Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Page 1 of 14 Appendix S7. Summary statistics for variables and model selection statistics Table S7_1. Summary statistics for study variables based on total or mean ( 1SD) values per study (N = 39). # Studies # Sites Wild Abundance*Wild Richness* Honey bees* Biome† Total Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Tropical/Subtropical 10 11.80 6.85 72.13 120.72 5.00 6.53 57.13 73.41 Mediterranean 8 16.88 8.08 27.44 23.91 4.71 2.94 77.63 101.62 Temperate 21 16.76 9.55 58.26 128.41 9.43 6.56 57.68 63.95 All Biomes 39 15.51 8.90 55.49 113.88 7.27 6.39 61.21 75.11 †See Table 1 for biome definitions. *Based on mean estimates per site (see Table 1 for total bee taxa per crop system). # Sites per FT # Sites per FD LLI Conv Organic Simple Diverse Mean SD 108 10 88 30 0.12 0.16 96 39 109 26 0.04 0.01 310 42 235 117 0.11 0.10 514 91 432 173 0.10 0.11 PARA_MN Mean SD 554.42 275.42 913.62 77.56 666.33 279.91 688.36 279.54 ENN_CV IJI Mean SD Mean SD 105.71 44.98 63.33 10.19 150.17 10.70 60.00 6.94 110.23 34.31 64.85 9.72 117.26 38.20 63.46 9.53 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Page 2 of 14 Table S7_2. Summary of model selection statistics for wild bee abundance and richness as a function of local and landscape variables. K is the number of parameters included in the model (including fixed and random effects); Deviance is -2 times the logarithm of the probability of the data given the estimated model parameters and is a statistical summary of model fit; AIC is Akaike’s Information Criterion and AICc is AIC adjusted for finite sample size, which judge a model by how close its fitted values are to true values and can be interpreted as the weight of evidence in favor of model i being the best model for the data with respect to the entire model set; AICc is the difference in AICc value for model i when compared with the top ranked model; wi is the Akaike weight of model i, which is interpreted as the probability that model i is the best model of those considered in the entire model set. The sum of the Akaike weights for all models in the model set = 1. All models that had any weight within the candidate model set are displayed, but models denoted by fell outside of the 95% confidence set (w 0.95). Models in bold are within 2 AIC units of the top model, and considered to have substantial and equal model support (‘top models’). The global model was bee abundance or richness = f (LLI*FT + LLI*FD + FT*FD + LLI*PARA_MN + FT*PARA_MN + FD*PARA_MN + LLI*ENN_CV + FT*ENN_CV + FD*ENN_CV + LLI*IJI + FT*IJI + FD*IJI), with study and site-within-study treated as random effects (1Study/Site). * indicates main effects plus their interaction. Model # corresponds to the model specified in the candidate model set (Appendix S6). LLI = Lonsdorf landscape index (an ecologically-scaled index of landscape composition); FT = Field type (conventional vs. organic); FD = Field-scale diversity (locally simple vs. locally diverse); PARA_MN = perimeter-area ratio distribution (measure of patch shape); ENN_CV = Euclidean nearest neighbor distance distribution (measure of inter-patch connectivity); and IJI = Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Page 3 of 14 interspersion & juxtaposition index (measure of habitat aggregation). Model # Model structure K Deviance AICc ∆AICc w Total bee abundance 78 FT*FD+LLI 58 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV 7 LLI+FT+FD 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 77 LLI*FD+FT 76 LLI*FT+FD 80 LLI*FT+FT*FD 62 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 59 LLI+FT+FD+IJI 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD 60 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 57 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD 103 FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 106 LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 61 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI 63 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 101 LLI*FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 105 LLI*FT+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 102 LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 110 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 115 LLI*ENN_CV+FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI 109 FT*PARA_MN +LLI+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 108 LLI*PARA_MN+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 117 FD*ENN_CV+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+IJI 116 FT*ENN_CV+LLI+FD+PARA_MN+IJI 107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 123 FT*IJI +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 124 FD*IJI+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 122 LLI*IJI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 8 8 7 9 8 8 9 9 8 9 9 8 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 11 12 11 11 11 11 11 11 13 11 11 11 1771.37 1771.89 1774.21 1770.20 1772.80 1772.90 1771.26 1771.32 1773.40 1771.84 1771.85 1774.14 1770.17 1768.14 1767.08 1773.30 1771.26 1769.25 1767.78 1769.96 1768.38 1770.45 1770.49 1770.66 1770.69 1770.77 1771.01 1766.87 1771.07 1771.12 1771.24 1787.57 1788.09 1788.37 1788.45 1789.00 1789.10 1789.51 1789.57 1789.60 1790.09 1790.10 1790.34 1790.48 1790.51 1791.52 1791.55 1791.57 1791.62 1792.22 1792.33 1792.82 1792.82 1792.86 1793.03 1793.07 1793.14 1793.38 1793.38 1793.44 1793.50 1793.61 0.00 0.52 0.79 0.88 1.43 1.52 1.94 2.00 2.03 2.52 2.53 2.76 2.90 2.94 3.94 3.98 4.00 4.05 4.65 4.76 5.25 5.25 5.29 5.46 5.49 5.56 5.80 5.81 5.86 5.92 6.04 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Social bee abundance 58 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV 62 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 60 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 115 LLI*ENN_CV+FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI 109 FT*PARA_MN+LLI+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 63 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 118 LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD+PARA_MN+IJI 123 FT*IJI +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 116 FT*ENN_CV +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+IJI 102 LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 117 FD*ENN_CV+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+IJI 8 9 9 11 11 10 12 11 11 11 11 1847.00 1845.75 1847.00 1843.54 1843.59 1845.73 1841.71 1844.11 1844.35 1844.40 1844.59 1863.21 1864.00 1865.25 1865.92 1865.97 1866.04 1866.15 1866.48 1866.72 1866.77 1866.96 0.00 0.80 2.05 2.71 2.76 2.84 2.95 3.28 3.52 3.56 3.76 0.17 0.12 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators 110 103 122 125 108 113 119 127 120 111 101 124 121 106 128 104 112 105 126 114 7 59 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*IJI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV LLI*PARA_MN+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+LLI+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+FT+PARA_MN+IJI FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+LLI+PARA_MN+IJI LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI FD*IJI+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+PARA_MN+IJI LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*FT+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI+FT+FD LLI+FT+FD+IJI Solitary bee abundance 76 LLI*FT+FD 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD 80 LLI*FT+FT*FD 6 FT+FD 66 FT*FD 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD 36 FT+FD+PARA_MN 38 FT+FD+IJI 7 LLI+FT+FD 37 FT+FD+ENN_CV 78 FT*FD+LLI 101 LLI*FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 77 LLI*FD+FT 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 40 FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI 57 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN 39 FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 59 LLI+FT+FD+IJI 41 FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 58 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV 105 LLI*FT+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 61 LLI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+IJI 42 FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI Page 4 of 14 11 11 11 12 11 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 13 12 13 12 12 12 12 13 7 8 1844.86 1845.14 1845.16 1843.35 1845.43 1843.39 1843.42 1843.42 1843.46 1843.53 1845.66 1845.73 1841.71 1843.90 1842.01 1844.39 1844.69 1845.12 1845.14 1843.35 1855.78 1853.85 1867.23 1867.52 1867.53 1867.79 1867.80 1867.83 1867.86 1867.86 1867.90 1867.97 1868.03 1868.10 1868.22 1868.34 1868.53 1868.83 1869.13 1869.56 1869.58 1869.86 1869.94 1870.05 4.02 4.31 4.33 4.58 4.60 4.63 4.65 4.65 4.70 4.77 4.83 4.90 5.01 5.13 5.32 5.62 5.92 6.36 6.37 6.66 6.73 6.84 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 8 9 9 6 7 10 7 7 7 7 8 11 8 9 8 8 8 12 8 8 8 12 9 9 1758.60 1757.98 1758.60 1765.47 1763.60 1757.97 1764.71 1765.25 1765.36 1765.43 1763.45 1757.53 1764.00 1762.27 1764.54 1764.59 1764.65 1756.89 1765.14 1765.23 1765.32 1757.53 1764.41 1764.50 1774.80 1776.23 1776.85 1777.58 1777.76 1778.28 1778.87 1779.41 1779.51 1779.59 1779.65 1779.91 1780.21 1780.52 1780.74 1780.79 1780.85 1781.33 1781.34 1781.43 1781.52 1781.97 1782.66 1782.75 0.00 1.43 2.05 2.78 2.96 3.48 4.06 4.60 4.71 4.78 4.85 5.10 5.40 5.71 5.93 5.98 6.05 6.52 6.53 6.63 6.72 7.17 7.86 7.94 0.27 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Page 5 of 14 Total bee richness 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD 77 LLI*FD+FT 106 LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 102 LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 64 LLI*FT 9 10 9 8 12 12 13 11 7 969.46 969.02 971.11 973.74 965.85 966.98 965.01 970.53 981.56 987.72 989.34 989.37 989.95 990.30 991.43 991.54 992.91 995.72 0.00 1.62 1.65 2.23 2.58 3.71 3.82 5.19 8.00 0.34 0.15 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.01 Social bee richness 77 LLI*FD+FT 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 130 LLI*FD+FD*PARA_MN+FD*ENN_CV+FD*IJI+FT 102 LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 106 LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD 114 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 112 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 86 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 110 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 111 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 113 FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+LLI+ENN_CV+IJI 44 LLI+FT+ENN_CV 46 LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 4 LLI+FT 8 9 14 11 12 10 9 13 12 13 12 11 11 12 12 7 8 6 845.44 843.97 833.72 840.23 838.53 843.12 845.41 837.26 839.73 838.11 840.22 842.67 844.13 842.64 842.71 853.40 851.69 856.64 861.65 862.23 862.33 862.61 862.98 863.44 863.67 863.79 864.19 864.64 864.67 865.06 866.52 867.09 867.16 867.56 867.90 868.76 0.00 0.58 0.68 0.96 1.33 1.79 2.02 2.14 2.54 2.99 3.02 3.41 4.87 5.44 5.52 5.91 6.25 7.12 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Solitary bee richness 76 LLI*FT+FD 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD 80 LLI*FT+FT*FD 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD 101 LLI*FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 66 FT*FD 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 104 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 78 FT*FD+LLI 129 LLI*FT+LLI*PARA_MN+LLI*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FD 105 LLI*FT+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 64 LLI*FT 107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 6 FT+FD 77 LLI*FD+FT 37 FT+FD+ENN_CV 7 LLI+FT+FD 8 9 9 10 11 7 9 12 8 14 12 7 13 6 8 7 7 1058.39 1057.10 1057.57 1056.24 1055.32 1063.86 1060.29 1054.13 1062.39 1050.02 1054.57 1065.60 1053.34 1069.03 1065.34 1067.80 1067.83 1074.60 1075.36 1075.83 1076.56 1077.70 1078.02 1078.55 1078.58 1078.59 1078.63 1079.02 1079.76 1079.86 1081.15 1081.54 1081.96 1081.99 0.00 0.76 1.24 1.97 3.11 3.42 3.96 3.99 4.00 4.03 4.43 5.16 5.27 6.55 6.95 7.37 7.40 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Model # Model structure Bee abundance - Tropical and subtropical biomes 73 LLI*IJI 98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 125 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 122 LLI*IJI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 95 LLI*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 126 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 99 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 129 LLI*FT+LLI*PARA_MN+LLI*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FD LLI*FT+LLI*FD+LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+LLI*ENN_CV 132 +FT*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FT*IJI 7 LLI+FT+FD 4 LLI+FT Bee abundance - Mediterranean biome 110 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 113 FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+LLI+ENN_CV+IJI 130 LLI*FD+FD*PARA_MN+FD*ENN_CV+FD*IJI+FT 112 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 114 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 78 FT*FD+LLI 87 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 126 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 109 FT*PARA_MN +LLI+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 99 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV FT*FD+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_ 131 CV+ FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI 80 LLI*FT+FT*FD 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 5 LLI+FD 7 LLI+FT+FD 128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 111 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD+ENN_CV+IJI 44 LLI+FT+ENN_CV 59 LLI+FT+FD+IJI 45 LLI+FT+IJI 4 LLI+FT 52 LLI+FD+IJI 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD 58 LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV 103 FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*FD+FT*FD+LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN +LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD* 134 IJI 48 LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI Page 6 of 14 K Deviance AICc ∆AICc w 7 11 12 11 9 12 13 11 14 305.63 299.82 297.58 300.55 305.47 299.46 297.16 302.61 295.39 320.47 323.86 324.00 324.58 324.84 325.88 326.00 326.64 326.69 0.00 3.39 3.53 4.11 4.37 5.41 5.53 6.17 6.22 0.51 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 18 7 6 286.12 314.45 316.89 327.68 329.29 329.51 7.21 8.82 9.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 11 12 14 12 13 8 11 12 11 11 401.94 399.85 396.16 401.34 399.26 411.47 404.68 402.99 405.42 405.96 426.00 426.31 427.52 427.79 428.15 428.57 428.74 429.45 429.48 430.03 0.00 0.31 1.52 1.79 2.15 2.57 2.74 3.44 3.48 4.02 0.18 0.15 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 17 9 9 6 7 13 12 7 8 7 6 7 10 8 11 391.56 411.26 411.34 418.94 416.73 402.84 405.38 417.15 414.93 417.29 419.52 417.38 410.56 415.24 408.36 430.58 430.65 430.72 431.57 431.58 431.73 431.83 432.00 432.03 432.14 432.15 432.23 432.27 432.34 432.42 4.58 4.64 4.72 5.57 5.58 5.73 5.83 5.99 6.03 6.14 6.15 6.22 6.27 6.34 6.42 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 21 8 382.76 415.78 432.59 432.88 6.59 6.88 0.01 0.01 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Bee abundance - Other temperate biomes 100 FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 127 FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 74 FT*IJI 124 FD*IJI+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 66 FT*FD 64 LLI*FT 78 FT*FD+LLI FT*FD+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_ 131 CV+ FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI 76 LLI*FT+FD 96 FT*IJI +PARA_MN+ENN_CV 126 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV LLI*FT+FT*FD+LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN +LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD* 133 IJI 129 LLI*FT+LLI*PARA_MN+LLI*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FD 80 LLI*FT+FT*FD 123 FT*IJI +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 68 FT*PARA_MN 2 FT 22 FT+PARA_MN 98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 125 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 36 FT+FD+PARA_MN 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD 6 FT+FD Bee richness - Tropical and subtropical biomes 73 LLI*IJI 77 LLI*FD+FT 65 LLI*FD 95 LLI*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 67 LLI*PARA_MN 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 16 LLI+ENN_CV 4 LLI+FT 1 LLI 44 LLI+FT+ENN_CV 112 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD 98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 5 LLI+FD 7 LLI+FT+FD 51 LLI+FD+ENN_CV 70 LLI*ENN_CV 122 LLI*IJI+FT+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 15 LLI+PARA_MN 18 LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 20 LLI+ENN_CV+IJI Page 7 of 14 11 12 13 7 11 7 7 8 968.41 967.96 967.96 981.23 973.29 981.76 982.61 980.62 991.03 992.70 994.81 995.49 995.91 996.02 996.87 996.95 0.00 1.67 3.78 4.46 4.88 4.99 5.84 5.92 0.37 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 17 8 9 12 962.00 981.22 979.19 973.25 997.45 997.55 997.61 997.98 6.42 6.52 6.58 6.95 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 21 14 9 11 9 7 5 6 11 12 7 9 6 953.95 969.43 980.26 976.20 980.46 984.62 988.91 986.88 976.63 974.67 985.20 981.19 987.45 998.16 998.42 998.68 998.82 998.88 998.88 999.05 999.07 999.25 999.40 999.46 999.61 999.64 7.13 7.39 7.65 7.79 7.85 7.85 8.02 8.04 8.22 8.37 8.43 8.58 8.61 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 7 8 7 9 7 9 9 6 6 5 7 12 10 11 6 7 7 7 11 6 7 7 136.35 136.27 138.84 134.93 140.01 135.89 136.21 143.08 143.32 145.53 141.16 130.16 135.19 133.14 144.64 142.69 142.70 142.90 133.75 145.17 142.96 143.08 151.19 153.35 153.67 154.29 154.84 155.25 155.57 155.71 155.95 155.98 156.00 156.58 156.87 157.17 157.26 157.52 157.54 157.74 157.78 157.79 157.79 157.91 0.00 2.16 2.49 3.10 3.66 4.06 4.39 4.52 4.76 4.79 4.81 5.39 5.68 5.99 6.07 6.34 6.35 6.55 6.59 6.61 6.61 6.72 0.26 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators 43 58 45 64 17 86 46 48 83 99 108 87 114 102 128 LLI+FT+PARA_MN LLI+FT+FD+ENN_CV LLI+FT+IJI LLI*FT LLI+IJI LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV LLI*PARA_MN+FT+FD+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*FD+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV Bee richness - Mediterranean biome 126 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 130 LLI*FD+FD*PARA_MN+FD*ENN_CV+FD*IJI+FT 128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 110 FD*PARA_MN+LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 78 FT*FD+LLI 112 LLI*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 99 LLI*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 113 FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+LLI+ENN_CV+IJI 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD FT*FD+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_ 131 CV+ FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI 4 LLI+FT 80 LLI*FT+FT*FD 45 LLI+FT+IJI 98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 7 LLI+FT+FD 124 FD*IJI+LLI+FT+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 59 LLI+FT+FD+IJI 114 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 43 LLI+FT+PARA_MN 77 LLI*FD+FT 125 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 64 LLI*FT LLI*FD+FT*FD+LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+FD*PARA_MN +LLI*ENN_CV+FT*ENN_CV+FD*ENN_CV+LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD* 134 IJI 47 LLI+FT+PARA_MN+IJI 48 LLI+FT+ENN_CV+IJI 44 LLI+FT+ENN_CV 103 FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 107 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD Page 8 of 14 7 8 7 7 6 11 8 8 9 11 11 11 13 11 13 143.10 140.92 143.27 143.28 145.52 134.14 141.10 141.12 138.93 134.49 134.62 134.73 130.01 134.82 130.15 157.93 158.00 158.10 158.12 158.14 158.17 158.18 158.20 158.30 158.53 158.65 158.76 158.85 158.86 159.00 6.75 6.81 6.92 6.93 6.96 6.98 7.00 7.02 7.11 7.34 7.46 7.57 7.67 7.67 7.81 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 12 14 13 11 8 12 9 11 12 10 151.98 148.34 151.85 156.89 164.70 156.47 163.69 159.07 156.75 161.54 178.44 179.70 180.74 180.96 181.80 182.92 183.08 183.13 183.21 183.25 0.00 1.26 2.31 2.52 3.37 4.49 4.64 4.69 4.77 4.81 0.26 0.14 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 17 6 9 7 11 7 11 8 13 7 8 12 7 144.73 171.15 164.43 169.04 159.95 169.84 160.90 168.07 156.32 170.54 168.64 159.28 170.97 183.74 183.78 183.81 183.89 184.02 184.69 184.96 185.17 185.21 185.39 185.74 185.74 185.82 5.31 5.35 5.37 5.46 5.58 6.25 6.52 6.73 6.77 6.96 7.30 7.30 7.38 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 21 8 8 7 11 13 9 135.99 168.75 168.84 171.14 162.08 157.41 166.97 185.82 185.85 185.94 185.99 186.15 186.30 186.35 7.38 7.42 7.51 7.56 7.71 7.86 7.91 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Bee richness - Other temperate biomes 74 FT*IJI 96 FT*IJI +PARA_MN+ENN_CV 100 FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 66 FT*FD 127 FT*IJI+FD*IJI+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 68 FT*PARA_MN 78 FT*FD+LLI 123 FT*IJI +LLI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 98 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 81 LLI*FD+FT*FD 84 FT*PARA_MN +ENN_CV+IJI 64 LLI*FT 128 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD*IJI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 80 LLI*FT+FT*FD 76 LLI*FT+FD 86 LLI*PARA_MN+FT*PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 79 LLI*FT+LLI*FD 125 LLI*IJI+FT*IJI+FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV 103 FT*FD+LLI+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 82 LLI*FT+LLI*FD+FT*FD 106 LLI*FD+FT*FD+PARA_MN+ENN_CV+IJI 7 9 11 7 12 7 8 11 11 9 9 7 13 9 8 11 9 12 11 10 12 615.63 614.22 611.10 619.85 610.86 621.43 619.47 613.38 613.84 618.13 618.58 622.78 610.68 619.36 621.54 615.28 619.56 613.34 615.71 617.94 613.96 Page 9 of 14 629.90 632.66 633.75 634.12 635.63 635.70 635.82 636.02 636.49 636.57 637.02 637.05 637.57 637.80 637.89 637.93 638.00 638.10 638.35 638.48 638.73 0.00 2.76 3.85 4.22 5.73 5.81 5.93 6.13 6.59 6.67 7.12 7.16 7.68 7.91 8.00 8.03 8.10 8.21 8.46 8.58 8.83 0.46 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Page 10 of 14 Figure S7_1. Response to landscape composition (Lonsdorf landscape index, LLI) of total, social and solitary wild bee abundance and richness on organic, locally diverse fields versus conventional, locally simple fields. Estimates are based on model-averaged partial regression coefficients (and unconditional 95% CIs) for all studies (N = 39) for important main effects (E (abundance, richness) = ƒ (LLI + FT + FD)) (see also Table 2). Organic, locally diverse: black circles and dashed line (CIs outlined by dashed line with light grey shading); Conventional, locally simple: triangles and grey solid line (CIs with dark grey shading). Note that y-axis scales vary by bee response measures; relationships between LLI = 0 up to 0.60 are graphed (even though LLI = 1.0 is the theoretical maximum) because 0.61 was the maximum score derived for empirical study landscapes. Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Page 11 of 14 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Page 12 of 14 Figure S7_2. Percent change in wild bee abundance and richness per 0.1 incremental increase in the Lonsdorf landscape index (LLI) in relation to (a) field-scale diversity, FD (locally simple vs. locally diverse) and (b) field type, FT (conventional vs. organic) and (c) percent change in bee abundance and richness on locally simple and diverse fields on organic relative to conventional fields. Estimates based on model-averaged partial regression coefficients (and unconditional 95% CIs) for important main effects plus each individual target interaction (E(abundance, richness) = ƒ (LLI + FT + FD) + (LLI:FD or LLI:FT or FT:FD, respectively); * denotes two-way interaction with unconditional 95% CIs around model-averaged partial slope coefficient that did not include 0 (asymmetric CIs due to exponential relationship) (see Table 2). (a) Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators (b) (c) Page 13 of 14 Kennedy et al. Modeling local and landscape effects on pollinators Page 14 of 14 Figure S7_3. Percent change in wild bee abundance in tropical and subtropical studies (N = 10) per 0.1 increase in the Lonsdorf landscape index (LLI) in relation to landscape configuration (interspersion & juxtaposition index, IJI). Across studies, IJI ranged from 0 to 95.91 (mean = 63.33) (theoretical IJI range: 0-100) (Table S7_1). Estimates based on model-averaged partial regression coefficients (and unconditional 90% CIs) for important main effects plus target interaction (E(abundance) = ƒ (LLI + IJI+ LLI:IJI). 90% CIs around model-averaged partial slope coefficient did not include 0 (asymmetric CIs due to exponential relationship) (see Table 3). Significant interaction between LLI:IJI indicates that maximum bee abundance is achieved with high LLI and IJI values, and effect of LLI is greater with increasing IJI values. 350% % Change in Bee Abundance-Tropical per 0.1 Increase in LLI 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% IJI = 0 IJI = 10 IJI = 50