, M. D. (2002). Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The
American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 483-486.
Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Scott, T. M., Capelli, S., Delaney, R., McCarthy, G., & Charney, D. S. (1995). Deficits in short-term memory in adult
survivors of childhood abuse. Psychiatry Research, 59(1-2), 97-107.
Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E., Afzal, N., & Vythilingam, M. (2004). Deficits in verbal declarative memory function in women with childhood
sexual abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(10), 643-649.
De Bellis, M. D., Hooper, S. R., Spratt, E. G., & Woolley, D. P. (2009). Neuropsychological findings in childhood neglect and their relationships to
pediatric PTSD. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 15(6), 868-878.
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clark, D. B., Casey, B. J., Giedd, J. N., Boring, A. M., et al. (1999). A.E. Bennett Research Award. Developmental
traumatology. Part II: Brain development. Biological Psychiatry, 45(10), 1271-1284.
De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Shifflett, H., Iyengar, S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., & Moritz, G. (2002). Brain structures in pediatric maltreatmentrelated posttraumatic stress disorder: a sociodemographically matched study. Biological Psychiatry, 52(11), 1066-1078.
De Bellis, M. D., & Kuchibhatla, M. (2006). Cerebellar Volumes in Pediatric Maltreatment-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biological
Psychiatry, 60(7), 697-703.
Freeman, J. B., & Beck, J. G. (2000). Cognitive interference for trauma cues in sexually abused adolescent girls with posttraumatic stress
disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(2), 245-256.
Grassi-Oliveira, R., Stein, L. M., Lopes, R. P., Teixeira, A. L., & Bauer, M. E. (2008). Low plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and childhood
physical neglect are associated with verbal memory impairment in major depression--a preliminary report. Biological Psychiatry, 64(4),
281-285.
Irle, E., Lange, C., & Sachsse, U. (2005). Reduced size and abnormal asymmetry of parietal cortex in women with borderline personality
disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 57(2), 173-182.
Pederson, C. L., Maurer, S. H., Kaminski, P. L., Zander, K. A., Peters, C. M., Stokes-Crowe, L. A., & Osborn, R. E. (2004). Hippocampal volume and
memory performance in a community-based sample of women with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to child abuse. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 37-40.
Porter, C., Lawson, J. S., & Bigler, E. D. (2005). Neurobehavioral sequelae of child sexual abuse. Child Neuropsychology, 11(2), 203-220.
Regression of Âge on Hedges's g
0,00
-0,10
Hedges's g
-0,20
-0,30
-0,40
-0,50
-0,60
-0,70
-0,80
-0,90
-1,00
5,02
8,64
12,26
15,88
19,50
23,12
26,74
30,36
33,98
37,60
Âge
Figure 1S: Scatterplot of age for cognitive disorders in M+PD
41,22