True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. A vestigial structure in one organism can be defined as apercieved loss of function.
____ 2. Natural selection is based on the concepts of excess reproduction, variation, inheritance, and the advantages of certain traits.
____ 3. Darwin developed his theory of evolution exclusively from his work on the Galapagos Islands.
____ 4. According to Darwin, the process of natural selection could result in a new species of organisms.
____ 5. Fossils, according to Darwin is an evidence that evolution has occured.
____ 6. Homologous structures indicate a shared ancestry, while anologous structures do not.
____ 7. Biochemistry helped Darwin develop his theory of natural selection.
____ 8. Biogeography is the study of why certain species live in certain areas.
____ 9. The Hardy-Weinberg principle describes the conditions within which evolution would not occur if 5 criteria were met.
____ 10. Fossils according to Darwin are an evidence that evolution has taken place.
____ 11. Speciation is the forming of a new species and is defined as the new species not reproducing with members of the original population.
____ 12. The Hardy-Weinberg principle says that evolution will not occur in a population unless allelic frequencies are acted on by forces that cause change.
____ 13. Any change in the allelic frequencies in a population that is due to chance is called founder effect.
____ 14. A population of ants declines to a very low number. When the ants’ habitat is turned into a picnic area for humans, the additional food causes the population of ants to rebound. This is an example of a bottle-neck.
____ 15. A mutation is a random change in genetic material and is permenent.
____ 16. Humans born with either below-normal or above-normal birth weights have a lower chance of survival than those born with average birth weights. Consequently, the avg weight is favored.
This form of natural selection is called directional selection.
____ 17. Inbreeding in a population leads to individuals that are heterozygous for many traits.
____ 18. Punctuated equilibrium and gradualism are two models that describe the cause of speciation.
____ 19. Punctuated equilibrium is an explanation for sudden changes in the fossil record.
____ 20. Embryos of different organisms exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development that become totally different structures in adult forms. This indicates that organisms evolved from different ancestors.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 21. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of the target insects are resistant to the usual-sized dose. What is the most likely explanation for the resistence to the insecticide? a. Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become more resistant to it. b. Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become less resistant to it. c. The pesticide destroyed organisms that cause disease in the insects, thus allowing them to live longer. d. The insects developed physiological adaptations to the insecticide.
____ 22. Which answer best shows an animal's adaptation to the tropical rain forest? a. camouflage in a tree frog b. the long neck of a giraffe c. an elephant's long trunk d. migration of birds in winter
____ 23. Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for evolutionary change? a. small population, few mutations b. small population, many mutations c. large population, few mutations d. large population, many mutations
____ 24. When investigating shell color of a species of snail found only in a remote area seldom visited by humans, scientists discovered the distribution of individuals that is shown in the graph in Figure
15-1. Based on the information shown in the graph, what form of selection is the snail population undergoing?
Figure 15-1 a. stabilizing selection b. disruptive selection c. artificial selection d. directional selection

____ 25. What type of adaptation is shown in Figure 15-2? a. mimicry b. camouflage c. artificial selection d. homologous structure
____ 26. Which term best describes the structures shown in Figure 15-3?
Figure 15-2
Figure 15-3 a. ancestral b. heterologous c. analogous d. vestigial

Figure 15-4
____ 27. Which type of natural selection showed in Figure 15-4 favors average individuals? a. A c. C b. B d. D
____ 28. Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between natural selection and evolution? a. Natural selection results from evolution. b. Natural selection includes evolution as a part of it. c. Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution. d. Natural selection and evolution are the same thing.
____ 29. How do fossils demonstrate evidence of evolution? a. They show that ancient species share similarities with species now on Earth. b. They show evidence of species that are now extinct. c. They are the primary source of evidence of natural selection. d. Fossils reveal that many species have remained unchanged for millions of years.
____ 30. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of derived traits and ancestral traits? a. Derived traits result from artificial selection; ancestral traits result from natural selection. b. Derived traits appear in species; ancestral traits appear in genera or higher taxa. c. Derived traits are primitive; ancestral traits are contemporary. d. Derived traits are recent features; ancestral traits are more primitive features.
____ 31. Which of the following is the explanation of why bird wings, reptile forelegs, dolphin fins and mans arm are evidence of evolution? a. Similar functions point to a common ancestor. b. Analogous structures indicate a common ancestor. c. Vestigial structures point to a common ancestor. d. Homologous structures indicate a common ancestor.
____ 32. The loss of and percieved function of a structure in a species is classified as what kind of structures? a. vestigial b. homologous c. analogous d. comparative
____ 33. According to Darwin , which of the following best explains why the mara is more similar to other
South American mammals than it is to the european rabbit? a. Its genotype is similar to the South American animals. b. It shares amino-acid sequences with other South American animals. c. species in the same geographical location are more similar. d. Its geographic distribution indicates very little variation over time.
____ 34. Which of the following must occur for speciation to develop? a. populations have to be small b. populations have to be made up of several species c. populations must be over-populated d. populations must be seperated
____ 35. When allelic frequencies remain unchanged, a population is in genetic equilibrium. This statement expresses which of the following? a. genetic drift b. Hardy-Weinberg principle c. sympatric speciation d. prezygotic isolating mechanism

____ 36. A population diverges and becomes reproductively isolated. Which of the following is the best description of that phenomenon? a. speciation b. bottleneck c. postzygotic isolation d. sexual selection
____ 37. What is the term describing the process that occurs when a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier separating populations? a. adaptive radiation b. coevolution c. sympatric speciation d. allopatric speciation
____ 38. If a species is suddenly introduced into a new habitat, what might occur? a. habitat speciation c. adaptive radiation or divergent evolution b. coevolution d. selective speciation
____ 39. Which of the following is biochemical evidence for evolution? a. Embryonic human hemoglobin is different from adult human hemoglobin. b. Hemoglobin in humans can vary between different individuals. c. Human hemoglobin is more similar to ape hemoglobin than any other species d. Human hemoglobin is different than mouse hemoglobin.
____ 40. Science is most ill equiped in determining which of the following? a. How molecular motion effects solutions c. how cells reproduce b. the effects of heat on metals d. the origin of life, planets, stars and galaxies.