IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY AND URGENT MEDICARE,
MEDICINE OF CATASTROPHES
“Assert”
Chief of Department EUM MC
professor
V. Crysa
“____”________________ 2012
METHODICAL DEVELOPMENT IS FOR STUDENTS
for realization of practical employment after an object
"Civil defense"
Theme № 2.
" PROTECTING OF POPULATION AND TERRITORIES IS
FROM EXTRAORDINARY SITUATIONS "
It is prepared by the teacher of department Fabryka R.
It is discussed on meeting of department
“____”_____________ 2012
Protocol №_________.
Ivano-Frankivsk, 2012
To learn the task of medical service of civil defense and
composition of the basic forming, necessary for work in
the hearths of extraordinary situations, and also learn
basic principles and facilities of defense of population at
extraordinary situations.
90 min
2. Time
3. Place of realization ауд. 5
4. Educational-material rigging
1. Educational purpose
а) Literature
1. Law of Ukraine "On legal principles of civil defense" / of list of Verkhovna
Rada of Ukraine, 2004, N 39, ст.488.
2. Kuchma М. М. the Civil defensive (civil defense) : the Train aid. it is Lviv: "Magnolia plus", 2006. 359 с.
3. Medical forces and establishments of government service of medicine of catastrophes. Methodical recommendations / are Under an editor В.О. Волошина. it is Kyiv, 1998. - 39 с.
4. Черняков Г.О., Кочін І.В., Сидоренко П. And. Medicine of catastrophes. К.: "Health", 2001. - 348с.
5. Дубицкий А.Е., Семенов И.О., Чепкий Л. П. Medicine of catastrophes. - К.:
"Health", 1993. - 462с.
5. Educational questions and timing
1. Single state system of civil defense of population
2. Basic principles of activity of the system of civil defense
3. Task of civil defense
4. Defense of population
5. Facilities of collective defense
6. Dosimetric devices and their settings
2
1. SINGLE ST AT E SYST EM O F CIVIL DEFENSE O F PO PULATIO N
The single state system of civil
defense
of population
and territories (farther is the
single system of civil defense) is an aggregate of organs of management, forces and facilities of
central and local organs of executive
power,
organs of local self-government, upon which re-
alization of public policy depends in the field of civil defense.
Subsystems of the single system of civil defense are an aggregate of inferior to the specially authorized central
organ of executive
power
of functional
and
territorial organs of
management, upon which set a law tasks depend in the concrete spheres of civil defense.
Service of civil
providing
of fire
technogenic,
defense
is government service of the special character,
safety, prevention and
reacting
on
other
extraordinary
natural and military character, by liquidation of their
related
to
situations of
consequences,
defense
of
population and territories from their negative influence.
Operatively-rescue service of civil defense is the special militarized forming upon which
protecting of population and territories depends from the extraordinary situations of technogenic,
natural and military character, participating in the measures of territorial defensive, and also international rescue and other humanitarian operations.
Forces and facilities of civil defense are
divisions of civil defense,
voluntarily
emergency-saving equipment,
rescue
a personnel
forming,
fire
other property, intended for
of consequences of failures, floods, earthquakes and other
and workers of organs and sub-
and
emergency-saving technique,
extinguishing
catastrophes
of fires,
liquidation
of technogenic,
bio-
logical, radiation, chemical or ecological and military character, minimization of consequences of
the Chernobyl catastrophe.
An area of possible defeat is separate territory or object, on which as a result of extraordinary situation of technogenic, natural or military character there is a threat to life or health
of people or infliction of material losses.
Liquidation of consequences
of extraordinary
situations is realization of complex of
measures, which include emergency-saving and other urgent works which are carried out in the
case of origin of extraordinary situations of technogenic, natural and military character (farther are
extraordinary situations),
and actions of dangerous
factors, rescuing of life and maintenance of
health of people sent to stopping, and also on localization of areas of extraordinary situations.
Wrecking are works, sent to the search, rescuing and defense of people (including a
grant to them of the first medical aid), defense of material and cultural values and environment
during liquidation of consequences of extraordinary situations, with bringing in of workers, which
have the special preparation, facilities of individual defense and rigging.
Near-term measures from liquidation
of consequences
of extraordinary situation are
operative realization of organizationally-technical and other urgent measures, minimum necessities of life-support of population, which suffered as a result of extraordinary situation, sent to
providing .
3
Technogenic safety is the state of security of population, territory, objects
negative
consequences
of extraordinary
from
the
situations of technogenic character.
Unfavorable domestic or non-standard situations are situations, which arise up in the way
of life, unproductive sphere, which did not purchase the scale of extraordinary situation, but show
by itself a threat to life and health of people or infliction of material losses.
2. BASIC PRINCIPLES O F ACTIVITY O F SYSTE M O F CIVIL DEFENSE
Civil defense is carried out on principles:
guaranteeing the state to the citizens of constitutional right of defense of life, health
and their property, and to the legal entities are rights on the safe functioning;
voluntarily at bringing in of people to realization of measures in the field of civil defense,
related to the risk for life and health;
complex going near the decision of tasks of civil defense;
creation of the system of rational preventive safety with the purpose of the maximally
possible,
uations
economic
reasonable
diminishing to probability of origin of extraordinary sit-
minimizations of their consequences;
territorialness and functionality of the single system of civil defense;
to publicity, free access of population to information in the field of civil defense in accordance with a legislation.
3. TASK O F CIVIL DEFENSE
The basic tasks of civil defense are:

collection and analytical working of information are about extraordinary situations;

prognostication and
estimation
of socio-economic
consequences of extraordinary situa-
tions;

realization of supervision and control in the field of civil defense;

development and
implementation
of legislative
and
other normatively-legal acts,
observance of norms and standards in the field of civil defense;

development and
realization
of measures
of suppression
are in the field of civil de-
fense;

creation, maintenance and rational use of material resources, necessary for prevention of
extraordinary situations;

development and
implementation
of the scientific and technical
programs, sent to
prevention of extraordinary situations;

providing
of functioning
of the system
of urgent help to the population after an only
telephone number 112; the article 5 is complemented
№ 4499 - VI ( 4499-17 ) from 13.03.2012.
4
by a new
indention
by law

operative notification of population is about an origin or threat of origin
nary
situation,
measures
which
timely
reliable
are used
informing
of
situation
which
of extraordiis folded,
and
for prevention of extraordinary situations and overcoming of
their consequences;

organization of defense of population and
territories
is from
extraordinary
situations,
grant of the first psychological, medical and other aid to the victims;

realization of urgent
tions

and
works
organization
from
liquidation
of consequences of extraordinary
situa-
of life-support of suffering population;
providing of permanent readiness of forces and facilities of civil defense is to prevention
of extraordinary situations and liquidation of their consequences;

grant with the use of
facilities
of civil
defense of operative help to the population in
the case of origin of unfavorable domestic or non-standard situations;

studies of population to the methods of defense
in the case of
origin of extraordinary,
unfavorable domestic or non-standard situations and organization of training;

international cooperation is in the field of civil defense
4. DEFENSE O F PO PULATIO N
With the purpose of effective realization of tasks of civil defense, diminishing of material
losses and non-admission of harm
to the objects, material and cultural values and environment
in the case of origin of extraordinary situations central and local organs of executive power,
organs of local self-government, inferior to them forces and facilities, enterprises, establishments
and organizations regardless of pattern of ownership, the voluntarily rescue forming carry out notification and informing, supervision and laboratory control, shelter in protective building, evacuation, engineering, medical, psychological, biological, ecological, radiation and chemical defense.
Notification and informing
Notification and informing in the field of

there is the operative revealing
civil
defense include:
to the population of information about an origin or
possible threat of origin of extraordinary situations, including through national, territorial and local CASS of the centralized notification;

the done early creation
stantly
and
organizationally-technical
combination of the con-
operating in-plant systems of notification and informing of population are
with the special systems of supervision and control in the areas of possible defeat;

the centralized use
of communication, broadcast, television and other tools of in-
formation transfer
networks is regardless of pattern of ownership and submission in
the case of origin of extraordinary situations.
Among of the protective measures of the of Civil of defensive, carried out beforehand, an especially important value is occupied by organization of notification of organs of the of Civil of defensive,
forming of CD of and population about the threat of origin of extraordinary situation.
5
Acquires of the special value of notification in the case of sudden origin of extraordinary situation
of peaceful or military time, it reduces the losses of people considerably.
For of providing notifications are used facilities of notification:
 communication (telephones, television, radios) means;
 hardware of mass information (television sets, radios-transceivers);
 electro-sirens;
 auxiliary facilities;
An of of signal is of "Attention of all"! given by including of electro - sirens, productive honks and
other signals. After of the serve of preventive signal of "Attention of all"! a population is under an
obligation a plug in radio, TV-stations, broadcasting transceivers of the for listening of urgent report.
Linguistic of information transfer with the use of broadcasting knots, TV-stations and a broadcast is
the basic method of notification of populations in the extraordinary situations of peace - time and in
the conditions of war.
In a war-time, informing is carried out after such types of information :
1. "Air danger".
2. "Completion of air danger".
3. "Threat of chemical infection".
4. "Threat of radiation infection".
In a peace-time, informing is carried out after such types of information :
1. "Accident is on a nuclear power plant".
2. " Accident is on a chemically dangerous object".
3. "Flood".
4. "About a possible earthquake".
5. "Stormy warning".
Supervision and laboratory control
A supervision and laboratory control include:

creation and
torial

maintenance
networks
permanent
readiness of national
and
terri-
of supervision and laboratory control;
organization of collection,
contamination
in
of foods
working and state information
transfer environment,
of feed, food raw material, feed-stuff, water by, chemical
radionuclide's and infectious microorganisms.
Shelter is in protective building
1. For
providing of shelter of population in cities, villages, settlements the fund of pro-
tective building is created by a way:

complex mastering of underground space of settlements for the concertedly by both
parties of placing in him of building and apartments of the productive and economic setting taking into account the necessity of adaptation and use of part of
apartments for shelter of population
tions;
6
in the case of origin of extraordinary situa-

there are an inspection and registering underground and surface building and building, which answer the requirements of defense,
building
of underground space
of settlements, mountain making and natural cavities;

equipment is taking into account the requirements of defense of basement and other
deepening apartments;

building of deepening building, other immobile objects, adjusted for implementation of tasks of civil defense;

building is in the period of threat of origin of extraordinary situations of the simplest
depositories and shelters;

building of separate depositories and against x-rays shelters.
2. The fund of protective building in
a peace-time is used for economic, cultural and
domestic requirements in the order which is determined
by the specially
authorized
central
organ of executive power on questions civil defense.
Realization of measures is on evacuation of population
1. In the conditions of the insufficient providing protective building in settlements, where
the located objects of the increased danger are, and also in a special period the basic method of
defense of population are his evacuation and placing in areas, safe for a residence.
2. A population, which lives in
settlements,
which
are
astrophic submergence, chemical defeat, is subject evacuation,
in the areas of possible catin
the districts
of origin of
natural calamity, failures and catastrophes, if there is an instant danger to life and health of
people.
3. In the case of
population
of temporal
4. General
origin of extraordinary situation general or partial evacuation
of
or irretrievable character is conducted .
evacuation
of population
in
a special
period is conducted in separate re-
gions in decision of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in time:

radio-active
contamination
an instant danger

to life
hazards are round
nuclear power plants (if there is
and health of population, which lives a defeat in an area);
threats of catastrophic submergence of locality are with the less than for 4 hours
running to of breach wave;

origin of threat to life and health of population, which lives the origin of extraordinary
situation of military character in an area.
5. Partial evacuation of population in the case of origin or threat of origin of extraordinary
situation
on
corresponding
territory is conducted in decision of Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine,
if other is not set by a law.
6. During realization of partial or general evacuation
it is not busy in a production and
sphere of maintenance of population, students, students of educational establishments, pupils of
child's houses, pensioners and invalids which hold back in houses for persons years old, together
with teachers and educators, by an auxiliary personnel and members of their families evacuated
first of all.
7. Evacuation of population from dangerous districts is conducted on foot and by
export
of his
basic
part
the
by a present transport.
7
8. With the purpose of prevention of displays of panic and non-admission of death of people
during evacuation provided:

planning of evacuation of population;

determination of areas, suitable
for
placing
of the evacuated population from po-
tentially dangerous areas;

organization of notification
of executive
power,
of leading
organs
composition
of central
and local
organs
of local self-government, enterprises, establish-
ments and organizations is regardless of pattern of ownership and population about
beginning of evacuation;

management realization of evacuation;

creation minimum of necessary terms is for
the vital functions of the evacuated
population;

studies of population to the actions are during realization of evacuation.
Engineering defense of territory
With the purpose of conditioning
increased technogenic loading and
of safe residence of population on territory with the
risk of origin of extraordinary situations the measures of
engineering defense are carried out territories which include :

account during development of general layouts of building
of settlements
con-
duct of town-planning in the conditions of the increased risk of possibility of origin of
extraordinary situations on separate territories and in regions;

realization of control after the rational placing potentially of dangerous objects taking into account the possible consequences of extraordinary situations for safety of
population and environment in the case of origin of such situations;

building of building,
houses,
engineering
networks
and transport communica-
tions is with the set strength and reliability securities;

development and
input
of measures
are in relation to the accident-free function-
ing potentially of dangerous objects;
Psychological defense
Prevention or
diminishing of degree of negative psychological
influence on a population
and timely grant of effective psychological help is provided by realization of such measures :

planning of activity and use of existent forces and facilities of subdivisions of the psychological providing of the specially authorized central organ of executive power is on
questions civil defense;

an exposure is by means of psychological and sociological methods of factors which
assist the origin of social psychological tension;

the use of modern technologies of psychological
influence is for neutralization of
negative influence on a population.
Ecological defense
Ecological defense
8
includes
realization
of nature protection measures, directed on, :

protecting of deposits (gas, petroleum, coal, peat) is from fires, submergences and
collapses;

liquidation of forest
fires
and
wind-fallen trees,
snow breaks, wind-fallen trees,
technogenic influence on the forest planting, and also their consequences.
Radiation and chemical defense
1. Radiation
and
chemical
defense
includes the exposure of hearths
of radiation and
chemical contamination and realization of his estimation, organization and realization of dosimetric
and
providing
chemical control,
of radiation
and
development and input of the typical modes of radiation defense,
chemical
defense facilities, organization and realization of the spe-
cial and sanitary treatment.
2. Radiation and chemical defense

is provided
by realization of such measures :
the done early accumulation and maintenance are in permanent readiness of facilities of radiation and chemical defense, volumes
and
places of storage of which
are determined it is differentiated in accordance with the areas of possible defeat;

timely introduction of facilities, methods and methods of exposure and estimation of
scales and consequences of failures, destructions on radiation and chemically dangerous objects;

creation of compatible facilities of defense, devices of radiation, chemical secret service and dosimetric control;

a grant to the population
of acquisition
option
is in
the personal use of facili-
ties of radiation and chemical defense;

development of the typical modes of radiation defense of population and functioning
of objects

is in the conditions of
done early equipment
radiation
radiocontammant of locality;
and
chemically
dangerous objects by facilities
for realization of the special treatment of clothes, property and transport vehicles,
and also

sanitization of population, suffering as a result of extraordinary situation;
development of general
criteria,
methods
and
methods of supervisions is in re-
lation to the estimation of radiation and chemical situation.
5. FACILITIES O F CO L LECTIVE DEFENSE
DEPOSITORIES ARE PROTECTIVE BUILDING OF IMPERMEABLE TYPE, INTENDED FOR PROTECTING OF
PEOPLE FROM ALL STRIKING FACTORS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSION, AND ALSO FROM
TOXIC CHEMICAL AGENT
AND BACTERIAL FACILITIES.
In the extraordinary situations of peace-time depositories provide protecting of people from the
action of high temperatures, poisoning of burning, defeat of TOXIC CHEMICAL AGENT and ionizing radiation
foods.
Depositories have basic and auxiliary apartments.
To basic compartments belong for shelter, management points, first-aid stations. In depositories for medical establishments opened out operation-bandaging block, co-operation, sterilizing
9
apartment and others like that.
To the auxiliary apartments filtration-vent apartments, apartments, belong for diesel-generators,
electrical control box, apartments for storage of gas and oil materials, food, sanitary knots, platformsluice, platform.
For admission of people a depository must have entrances and repair exits. If the height of
apartments presents a 2,25-2,9 m, double plank beds settle down, if height a 2,9 m and anymore three-high.
Air supply of depositories is provided after three modes.
Mode 1 - clean ventilation. At such mode a filtration-vent system of depository
purges air from a radio-active and other dust (in an antidustborne filter).
Mode 2 - to filter-ventilation. External air in filters-absorbers clears up from TOXIC
CHEMICAL AGENT,
bacterial facilities and dust.
Mode 3 are regenerations. It is the basic mode of defense under time failures on
chemical dangerous object. If external air is considerably gassed by harmful matters and
foods of burning, the regeneration of internal air is conducted, excessive pressure of air is
simultaneously created into a depository. If it is impossible to conduct the regeneration of
air in a depository, the serve of oxygen is carried out from bulbs.
The amount of air on one man, which is given, is set depending on the temperature of air :
in the case of the mode by 1 - 8-13м3/hours,
in the case of the mode by 2 - 2-10м3/hours Deposi-
tories must have a power supply from the town electric system, and in case of failure - autonomous.
The water and sewage system of depositories system is connected to the town network. In case of
failure of town networks in a depository capacities are foreseen for the emergency stock of drinkingwater from a calculation 3 л on one man on twenty-four hours, and also autonomous transceivers of
faecal waters.
A depository must have telephone connection
with the point of management and loud
speakers, connected to town and local broadcasting networks.
On protective properties depositories are divided into 4 classes:
1 class - to 5 kg/of см2 maintain pressure of shock wave;
2 classes - to 3 kg/of см2 maintain pressure of shock wave;
3 classes and 4 - to 2 kg/of см2 and to 1 kg/of см2 maintain pressure of shock wave;
After a capacity on:
small - to 600 persons;
middle - from 600 to 2000 persons;
large - more than 2000 persons.
After the place of establishment of location : built-in and separately located.
After providing a filter-ventilation equipment : off-farm and simplified.
At times building: those which are built in advance and fast to build (built at the
threat of attack of opponent).
Depositories must provide creation of necessary sanitary-hygienic terms. The basic indexes
of these terms are: presence of carbon monoxide, temperature and humidity of air. In depositories
air must have carbon monoxide no more 1% (maximum a possible concentration is immission limit 3%), relative humidity no more 70% (ГДК - 80%) and temperature, not higher 23°С (immission
limit - 31°С).
10
The apartments of depositories are divided into basic and auxiliary. To basic take: apartment for shelter of people and platforms-sluices. To auxiliary are filter-ventilation chambers, sanitary knots, protected diesel power-stations, protected entrances and outputs, medical rooms, pantries for foods and water, repair exits. An repair exits settles down as an underground gallery the
size of 90 х a 130 cm with an output on territory, which is not heaped (a half of building height is
plus three meters) up through a vertical mine which.
In small cities and settlements, rural locality, id est. in an out-of-town area, a basic danger
radiation contamination of locality will present, that is why for defense of local population which is
evacuated from cities, against x-rays prepare.
Against x-rays shelters (TRUDGE) are protective building, which provide protecting
of people from the striking action of ionizing irradiation, light irradiation and partly from a
shock wave.
After the degree of defense TRUDGE divided into 3 groups:
1 group - a gamut-irradiation weakens an action in 100-200 times;
2 groups - a gamut-irradiation weakens an action in 50-100 times;
3 groups - a gamut-irradiation weakens an action in 20-50 times.
Natural or mechanical ventilation is foreseen in against x-rays shelters, energy- and watersupply from a general network. In default of sluice it is necessary to keep a reserve of water from a
calculation 2 liters on one man on twenty-four hours.
Simple shelters are building, which provide protecting of people from low-powered mechanical character of damaging factors, ionizing irradiation, some drastic poisonous matters. To them basement and semi-base apartments, trenches, cracks, can be taken.
6. CLASSIFICAT IO N O F DO SIMETRIC DEVICES A ND TH EIR SETTING
Devices of radiation secret service of locality. For the conduct of radiation secret
service the indicators of radio-activity and x-ray-meters are used.
Indicator of radio-activity of ДП-63-А is intended for the exposure of nuclear contamination
of locality, measuring of small levels of radiation and determination of contamination of locality of , by -radiations. Measuring range by from 0,1 to 50 р\hours Even a gamut-radiation measure on
height of a 70-100 cm from a terrene. For determination of -radiation it is necessary to conduct two
measuring on height of a to 30 cm from a terrene (one at the closed lid in days the case of device,
and second - at open). The difference of the got testimonies testifies to the presence of -radiation.
Signalling of device/indicator of of ДП- of 64 intended for a permanent radiation supervision
and notification about nuclear contamination of locality. An of device works in the observant mode
and provides by means of the automatic voice and light signaling a report about the reach level of
radiation gamut - radiation 0,2 Р/of by hours of Feeds of device from the network of alternating current with tension 127/220 V or storage battery with tension 6 V.
11