E4142
REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE
MINISTÉRIO DA PLANIFICAÇÃO E
DESENVOLVIMENTO
DIRECÇÃO NACIONAL DE SERVIÇOS DE
PLANEAMENTO
Mozambique Integrated Growth Poles Project
(P127303)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
Draft Final
Maputo, February 2013
0
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ANE
CBNRM
DA
DCC
DNA
DNE
DNPO
DNAPOT
DNPA
DPA
DPCA
DPOPH
EA
EDM
EIA
EMP
ESIA
ESMF
ESMP
FAO
FIPAG
GAZEDA
GDP
GOM
IDA
IDCF
MAE
MCA
MCC
MDP
MICOA
MINAGRI
MISAU
MOF
MOPH
MSME
NCSD
NEMP
NGO
PARPA
PCU
PDD
PDPF
PDUT
PEPA
PLPP
PPU
PRS
RAP
RPF
SDAE
SDMAS
SDPI
National Roads Administration
Community-Based Natural Resource Management
District Administration
District Consultative Council
National Directorate for Water
National Directorate for Energy
National Directorate for Planning
National Directorate for Land Planning
National Directorate for Environmental Promotion and Education
Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
Provincial Directorate for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs
Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing
Environmental Assessment
Electricidade de Moçambique
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Management Plan
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
Environmental and Social Management Framework
Environmental and Social Management Plan
Food and Agriculture Organization
Water Supply Investment and Asset Management Fund
Special Economic Zones Office
Gross Domestic Product
Government of Mozambique
International Development Association
Innovation and Demonstration Catalytic Fun
Ministry of State Administration
Millennium Challenge Account
Millennium Challenge Corporation
Municipal Development Project
Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Public Works and Housing
Micro Small and Medium Enterprises
National Commission for Sustainable Development
National Environmental Management Programme
Non-Governmental Organization
Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty
Project Coordination Unit
District Development Plans (Plano Distrital de Desenvolvimento)
Provincial Directorate of Planning and Finance
District Land Use Plan
Environmental Quality Standards of Mozambique Projects
Provincial level project personnel (with monitoring responsibilities)
Provincial Project Unit
Poverty Reduction Strategy
Resettlement Action Plan
Resettlement Policy Framework
District Services of Economic Activities
District Services of Women, Social Affairs and Health
District Services of Planning and Infrastructure
i
ToR
UCA
UNDP
WB
WHO
ZVDA
Terms of Reference
Coordination and Support Unit
United Nations Development Program
World Bank
World Health Organization
Zambezi Valley Development Agency
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The preparation of the ESMF comes under the Integrated Growth Poles Project (Project), which is
the World Bank (WB) support to the Government of Mozambique (GOM) strategy for inclusive
and broad-based growth. The ESMF is meant to ensure that relevant World Bank Safeguards
Policies and GOM environmental and social regulations are strictly adhered to in the design and
implementation of specific subprojects.
The author, Mario Souto, wishes to thank all those who offered their valuable time to provide all
kinds of information and data including in-depth perspectives during interviews and discussions
and those who shared documents prior to and during the preparation of this document.
Special words of appreciation and acknowledgement go to managers and technical staff of
government institutions and public companies who are the main stakeholders of this Project. They
were committed and worked tirelessly to ensure that they gave their outmost feedback such that
issues and concerns were conveyed adequately during the long and fruitful discussions. Reference is
made to institutions such as MICOA, MINAGRI, CFM, FIPAG, GAZEDA, ZVDA, Provincial
and District Governments.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IV
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
VIII
SUMÁRIO EXECUTIVO
XIV
1- INTRODUCTION
1
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3
2.1 Project Development Objectives and Principles
3
2.2 Project Components
3
2.3 Anticipated sub-Project types under the Project
10
2.4 Sub-project activities ineligible for funding
11
3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
3.1 Implementation by Component
4 DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT IN MOZAMBIQUE AND THE PROJECT AREA
4.1 General Country Development Context and Project Relevance
5 - PROJECT TARGETED AREAS
12
12
15
15
18
5.1 Location
18
5.2 Physical Environment
5.2.1 The Zambezi Valley (Tete, Manica, Zambezia and Sofala Provinces) and Angonia Growth Pole
5.2.2 Nacala Development Corridor (Niassa and Nampula provinces) and Nacala Growth Pole
20
20
22
5.3 Biological Environment
5.3.1 The Zambezi Valley (Tete, Manica, Zambezia and Sofala Provinces) and Angonia Growth Pole
5.3.2 Nacala Development Corridor (Niassa and Nampula Provinces) and Nacala Growth Pole
24
24
25
5.4 Socio-economic Situation
5.4.1 The Zambezi Valey (Tete, Manica, Zambezia and Sofala Provinces) and Angonia Growth Pole
5.4.2 Nacala Corridor (Tete, Niassa and Nampula Provinces) and Nacala Growth Pole
27
27
31
6- WORLD BANK SAFEGUARDS POLICIES
33
iv
6.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)
33
6.2 Pest Management (OP 4.09)
35
6.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
35
6.4 Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
36
6.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
36
7 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIAL MANAGEMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE
37
7.1 Legal Framework
7.1.1 Adherence to International and Regional Conventions and Protocols
7.1.2 Approval of Domestic Policy and Legal Instruments
37
37
38
7.2 Institutional Framework
43
8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS OF TARGETED AREAS
45
9 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
47
9.1 Potential adverse environmental and social impacts
47
9.2 Other potential adverse socio-economic impacts
51
9.3 Potential positive impacts
52
9.4 Measures to mitigate negative impacts
53
10 GUIDELINES FOR SUB-PROJECT SCREENING, PREPARATION, APPRAISAL,
APPROVAL AND MONITORING
61
10.1 Screening of Project Activities and Sites
62
10.2 Assigning the Appropriate Environmental and Social Categories
62
10.3 Carrying out Environmental and Social Work
63
10.4 Environmental and Social Checklist:
63
10.5 Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA)
63
10.6 Subproject Review and Approval
64
10.7 Participatory Public Consultation and Disclosure
64
10.8 Annual Monitoring Reports and review
66
10.9 Environmental and Social Audit
66
10.10 Other Important Issues
67
v
10.10.1 Integration and harmonization with the district land use plans
67
11 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND
MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
68
11.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
68
11.2 Pest Management Plan
69
11.3 Involuntary Resettlement (Resettlement Action Plan)
69
12 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
71
12.1 Institutional Capacity Assessment and Analysis
71
12.2 Proposed Training and Awareness Programs
72
12.3. Technical Assistance (TA)
72
13 ESMF MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
73
14 PROPOSED ESTIMATED IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET.
74
REFERENCES
75
List of Figures
Figure 1: Overview of the Project Area (Zambezi Valley and Nacala Corridor)............... viii
Figure 2: The main development corridors in Mozambique ............................................. 15
Figure 3: The Districts of the Zambezi Valley .................................................................. 18
Figure 4: The Project districts in Nacala Corridor ............................................................ 19
Figure 5: Angonia growth pole ......................................................................................... 19
Figure 6: Nacala growth pole ........................................................................................... 20
Figure 7: Various water uses in the Zambezi Valley (Shire River) ..................................... 28
Figure 8: Men and women selling maize in the informal markets of Tete City .................. 33
Figure 9: Land use planning session in Morrumbala District (Zambezia Province) ........... 30
List of Tables
Table 1: Population of the Zambezi Valley by districts..................................................... 30
Table 2: Population of Nacala Corridor by districts.......................................................... 31
Table 3: Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project ........................................................ 33
Table 4: Measures to mitigate negative impacts ................................................................ 54
Table 5: Estimated budget for ESMF implementation ..................................................... 74
List of Annexes
vi
Annex 1: Status Quo of Preparation of District Land Use Plans in the Project Area
(provinces).......................................................................................................................................... B
Annex 2: Environmental and Social Screening Form for subprojects....................................... I
Annex 3: Preliminary Environmental Information Sheet .......................................................... K
Annex 4: Checklist for environmental and social impacts ......................................................... N
Annex 5: Environmental and Social Clauses ......................................................................O
Annex 6: Summary of Main Issues from the Public Participation/Consultation Process ....V
Annex 7: Good Agricultural Practices - Hygiene and Safety ............................................ DD
Annex 8: List and Contacts of People Consulted .............................................................EE
Annex 9: Terms of Reference for the Formulation of the ESMF, PMP and RPF ............. FF
vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The ESMF outlines a number of principles and prerogatives to be adhered to by the Government
of Mozambique in the implementation of the Integrated Growth Poles Project (Project), through
which the World Bank (WB) will support the Government of Mozambique (GOM) strategy for
inclusive and broad-based growth.
The focus of the support will be on the two main pillars of the Government’s Plano de Acção de
Redução da Pobreza (PARP, 2011-14) (i) increasing agricultural production/productivity; and (ii)
employment through targeted interventions to strengthen the dynamism of the private sector to
drive economic growth and accelerate job creation.
The project will be implemented in the (i) Zambeze Valley; (ii) Nacala Corridor, which due to a
combination of factors are witnessing unprecedented growth fueled largely by mining (mainly coal)
operations in Moatize (Tete province). Initial focus will be on two carefully selected growth poles,
namely Angonia (comprising the districts of Angonia, Tsangano and Macanga districts in Tete
province) and Nacala (Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha city and town, respectively).
Figure 1: Overview of the Project Area (Zambezi Valley and Nacala Corridor)
In permanent and close consultation with the GOM the World Bank will ensure that the strategic
interest of inclusion, diversification, creation of employment and income generating opportunities
are created around the mega projects in the project area. Priority infrastructure will be identified,
planned and built and training, capacity building and demonstration activities will be carried out.
This will be complemented by the strengthening of the enabling environment as well as the
adoption of adequate measures for intervention monitoring and evaluation.
viii
Project Components
The project will have four main components with the following preliminary allocation of funds:
Component 1: Support for the Tete agribusiness growth pole in the Zambezi Valley (US$
39.0 million): The objective of this component is to provide integrated support for the upgrading
of targeted local infrastructure and privately-executed public investments primarily oriented towards
increasing smallholder production, linking smallholder farms and MSMEs to emerging supply
chains, and increasing agro-processing activities in the Zambezi Valley. The local infrastructure
investments will focus on the districts of Angonia, Tsangano, and Macanga in Tete Province to upgrade
two key rural roads linking agricultural areas to primary roads that will provide producers all
weather access to markets. This component is subdivided into two subcomponents, namely: Subcomponent 1A: Upgrading of local infrastructure (US$ 21.5 million) that will consist of the
(A) Rehabilitation of Market Access Roads, and (B) Minor civil and ancillary works. Sub-component 1B:
Innovation and Demonstration Catalytic Fund (IDCF) investments in the Zambezi Valley
(IDA allocation: US$17.5 million, Total: US$35.0 million) to improve the ability of smallholder
farms/MSMEs in the Zambezi Valley to access markets through market-oriented private and
complementary public investments.
Component 2: Support for the Nacala Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in the Nacala
Corridor (US$ 43.0 million): The objective of this component is to provide support for the
development of the Nacala Corridor. Activities are focused on (a) upgrading last-mile infrastructure
for the development of the Nacala SEZ (water supply system and an access road), and (b)
supporting privately-executed public investments to increase smallholder production, link
smallholder farms to emerging supply chains, and increase agro-processing activities. This
components is also subdivided into two subcomponents: Sub-component 2A: Upgrading of
Nacala SEZ physical infrastructure (US$ 30.5 million) and Sub-component 2B: Innovation
and Demonstration Catalytic Fund (IDCF) investments in the Nacala Corridor (IDA
allocation US$12.5 million, Total: US$25.0 million), with similar objectives and modality as
those expressed for Sub-component 1B.
Component 3: Institutional Development and Capacity Building (US$10.0 million): The
objective of this component is to provide multi-year support to key public agencies to strengthen
their capacity to plan, coordinate and implement public and multilateral investment programs. At
the National level the focus will be on building capacity of the newly established Department of
Public Investments within MPD. At the Provincial level the capacity building activities will focus on
ZVDA and GAZEDA with some support for the Provincial and Municipal authorities. The
component will finance (i) Training, equipment and consultancies for planning, coordination and
implementation of public investment programs, (ii) training, equipment and consultancies for the
ZVDA and related public sector agencies in the Zambezi Valley, and (iii) training, equipment and
consultancies for GAZEDA and related public sector agencies in the Nacala Corridor.
Component 4: Project Implementation (US$8.0 million): Investments under this component
will support the operations of the PCU in MPD which includes two regional Project Managers colocated in ZVDA and GAZEDA to coordinate and support Project implementation. The
component will support project implementation costs including: (i) PCU staff (ii) PCU operating
costs, (iii) consultants for ANE to supplement contract supervision capacity, (iv) IDCF Fund
Manager and initial project preparation costs, (v) training and consulting studies (vi) data collection,
compilation and analysis and establishing a Project monitoring and evaluation system, (vii)
safeguards management including training, preparation of RAPs, ESIAs and ESMPs and
monitoring of implementation of safeguards instruments (viii) impact evaluation.
Physical interventions will be in the form of:
ix



Roads, utilities, district/municipal facilities and logistics facilities including urban water
supply (Nacala Porto);
Feeder roads
Value-adding facilities for commercial agribusiness.
Project Formulation and Implementation Arrangements
A consultative and participatory process will be adopted in the identification and selection of
specific and final sub-projects to be considered for funding. Among others the provinces and
districts will review their strategic development plans and ensure that relevant plans and projects
become part of the Project.
The ESMF basic principles and requirements will be applied throughout the entire Project life
cycle.
The project preparation is under the overall responsibility of MPD. A Steering Committee chaired
by MPD and bringing together the main sectors involved in the Project (ZVDA, GAZEDA, MPD,
MICOA, MMAS, MTC, MOPH and MINAGRI) will assist in project management and ensure that
relevant stakeholders participate in its management.
Development Context
The Project happens at a time when the Mozambican economy is recording accelerated growth
rates, which are supported by high levels of assistance from Development Partners. The growth
rates result from the efforts in the field of macroeconomic policy management and strengthening
the enabling environment for promotion of domestic and foreign private investment. Economic
growth has been driven by (i) foreign direct investment in mega projects and operating large-scale
high-value agricultural products such as cotton, sugar and tobacco, (ii) the favorable agricultural
growth, and (iii) infrastructure rehabilitation projects, including roads.
However, despite the remarkable growth, the country continues to be among the world's poorest.
The country is in the 184th position among 187 countries in terms of human development index. A
number of institutional and other constraints continue to hamper the delivery of basic social
services.
The country’s economy is characterized by a very small number of mega projects on the one hand,
and the family and informal sector, on the other, which encourages imbalances in development and
affects diversification of production and access to the benefits of the development by a significant
proportion of the population. Investments in infrastructure such as roads, water supply and
sanitation, energy, telecommunications, etc. should continue to play a role in this process of
stabilization and gradual elimination of imbalances. Strengthening micro, small and medium size
enterprises (MSMEs) is seen as key to changing the prevalent situation.
The two regions that define the project area are rich and diverse in terms of the receiving physical,
biological and socioeconomic environment. Interventions need to be adequately planned,
implemented, monitored and evaluated to ensure that such environment is not adversely affected.
World Bank Safeguards Policies and GOM Regulations
The objective of the ESMF is to ensure that relevant World Bank Safeguards Policies and GOM
environmental and social regulations are strictly adhered to. The Project has triggered five of the
World Bank’s 10+2 Safeguards Policies, namely, Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Pest
Management (OP 4.09), Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12), Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
and Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11), as well as adhered to the World Bank Group
General Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHS), Tourism and Hospitality
x
Development EHS Guidelines and the applicable Agribusiness/Food Production EHS Guidelines
from April 2007. The ESMF has made provision to address potential concerns afferent to both
OP/BP 4.04 (Natural Habitats) and OP/BP 4.11 (Physical Cultural Resources). A Resettlement
Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared to satisfy the Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
Safeguard Policy requirements and a Pest Management Plan (PMP) has been prepared to satisfy OP
4.09 requirements. These two documents have been prepared separately and should be used
together with this ESMF.
The Project will also be implemented in light of the GOM reform in the environmental sector in
terms of: (a) adherence to and adoption of a series of international and regional environmental
protection and conservation conventions and protocols; (b) approval of a significant set of
legislations with direct and indirect implications to environmental and social protection; (c) creation
of specific public institutions and/or strengthening of existing institutions dedicated to both
environmental and social management in the country.
Both WB safeguards policies and GOM regulations will be applied to ensure that potential negative
environmental and social impacts on land resources, soils, water resources, biodiversity, vegetation,
local communities and the society at large are adequately managed and positive impacts are
enhanced.
Subproject Formulation and Selection
As part of the ESMF a social and environmental screening process will help (i) determine which
construction or rehabilitation activities are likely to have potential negative environmental and/or
social impacts; (ii) determine the level of environmental and social work required, including whether
an ESIA/ESMP or a freestanding ESMP will be required or not; (iii) determine appropriate
mitigation measures for addressing adverse impacts; (iv) incorporate mitigation measures into the
subprojects financed by the Project; (v) indicate the need for the preparation of a Resettlement
Action Plan (RAP), which would be prepared in line with the Resettlement Policy Framework
(RPF), prepared for the Project; (vi) facilitate the review and approval of the construction and
rehabilitation proposals; and (vii) provide guidance for monitoring environmental and social
parameters during the implementation and operation of subproject activities.
Given the multisectorality and complexity of the project, and to ensure appropriate implementation
and monitoring of social and environmental issues, the ESMF recommends the recruitment of (i)
Two Social and Environmental Safeguard Specialists to be co-located in the ZVDA in Tete (1) and
GAZEDA, Nacala (1) and (ii) a Communications Officer with a good knowledge of environmental
and social safeguards for the PCU based in Maputo to timely liaise with these 2 provincial
safeguards specialists. These three staff will work closely with MICOA at both central and
provincial levels and be responsible for the proper handling of Environmental, Social and
Communication dimensions of the project throughout its life cycle. These staff will be trained by
WB Safeguards Specialists, and in close collaboration with MICOA.
Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMP)
Where relevant, site specific Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA) with a costed
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) or just an Environmental and Social
Management Plans (ESMP) will be prepared so that the Project (i) avoids activities that could
result in adverse environmental and social impacts on resources or areas considered as sensitive; (ii)
prevents the occurrence of negative environmental and social impacts; (iii) prevents any future
actions that might adversely affect environmental and social resources; (iv) limits or reduces the
degree, extent, magnitude or duration of adverse impacts by scaling down, relocating, redesigning
elements of the project; (v) repairs or enhances affected resources, such as natural habitats or
water resources, particularly when previous development has resulted in significant resource
degradation; (vi) restores affected resources to an earlier (and possibly more stable and
xi
productive) state, typically ‘background / pristine’ condition; and (vii) creates, enhances or
protects the same type of resources at another suitable and acceptable location, compensating for
lost resources.
Moreover, the ESMF includes standard Environmental and Social Clauses (ESC), which will be
included in all bidding documents and in the various contracts (contractual clauses) for the design,
construction and appropriate operation of the interventions to be adopted for simple subprojects.
Contractors for simple projects will be responsible for the implementation of these Environmental
and Social Clauses during construction and will need to recruit qualified staff, responsible for
environment/social and health and safety issues, to do this. Contractors for more complex
subprojects will need to prepare and implement their own Environmental and Social Impacts
Assessment (ESIA) and associated Environmental and Social Management Plan (Contractor
ESMP). Contractors will need to employ qualified environmental/social, health and safety
specialist(s) for this purpose. In all cases the Supervising Engineer will be required by contractual
arrangement to supervise the adequate implementation of the Environmental and Social Clauses
and the Contractor ESMPs. Once reviewed and cleared by ASPEN (the Africa Regional Safeguards
Advisory Unit) the ESMF will be publicly disclosed both in-country and at the InfoShop prior to
the project appraisal.
Pest Management Plan (PMP) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)
A separate Pest Management Plan (PMP) and a Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) have been
prepared to be used along with the ESMF. As for the ESMF, the RPF and PMP will also be
reviewed and cleared by ASPEN and then publicly disclosed both in-country and at the InfoShop
prior to project appraisal.
The PMP will assist in the implementation of the WB approach/vision and the GOM’s strategy
that promote integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, such as biological control, cultural
practices, and the development and use of crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. In
addition to agricultural insect pests and plant diseases, pests also include weeds, birds, rodents, and
human or livestock disease vectors. Finally, the PMP also includes mitigations measures to reduce
the impacts on human health, such as the adequate selection and safe use of pesticides, safe storage
of pesticides and the safe disposal of pesticide containers. People who are vulnerable are elderly
people, children, women and illiterate farmers, and require special attention.
The RPF will also ensure that involuntary resettlement is avoided where feasible, or minimized,
exploring all viable alternative project designs. Where it will not be feasible to avoid resettlement, a
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be prepared and disclosed accordingly. Project Affected
People (PAP) will be compensated and/or assisted prior to the start of any construction activity.
Resettlement activities will be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs,
providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in
project benefits. PAPs will be meaningfully consulted and be given opportunities to participate in
planning and implementing resettlement programs. PAPs will be assisted in their efforts to improve
their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to predisplacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation,
whichever is higher”.
Training and Capacity Building
Extensive training and capacity building will be carried out in order to prepare relevant institutions
at the various levels to plan, implement, monitor and evaluate the different aspects involved in
sound environmental and social management as elaborated in this ESMF in particular, and in both
the PMP and RPF.
xii
Based on needs identification a specific institutional and human capacity building program for
environmental and social management, as well as human health and safety will be developed as part
of the Project. Beneficiary institutions will be the Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental
Affairs (MICOA), especially at its provincial and district levels, relevant line ministries at its
provincial and district levels (e.g. agriculture, public works, energy, health, education, MMAS and
MPD, etc.), including local authorities (e.g. municipalities and others such as CSOs). The details of
the capacity-building program and the institutions to be supported at provincial and/or local level,
still has to be developed.
Practical ways of reaching out to all target groups will need to be devised for training and capacity
needs assessments as well as for delivery of the training. The “Learning by Doing” approach will be
given utmost priority.
Monitoring
Monitoring will also be fundamental to ensure that the objectives set forth in the ESMF and the
ESIAs/ESMPs are being achieved satisfactorily and where there are nonconformities, timely
corrective action can be taken. The Project Management Team will have the overall responsibility
for coordinating and monitoring implementation of the ESMF.
Estimated Project Budget
The total cost for implementing this ESMF and for preparing and implementing the site specific
ESIAs/ESMPs stands at US$ 600,000.00.
xiii
SUMÁRIO EXECUTIVO
Introdução
O QGSA descreve uma série de princípios que devem ser seguidos pelo Governo de Moçambique
na implementação do Projecto Integrado de Pólos de Crescimento (PROJECTO), através do qual o
Banco Mundial (BM) vai apoiar a estratégia do Governo de Moçambique (GOM) na promoção do
crescimento inclusivo e de base alargada.
O enfoque do apoio será sobre os dois principais pilares do Plano de Acção para a Redução da
Pobreza (PARP, 2011-14) (i) aumento da produção / produtividade agrária, (ii) aumento do
emprego através de intervenções orientadas para fortalecer o dinamismo do sector privado para
impulsionar o crescimento económico e acelerar a criação de emprego.
O projecto será implementado no (i) Vale do Zambeze, e (ii) Corredor de Nacala, . Devido a uma
combinação de factores estas zonas do país estão a testemunhar crescimento sem precedentes que é
impulsionado, em grande parte, pelas operações de mineração (principalmente do carvão) em
Moatize (Tete). O enfoque inicial será sobre dois pólos de desenvolvimento seleccionados de forma
cuidadosa, nomeadamente Angonia (compreendendo os distritos da Angónia, Tsangano e
Macanga, na província de Tete) e Nacala (cidade de Nacala Porto e vila de Nacala-a-Velha,
respectivamente).
Figura 1: A area do Projecto (Vale do Zambeze e Corredor de Nacala)
Em consulta permanente e estreita com o GOM o Banco Mundial irá garantir que o interesse
estratégico de inclusão, diversificação, criação de emprego e de oportunidades de geração de renda
seja realizado em torno dos mega projectos na área do projecto. Infra-estruturas que sejam
prioritárias serão identificadas, projectadas e construídas e vai haver actividades de formação,
capacitação e demonstração. Isto será complementado pelo fortalecimento de um ambiente
xiv
favorável, bem como a adopção de medidas adequadas para a monitoria e avaliação das
intervenções.
Componentes do Projecto
O projecto terá quatro componentes principais, com a seguinte alocação preliminar de fundos:
Componente 1: Apoio ao Crescimento do Polo do Agronegócio na província de Tete, no
Vale do Zambeze (EUA $ 39,0 milhões): O objectivo desta componente é o de fornecer apoio
integrado para a melhoria da infra-estrutura local seleccionada e para a execução privada de
investimentos públicos orientados sobretudo para aumentar a produção dos pequenos agricultores,
ligando a agricultura familiar e o das MPMEs às cadeias de fornecimento/consumo emergentes
assim como para aumentar as actividades de agro-processamento no Vale do Zambeze. Os
investimentos em infra-estrutura local incidirão sobre os distritos de Angónia, Tsangano e Macanga,
na Província de Tete, com vista a melhorar duas principais estradas rurais que ligam áreas agrícolas
a estradas primárias e que darão aos produtores acesso aos mercados ao longo de todas as estações
do ano. Esta componente está dividida em duas subcomponentes, nomeadamente: Subcomponente 1 Melhoramento da infra-estrutura local (EUA $ 21,5 milhões), que será
composta por (A) Reabilitação de Estradas de Acesso ao Mercado, (B) Pequenas obras públicas e de anexos.
Sub-componente 1B: Fundo Catalítico de Inovação e Demonstração (FCID) sobre
investimentos no Vale do Zambeze (alocação da IDA no valor de: EUA $ 17,5 milhões,
total: EUA $ 35,0 milhões) para melhorar a capacidade dos pequenos agricultores/MPMEs no
Vale do Zambeze para terem acesso aos mercados através de investimentos privados orientados
para o mercado complementados por investimentos públicos.
Componente 2: Apoio à Nacala Zona Económica Especial (ZEE) no Corredor de Nacala
(EUA $ 43,0 milhões): O objectivo desta componente éo de fornecer apoio para o
desenvolvimento do Corredor de Nacala. As actividades da componente centram-se sobre (a)
melhoramento da infra-estrutura para o desenvolvimento da ZEE de Nacala (sistema de
abastecimento de água e uma estrada de acesso), e (b) apoiar a execução privada de investimentos
públicos para aumentar a produção dos pequenos agricultores, ligar os pequenos agricultores às
cadeias emergentes de fornecimento/consumo, e aumentar as actividades de agro-processamento.
Esta componente também encontra-se subdividida em duas subcomponentes: Sub-componente
2A: Melhoramento da infra-estrutura física da ZEE de Nacala (EUA 30,5 milhões dólares
americanos) e Sub-componente 2B: Fundo Catalítico de Inovação e Demonstração (FCID)
sobre investimentos no Corredor de Nacala (alocação da IDA no valor de EUA $ 12,5
milhões, Total: EUA $ 25,0 milhões), com objectivos e modalidade semelhantes ao que foi
especificado na Sub-componente 1B.
Componente 3: Desenvolvimento e Capacitação Institucional (EUA $ 10,0 milhões): O
objectivo desta componente é o de fornecer apoio multi-anual aos principais órgãos públicos para
reforçar a sua capacidade de planificar, coordenar e executar programas de investimento público e
multilaterais. Ao nível nacional, o foco será na capacitação do recém-criado Departamento de
Investimentos Públicos dentro do MPD. Ao nível provincial as actividades de capacitação vão
centrar-se sobre a ADVZ e o GAZEDA com algum apoio às autoridades provinciais e municipais.
A componente financiará (i) equipamentos, formação e consultorias para a planificação,
coordenação e implementação de programas de investimento público, (ii) equipamentos, formação
e consultorias para o ADVZ e outras agências do sector público no Vale do Zambeze, e (iii) a
formação, equipamentos e consultorias para o GAZEDA e outras agências do setor público no
Corredor de Nacala.
Componente 4: Implementação do Projecto (EUA $ 8,0 milhões): Os investimentos no
âmbito desta componente serão para apoiar as operações da UCP no MPD o que inclui dois
gestores de projectos regionais localizados, respecivamente, na ADVZ e no GAZEDA para
coordenar e apoiar a implementação do projecto. AO componente irá sapoiar os custos de
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implementação do projecto, incluindo: (i) Pessoal da UCP (ii) Custos operacionais da UCP, (iii)
Consultores para a ANE para complementar a capacidade de supervisão dos contratos, (iv) Gestor
do Fundo da FCID e custos de preparação inicial do projecto, (v) a formação e estudos de
consultoria (vi) recolha, compilação e análise de dados e estabelecer um sistema de monitoria e de
avaliação do projecto, (vii) as garantias de gestão, incluindo a formação, preparação de PARs,
EIASs e PGASs e acompanhamento da implementação dos instrumentos de salvaguarda, e para
(viii) a avaliação de impacto.
As intervenções físicas serão sob a forma de:
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
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Estradas, equipamentos, instalações e facilidades logísticas distritais/municipais, incluindo
fornecimento de água urabana (Nacala Porto);
Estradas vicinais, irrigação em pequena escala, pequenas barragens de irrigação e
fornecimento de energia
Facilidades de adicionamento de valor para o agronegócio.
Arranjos para a Formulação e Implementação do Projecto
Será adotado um processo consultivo e participativo na identificação e selecção de projectos
concretos e finais a serem considerados para financiamento. Entre outros, as províncias e distritos
irão rever os seus planos estratégicos de desenvolvimento e garantir que os seus planos e projectos
se tornem em parte do Projecto.
Os princípios e requisitos básicos do QGSA serão aplicado durante todo o ciclo de vida do
Projecto.
A preparação do projecto está sobre a responsabilidade geral do MPD. Será formado um Comité de
Gstão do Projecto dirigido pelo MPD e que reunirá os principais actores envolvidos com o
PROJECTO (ZVDA, GAZEDA, MPD, MICOA, MMAS, MTC, MOPH and MINAGRI) que irá
apoiar na gestão do projecto e garantir que as partes envolvidas curciais paraticipam na sua gestão.
Contexto de Desenvolvimento
O Projecto acontece numa altura em que a economia moçambicana está a registar taxas de
crescimento aceleradas, que são apoiadas por altos níveis de assistência dos Parceiros de
Desenvolvimento. As taxas de crescimento são resultado dos esforços no domínio da gestão da
política macroeconómica e do fortalecimento do ambiente propício para a promoção do
investimento privado nacional e estrangeiro. O crescimento económico tem sido impulsionado por
(i) investimento directo estrangeiro em mega projectos e que operam em larga escala em produtos
de alto valor agrícola tais como açúcar, algodão e tabaco, (ii) o crescimento agrícola favorável, e (iii)
projectos de reabilitação de infra-estrutura, incluindo estradas.
No entanto, apesar do crescimento notável, o país continua a estar entre os mais pobres do mundo.
O país está na posição 184 entre 187 países em termos de índice de desenvolvimento humano.
Existe uma série de constrangimentos institucionais e outras restrições que continuam a dificultar a
prestação de serviços básicos.
A economia do país é caracterizada por um número muito reduzido de grandes projectos, por um
lado, e o sector familiar e informal, por outro, o que encoraja desequilíbrios no desenvolvimento e
afecta a diversificação da produção e o acesso aos benefícios do desenvolvimento por uma
significativa proporção da população. Investimentos em infra-estrutura, como estradas,
abastecimento de água e saneamento, energia, telecomunicações, etc. devem continuar a
desempenhar um papel neste processo de estabilização e eliminação gradual dos desequilíbrios.
Reforçar as pequenas e médias empresas (PME) é visto como chave para mudar a situação
prevalecente.
xvi
As duas regiões que definem a área do projecto são ricas e diversificadas em termos do ambiente
físico, biológico e socioeconómico receptor. As intervenções precisam de ser adequadamente
planificadas, implementadas, monitoradas e avaliadas para garantir que o ambiente receptor não seja
prejudicado.
Políticas de Salvaguardas do Banco Mundial e Regulamentos do GOM
O objectivo do QGSA é o de garantir que Políticas de Salvaguardas do Banco Mundial e que os
regulamentos ambientais e sociais relevantes do GOM sejam rigorosamente respeitadas. O Projecto
irá desencadear cinco das 10+2 Salvaguardas e Políticas do Banco Mundial, nomeadamente,
Avaliação Ambiental (OP / BP 4.01), Gestão de Pragas (OP 4.09), Reassentamento Involuntário
(OP / BP 4.12), Habitats Naturais (OP/BP 4.04), Recursos Físico Culturais (OP/BP 4.11), assim
como as Directrizes do Grupo do Banco Mundial sobre o Ambiente, Saúde e Segurança Gerais,
Desenvolvimento do Turismo, Directrizes de SSA aplicáveis ao Agribusiness/Produção de
Alimentos, de Abril de 2007. O QGSA tomou medidas para dar respostas às pontenciais
preocupações relacionadas quer como as OP/BP 4.04 (Habitats Naturais) e OP/BP 4.11 (Recursos
Físicos Culturais). Foi preparado um Quadro de Política de Reassentamento (QPR) para ir de
encontro à Política de Salvaguarda de Reassentamento Involuntário (OP/BP 4.12) e foi preparado
um Plano da Gestão de Pragas para ir de encontro à (OP 4.09). Estes dois documentos foram
preparados em separado e devem ser utilizados em conjunto com este QGSA.
O QGSA também será implementado à luz da reforma do GOM no sector do ambiente, em
termos de: (a) adesão e adopção de uma série de convenções e protocolos regionais e internacionais
de protecção ambiental e de conservação; (b) aprovação de um conjunto significativo de legislação
com implicações directas e indirectas para a protecção ambiental e social; (c) criação de instituições
públicas específicas e/ou o fortalecimento de instituições existentes dedicadas à gestão ambiental e
social no país.
Tanto as políticas de salvaguarda do Banco Mundial como os regulamentos do GOM serão
aplicados para garantir que o potencial de afectar negativamente os recursos terrestres, solos,
recursos hídricos, da vegetação e da sociedade em geral seja adequadamente gerido e os impactos
positivos sejam realçados.
Formulação e Selecção de Subprojectos
Como parte do QGSA haverá um processo de selecção para (i) determinar que actividades de
construção e reabilitação são susceptíveis de ter potenciais impactos ambientais e sociais, (ii)
determinar o nível de acção ambiental necessária, incluindo se uma AIAS/PGAS ou apenas um
simples PGAS são necessários ou não, (iii ) determinar as medidas de mitigação apropriadas para
lidar com os impactos adversos, (iv) incorporar medidas de mitigação nos subprojectos financiados
pelo PPID, (v) indicar a necessidade de preparação de um Plano de Acção de Reassentamento
(RAP), que será elaborado em conformidade com o Quadro da Política de Reassentamento (RPF),
também preparado para o Projecto, (vi) facilitar a revisão e aprovação da construção e propostas de
reabilitação, e (vii) fornecer orientações para o monitoramento de parâmetros ambientais durante a
implementação e funcionamento das actividades dos subprojectos.
Dada o carácter multissectorial e a complexidade do projecto, e para garantir a implementação e
monitorização adequadas das questões sociais e ambientais, o QGSA recomenda que se recrute (i)
DoisEspecialistas de Salvaguarda Social e Ambiental para trabalhar com o GDVZ e com o
GAZEDA; (ii) o recrutamento de um Oficial de Comunicação comm bons conhecimentos de
salvaguardas ambientais e sociais para a UCP com base em Maputo, para que de forma atempada
possa trabalhar com os dois especialistas provinciais de salvaguardas. Estas três pessoas trabalhrão
de forma estreita com o MICOA queer ao nível central quer provincial e serão responsáveis pela
gestão adequada das dimensões Ambientais, Sociais e de Comunicação do projecto. Este pessoal vai
ser formado por especialistas de salvaguarda do BM e em estreita colaboração com o MICOA.
xvii
Planos de Gestão Ambiental e Social (PGAS)
Onde for relevante site serão preparados Estudos de Impacto Ambiental e Social (EIAS) contendo
um Plano de Gestão Ambiental e Social orçamentado ou simplesmente serão preparados Planos de
Gestão Ambiental e Social (PGAS) para que o Projecto (i) evite actividades que possam resultar
em impactos ambientais e sociais negativos, bem como recais sobre recursos ou áreas consideradas
sensíveis, (ii) previna a ocorrência de impactos ambientais e sociais negativos, (iii) impeça
quaisquer acções futuras que possam afectar negativamente recursos ambientais e sociais, (iv)
limite ou reduza o grau, extensão, magnitude e duração dos impactos adversos por intermédio da
minimização, deslocação, redesenho de elementos do projecto, (v) reparação ou melhoramento
de recursos afectados, como os habitats naturais ou recurssos hídricos, especialmente quando
desenvolvimentos anteriores tenham resultado em significativa degradação dos recursos; (vi)
restauração de recursos afectados ao estado anterior (e, possivelmente, estado mais estável e
produtivo), tipicamente mais natural, e (vii) crie, melhora ou proteja o mesmo tipo de recursos
num outro local adequado e aceitável, compensando recursos perdidos.
Para além disso, o QGAS inclui Cláusulas Sociais e Ambientais (CSA) padrão que serão incluídas
em todos os documentos de concurso e contratos (claúsulas contratuais) relacionados com o
desenho, construção e funcionamento adequado das intervenções a ser adoptadas como
subprojectos simples. Os empreiteiros de projectos simples serão responsáveis pela implementação
destas Cláusulas Sociais e Ambientais durante a construção e, nesse sentido, precisarão de recrutar
pessoal qualificado para ser responsável pelas questões ambientais/sociais e de saúde e segurança.
Para os subprojectos mais complexos o Especialista de Salvaguarda do QGAS vai preparar uma
Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental e Social (AIAS)/PGAS. Com base nos documentos dos PGAS os
empreiteiros a envolver em subprojectos mais complexos precisarão de preparar e implementar os
seus próprios Planos de Gestão Ambiental e Social (PGAS dos Empreiteiros). Os Empreiteiros
precisarão de empregar especialistas ambientais/sociais, de saúde e segurança para este efeito. Em
todos os caso, os arranjos contratuais vão exigir que o Engenheiro de Supervisão supervisione a
implementação adequada das Cláusulas Sociais e Ambientais e dos PGAS dos Empreiteiros. O
QGAS será aprovado pelo Banco Mundial depois de ser divulgado em público no país e na
InfoShop antes da avaliação do projecto.
Plano de Gestão de Pragas (PGP) e Quadro da Política de Reassentamento (RPF)
Em separado foram preparados o Plano de Gestão de Pragas (PGP) e Quadro da Política de
Reassentamento (RPF) para ser usados em conjunto com este QGSA. Tal coomo o QGAS, os
PGP e QPR serão aprovados pelo Banco Mundial depois de ser divulgados em público no país e na
InfoShop antes da avaliação do projecto.
O PMP vai ajudar na implementação da abordagem e da visão assim como das estratégias do BM e
do GOM que promovem abordagens sobre a Gestão Integrada de Pragas (GIP), tais como o
controlo biológico, práticas culturais e para o desenvolvimento e uso de variedades resistentes ou
tolerantes às pragas. Para além das pragas de insectos e doenças das plantas, as pragas incluem ervas
daninhas, aves, roedores, e vectores de doenças humanas ou de animais. Por fim, o PGP também
inclui medidas de mitigação com vista a reduzir impactos sobre a saúde humana, como é o caso da
adequada seleccão e uso seguro de pesticidas, armazenamento seguro de pesticidas e a deposição
segura dos contentores de pesticidas. As pessoas que são vulneráveis a estas substâncias são as
pessoas idosas, crianças, mulheres e agricultores analfabetos e requerem atenção especial.
O RPF também irá garantir que o reassentamento involuntário seja evitado sempre que possível, ou
minimizado, explorando todas as alternativas dos projectos que sejam viáveis. Onde não for
possível evitar o reassentamento, será, em conformidade, preparado e publicitado um Plano de
Acção do Reassentamento (PAR). As pessoas afectadas pelo projecto (PAPs) serão compensadas
e/ou apoiadas antes do início de quaisquer actividades de construção. As actividades de
reassentamento serão concebidas e executadas como programas de desenvolvimento sustentável,
xviii
fornecendo recursos de investimento suficientes para permitir que as pessoas deslocadas pelo
projecto possam compartilhar os benefícios do projecto. As pessoas afectadas pelo projecto serão
significativamente consultadas e terão a oportunidade de participar na planificação e implementação
dos programas de reassentamento. As pessoas afectadas pelo projecto serão assistidas nos seus
esforços para melhorar os seus meios e padrões de vida, ou pelo menos para restaurá-los, em
termos reais, a níveis prevalecentes antes do início da implementação do projecto, conforme o que
vai ser melhor”.
Formação e Capacitação
Haverá extensa formação e capacitação a fim de preparar as instituições relevantes aos diferentes
níveis para planificar, implementar, monitorar e avaliar os diferentes aspectos envolvidos na gestão
ambiental e social tal como elaborado neste QGSA em particular, e no PGP e QPR.
Com base na identificação das necessidades de formação será desenvolvido um programa específico
de fortalecimento institucional e humano e da capacidade de gestão ambiental e social assim como
de saúde e segurança humanas como parte do Projecto. As instituições beneficiárias serão o
Ministério para a Coordenação da Acção Ambiental (MICOA), particularmente aos níveis
provincial e distrital, os ministérios relevantes (por exemplo, agricultura, obras públicas, energia,
recursos minerais, saúde, educação, MMAS e MPD, etc), incluindo autoridades locais (municípios
por exemplo, e outros, como OSC). Os detalhes do programa de capacitação e as instituições que
serão apoiadas e a que nível: provincial e/ou local, ainda terão que ser desenvolvidos.
Deverõ ser elaboradas formas práticas de atingir todos os grupos-alvo para a avaliação das
necessidades de formação e capacitação, bem como para a realização da formação. Será dada
prioridade à abordagem de “aprender a fazer fazendo”.
Monitoria
A monitoria também será fundamental para garantir que os objectivos estabelecidos no QGSA e
nas AIASs / PGASs sejam alcançados de forma satisfatória e onde não houver conformidade para
que se possa, em tempo útil, introduzir alterações. A Equipa de Gestão do Projecto terá a
responsabilidade geral pela coordenação e acompanhamento da execução do QGSA.
Orçamento Estimativo do QGSA
A implementação do QGASdos respectivos AIASs/PGAs specificos nos diferentes sítios estão
orçados em EUA 600,000.00.
xix
1- INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study/consultancy is to provide an Environmental and Social Management
Framework (ESMF) for the proposed Integrated Growth Poles Project (the Project), through
which the World Bank (WB) will support the Government of Mozambique (GOM) strategy for
inclusive and broad-based growth. The focus of the support will be on the two main pillars of the
Governments Plano de Acção de Redução da Pobreza (PARP, 2011-14) (i) increasing agricultural
production/productivity; (ii) employment through targeted interventions to strengthen the
dynamism of the private sector to drive economic growth and accelerate job creation.
The project will be implemented over a period of 6 years and it is expected to contribute
significantly in meeting important development objectives embraced by the GOM in terms of
diversifying the economy and making it more inclusive. This will be fundamental in a context in
which it is increasingly acknowledged that the country’s economy is becoming polarized by having
some big enterprises on one hand and a wide number of informal SMEs, mostly micro enterprises,
on the other hand. This fuels imbalances in development and hampers access to the benefits of the
development by a significant proportion of the population1. Significant investments in
infrastructure such as roads, water supply and sanitation, electricity, etc. should continue to play a
role in this process of stabilization and gradual elimination of imbalances as should the creation of a
business environment in which SMEs can become competitive, grow and diversify.
The geographical area selected for implementing the Project, namely the (i) Zambeze Valley; and (ii)
Nacala Corridor. The provinces and districts in these two areas and particularly Tete and Nampula
provinces are witnessing unprecedented growth fueled largely by mining (mainly coal) operations in
Moatize (Tete province). Plans to transport coal from Moatize to Nacala after crossing successively
parts of Tete province (Moatize), Malawi and the districts of Niassa and Nampula provinces within
the Nacala Corridor are at an advanced stage. 2015 may witness the circulation of the first trains
transporting coal from the origin in Moatize to the export point in Nacala-a-Velha port. Other
similar operations are planned to follow suit by other investors in coal mining. These will place the
Zambeze Valley and parts of the Nacala Corridor and other adjacent areas (e.g. the provinces of
Tete, Zambezia, Niassa and Cabo Delgado) in a situation never seen before in terms of coal related
mega operations.
If concrete measures are not adopted and put in place now it is not only an opportunity of using
mega developments as anchors for overall socioeconomic development that will be missed, but also
these developments in themselves will possibly exacerbate the existing imbalances in the country’s
economy, which could fuel increasing social unrests throughout/along the growth corridor from Te
to Nampula provinces. Thus, the Project comes at a right time.
In permanent and close consultation with the GOM the World Bank will ensure that the strategic
interest of inclusion, diversification, creation of employment and income generating opportunities
are created around the mega projects in the project area. Priority infrastructure will be identified,
planned and built and training, capacity building and demonstration activities will be carried out to
specifically respond to the expectations of local beneficiaries. Efforts will be made to create an
enabling environment including the adoption of adequate measures for intervention monitoring
and evaluation, drawing lessons learned and improve the interventions at hand as well as apply
them in other relevant areas across the country.
Infrastructure development (e.g. roads, feeder roads, urban water supply, power
generation/distribution facilities, etc.) in particular but also other interventions will have positive
and negative implications on the receiving natural and socioeconomic environment. In line with the
Carlos Nuno Castel-Branco (2008) "The Mega Projects in Mozambique: What Contribution to National
Economy?" Civil Society Forum on Extractive Industries, Natural History Museum (Maputo), 27 and 28
November 2008.
1
1
GOM and WB principles and guidelines related to environmental and social management, such
interventions should be designed, implemented and operated in such a way as to avoid causing
harm to both the natural and social environment.
The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is meant to be a guide to the
screening of the proposed Project interventions (sub-projects) to ensure that they do not affect
negatively the natural and social environment. The ESMF is particularly relevant in a situation
where there is still an unclear definition of the project interventions, as is the case of the Project at
this stage. The ESMF outlines a number of principles, which include:
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
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A systematic procedure for participatory screening for sub-project sites and sub-project
activities for environmental and social considerations;
A step-by-step procedure for predicting the main potential environmental and social impacts of
the planned sub-project activities;
A typical environmental and social management plan for addressing negative externalities in the
course of sub-project implementation (planning, construction and operation);
A step by step monitoring and evaluation system for implementation of mitigation measures;
and
An outline of recommended capacity building measures for environmental and social planning
and monitoring of the sub-project activities; and
A budget to ensure that the Project has adequate resources to meet its own interests, especially
financial resources for the preparation and implementation sub-projects ESIAs, ESMPs and
RAPs
The ESMF basic principles and requirements will be applied throughout the entire Project life
cycle.
2
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Integrated Growth Poles Project (the Project) intends to support the government’s strategy for
inclusive and broad-based growth. Focus will be on the three main pillars of the Governments
Poverty Reduction Plan/Plano de Acção de Redução da Pobreza (PARP, 2011-14)2 (i) increasing
production and productivity in agriculture and fisheries; (ii) promoting employment; and (iii)
fostering human and social development. Two supporting pillars will focus on fostering good
governance and preserving macroeconomic stability. The proposed growth poles project will
contribute towards supporting two of the main pillars through targeted interventions to strengthen
the private sector and drive both economic growth and job creation.
The project will have four main components with the following preliminary allocation of funds:
1. Component 1: Support for the Tete agribusiness growth pole in the Zambezi Valley
(US$ 39.0 million)
2. Component 2: Support for the Nacala Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in the Nacala
Corridor (US$ 43.0 million)
3. Component 3: Institutional Development and Capacity Building (US$10.0 million)
4. Component 4: Project Implementation (US$8.0 million)
2.1 Project Development Objectives and Principles
The Project Development Objectives (PDO) are to improve the performance of local enterprises
and smallholder farms in the Zambezi Valley and Nacala Corridor and particularly in the provinces
of Tete and Nampula. It intends to support selective, targeted, integrated interventions in Tete and
Nampula to improve the business environment, improve access to infrastructure and skills and
strengthen the capacity of both public sector institutions and the domestic private sector to test and
monitor and evaluate practical solutions in the implementation of the relevant SME development
strategy.
2.2 Project Components
The Project will include the following four components with preliminary respective estimates of
fund allocations:
Component 1: Support for the Tete agribusiness growth pole in the Zambezi Valley (US$
39.0 million)
The objective of this component is to provide integrated support for the upgrading of targeted
local infrastructure and privately-executed public investments primarily oriented towards increasing
smallholder production, linking smallholder farms and MSMEs to emerging supply chains, and
increasing agro-processing activities in the Zambezi Valley. The local infrastructure investments will
focus on the districts of Angonia, Tsangano, and Macanga in Tete Province to upgrade two key rural
roads linking agricultural areas to primary roads that will provide producers all weather access to
markets. The support for privately-executed public investments will be through the Innovation and
Demonstration Catalytic Fund (IDCF) which will be targeted at scaling up existing investments
(and attracting new investments) in outgrower type schemes, skills and vocational training and
business linkages between MSMEs and large enterprises. The two sub-components are (a)
upgrading of local infrastructure, and (b) Innovation and Demonstration Catalytic Fund (IDCF)
CM (Maio 2011) “Plano de Acção para a Redução da Pobreza (PARP) 2011-2014 – Aprovado na 15ª Sessão
Ordinária do Conselho de Ministros de 3 de Maio de 2011”, Maputo, Moçambique
2
3
Sub-component 1A: Upgrading of local infrastructure (US$ 21.5 million)
(A) Rehabilitation of Market Access Roads (US$ 20.0 million).
The Tete Provincial Roads Strategy highlights roads N303, N322, R605, N302, R603/604 and R605
as being priority roads for investment and maintenance3.The MPD and ZVDA have further
prioritized roads R605, R604 and N302 because of the high population concentration around these
roads and the significant constraints on agricultural production; and the technical and economic
assessment of upgrading R605, R604 and N302 concluded that upgrading R605 and R604 would
lead to the maximum economic benefits. The project will finance the upgrading of market access
roads, with a particular focus on the feasibility of R604, R605, and N302. Emergency works to
rehabilitate the roads have been going on for some time, and ANE has been following Bank
guidelines for their environmental and social management; the EMP will be updated to include
additional mitigation measures once the sites and works have been finalized.
This sub-component will be implemented by the Fundo de Estradas (FE)/ANE through a Project
Agreement with FE as the implementing agency and a sub-loan agreement between the FE and the
MPD. A Designated Account will be opened by FE in a commercial bank. The responsibility for
project implementation will be with the FE (as the legally autonomous entity for managing the
collection and disbursement of road sector funds) while planning and implementation of the road
works will be the responsibility of ANE. Responsibility for procurement, disbursement and
management of the roads contracts financed under the Project will be with ANE. Disbursements
from IDA will be made on the basis of incurred eligible expenditures. IDA would then make
advance disbursements of the credit by making deposits into the FE Designated Account. The
project implementing agency will submit quarterly progress reports to the PCU which, will, semiannually evaluate the agencies performance against agreed targets. The fiduciary, safeguard, and
monitoring and evaluation systems used will be the ones used by the agency and acceptable to the
World Bank. The Project will also provide additional resources to supplement ANE’s capacity for
project supervision and performance monitoring.
In order to promote greater local participation and employment as well as establish capacity for
sustained road maintenance beyond the Project duration, the FE/ANE are expected to bundle the
road rehabilitation and maintenance works under a single contract with disbursements for
maintenance made according to established performance-based criteria.4 The contract is expected
to be an output and performance based road contract (OPRC) that is awarded through a
competitive selection process that compares fixed lump-sum prices for bringing a road to a certain
service level and then maintaining it at that level for a specified period. The monthly lump-sum
remuneration for the contractor will cover all physical and non-physical maintenance services
except for unforeseen emergency works, which will be remunerated separately. In addition to the
above, the contract is also expected to stipulate that routine maintenance works must be subcontracted to local maintenance brigades (Micro Empresas Rurais Associativas) that are organized and
trained by the primary contractor. This arrangement will provide a single point of contact that will
facilitate supervision and performance monitoring as well as align incentives between the contractor
and the Government that is expected to reduce the administrative costs of performance
monitoring.5
3 Details can be seen in the Provincial Roads Strategy for Tete Province, commissioned by the Provincial
Government in 2010, with the participation of District Administrations, ANE headquarters and Tete
delegation, the Fundo de Estradas, and a consultant from DFID. Província de Tete (2010) ‘Estratégia de
Estradas’, November 2010.
4 Based on Procurement of Works and Services under Output- and Performance-based Road Contracts and Sample
Specifications, World Bank (2006).
5 Based on the experience of the World Bank Infrastructure Services Project in Malawi, the administrative
costs of performance monitoring were reduced from about 30% of contract value for community contracting
to about 10% under this indirect community contracting model
4
(B) Minor civil and ancillary works (US$1.5 million).
Activities financed under this sub-component will include repair and rehabilitation of office
buildings including those of the ZVDA as well as upgrading of electricity, water and sanitation
facilities for these buildings. These activities will be implemented by the PCU in collaboration with
the ZVDA.
Sub-component 1B: Innovation and Demonstration Catalytic Fund (IDCF) investments in
the Zambezi Valley (IDA allocation: US$17.5 million, Total: US$35.0 million)
The objective of the Innovation and Demonstration Catalytic Fund (IDCF) is to improve the
ability of smallholder farms/MSMEs in the Zambezi Valley to access markets through marketoriented private and complementary public investments. The IDCF investments will have a
catalytic role, demonstrating the incremental returns that can be achieved through access to
technology and markets. The IDCF will therefore support linkages between medium and large
firms and smallholder farms/MSMEs through targeted investments in public goods and services6 that
will be executed by the private sector.
The current market failures that are preventing smallholder farmers/MSMEs to access markets
require a group of interventions that cannot be addressed with a traditional matching grant
approach that provides just technical assistance. In this case, there is a significant requirement for a
package of works, goods and service,s which have a public nature, such as extension services,
warehouses, demonstration and training centers, and certification providers. The public sector has
traditionally provided such infrastructure, goods and services. However, due to information
asymmetries, the public sector does not have adequate access to the information required to
provide the type of infrastructure, goods, and services. Examples of this include the limited
coverage of extension services, and the construction of processing centers that do not have the
required demand by the private sector. Therefore, under the IDCF, the implementation of such
investments will be carried out by private entities with market-knowledge and by public entities in
collaboration with the private sector. Specific eligibility criteria for project proposals have been
prepared and are presented as an Annex of the Project Document.
The IDCF will be demand-driven and allocations will be made through a competitive selection
process based on demonstrated evidence of benefits to smallholder farms and MSMEs through
business linkages. Two types of business linkages will be supported under this sub-component:
1. Linking smallholder farms to agribusiness value chains: The objective of the IDCF is to catalyze
business models where individual smallholder farmers or farmer associations partner with
agribusiness firms to access existing or new markets. A typical qualifying investment for
IDCF support would have a significant farm outreach component with the estimated value
of direct support to farm households of at least 50 percent of the total investment. The
direct involvement of farmers needs to be an essential part of the commercial partnership
for eligibility of IDCF support. The IDCF investments are expected to increase the
number of smallholder farmers who are able to enter the new and demanding markets in
the Zambezi Valley and Nacala Corridor. An example of this partnership is the supply of
fruits and vegetables to the catering companies that serve the mining sector in Tete. The
marketing of the horticultural products can only be done through an organization that
understands the demand and is able to aggregate the products as there is a certain
minimum scale of production. Consequently, the current demand is being supplied by
imports from places such as a South Africa and Brazil. Nonetheless, at the moment mining
companies (e.g. Rio Tinto) are expressing interest to underwrite purchasing contracts for
locally-sourced food, which can lead in the long run to access to better quality products at
Examples of public good and services include demonstration centers, warehouses, packing houses, grading
centers, cold storage, mechanization, certification, and training.
6
5
potentially lower prices. In this regard, the districts of Angonia and Tsangano have
tremendous potential to supply the catering companies that serve the mining sector, but
farmers cannot achieve the economies of scale, nor have access to the technology required
to produce the type and quantity of product required to enter the mining value chain. The
IDCF will support investment proposals, where agribusinesses together with farmers
develop mutually commercially attractive agreements for the production and
commercialization of high quality farm products, with the agribusiness investor expected to
perform the marketing role in partnership with the farmers. Examples of supported
activities are outgrower schemes, packing houses, grading centers, processing, warehouses,
and cold storage facilities. These investments will be implemented by the private
agribusiness firm under a contractual arrangement with the IDCF Manager. Each IDCF
investment is expected to range in cost from approximately $500,000 to $1,500,000, which
will include investments in infrastructure, equipment and services.
2. Linking MSMEs to the mining value chains: The objective of the IDCF here is to catalyze
partnerships between private and public service providers and MSMEs to access existing
and new market opportunities emerging from the large investments. The IDCF
investments are expected to increase the number of MSMEs that are able to provide
services as sub-contractors or vendors to Tier 1 or Tier 2 suppliers to the large investors.
The investments are also expected to increase the number of skilled workers and the range
of skills available in the local labor market. Lessons from linkages programs point out to
the strength that can be gained when both the public and private sectors are involved (Pan
American Energy, Argentina), with the public sector taking a vital role in facilitating
partnerships in strategically important sectors (UNIDO-Microsoft partnership), and that
successful examples can motivate and inspire (Unilever, Kenya)7. As an example, mining
companies such as a Vale and Rio Tinto have strict quality, health safety and environment
(HSE) standards, which local vendors need to comply with8. In this case, Tier 1 and Tier 2
suppliers as well as public and/or private service providers who are able and willing to
provide the required training and certification of local MSMEs would be eligible for IDCF
support. Examples of typical activities are the establishment of training centers and skills
programs and quality certification programs. The IDCF investments will support a private
service provider, or a public institution that demonstrates a partnership with the private
sector or international service provider to deliver these services. This is to ensure that
public sector proposals are market-tested and meet the immediate requirements of the local
economy as well as the services provided are of acceptable quality. Each subproject is
expected to range in cost from approximately $300,000 to $900,000, which will include
investments in infrastructure, equipment and services.
Component 2: Support for the Nacala Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in the Nacala
Corridor (US$ 43.0 million)
The objective of this component is to provide support for the development of the Nacala Corridor.
Activities are focused on (a) upgrading last-mile infrastructure for the development of the Nacala
SEZ (water supply system and an access road), and (b) supporting privately-executed public
investments to increase smallholder production, link smallholder farms to emerging supply chains,
and increase agro-processing activities. The infrastructure investments are critical to improve the
performance of existing businesses and attract new investors to the SEZ. The support for privatelyexecuted public investments will be through the Innovation and Demonstration Catalytic Fund
Jenkings et al. (2007). Business Linkages: Lessons, Opportunities, and Challenges.
In the case of Mozal, the SME Empowerment Linkages Program trained local SMEs to enable them to bid,
win, and deliver on construction contracts that met Mozal standards. This was followed by MozLink with the
objective to develop the SMEs’ capacity to a level where the local company is competitive and qualifies to bid
for work with Mozal as well as other large companies. The results include an increase in local procurement
from 40 to 250 companies (from 2002 to 2007) with annual local purchasing increasing from $5 million to
$13 million (from 2001 to 2005). The performance of SMEs in the areas of quality, management,
maintenance, and safety improved on average by 20 percent.
7
8
6
(IDCF) which will be targeted primarily at scaling up existing investments (and attracting new
investments) in outgrower type schemes and skills and vocational training in the Nacala Corridor.
Sub-component 2A: Upgrading of Nacala SEZ physical infrastructure (US$ 30.5 million)
a.
Expansion of water supply (US$ 24.5 million).
Expansion of water supply capacity to Nacala is critical for the success of the Nacala SEZ. The
current water supply infrastructure is insufficient to meet current demand leading to severe water
shortages. The existing water supply system in Nacala consists of approximately 74.6kms of
network pipelines with 7,705 connections. The main water source is from the Muecula dam with
the Mpaco and Mutuzi well fields supplementing this supply. However, the total coverage is low,
with less than 55% of the city’s population having access to the water supply system and
production from the source is limited, providing a constraint to further expansion efforts. The
Project investments under this sub-component will expand both production capacity and the
distribution network in Nacala, which is anticipated to increase supply to the SEZ by about 3,000
m3/day. In addition, there will be a substantial increase in supply for the local population.
The investments to be financed under this Project are an integral part of the wider investment
program under the World Bank-financed 'Water Services and Institutional Support (WASIS)
Project as follows:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Wells Field Development. This will consist of the drilling of boreholes in the existing M’Paco
and Mutuzi well fields to be equipped with submersible pumps, pipe work, fittings
required to connect the boreholes to the transmission main, electrical equipment, and
electrical connections.
Transmission Lines. The transmission mains will connect the M’paco and Mutuzi well fields
to the distributions' centers. It is estimated that the length will be about 20 km and the
diameter no greater than 400 mm. The exact diameters and lengths will be determined after
the confirmation of the total flow from each well field at the end of the drilling and testing.
The material to be used is ductile iron except if any unusual substance may be found in the
water from the well fields.
Distribution Centers. The existing Distribution Centers in Nacala require rehabilitation and
new Distribution Centers are required as part of the works to supply water to the higher
zones and to accommodate the additional water supply. The capacity and location of the
Distribution Centers will be confirmed after the confirmation of the total flow from each
well field at the end of the drilling and testing.
Distribution Networks. Some of the depleted existing network needs to be replaced and the
connections transferred to the new lines in order to reduce water losses. About 110 km of
PVC pipe, ranging from 50mm to 400 mm diameter, will be required to extend the
network and replace the above-mentioned sections. Some 26,000 water meters will be
procured for additional connections.
Consultant Services. Consultant services will be required to identify the most viable long term
source and to prepare bidding documents for construction. Consultant services will also be
required for the supervision of the construction of the three projects for Transmission
Lines, Distribution Networks as well as the Distribution Centers and Reservoirs. It is
expected that there will be two supervision contracts: for the transmission/reservoirs and
for the distribution network.
These investments are forecast to satisfy medium-term demand from Nacala until approximately
2017, after which a longer term supply source will need to be found. According to the Baker
Report of 20069, water demand in Nacala will exceed supply capacity of 35,000 m3/day by around
Baker (2006), ‘Nacala Dam and Reservoir Revised Technical Review and Interim Report’, October 1 st, 2006.
Report prepared by Michael Baker Jr, Inc as part of the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)
9
7
2017. Medium-term solutions may include a desalination plant, which is more expensive per unit,
but provides a guaranteed supply, and can be deployed in short period of time. A study on longterm water supply options will be financed under this project to assess the feasibility of new
potential sources of water supply. The study may consider the dam sites, a desalination plant, the
new wells fields identified in the Additional Groundwater Investigations, Nacala Report for
Aquifer Assessment (Burnside August 2011), and other potential options. The preparation of this
study will assist FIPAG to plan for further developments in Nacala and will help to provide
reassurances to the private sector that additional demand requirements are being planned for and
will be met.
The national water agency, FIPAG, will be responsible for the procurement, disbursement and
management of the contracts financed under this sub-component. There will be a specific Project
Agreement signed by FIPAG and a sub-loan agreement signed between FIPAG and the
Government. A Designated Account will be opened by FIPAG in a commercial bank. FIPAG is
the legally autonomous agency, which since its establishment in 1998 has been directly involved
with the implementation of a large number of projects financed by the World Bank and other
development partners. The fiduciary, safeguards, and monitoring and evaluation systems used by
FIPAG are integral parts of the agency and are acceptable to the World Bank. The project will be
implemented by FIPAG staff implementing the WASIS project. Disbursements from IDA will be
made on the basis of incurred eligible expenditures/transaction-based disbursements. IDA would
then make advance disbursements of the Credit by making deposits into the FIPAG Designated
Account. FIPAG will submit quarterly progress reports to the PCU, which, will semi-annually
evaluate FIPAG’s performance against agreed targets.
b. Rehabilitation of Nacala Porto – Nacala-a-Velha link road (R702) and bridges (US$ 6.0 million).
The project will examine the feasibility of rehabilitating Road R702, which is a critical access road
linking the Nacala port and city (Nacala Porto) with the new port and heavy industrial area (Nacalaa-Velha). Emergency works to rehabilitate the road have been going on for some time, and ANE
has been following Bank guidelines for their environmental and social management. The EMP will
be updated to include additional mitigation measures once the sites and works on this road have
been finalized.
c. Minor civil and ancillary works (US$0.5 million).
Activities financed under this sub-component will include repair and rehabilitation of office
buildings including those of the Nacala Municipality as well as upgrading of electricity, water, ICT
and sanitation facilities for these buildings as well as site demarcation and fencing of industrial plots
for the Nacala SEZ. These activities will be implemented by the PCU in collaboration with
GAZEDA and Provincial authorities.
Sub-component 2B: Innovation and Demonstration Catalytic Fund (IDCF) investments in
the Nacala Corridor (IDA allocation US$12.5 million, Total: US$25.0 million)
The objectives and modality of the IDCF in the Nacala Corridor are similar to that in Subcomponent 1B. As mentioned earlier, the same Fund Manager will manage the IDCF in both the
Zambezi Valley and Nacala Corridor.
Component 3: Institutional Development and Capacity Building (US$10.0 million)
The objective of this component is to provide multi-year support to key public agencies to
strengthen their capacity to plan, coordinate and implement public and multilateral investment
Mozambique Water & Sanitation Project for the Transatlantic Programs Centre US Army Corps of
Engineers.
8
programs. At the National level the focus will be on building capacity of the newly established
Department of Public Investments within MPD. At the Provincial level the capacity building
activities will focus on ZVDA and GAZEDA with some support for the Provincial and Municipal
authorities. Specific activities that will be financed under this component include: (i) Training,
equipment and consultancies for planning, coordination and implementation of public investment
programs, (ii) training, equipment and consultancies for the ZVDA and related public sector
agencies in the Zambezi Valley, and (iii) training, equipment and consultancies for GAZEDA and
related public sector agencies in the Nacala Corridor.
Sub-Component 3A: Strengthening capacity for planning, coordination and
implementation of public investment programs under MPD (US$3.0 million). The current
public investment management capacity of Government is relatively weak, and will be severely
tested by the projected increase in fiscal resources and the country’s drive to address infrastructure
gaps through public investments. This stresses the need for strengthening the Government’s
capacity to manage public investments – to enhance the way in which public investment projects
are planned, selected and monitored. The GoM has begun a process to strengthen their ability to
better manage public investment, putting in place critical elements of an appropriate framework,
such as the creation of an inter-ministerial Project Selection Committee, chaired by MPD as well as
efforts to strengthen the technical capacity of the Directorate for Investment and Cooperation
(DIC) in MPD. While the main responsibilities for the preparation of investment projects will be
with the line Ministries, the Project Selection Committee will be responsible for evaluating projects at the
technical level, before projects are considered by the Council of Ministers. A technical group based
in DIC has been set up to support the work of the Project Selection Committee. MPD has
prepared a draft Integrated Investment Program which is a first attempt at prioritizing public
investments in the short to medium term. However, there are still missing elements that will be
necessary to enhance the Government’s capacity in this area.
The Project will primarily strengthen the role that MPD and more specifically DIC has in ensuring
a more effective integrated public investment program. To that end, it will focus on a number of
the elements discussed above in which MPD’s role is more prominent. While MPD is responsible
for the quality of the overall public investment portfolio, the projects will clearly be only as good as
line ministries prepare or implement them. Implementation will only be possible if integrated within
the annual budget by the Ministry of Finance. In that sense, the project, while focusing its capacity
building activities on MPD, will also work with other relevant agencies as appropriate. More
concretely, the subcomponent will provide support to MPD in the areas of investment planning,
formal project appraisal, independent review of appraisal, project selection and budgeting and basic
completion review and evaluation.
An improved public investment management system will severely test the convening and
coordinating role that MPD can play. While MPD has a central role in the development of a system
and reviewing its implementation, line ministries will remain responsible for the preparation,
appraisal and implementation of projects and the Ministry of Finance for the budgeting process.
The public investment management system will only improve and result in a more effective public
investment management pipeline to the extent that line ministries and the Ministry of Finance
participate in the efforts. MPD will therefore need to improve in the way it communicates with
other agencies, develop a set of user-friendly processes and tools in accordance with existing
capacities, and put in place a process that is transparent and therefore owned by the rest of
Government. The project therefore will also provide technical assistance to improve the way MPD
communicates and discusses reforms with other government agencies and the public at large.
Sub component 3B: Strengthening capacity of the ZVDA and Provincial authorities in the
Zambezi Valley (US$ 3.5 million)
The ZVDA was established in April 2011 to replace the Zambezi Planning Office (GPZ) as the
lead planning and coordination agency for the development of the Zambezi Valley. The Zambezi
9
Valley geographical area of intervention includes all the 12 districts of Tete Province, 9 districts of
Zambezi Province, 7 districts of Sofala Province and 4 districts of Manica Province, extending
225,000 square kilometers (25 percent of Mozambique) and including almost 25 per cent of the
total population of Mozambique. The sub component will provide support to strengthen technical
capacity within the ZVDA for planning, coordination, investment promotion and facilitation,
governance, monitoring and impact evaluation and strategic communications.
Subcomponent 3C: Strengthening capacity of GAZEDA and Provincial authorities in the
Nacala Corridor (US$ 3.5 million)
GAZEDA and the Nacala Municipality and Customs require support in the planning, regulation,
management and operation of the Nacala SEZ in order to strengthen its attractiveness for investors
and enhance its business growth potential. Besides the infrastructure constraints (lack of reliable
water and power supply and a poor road network) investors in the SEZ face a range of business
environment challenges. The business environment in the SEZ can be significantly improved
through streamlining procedures for investment approval, access to land and investment incentives.
In addition, investors are concerned about crime and security of their investments including land
expropriation. GAZEDA has a small dedicated team that will benefit from systematic training and
exposure to international good practice in developing, promoting, marketing and managing SEZs
including providing after care services. The institutional arrangements for the effective
implementation of the SEZ could be clarified and strengthened including securing a private master
developer/manager for the industrial zones. GAZEDA needs to be sufficiently empowered to
promote and market clearly demarcated and transparently priced serviced industrial plots in the
SEZ. The master planning process for the SEZ also could be improved with the preparation of
phased, detailed zoning plans and establishing development guidelines and standards.
Component 4: Project Implementation (US$8.0 million)
Investments under this component will support the operations of the PCU in MPD which includes
two regional Project Managers co-located in ZVDA and GAZEDA to coordinate and support
Project implementation. The component will support project implementation costs including: (i)
PCU staff including a Project Coordinator, two Project Manager, a Senior Procurement Specialist, a
Senior Financial Management Specialist, an Accountant, a Monitoring and Evaluation and
Communications Specialist, two Social and Environmental Safeguards Specialists in Tete and
Nacala and two Private Sector Development/Linkages Specialists (ii) PCU operating costs, (iii)
consultants for ANE to supplement contract supervision capacity, (iv) IDCF Fund Manager and
initial project preparation costs, (v) training and consulting studies (vi) data collection, compilation
and analysis and establishing a Project monitoring and evaluation system, (vii) Social and
Environmental safeguards management including training, preparation of RAPs, ESIAs/ ESMPs
and implementation and monitoring of safeguards recommendations (viii) impact evaluation to
determine whether Project interventions are impacting key outcomes including design and
implementation of randomized controlled trial impact evaluations or other instruments including
regression discontinuity and matching design.
2.3 Anticipated sub-Project types under the Project
Physical interventions will be in the form of:
 Roads, utilities, district/municipal facilities and logistics facilities including for cross-border
trade;
 Feeder roads
 Value-adding facilities for commercial agribusiness.
A consultative and participatory process will be adopted in the identification and selection of
specific and final sub-projects to be considered for funding. Among other the provinces and
10
districts will review their strategic development plans and ensure that relevant plans and projects
become part of the Project.
2.4 Sub-project activities ineligible for funding
Sub-projects not eligible for funding include those that:









Involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats;
Are in locations that are ecologically sensitive such as forests, wetlands, and other unique
habitats;
Are located in gazetted national parks, wildlife reserves, controlled hunting areas or forest
reserves;
Imply the construction of large dams as defined in OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams, as well as
small dams, which would trigger OP/BP 4.37 and the World Bank Policy of Projects on
International Waterways OP/BP 7.50;
Involve activities already covered by other sources of financing or are already included in
other national, regional public development programs and where financing has been
secured;
Involve sub-projects which need large-scale land acquisitions from communities;
Involve growing or purchase of tobacco or drugs;
Financing of Genetic Modified Organisms will need to be in compliance of Mozambican
legislation and will need an in-depth analysis of their beneficial or negative impacts before a
decision on financing will be taken. It is recommended that these sub-projects not be
eligible;
Clear selection criteria for the collaboration with investors will be developed with the
objectives to minimize the environmental impacts as well as risks of significant social
impacts, such as land grabbing.
11
3 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
3.1 Implementation by Component
The lending instrument selected for this project is the Specific Investment Loan (SIL). This flexible
instrument allows the financing of different activities (consultants, equipment and works). Under
IDA rules for Mozambique, the project will be financed as 100 percent credit (the Financing).
The Ministry of Planning and Development (MPD) will be the responsible Ministry for this Project.
The agencies under MPD, the ZVDA, and GAZEDA will be responsible for the coordination and
oversight of implementation in the Angonia Growth Pole and the Zambezi Valley and the Nacala
growth pole/Nacala Corridor respectively.
Additional consultation with important stakeholders at the provincial, district and community levels
will be carried out to ensure that local NGOs, the private sector and communities at large,
particularly women, youth and most vulnerable groups participate in the updating of existing plans
and strategies in a way that is in line with Project overall intentions.
A new and specific Project Coordination Unit (PCU) will be established under MPD for this
Project. Until then, the existing Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for the NDPFP Project within
the MPD will function as the interim PCU led by the Interim Project Coordinator. The PCU will
provide for overall fiduciary management, monitoring and evaluation, project oversight, and
coordination. The new PCU will consist of a Technical Project Coordinator, Operational
Coordinator, Senior Financial Management Specialist, Senior Procurement Specialist, an M&E
Specialist, and an Accountant, who will be hired under the PPA. The M&E Specialist will liaise with
the Safeguards and Communication Specialist to timely report on the handling of safeguards.
Reporting will be the responsibility of a Project Manager appointed by MPD who will be supported
by a PIU in MPD. The Project Manager will report to the Steering Committee chaired by MPD.
A Project Manager reporting to the Project Coordinator will be co-located in the ZVDA office in
Tete. The Project Manager will liaise with the various agencies in the Provinces, Municipalities and
Districts and coordinate/support day-to-day implementation of the Project activities especially
under Subcomponent 3B. The Project will support strengthening capacity of the ZVDA and will
provide support for a Private Sector Development/ Linkages Specialist (who will be the focal point
for the IDCF Manager), an Impact Evaluation/Communications Specialist and a Social and
Environmental Safeguards Specialist.
A Project Manager reporting to the Project Coordinator will be co-located in the GAZEDA office
in Nacala. The Project Manager will liaise with the various agencies in the Provinces, Municipalities
and Districts and coordinate/support day-to-day implementation of the Project activities especially
under Subcomponent 3C. The project will support strengthening capacity of GAZEDA and will
provide support for a SEZ Technical Advisor, a Private Sector Development/Linkages Specialist
(who will be the focal point for the IDCF Manager), an Impact Evaluation/Communications
Specialist and a Social and Environmental Safeguards Specialist.
Component 2A (expanding water supply) will be implemented by FIPAG, the water supply asset
holding agency responsible for investments in urban water supply. There will be a specific Project
Agreement signed by FIPAG and a sub-loan agreement signed between FIPAG and the
Government. A Designated Account will be opened by FIPAG in a commercial bank.
There will be a specific Project Agreement signed with Fundo de Estradas/Roads Fund (FE) and a
sub-loan agreement signed between FE and the Government. A Designated Account will be
opened by the implementing agency in a commercial bank. The responsibility for project
implementation will be with the FE, the legally autonomous entity for managing the collection and
12
disbursement of road sector funds, while planning and implementation of road works will be the
responsibility of ANE, the National roads administration responsible for the management of
classified roads in Mozambique.
The Project Steering Committee will be chaired by MPD and consist of representatives from the
ZVDA, GAZEDA, MPD, MICOA, MTC, MOPH and MINAGRI. The Steering Committee will
meet once every quarter to review Project Progress Reports and provide oversight and support for
effective project implementation.
In line with international good practice, a private contractor on a performance-based contract will
manage the IDCF scheme. The Fund Manager will be responsible for the effective promotion,
implementation, coordination and monitoring & evaluation for each of windows and managing
units, along with the management of the Fund’s learning and communication function together
with a grievance and conflict resolution functions. The Fund Manager must have permanent
presence focus areas of the Facility: the Nacala Development Corridor and the Zambezi Valley,
with the possibility of expansion based on market needs. He/she will also be responsible for
ensuring that funded projects report on a scheduled basis, and that disbursement and
administration of approved grants takes place within the required governance framework. The fund
manager will also be responsible for ensuring that evaluation of funded initiatives takes place, with
relevant learning captured and communicated. The details of the facility will be outlined in detail in
the Project Operations Manual. Details on implementation arrangements, and more particularly on
Procurement and Financial Management arrangements, have also been provided as an annex of the
project document.
A Project Preparation Advance (PPA) of US$3 million is in place to support the Interim Project
Coordination Unit (PCU) and to provide preliminary technical assistance for the preparation of
various preparatory studies (including the preparation of the required safeguards documents) and
other required design activities.
Given that the activities in Tete are more diverse and spread over rural areas, and the activities
supporting the Nacala SEZ are simpler and straightforward, both will be based at ZVDA in Tete.
The two staff will work as a team to support each other and to back each other up, and will
coordinate their activities so that data collection trips and efforts can be leveraged to support both
the M&E and the project’s impact evaluations. The two staff will work in partnership with staff at
GAZEDA, ZVDA, INE, MINAGRI, and SDAE, to take advantage of and further strengthen
existing capacity and resources on this front. The World Bank’s Africa Gender Innovation Lab will
provide the technical supervision of the impact evaluations, will work closely with the two staff, and
will provide support in a way that builds the capacity of the Government to measure the impact of
programs and policies.
This project incorporates impact evaluation as an integral part of the project. This reflects the desire
expressed by stakeholders not only to take stock of and review the project’s achievements, but to
also identify the underlying mechanisms and constraints affecting its mode of functioning, so as to
provide direction for the later wave of catalytic grants issued under this grant, as well as to inform
future investments.
The project team and the government will jointly decide which impact evaluation questions are of
highest priority. For now, the following possible impact evaluations have been identified: (i) Impact
of road improvements on agriculture; (ii) Impact of out grower schemes on smallholder farmers,
(iii) Impacts and spillover of impacts of job creation within the Nacala Special Economic Zone,
potentially including analyzing the impacts of these jobs on women’s empowerment; and (iv)
Impacts of an agricultural extension program designed explicitly to target female farmers. Each
impact evaluation that is carried out will require the full cooperation of the entities involved in
implementing the interventions being evaluated.
13
Efforts will be made to set up randomized controlled trial impact evaluations, as these are the gold
standard for creating a treatment group and a control group from prospective project beneficiaries.
However, where this is not possible, due to political or practical constraints, other rigorous designs
will be used as alternatives. For example, regression discontinuity which compares individuals from
just above and below a cut-off line; or a matching design that matches each beneficiary within a
treated area to a similar person or household in a non-treated area.
The Integrated Growth Poles Project is fully anchored within the strategy laid out in the PARP,
which will help to ensure Mozambique’s continuing commitment to the programs laid out in the
Project. The Project aims to support programs that will have a long-term impact on private sector
development in Tete and Nampula. The support provided to regional, municipal, and district
planning will continue beyond the life of the Project. Government authorities have expressed a
strong interest in this planning support. In addition, the infrastructure component is also intended
to have a long lasting impact on the two provinces.
The public investments supported under the Catalytic Fund will continue to function and support
the beneficiary private investments and out-grower farmers after the end of the Project with the
potential of transfer of ownership of the assets to the farmers. The investments in strengthening
the capacity of the public training and standards institutions will also continue to have an impact
beyond the Project.
Government institutions to be supported by the Project will continue operating after the Project
closes. These institutions include those supported for the spatial and land use planning under
Component 3, along with the ZVDA and GAZEDA.
The implementation arrangements under this Project will be established only for its duration;
however they will support capacity building within key Government agencies.
14
4 DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT IN MOZAMBIQUE AND
THE PROJECT AREA
To better understand some of the issues that will determine the design, environmental licensing,
implementation and management of the project planned interventions, it is important to briefly
make notes of the development context in the country in general, and the project area in particular.
4.1 General Country Development Context and Project Relevance
Mozambique has a total area of approximately 800,000 km² and a population of 20.4 million
inhabitants (INE, 2007). Its GDP per capita is estimated at 318 USD. The country is bordered to
the east by the Indian Ocean, with which it forms a border of more than 2,500 km that is a major
port of entry and exit of goods to the country itself and the hinterland countries bordering
Mozambique, namely South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Zambia. To the north, the
country is bordered by Tanzania, which also has direct access to the Indian Ocean. This geographic
positioning of the country’s ports has resulted, from the colonial period, in the development of
three important corridors in the east-west direction and vice versa, meant precisely to serve
neighboring countries. These are the corridors of Maputo, Beira and Nacala, which have railway
lines as one of their main components. Other components of the corridors are highways, power
transmission lines and communications (see Figure 1).
Figure 2: The main development corridors in Mozambique
Source: World Bank (2010)
15
After about a decade of centralized economy and just over 16 years of armed conflict from the
mid-1990s, the Mozambican economy has been recording accelerated growth rates on an annual
average of 7% in real terms, which is supported by high levels of assistance from Development
Partners. The growth rates result from the efforts in the field of macroeconomic policy
management and strengthening the enabling environment for promotion of domestic and foreign
private investment. Notwithstanding the effects of external shocks with negative impacts on the
economy and society, the country tends to register high rates of economic growth, which is
accompanied by a climate of political and macroeconomic stability with average inflation rates in
the order of a single digit. Economic growth has been driven by (i) foreign direct investment in
mega projects10 and operating large-scale high-value agricultural products such as cotton, sugar and
tobacco, (ii) the favorable agricultural growth at the family sector level, and (iii) infrastructure
rehabilitation projects, including roads.
However, despite the remarkable ongoing growth progress, the country continues to be among the
world's poorest and heavily dependent on foreign aid. The most recent rating by the United
Nations11 indicates that Mozambique is in the 184th position among 187 countries in terms of
human development index. A number of institutional constraints and other constraints continue to
hamper the delivery of basic services (including water supply, sanitation, education and health
services) and there are many challenges that remain. In 2010, MPD published data indicating that
between 2002-3 and 2008-9 there was a slight increase in the incidence of poverty (consumption),
which rose from 54.1% to 54.7%. Rural poverty was the worst in that regard although in recent
years urban poverty is increasingly becoming a serious concern.
The Government intends to implement a second set of structural reforms that will take advantage
of the prevailing macroeconomic climate. The main targets of these reforms are: (i) the public
sector, (ii) fiscal policy, (iii) governance and, (iv) the business environment, including the creation of
an enabling environment for the establishment and development of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs).
More recent analyses have highlighted the fact that the Mozambican economy is characterized by a
very small number of mega projects on the one hand, and the family and informal sector, on the
other. This presents itself as encouraging imbalances in development and particularly with respect
to the diversification of production and access to the benefits of the development by a significant
proportion of the population12. Among other things, investments in infrastructure such as roads,
water supply and sanitation, energy, telecommunications, etc. should continue to play a role in this
process of stabilization and gradual elimination of imbalances.
Strengthening small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) is seen as key to changing the prevalent
situation.
SMEs (both formal and informal) represent about 98.6% of all enterprises, employing 43% of the
workers and accounting for 76% of the total sales. Trade and service sectors form the bulk of
business units, with commerce and retail businesses accounting for close to 60%, restaurants and
accommodation 20% and manufacturing less than 10%. Most of these SMEs typically grow
informally and as a reaction to immediate market deficiencies.
Studies show that despite the SMEs’ importance in national economic development and poverty
alleviation they lack growth perspectives, due in part to the entrepreneurs’ and workers’ poor
education and training skills, cumbersome regulations, high cost of credit and poorly developed
e.g. Aluminium Smelter (Mozal), gas exploration (SASOL), Moma heavy minerals and coal in Tete province
for a number of actors.
11 UNDP (2011) “Human Development Report 2011, Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All”
12 Carlos Nuno Castel-Branco (2008) "The Mega Projects in Mozambique: What Contribution to National
Economy?" Civil Society Forum on Extractive Industries, Natural History Museum (Maputo), 27 and 28
November 2008.
10
16
basic socioeconomic infrastructure.13 As a result, local entrepreneurs tend to diversify into a large
number of relatively small and uncompetitive businesses rather than grow promising small
businesses into large ones that could reach out to more people and offer more income generation
opportunities (job creation, gender mainstreaming, etc.).
In 2007, the government approved the “Strategy for the Development of Small and Medium Size
Enterprises in Mozambique.” The strategy underscores the central role SMEs are expected to play
as drivers of employment, competitiveness, diversification and innovation, including SMEs’ role in
mobilizing social resources. The strategy relies on three major pillars:



Improve the business environment for SMEs
Strengthen SMEs’ technological and management capacities (capacity building)
Give strategic support (e.g. to exporters and high-tech firms, etc.)
The reduction of transaction costs for SMEs is also given high priority. Among other provisions,
the strategy introduces the notion of a ‘negative licensing system’, which means that any SME that
applies for a license is automatically licensed unless the competent authority explicitly objects the
application for justified reasons. It also advocates simplification of the arbitrary inspection and tax
systems. The subsequent “Strategy for Improving the Business Climate”, approved in 2008, deals
with these issues in more detail.
Another aspect that needs to be addressed in the Mozambican economy has to do with the fact that
due to historical factors a significant number of development sectors (roads, railways, energy,
telecommunications, etc.) have focused mainly on serving the region in detriment of domestic
needs. The largely functional corridors of Maputo, Beira and Nacala, which link Mozambique to
South Africa, Swaziland, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Zambia, respectively, are a good
illustration of this phenomenon.
These three corridors have efficient railways and road facilities including telecommunications and
energy that are in dire contrast with the only and deficient road linking the south to the north (N1)
of the country. More internal roads and corridors could play a crucial role in revitalizing the
domestic economy, and ultimately with tangible impacts on the regional economy as well.
Under such a context, the project is highly relevant. Through its four major components, it will
support government’s efforts in the establishment of the necessary infrastructure network, pilot and
demonstrate viable socioeconomic interventions, assist in capacity building and provide adequate
monitoring and evaluation mechanism that will benefit the project areas in particular, and country
as a whole.
13
M. Krause and F. Kaufman, “Industrial Policy in Mozambique”, 2011.
17
5 - PROJECT TARGETED AREAS
5.1 Location
In broad terms the project area comprises two important Mozambican clusters in the central and
northern regions, namely: (i) the Zambezi Valley; and (ii) the Nacala Corridor.
(i)
The Zambezi Valley covers 35 districts in the four provinces of Tete, Manica,
Zambezia and Sofala and as shown in Figure 2, below.
In the four provinces the 35 districts falling under the Zambezi valley are:




Manica Province: Bárue, Guro, Macossa and Tambara;
Sofala Province: Caia, Chemba, Cheringoma, Gorongosa, Maríngue, Muanza and
Marromeu
Tete Province: Angónia, Cahora Bassa, Changara, Chifunde, Chiúta, Cidade de Tete,
Luenha, Macanga, Mágoe, Marávia, Moatize, Mutarara, Tsangano and Zumbu;
Zambézia Province: Morrumbala, Mopeia, Chinde, Milange, Mocuba, Maganja da Costa,
Namacurra, Inhassunge, Nicoadala and Quelimane.
Figure 3: The Districts of the Zambezi Valley
(ii)
Nacala Corridor covers 12 districts from, traditionally, the two provinces of Niassa and
Nampula and now Tete, due to the current extension of the Corridor to Moatize from
where the coal originates and is planned to be exported through Nacala.
In the three provinces the 12 districts falling under Nacala Corridor are:


Tete Province: Moatize
Niassa Province: Mecanhelas and Cuamba
18

Nampula Province: Malema, Ribaue, Nampula (Rapale), Nampula City, Meconta,
Monapo, Mossuril, Nacala-a-Velha and Nacala Porto.
Figure 4: The Project districts in Nacala Corridor
Within these two broader clusters, the project will focus on a limited number of areas and districts.
Within the Zambezi Valley, focus will be on Tete Province, on the Angonia growth pole,
comprising the districts of Angonia, Tsangano, and Macanga districts.
Figure 5: Angonia growth pole
19
While in Nacala Corridor the project will focus on the Nacala growth pole (Nacala SEZ),
covering the districts of Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha both in Nampula Province.
Figure 6: Nacala growth pole
In Tete province the project will target increasing agricultural production and processing, while in
Nampula it will target light manufacturing and logistics.
This initial definition of the project boundaries may be refined as more spatial details become
available.
5.2 Physical Environment
5.2.1 The Zambezi Valley (Tete, Manica, Zambezia and Sofala Provinces) and
Angonia Growth Pole
Geology
The geology of the mentioned provinces above is comprised by 3 periods: The Achaean,
Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
Achaean Era comprises rocks older than 2 500 Ma, and typically consists of supracrustal greenstone
belts surrounded by granitoid-dominated basement complexes. Rock units in Mozambique, which
were demonstrated as belonging to this age period, include small exposures of paragneiss and
tonalite, as well as more extensive units forming the Manica Group, the Munhinga Group, the
Mavonde Complex and the Mudzi Complex.
The Manica and Munhinga groups are typical of supracrustal greenstone belts, whereas the
Mavonde and Mudzi complexes represent granitoid basements. The Manica and Munhinga groups
overlie the granitoid dominated by Mavonde Complex.
20
The Proterozoic Era extends from 2 500 Ma to 550 Ma. In the area, lithostratigraphic units which
fall into this time period include the Rushinga Group, the Gairezi Group and the Chíduè
Formation, Zâmbuè Supergroup, Fíngoè Supergroup, Báruè Complex, Chimoio Group, Mualádzi
Group, Angónia Group, Chidzolomondo Group, Cazula Group and Nampula Supergroup. In the
field, the most important rocks are two mica gneisses, silimanite gneisses and leucocratic quartzfeldspar gneisses.
The Proterozoic rocks extend to the foliated and unfoliated granitoids distributed along the area,
forming the most prominent iceberg.
The geology of Phanerozoic is complex and could be simplified by the Sedimentary basins along
the Zambezi River trend and volcanic all from de Karoo and the rest of post karoo sediments.
The most important rocks of Karoo age are found in Moatize Basin, Mucanha-Vúzi Basin and
Zumbo area. Sandstones, mudstones and coal are the most important rocks units.
The economic geology of the Zambezi Valley is characterized by coal, gold, iron ore, and gems
stones from pegmatite and dimension stones.
Soils
The soils in the four provinces are directly linked with the geology. In the crystalline and
Proterozoic terrain, the soil is classified as Franco-Clayey-Sandy reddish with lighter surface layer,
depth variable, and intermediate fertility and susceptible to erosion.
Some patches of thin soils and shallow, rocky and unsuitable for agriculture are located in the
Zambezi valley.
The southwest soils (Manica and Tete) have the predominance of Franco-Clayey-Sandy Brownish
whose fertility evolved from intermediate to good, few spots of very heavy soils, gray and black and
poorly drained soils can be found. To the east, Sandy Soils and immature coastal dunes area found.
The soils in the three districts of Angonia growth pole are deep to moderately deep with a strong
water retention capacity and consequently very fertile.
Climate
For the highest altitude of Tete14, Manica, Sofala and Zambezia Provinces, the rainfall vary from
800 to 1200 mm and is the most productive zone in terms of agriculture and thus it is densely
populated. The three districts forming the Angonia growth pole in northern Tete province, namely
Angonia, Tsangano and Macanga are the most productive in terms of agriculture.
Specifically for the southern zone of Tete Province, including the districts of Changara, CahoraBassa, Moatize, Mutarara, Tete City and Chiúta the annual rainfall is around 600 mm, and is the
poorest in terms of agriculture.
The Tropical Dry Climate, which occupies a small strip to the left of the Zambezi River and the
entire region to the right except for a small strip in Mutarara district has an average annual
maximum temperatures of around 32° C and the maximum rainfall of 180 mm.
The Climate Modified by Altitude covers entirely the high altitude areas and the average maximum
temperatures is around 26° C with a maximum average precipitation of approximately 360 mm. In
14
This includes the three districts within the Angonia growth pole, i.e. Angonia, Tsangano and Macanga.
21
the Angonia growth pole specifically the annual mean temperatures is around 20° C. During the
cold season these oscillate between 14 and 16° C.
The Humid Tropical Climate occupies all costal line of Zambezia and Sofala. The annual
temperature varies from 25 to 35° C, with the minimum temperatures observed in June/July and
maximum in January/December and maximum precipitation of 250 mm in January.
Hydrology and Water Resources
The four provinces, Manica, Sofala, Tete and Zambezia are gneissic and granitic in terms of terrain,
except the costal districts and the karoo areas. The soil profile, main faults, inclination of the
topography and deep weathering control the water resources and reserves. The area has a potential
of surface and underground water. The fist is more important in the costal line as the sand dunes
accumulate enormous quantity of ground waters. The ground water is also encountered in the
major faults and deep weathered granites and light gneisses and for the good location and
exploitation, geophysical studies must be completed in the professional manner.
The surface water is controlled by tree major rivers and two artificial lakes (Cahora Bassa and
Chicamba Real, in Tete and Manica Provinces, respectively). Three hydrographic basins are known:
The Shire, Zambezi and Pungue. The most important rivers in the region are Zambezi, Luia,
Luenha, Shire and Pungue.
The three districts forming the Angonia growth pole have a series of small rivers, which contribute
significantly for the wealth of water resources in the region. Tsangano is the most endowed in this
regard. It has the following main rivers Calidzipiri, Lhangue, Chiritse, Nhamanzi, Mphonfi
Maavudzi and Modzi.
5.2.2 Nacala Development Corridor (Niassa and Nampula provinces) and Nacala
Growth Pole
Geology
A limited Phanerozoic rocks, located in Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha Districts, characterize the
Nacala Corridor. The representative rocks in this area are limestone and sandstones.
The rest of the territory is comprised of Proterozoic rocks of Nampula, Unango, Marrupa, Monapo
and Ocua Complexes.
In all the complexes, the older rocks are composed of high and cyclically deformed and
metamorphosed gneisses of various origins and evolutions. The most relevant characteristic of
these gneisses is the low topographic fractures. An elongated E-W hill and concordant foliation is
the second characteristic of the described gneisses. The rocks vary from dark two mica gneisses to
leucocratic quartz-feldspatic gneisses. The late Proterozoic rocks of this area are composed of
under formed granites of Murrupula, Malema, Ribawe and Niassa Suites.
The economic geology of the region is characterized by the presence of limestone for cement, in
the Nacala region and frequent mineralized pegmatite with gemstones and rare earth elements in
the Proterozoic terrain. Presently, Iron is being exploited in Ribawe District. Unsuccessful
prospects of Uranium have been located at Niassa Suite. Gold rush has been identified in most
places, from deep weathered quartz pegmatite veins in the gneisses (Murrupula and Marrupa
Districts).
22
Soils
The area is divided in two terrains, the western terrain was formed as a consequence of alteration of
crystalline rocks and the eastern formed as the result of sedimentary rocks. The coast of Nacala
Porto, Nacala-a-Velha, Mossuril is characterized by light soils - clayey sand, brown well-drained,
stratified alluvial soils and coarse textured, yellowish sandy soils with good to excessive drainage.
The western land is predominantly constituted by medium textured red soils and clay grayish brown
soils from low to moderately weathered rocks. These soils are red clay soils, characterized by depth
and high retention capacity for water. Most of the cotton farms are found at these areas in the
Nampula and eastern districts of Niassa. Cassava, maize, potatoes, tobacco and varieties of bens are
also produced in these soils.
The river valleys are dominated by alluvial soils (fluvisols), dark, deep, heavy texture and average to
moderately drained, subject to regular flooding (FAO, 1995).
Climate
In the Provinces of Nampula and Niassa, are known two types of climates: tropical humid climate
and tropical climate modified by altitude.
The Humid Tropical Climate occupies all Nampula and eastern sector of Niassa Province. The
annual temperature varies from 25 to 35 ° C, with the minimum temperatures observed in
June/July and maximum January/December and maximum precipitation of 250 mm in January.
The Climate Modified by Altitude is observed at Lichinga region with annual average maximum
temperatures of around 26 ° C and a maximum average precipitation of approximately 360 mm.
The average monthly temperature in warmer months: October, November, December, January and
February is around 28-29 ° C and in the coldest months, June and July of 22 ° C.
Hydrology and Water Resources
The two provinces, Nampula and Niassa are gneissic and granitic terrain, except the costal districts.
The soil profile, main faults and deep weathering, control the water resources and reserves. The
area has a potential of surface and underground water. The later type is predominantly found in the
major faults and deep weathered granites and light gneisses and for exploration, geophysical studies
must be completed in the professional manner.
The surface water is controlled by two major rivers and several lakes in the western limit of Niassa
Province. Two hydrographic basins are known: The Lúrio, in the South and Lugenda in the west.
From east to west the Monapo, Mecuburi, Mepuiqui, Lalaua, Malema, Lurio, Muandas, Lugenda
Rivers are the most important, flowing during the whole year. Most of these rivers flow from high
to low altitude, giving a potential of hydropower projects in the area, as projected in Malema
District. The Amaranba, Niassa and Chiuta Lakes are the biggest lakes within the area.
23
5.3 Biological Environment
5.3.1 The Zambezi Valley (Tete, Manica, Zambezia and Sofala Provinces) and
Angonia Growth Pole
Land use and Land cover
The vegetation of Tete Province along the Zambezi River and Cahora Bassa Dam is mostly
dominated by tall (>12 m) and largely mono-specific Mopane woodland, extending across the
Zambezi in the east. In some area along the river banks there are stands of Lonchorcarpus capassa,
Lannea, Sclerocarya, Combretum imberbe, Ziziphus mucronata and Adansonia digitata and
Dispyros melispiformes. North of the river and dam, Acacia nigrescens and mixed woodlands
occur in low laying areas and tall Brachystegia woodland on higher grounds in the north east.
The low land palm savanna occupies areas of Mopeia district and consists of Borrassus aethiopicum
with Terminalia sericea, Kiggelia pinnata. Maytenus sp., Annona senegalensis, Diplorhynchus
condylocarpon, and Hyphaene crinite.
The dry deciduous woodland is widespread in Tete province and with stands of Brachystegia
bohemii it co-occurs with Julbernardia globiflora. The western areas of Zambezia Province the
Brachystegia bohemii occurs with Brachystegia spiciformis, Adansonia digitata and Sterculia
communities of the Shire valley.
The semi-decidous miombo occupies areas of north of Sofala and Manica Provinces at altitudes
between 600 and 900m and the woody species are Brachystegia spificiformes, Julbernardia
globiflora, B. bohemii, Pterocarpus angolensis, Pilistigma thonningii, Swartzia madagascariensis,
Dombeya sp, Burkea Africana, Vitex payos, Cussonia spicata and Milletia stuhmannii.
Protected areas and areas of Biological Importance
The network of protected areas in the Zambezi valley include the Gorongoza National Park (in the
Rift Valley), which has 5,370 square kilometers and the Marromeu National Reserve located in the
floodplains of Zambezi Delta which has a surface of 1500 square kilometers. The greater
Marromeu Ramsar Site, proclaimed after signing the Ramsar Convention encompasses the
Marromeu National Reserve and the hunting concession areas number 8 (310 square km), Number
10 (2000 square km), Number 11(1930 square km), Number 12 (2960 square km), number 14 (1350
square km) and Number 15 (2300 square km). These hunting concession areas are locations of
concentration of large and medium size mammals (zebras, buffalos, wild beasts, lions, kudu,
waterbucks, elands, hartebeest, warthog, reedbuck, leopards and elephants among other species).
The Rift valley floodplain cover most of the Zambezia and Sofala Provinces and include the river
and lake Urema, Pungue River, Zambeze River and is dominated by a variety of aquatic habitats
which include the submerged aquatic vegetation (Ceratophyllum demersum, Lagarosiphon spp,.
Potamogenon spp., Najas interrupta, Otellia esserta), floating vegetation (Azzola nilotica,
Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna sp, Pistia stratiodes, Wolffia spp. and Trappas natans), herds include
Nimphaea capensis, N. carulata, N. indica, Ultracularia stellaris, Alternanthera sessiles, Ipomoea
stolonifera, Marsilia minuta and Neptuna olaracea) and grasses (Echinochloa pyramidalis,
Echinochloa stagnina, Oryza longistaminata, Paspalidium obtusifolium, Vassia cuspidata) and
emergent aquatic vegetation which include the species Cyperus indica, C. digitatus, Cyperus
papyrus, Sesbania mossambicensis, Sesbania sesban, Phragmithes mauritiana and Typha sp).
Lake Cahora Bassa, is a deep water artificial lake, forming a large fresh water pelagic environment
along mountain ridges. Its fish diversity consists of 54 species belonging to 16 families. There is
also Lake Urema in the Gorongosa National Park.
24
The tchuma-tchato wildlife area located south of the Tete province near the border with Zimbabwe
is known as an area of large abundance of mammals in the mopane woodland. Buffalos, Rhinos
and other species occur in this area, such as the wattled crane, which is globally endangered.
In Zambezia Province the areas of biological importance include the Derre Forest reserve, which
occupies a surface of 170000 hectares. In Sofala Province the Nhamitanga Forest Reserve (1067
hectares) and the Nhampakwe forest reserve (17hectares) are some other areas of biological
importance
Of special relevance in the Zambezia Province are the Namuli Mountains and the Mount Mabu,
which have been recently discovered as areas of high endemism of amphibians, reptiles and birds in
the Gurue District.
The mangroves of Zambezi River Delta system are the largest know in Mozambique and comprise
an area of biological importance.
5.3.2 Nacala Development Corridor (Niassa and Nampula Provinces) and Nacala
Growth Pole
Land use and Land cover
Most of the area along the Nacala Corridor from Nacala, Monapo, Namialo, Macuburi, Nampula,
Ribawe, Cuamba and Mandimba has been extensively modified by agriculture. Extensive familiar
agriculture for crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, beans, and for cash crops such as cotton and
orchards of cashew trees and other fruit species are common. The land cover of the Mandimba
district at the western part of the corridor consists of highlands and swamps from Lake Chilwa.
The vegetation cover consists of Decidous dry Miombo, with a coastal mosaic of baobab woodland
which is the belt comprised by Adansonia digitata, Sterculia appendiculata, Pteleopsis myrtifolia and
Milletia stuhlmanii, Brachystegia sp. in the east. There is also a coastal strip consisting of trees
Androstachys jonhsonii (mecrusse), Icuria dunensis, (a recently described species in 2000), Afzelia
quanzensis, Albizia forbesii, Albizia glaberrima, Balanites maughanii, Brenabiodendron carvalhoi,
Fernandoa magnifica, Lannea sp, Markhamia obtusifolia, Mimusops caffra, Monotes sp, Ozoroa sp
Schrebera trichoclada and Sclerocarya birrea. Hymenocardia ulmoides is the dominant shrub
species.
To the west towards Nampula the vegetation consists of high rainfall moist miombo type found at
Mecuburi forest reserve which is the Brachystegia woodland, dominated over large areas by
Brachystegia spiciformes, sometimes co-dominated with Julbernardia globiflora. Other dominant
species occurring are Brachystegia bussei, Brachystegia boehmii and Brachystegia utilis. Typical
species fairly frequent are Afzelia quanzensis, Burkea Africana, Combretum molle, Combretum
zeyheri, Cordyla Africana, Crossopteryx febrifuga, Dipllorhynchus candylocarpon, Erythina
livingstoniana, Hyphaena petersiana, Lannea stuhlmanii, Maprounea Africana, Milletia stuhlmanii,
Olax dissitiflora, Piliostigma thonmingii, Pterocarpus angolensis, Strychnos madagascariensis,
Strychnos spinosa, Sclerocarya birrea, Terminalia sericea, Uapaca kirkiana, Uapaca nitida,
Schrebrera trichoclada and the bamboo Oxystenanthera abyssinica.
The shrub layer or small trees consists of Annona senegalensis, Cleistochlamys kirkii, Dalbergia
melanoxylon, Deimbolia sp., Dielsiothamnus divaricatus, Flacourtia indica, Grewia sp. Hollarhena
pubescens, Hugonia orientalis, Monodora grandidieri, Monodara junodii, Ochna sp and Vangueria
infausta. Toward high water table plant species are Gardenia ternifolia, Parinari cutarateifolia,
Syzygium guinensee and Combretum sp.
The other vegetation types found at M’palue and Ribaue forest consists of semi-decidous miombo
forest dominated by trees species Julbernardia globiflora, Uapaca, Sterculia and stands of bamboo
(Oxytananthera sp). Galery forests occur along the rivers and are composed by trees Milicia excels,
25
Xylopia sp., Harrungana madagascariensis, Trema orientalis, Breonardia salicina, Syzygium
owariense. Mountains slopes patches consist of closed canopy forest mixed with bamboo
Decidous woodland (near Cuamba) consists of Brachystegia boehmii, B. utilis and Julbernardia
globiflora with Faurea, Cussonia, etc. In grey loam it is accompanied by Burkea Africana,
Erythrophleum africanum, Psedolachnostilis maprouneifolia, Diplorhynchus condylocarpon,
Swartzia madagascariensis, Lonchocarpus, Combretum and Ostryderris spp. In grey clay soils the
transition is to Sclerocarya birrea, Lonchocarpus capassa, Kigelia Africana, Albizia Harvey. Acacia
species (Acacia polyacantha, Acacia rehmanniana, Acacia sieberiana and Acacia nigrescens) occur in
low alluvium poorly drained soil including species such as Ficus sp, Albizia harvey and Albizia
versicolor.
Dambos vegetation occur on the basement of the inselbergs in rhodic ferrasoils and chromic
ferrasoils), but also in haplic lixisoils and haplic ferrasoils
In Nampula the main economic activity is agriculture. However, there are some closed woodlands
of semi-decidous miombo at the Administrative posts of Mutivane, Rapale, Anchilo and Namaita.
In these woodland there are timber tree species of Milletia stuhlmanii, Afzelia quanzensis,
Pterocarpus angolensis, Dalbergia malanoxylon and Androstachys johnsonii. The wildlife is diverse
and includes monkeys, bush pigs, reptiles, duikers and crocodiles as well as several bird species. The
agriculture area is about 68 thousand ha. The main staple food crops are maize and cassava. These
are complemented by cash crops such as cashew, cotton, tobacco, peanuts and vegetables.
Environmental problems of Nampula district are erosion in urban areas and deforestation as well as
excessive exploitation of forest and wildlife resources. Wood and charcoal has been exploited for
domestic consumption.
In Ribawe, the agriculture consists of 35 thousands plots occupying 34% of the district area. Three
agriculture systems are practiced: the first consist of low highland farming where cassava, maize and
beans, but also rice in the dambos are cultivated. The second system cultivates essentially sorghum,
occasionally mixed with cassava and maize. Cotton is the predominant cash crops. However,
recently there has been an increased production of tobacco, which seems to be replacing cotton
production areas. The livestock breeding is under developed at present, but was very important in
the past (before independence). Several species of timber occur in the district including pod
mahogany (Afzelia quanzensis), teak (Pterocarpus angolensis), mecrusse (Androstachys johnsonii),
panga-panga (Milletia stuhlmanii), black ebony (Dalbergia melaxylon), among other species.
Timber is used locally in the construction. Ribaue district has deforestation problems around the
district capital because of use of domestic firewood. Local mining industry used to exploit a
mineral (cauline), which currently is not operational.
In Cuamba, there are three types of agriculture the one on the highlands consisting of maize,
cassava, beans and peanuts, the second consisting of sorghum (mapira) consociated with cassava
and maize and the third agriculture type consists of cotton, which is the main cash crop. Wood and
timber are exploited and the district has some serious level of deforestation. There are 35 thousand
agriculture plots occupying only 16 percent of the district area. Livestock breeding is less practiced,
targeting goats and fowls.
Mecanhelas district has as undulating relief with inselbergs and dambos. The vegetation consists of
dry miombo, with few dambos at the valleys of the inselbergs.
Agriculture is the main economic activity carried out by the family sector. Three systems are
practiced: the farming in the highlands for maize, peanuts, cassava and beans. The second system
consists of rice farming at the valleys on modified dambos. The third farming system consists of
cotton farming. The district has 32 thousand farming plots occupying 21% of the district area.
26
Hunting of wildlife (reedbuck, duikers and hares) and fishing in the river waters are the
supplemental activities of the population.
Protected Areas and Areas of Biological Importance
The Nacala Corridor has a network of forestry reserves, which include Mecuburi (195 400 ha),
Matibane (4200 ha), which protects Incuria dunensis species, Mplawe (5100 ha) and Ribawe (5200
ha). All were gazetted in 1950 to ensure preservation of mosaics of natural vegetation as the areas
along this corridor is extensively modified for agriculture. Other areas of Biological importance at
the western end of this Corridor are Lake Chilwa and Lake Amarambas (at Mandimba), which
drains the water into Lugenda River. Lake Amaramba has a surface of 4350 ha of open water and
4,000 ha of swamp and lies 635 m above sea level. Lake Chilwa , at an altitude of 622 m above sea
level, covers an area of 185,000 ha including its lacustrine swamp which extends into Mozambique.
The Lake Niassa contains exceptional biodiversity of endemic fish species (191 species from 22
general species described) of cichlid family. The number of species known consists of 320 species
of eight fish families. The wetlands around these two lakes are habitat for amphibians and
migratory water birds. The Shire River and the marshy alluvial plains (called elephant swamp) areas
are also areas of biological importance adjacent to Lake Niassa. The upstream Lugenda River and
the Entrelagos region are areas of biological importance as well.
The mangroves and coral reefs of Nacala Harbor are also areas of significant biological importance.
5.4 Socio-economic Situation
As shown in Tables 1, and 2 (below) the entire targeted project area represents roughly 7,104,366
inhabitants, i.e. close to 36% of the overall country’s population, in 2007.
5.4.1 The Zambezi Valey (Tete, Manica, Zambezia and Sofala Provinces) and
Angonia Growth Pole
The Zambezi Valley occupies an area of approximately 225,000 Km2, which represents around
27.7% of the country’s surface. It has a population of 5,011,892 inhabitants, which is close to 25%
of Mozambique's population, 56% of the population of the 4 Provinces in the Central Region that
forms the Zambezi Valley (Table 1).
A wide variety of soil, subsoil, climate and energy production resources can be found in the region.
With the exception of Tete province the central region is known for contributing significantly to
the phenomenon of increased poverty in Mozambique. Actually, recent data published by MPD
(2010) indicate that between 2002-3 and 2008-9 there was a slight worsening of poverty incidence
(consumption), which decreased from 54.1% to 54.7%. This is accompanied by gender disparities
and other social imbalances under which women, the elderly and people with disabilities are hardest
hit.
27
Figure 7: Various water uses in the Zambezi Valley (Shire River)
However, in Tete the incidence of poverty declined significantly which may have to do with the
increased access to employment associated with the emergence of large economic enterprises in the
region. In the last 5-6 years, Tete province, with particular emphasis on Tete City and Moatize
town, has been witnessing an accelerated growth. Tete/Moatize and the Zambezi Valley in general
have come to the limelight recently for possessing one of the largest and richest coal deposits in the
world (coal-iron). In addition to coal, the region has significant deposits of natural gas, rare metals,
such as niobium-tantalum, gold, fluorite, tin, heavy mineral sands and pegmatite minerals. In
addition to the re-development of the Moatize coalfields, a number of mining projects have been
identified and are expected to be developed in the years to come. Mining related projects will form
the anchors around which developments in other areas such as agriculture, tourism, industry, etc.
will have the chance to flourish. Some of these developments are already happening and they can
be easily seen in and around Tete city and Moatize town.
The Zambezi River valley has huge potential for agricultural and agro-processing development. The
region has 5.5 million hectares of arable land, making up about 15% of Mozambique’s total arable
land. Of this, about 2.5 million hectares have potential for intensive farming. The total potential of
irrigated land is estimated at about 1.5 million hectares, which makes up about 45% of
Mozambique’s total irrigation potential.
The Angonia growth pole formed by Angonia, Tsangano15 and Macanga has the richest natural
conditions for the practice of agriculture in Tete province and occupy a privileged position in the
entire Zambezi Valley in particular and Mozambique in general. Due to their natural wealth for the
practice of agriculture, Angonia and Tsangano, in particular, have witnessed the development of
commercial farming since the colonial period. After independence in 1975 most of the farms
owned by the colonial settlers were transformed into state16 and/or cooperative farms. Eventually
they collapsed due to a combination of factors. It was during the colonial period and during the
years shortly after independence that most of the agricultural infrastructures, including most of the
small dams were built, particularly in Angonia and Tsangano.
Macanga district is relatively pristine. In spite of also being considerably endowed for the practice
of agriculture at the same level as Angonia, Tsangano the area has remained relatively dormant over
Tsangano district came into being after it was split from Angonia district following the restructuring of
districts in the 1990s.
16 CAIA – the agricultural and industrial agro-industrial complex of Angonia is one of the most well-known
state enterprises even developed in Mozambique.
15
28
the years. This offers a series of opportunities and challenges, which PROJECT and its
stakeholders will need to capture and work upon creatively.
The three districts represent around 32% of the population in Tete province. With a population
density of 91 and 44, Angonia and Tsangano districts, respectively, are among the most densely
populated in Tete province and the country in general. This can be seen as a reflection of their
strong economic potential. Conversely, high population densities in these three districts also mean
that land can be relatively scarce when seen from a certain perspective, notably when reference is
made to cleared land close to basic amenities such as roads and markets. Angonia and Tsangano are
known for having considerable land disputes in some of its areas. Local authorities indicated that at
present the size of plots in the hands of emerging indigenous commercial farmers is of 15 ha in
average. They foresee that it will be difficult to find bigger plots in the traditional areas. The
solution would be to open up new areas. However, the steep nature of the terrain in the three
districts can be expected to come as an obstacle in materializing this.
The government has established the Zambezi Valley Development Agency (ZVDA) to coordinate
the development of this important Valley. It has also established a series of development initiatives
targeting the region in an attempt of realizing its potential, namely: Sustainable Irrigation Project
(PROIRI), Market-Led Smallholder Development Project in the Zambezi Valley as well as other
private sector initiatives that cover agriculture, water supply, sanitation, housing, tourism, education,
etc.
29
Table 1: Population of the Zambezi Valley by districts
Project Region
Zambezi Valley
Provinces
Tete
Districts
Population
Angónia
298.815
Cahora Bassa
86.641
Changara
156.545
Chifunde
100.243
Chiúta
Manica
75.410
Cidade de Tete
155.870
Macanga
110.873
Mágoè
68.852
Marávia
82.874
Mutarara
207.010
Tsangano
169.392
Zimbo
56.350
Moatize
215.092
Luenha
31.249
Báruè
137.352
Guro
68.347
Macossa
27.187
Tambara
Zambézia
119.898
Milange
498.635
Mopeia
115.291
Mocuba
300.628
Maganja da Costa
276.881
Namacurra
186.410
Inhassunge
91.196
Nicoadala
231.850
Cidade de Quelimane
193.343
Morrumbala
Caia
Sofala
Chemba
Gorongosa
.913
115.612
63.981
117.129
Maringué
75.135
Cheringoma
34.093
Muanza
Marromeu
Total
41.775
Chinde
25.225
117.795
5,011,892
Source: INE (2007)
Despite the climate of growth and economic prosperity, Tete Province, which is now the epicenter
of the Zambezi Valley, is, in terms of Human Development, a province with high poverty rates and
a low rate of coverage of water supply and sanitation (HDI report, 2005). With an HIV prevalence
of 14 percent, Tete Province is one of the hardest hit by HIV/AIDS in Mozambique. The national
average is 16 percent among adults (DPS Tete, 2007). In 2006, cases and mortality associated with
HIV/AIDS increased by 34.6%. There are reasons to believe that the huge influx of people to the
30
province related with the mining operations is aggravating these figures. No official estimates have
yet been made available but the current aggravated trends in HIV/AIDS prevalence in the province
can be expected to affect future economic development of the province. However, in education,
Tete province is above the national average. Linked with the increased job opportunities a series of
education institutions have been established and/or expanded in Tete covering all levels and a
multitude of technical and professional subjects.
5.4.2 Nacala Corridor (Tete, Niassa and Nampula Provinces) and Nacala Growth
Pole
The current geographical structure of the Corridor has its point of origin in the western province of
Tete precisely in the Moatize district. It moves into the west-east direction towards the border with
Malawi in the area of Kambulatsitsi for about 200km, after crossing the Malawian territory, to
successively cover the provinces of Niassa and Nampula, flowing into the coastal zone, in Nacala
(Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha). As seen from the table below, the districts in Nacala Corridor
represent 2,092,471 people or close to 10% of the country’s population (INE, 2007).
Table 2: Population of Nacala Corridor by districts
Project Region
Provinces
Niassa
Nacala Corridor
Nampula
Total
Districts
Population
Cuamba
184.773
Mecanhelas
156.885
Cidade de Nampula
471.717
Malema
164.898
Meconta
154.843
Monapo
304.060
Mossuril
116.301
Nacala Porto
206.449
Nacala-a-Velha
88.807
Rapale
57.491
Ribáuè
186.250
2,092,474
The 3 provinces and 12 districts that form the Corridor are part of the 11 provinces and 147
districts under which Mozambique is administratively organized. In some cases, the provincial
boundaries and to a certain extent the district define distinct ethno linguistic groups, which is not
the case in others. A brief description of the Corridor by regions is presented below.
Tete Province
The stretch of the Corridor located in Tete Province pertains to the district of Moatize and crosses
three administrative posts: Moatize and Kambulatsitsi Zóbue. The railway line from Moatize to
Malawi is planned to originate from Moatize Town and follow along the existing rail line to
Kambulatsitsi to then continue from there to Zóbue Town, on the border with Malawi. In total, it
will extend for approximately 63 kilometers, in Tete province. According to CFM/current planning
it is very likely that there will be many more railway lines originating from Moatize/Tete using the
Nacala Corridor or parallel to it, e.g. Chiuta-Nacala and Nhamayabwe-Nacala.
The province of Tete, in central Mozambique, has an area of 97,285 km² and a population of
1,783,967 inhabitants (INE, 2007). The results of the 2007 Census also indicate that between 1997
31
and 2007, the province had a population increase of nearly 43.5%. In addition to its political
stability, which, among other is reflected in the fact that from 1994, the year of the first democratic
elections to the latest two elections (2008 and 2009), the province went from a majority supporting
RENAMO to FRELIMO in a peaceful way. The growth trend in the province is rather associated
with several others factors, such as its economic potential and the recent mega-investments in the
coal mining sector (Vale, Rio-Tinto, Jindal, Coal India, Reddys Global Industries, Lda, King Ho,
etc.) pouring in the province. With this ongoing growth trend, Tete Province17 has moved within a
decade from the fifth (1997) to the third (2007) most populous province in the country.
The province shares borders with Malawi, northeast, Zambia to the east, Zimbabwe and Sofala and
Manica in the south. It is thoroughly crossed by the Zambezi River and is in its middle it has
Cahora Bassa, which is among the largest dams in Africa with a lake-size reservoir. The three
districts that form the Angonia growth pole share border with Malawi. This has had a strong
economic and social significance. Among other factors, Malawi has offered alternative markets for
the products originating from these districts at the same time that it has been a source of land and
natural resource conflicts as land and natural resource deprived Malawians increase their presence
in the districts looking for land and natural resources.
The Province was severely affected by the civil war that ended in 1992. The insecurity caused by
war left marks that are still present, as exemplified by the anti-personnel mines left in the ground,
the rural exodus towards urban areas, especially to the city of Tete and thousands of refugees in
neighboring countries (Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe). The new situation of political stability and
security, as well as the climate of economic prosperity has led, in recent years, to the gradual return
of much of the refugee population.
The growth is mainly due to two factors: the natural population growth, coupled with the effects of
the aforementioned internal and external migration flows that are stimulated by the climate of
economic prosperity of the province. However, despite this rapid population growth, the
population density of the province (18.2 hab./km2) is still below the national average (25.8
inhabitants/km2).
Although the agriculture, forestry and fisheries are the activities that occupy most of the population
of the province, it is the energy sector through the hydroelectric Cahora Bassa, which represents the
greatest contribution to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the Province. INE data for 2008
estimate that this contribution exceeded 40% in 2007.
Agriculture is the main economic activity of the province. This activity is carried out mainly by the
family sector and although it is oriented to the livelihoods of smallholder sector it is also
characterized by the production of cash crops (mainly tobacco18, cotton and paprika) that
contribute significantly to agricultural profile of the province and the livelihood of families.
Examples of this type of agriculture can be found in the districts of Angónia, Tsangano, Maravia,
Mutarara and Moatize. These districts are also highly productive in food crops such as maize,
beans, wheat and a series of vegetables. Angónia and Tsangano in particular are net producers of
potatoes, which are sold country-wide and also exported to Malawi.
Underdeveloped agricultural markets form one of the biggest constraints to increasing agricultural
production and deriving benefits from this activity to develop the country and the well-being of the
producers and local communities. Poor roads, lack of storage facilities, absence of processing units
work as disincentives for producers. In the same way as other rich producing areas spread
throughout the country, in many parts of Tete province, including in the three districts that form
the Project area Angonia Growth Pole, it is common to see people trying to sell their produce
directly to potential buyers on the streets. A maize and wheat-processing unit is in the process of
17
18
- The provincial capital is the city of Tete, that lies at about 1,570 km northwest of Maputo City
Although this crop is not eligible under the Project.
32
being installed in Angonia in an attempt to change this situation. However, the process has been
progressing slowly and the unit is not yet operational.
In Moatize these trend also prevail. Agriculture is the predominant activity and is developed by
local communities, precisely at the level of each family structure; mainly in rain fed conditions and
using rudimentary techniques that influence moderate productivity level. Much of the farming
developed by households is intended essentially for self-consumption. The main crops include
maize, sorghum, millet, peanuts and beans. In riparian areas, some families use the low areas for the
production of vegetables. Although in modest quantities/amounts, smallholders/family units also
produce some cash crops for sale to companies operating in the region (tobacco and cotton).
Notwithstanding the challenges, Tete province is ahead of most provinces in the use of agrochemicals, including pesticides by small and medium size farmers. These are particularly related
with tobacco and cotton production.
Figure 8: Men and women selling maize in the informal markets of Tete City
Other economic activities in the project area include animal husbandry, artisanal fishing and
informal trade, especially between the Mozambique and Malawi boarder and/or Mozambique and
Zimbabwe borders. The Province has a long standing tradition of livestock, especially cattle and
goats. Livestock is, in terms of economic importance, the second activity in the province.
Fishery is predominantly artisanal, of small-scale, oftentimes meant to support the livelihoods of
households. This is an important activity along the local rivers. Reportedly, fishermen capture seven
different species of fish, Labeo congoro being the largest of the species being caught.
Tete province is rich in mineral resources and is endowed with vast agricultural and tourism
potential (angling in Cahora Bassa, hunting activities made possible by abundant wildlife that still
exists in parts of the province, etc.). The province has attracted migrants from various parts of the
country and the region (including individuals from the neighboring Zimbabwe and Malawi) in
search of better conditions of life and work.
Because of its abundant mineral resources (mainly the vast coal deposits), the Province is now the
scene of large-scale projects, attracting the attention of major international investors such as JSPL
Mozambique Lda Mineral Resources, Vale Mozambique, Riversdale (Rio Tinto) and ETA Star, with
the first three already having mining licenses and in the process of implementing their projects.
However, the increase in job and income generating opportunities cannot disguise the fact that the
enormous influx of people to the province, particularly to Tete and Moatize, has been associated
with a significant number of concerns. There is considerable (i) land taking from people/poor
33
communities as seen by the recent resettlement experience from Vale; (ii) land and property
speculation that is leaving thousands landless and making housing unaffordable for many.
Existing and planned developments have the potential of creating a situation where local people
will be forced to live outside their own province of origin due to lack of land for resettlement as
more land has been and is likely to be taken by developments such as the Mpanda Nkuwa Dam and
a various mining concessions (i.e. Jindal, Rio Tinto and Vale, etc.).
Figure 9: Land use planning session in Morrumbala District (Zambezia Province)
Sound and long term planning is required to ensure that development is inclusive and contributes
to improve the living standards of local people.
Niassa and Nampula Provinces
From Entre-Lagos at the border with Malawi to Nacala the Corridor extends over a stretch of 526
km, which includes the districts of Mecanhelas and Cuamba in Niassa province and the districts of
Malema, Ribáue, Mecuburi, Nampula (Rapale), Meconta, Monapo, Mossuril, Nacala-a-Velha and
Nacala Porto in Nampula province. Additionally, the Corridor covers the cities of Nampula and
Cuamba in Niassa and Nampula, respectively.
The provinces of Niassa and Nampula combine characteristics significantly different, manifested,
firstly, by the low population density (8 inhabitants per km²) and considerable isolation of the first
(Niassa) and, secondly, the high population density (49 inhabitants per km²) and marked integration
by the second (Nampula), which has some of the major business centers in the country and thus in
the region. These two provinces also can be characterized by a relative distinction between their
inland areas (districts of Mecanhelas and Cuamba in Niassa and Malema, Ribáue, Mecuburi Rapale,
Nampula, and Meconta Monapo in Nampula) and the coastal districts (Mossuril and Nacala).
However, the districts of the two provinces crossed by the Corridor have enough similarities and
tend to define a specific ethno-linguistic and socio-economic unit, which can be defined as the
interior of Nampula and south of Niassa. Most people are Macua spread between Christian and
Muslim (INE, 2007). There are also similarities in population density from 15 inhabitants/km2 (in
Mecanhelas - twice the density of the Niassa province, i.e. 8), and 56 inhabitants per km2 in
Nampula province (especially in the coastal areas).
30
This mosaic defines well an area that is generally very rich in terms of natural resources due to the
relative abundance of rivers and streams that translates into very fertile arable soils favorable
(characteristics of the traditional agriculture in the country, known to be very productive). In fact,
Malema district is known to be the "breadbasket" of Nampula province, mainly due to its rich
arable soils. However, in general, the nine districts in this northern region have similar agroecological conditions and are important producers of food crops particularly maize, sorghum,
cassava, sweet potato, beans, peanuts and others, including a variety of fruits, as well as cash crops
such as tobacco, cotton and cashew nuts.
Despite all the favorable natural conditions for agricultural production and land availability, data
from the district profiles (MAE, 2005) also indicate that not all households in the districts under
study, particularly in rural areas, produce enough food to meet their yearly consumption. Usually,
households have food reserves to cover only between 2.5 to 4 months. Data also show that at least
5% of households are generally vulnerable. Women, children, elderly and / or chronically ill or
disabled persons usually head the most vulnerable families. To counteract the food vulnerability, a
considerable proportion of households resort to survival strategies that include participation in "food
for work" initiatives promoted by various development assistance agencies e.g. the World Food
Program, Save the Children, INGC, as well as in some IDA/Donor-funded operations, especially in
the field of infrastructure/civil works development. They also resort to collecting wild fruits,
collection and/or sale of firewood, charcoal, reed, cuttings, traditional beverage (amarula, palm oil,
sorghum and/or cashew beers), hunting and sometimes formal employment, mainly by men, in the
surrounding townships and villages. One main reason for this situation could be the nonexistence
and relative weakness of rural markets, weak agricultural technologies and yields, along with other
reasons that could explain the low productivity of natural resources in Mozambique, particularly in
the rural areas.
It is worth noting that the City of Nampula is the third largest city after Maputo and Matola and
that because of its unifying role of business activities in the northern part of the country the city is
also known as the "Capital of the North". Monapo town was once a major industrial center, which
declined right after independence and particularly during the war-years that ended in 1992.
The coastal districts of Nampula located in the project area including Mossuril, Nacala-Porto and
Nacala-a-Velha are characterized by high population density (76 in Nacala is substantially above the
average of the province 49) despite the fact that Mossuril is not a perfect example in this respect
(population density of 34). Apart from producing food crops, typical of Mozambique, these
districts also have a strong tradition of producing cash crops such as cotton and cashew nuts.
Nacala Porto district and particularly the city with the same name has been witnessing
unprecedented growth in the last few years. The city has one of the deepest natural ports in Africa.
It is strategically important not only to Mozambique but also to the neighboring landlocked
countries such as Malawi.
Nacala Porto is the second largest urban center in Nampula province and an important trade center for
the whole region. The main development factor is the Bengo Bay that offers one of the deepest natural
ports in African continent. Thanks to the port, Nacala has become an important terminal of different
transport routes, including the national road nr 8 (EN8) that connects Nacala with Nampula; the
national road 106 (EN106), which links Nacala City with the northern towns of Pemba and Montepuez
in Cabo Delgado province; and the Nacala railway. The rail network covers an area of 920 km and is
divided into two rail lines, one from Nacala to Lichinga (800 km), including the extension of Lumbo
(42km) and other from Cuamba to Entre-Lagos on the border with Malawi, with a length of 77km
(MAE, 2002).
The city used to host a military airport, which the Government is currently transforming into an
international civil aviation airport. It will link Nacala to the rest of the country and the continent. This
can be expected to translate into renewed economic growth and developments for the entire region
31
and the country as the existing intentions are consolidated. In light of this the rehabilitation and
expansion of the 9 km linking the future airport to the city is seen as highly justified.
In other areas there have been intensive construction operations going on in Nacala Porto, which are
likely to radically transform the city’s internal dynamics and turn into one of the major economic hubs
in northern Mozambique.
Developments in Nacala Porto are being complemented by those occurring and/or planned to take
place in Nacala-a-Velha, the neighboring district. The capital of Nacala-a-Velha is expected to have the
second deep water port by 2015 when Vale Moçambique will start it coal-exporting operations using
Nacala Corridor. Indications are that other developments will follow suit, which in combination will
transform the area defined by both the capitals of Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha into one of the
fastest economic growing areas in Mozambique and eastern and southern Africa. In 2007 the
government decided to establish Nacala Special Economic Zone with the aim of ensuring that the various
development initiatives for this important economic area are adequately coordinated. GAZEDA
(Special Economic Zones Office) was subsequently established to coordinate the various initiatives.
32
6- WORLD BANK SAFEGUARDS POLICIES
In line with the project characteristics, it is to be expected that agriculture and public works will
have expressive weight within PROJECT. It is particularly in the agricultural sector that the inability
to take advantage of the vast natural and social opportunities offered by the country to diversify its
economy, create employment and income opportunities for a large majority is most felt. Due to its
focus on agricultural and basic general infrastructure and systems development PROJECT will
finally trigger only five of the 10+2 World Bank Operational Safeguards Policies, namely,
Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Involuntary Resettlement
(OP/BP 4.12), Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04), and Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11).
These Safeguard Policies are briefly reviewed and described below.
Table 3: Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project
Safeguard Policies Triggered
Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)
Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
Forests (OP/BP 4.36)
Pest Management (OP 4.09)
Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10)
Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)
Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50)
Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60)
Yes
X
X
No
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)
The World Bank’s environmental assessment operational policy requires that all proposed Bankfunded projects, no matter the source of funding be screened for potential environmental and
social impacts. The policy is triggered if a project is likely to have adverse environmental and social
risks and impacts in its area of influence. Likewise, each proposed subproject activity is required to
undergo the same social and environmental screening process to be qualified for funding, i.e. the
systematic usage of both the Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) and the Check-list.
Moreover, according to OP/BP 4.01 the Bank classifies proposed projects into one of four
categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and
magnitude of its potential environmental and social impacts:
Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category “A” if it is likely to have significant
adverse environmental and social impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These
impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a
Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental and social
impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project"
situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for
adverse impacts and improve environmental and social performance. For a Category A project, the
borrower is responsible for preparing safeguards documents, normally either an Environmental and
Social Management Framework (ESMF) when the physical footprint of a project is unknown by
appraisal, or an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA with an Environmental and
Social Management Plan [ESMP]), or an Environmental Audit/Risk Assessment whenever the
physical footprint of a project activity is known prior/by appraisal.
Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category “B” if its potential adverse environmental
and social impacts on human populations or environmentally and socially important areas,
including wetlands; forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats, are less adverse than those of
33
Category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific and easier to deal with; few if any of them
are irreversible; and in most cases appropriate mitigation measures can be readily designed. The
scope of ESIA for a category “B” project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than
that of a category “A” ESIA. Like Category A ESIAs, it examines the project's potential negative
and positive environmental and social impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent,
minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts while improving the project environmental
and social performance. For simple Category B projects with very limited/low social and
environmental impacts the preparation of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
that builds upon an ESMF might be sufficient. Likewise, the preparation of an abbreviated RAP
that builds upon an RPF might suffice; but this will be further dealt with under OP/BP 4.12 below.
Category C: A proposed project is classified as Category “C” if it is likely to have minimal or no
adverse environmental and social impacts. Beyond screening, no further ESMF/ESIA or ESMP or
RPF/RAP action is required for a Category “C” project. Nonetheless, being a category C project
doesn’t necessarily prevent a project to ensure adequate monitoring of both environmental and
social aspects of projects that are beyond safeguards.
Category FI: A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank
funds through a financial intermediary, in sub-projects that may result in adverse environmental and
social impacts."
Mainly because of its limited environmental and social impacts the Project had been now classified
as a Category “B” project.; and since the sub-projects have not yet been clearly identified the World
Bank required the preparation of an ESMF, which is a screening tool to screen sub-projects for
potential environment and social impacts. Most of the subprojects will fall under Category B and
some under Category C. In fact, the only infrastructure the project will be financing will be some
rural feeder roads to link production areas to the main roads as well as to other areas of particular
interest (railway, transformation/industrial units, important trade centers, etc.). Based on the
outcome of the social and environmental screening, to be done by the Environmental, Social,
Health and Safety Specialists, which will work in the two provinces, once defined, sub-projects will
need to prepare a simple ESIA/ESMP, a freestanding ESMP, and an abbreviated RAP or no-action
needed. The costs for the preparation of these ESIAs/ESMPs, freestanding ESMPs or RAPs need
to be included into the Project budget. The outcome of the screening and the determination of the
subproject Category will need to be confirmed and approved by MICOA to verify compliance with
Mozambique’s EIA Policy. Though World Bank policies and procedures are those to be followed,
the TORs for these ESIAs would also need to be approved by both MICOA and the World Bank.
Furthermore, to ensure good compliance with OP/BP 4.04 (Natural Habitats) and OP/BP 4.11
(Physical Cultural Resources), the ESMF has made some provisions to ensure that adequate
measures are taken to minimize the negative impacts that may occur. Like for this ESMF, OP/BP
4.01 also requires that prior to sub-project appraisal, both the GOM through the Ministry for the
Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) and the World Bank will approve and disclose
the ESIA/ESMP, freestanding ESMP and RAP documents, which need to have an Executive
Summary in English and Portuguese in publicly accessible places in the sub-project areas and on the
website of the MPD, as well as on the Infoshop website of the World Bank in Washington DC.
The disclosure will need to be announced in the local newspapers and on the local radio (the
transcripts of these disclosure announcements need to be sent to the World Bank for records
keeping). The disclosure will provide beneficiaries, affected groups and local NGOs the chance to
comment on the sub-project. A notebook and pencils need to be present at the disclosure sites as
means for stakeholders’ comments. The time for providing comments will be minimum 1 month.
Relevant comments need to be included in the final ESIA, ESMP or RAP documents. The GOM,
as the owner of the safeguards documents, must officially submit the approved and disclosed
safeguards instruments/documents to the Bank and authorize IDA to disclose the documents at its
Infoshop in Washington DC. By making the ESMF, a Pest Management Plan (PMP) and RPF
documents available to the public prior to project appraisal, the proposed project will be in
34
compliance with the World Bank Access to Information Policy, and hence ready for Board
approval for funding.
Subprojects also need to be in compliance with the applicable World Bank Environmental, Health
and Safety (EHS) Guidelines of April 2007. These are i) General EHS Guidelines; ii) some of the
Agribusiness/Food Production EHS Guidelines; iii) Tourism and Hospitality Development EHS
Guidelines; and iv) Electric Power Transmission and Distribution EHS Guidelines.
6.2 Pest Management (OP 4.09)
Any World Bank financed project that stimulates the use of pesticides will need to prepare and
disclose prior to project appraisal a Pest Management Plan (PMP). Further, the procurement of any
pesticide in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of
associated risks, taking into account the proposed use and the intended users. With respect to the
classification of pesticides and their specific formulations, the Bank refers to the World Health
Organization’s Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to
Classification (Geneva: WHO 1994-95). The following criteria apply to the selection and use of
pesticides in Bank-financed projects:
a) They must have negligible adverse human health effects;
b) They must be shown to be effective against the target species;
c) They must have minimal effect on non-target species and the natural environment. The
methods, timing, and frequency of pesticide application are aimed at minimizing damage to
natural enemies;
d) Their use must take into account the need to prevent the development of resistance in
pests.
At a minimum, pesticide production, use and management should comply with FAO’s Guidelines
for Packaging, Use and Storage of Pesticides, Guidelines on Good Labeling Practice for Pesticides,
and Guidelines for the Disposal of Waste Pesticide Containers on the Farm. The Bank does not
finance formulated products that fall into WHO classes IA and IB, or formulations of products in
Class II, if (a) the country lacks restrictions on their distribution and use; or (b) they are likely to be
used by, or be accessible to, lay personnel, farmers, or others without training, equipment, and
facilities to handle, store, and apply these products properly.
The proposed project triggers OP 4.09 the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Pest Management,
since it will support agricultural development, it will support post-harvest pest control to minimize
post-harvest pest damage through the program’s improved technology adoption by farmers.
Procurement of pesticides will not be financed until it becomes evident that local capacity exists to
adequately manage their environmental and social impacts in compliance with OP 4.09 as described
above, particularly with regards to health and safety aspects that are directly linked to human health
conditions affecting women, the poor and most vulnerable groups of the community, such as
toddlers, elderly and handicapped.
Given the pest management issues to be dealt with under this project a separate Pest Management
Plan (PMP) has been prepared and will be disclosed prior to project appraisal. The PMP should be
used as part of this ESMF.
6.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
Under the World Bank Safeguard Policy (OP/BP 4.12 - “Involuntary Resettlement”) resettlement
should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs.
Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and
executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources and
means to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons
35
should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in the planning and
implementation of resettlement programs.
Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of
living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing
prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
The World Bank also adopts a broader view on involuntary resettlement by not restricting it to its
usual meaning, i.e. "physical displacement". Depending on the cases, a resettlement action may
include (i) loss of land or physical structures on the land, including business; (ii) the physical
movement, and (iii) the economic rehabilitation of project affected persons (PAPs), economic
displacement, in order to improve (or at least restore) the levels of income or livelihood prevailing
before the action causing the resettlement has taken place”. The policy applies whether or not the
person has to move from the area.
A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for the Project has been prepared to guide involuntary
resettlement operations issues such as land acquisition by setting forth the basic principles and
prerogatives to be followed by the recipient once the physical footprint of the project intervention
area is known (i.e. elaboration of site specific Resettlement Action Plans-RAPs). Thus, this
document (i.e. the ESMF) will not elaborate on resettlement issues but rather be used together with
the standalone RPF. However, the subproject screening procedure described in this ESMF should
also screen for resettlement issues and determine if OP/BP 4.12 will need to be further triggered
and how much detailed the needed RAP will/must be. The Project overall budget should include in
addition to the implementation of this RPF, sufficient funds to finance the preparation and
implementation of site specific RAPs prepared for sub-projects.
6.4 Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
This policy applies to sub-projects, which could have a potential impact on important natural
habitats outside protected areas, protected areas. Significant conversion of natural habitat is allowed
under this policy if there are no viable alternatives, but the affected natural habitat needs to be
compensated by an ecologically similar area of the same or larger size and the area needs to be
better managed and protected. Subprojects involving the significant conversion of critical natural
habitat, i.e. protected areas or critical natural habitat areas outside protected areas where endemic or
endangered species mentioned on the IUCN Red List species are living and which could be
severely affected or made extinct cannot be financed. The ESMF has made some provisions to
ensure that adequate measures are taken to minimize the negative impacts that may occur.
6.5 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
This policy applies to sub-projects where important physical cultural resources (i.e. archeological
sites, special architecture, important cemeteries or where unique immaterial cultural resources) exist
or are affected. In case none of these physical cultural resources exist in a sub-project area, the
bidding documents and the contractor contracts need to include a “Chance Find Procedure”, which
specifies that in case that during construction an important arte-fact is found, construction is
stopped and the responsible Mozambican authorities are warned and involved in an investigation of
the site. Construction can only resume after the green light has been given by the responsible
Mozambican authorities. The ESMF has made some provisions to ensure that adequate measures
are taken to minimize the negative impacts that may occur.
36
7 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT IN
MOZAMBIQUE
Similar to what happened in most countries in Africa after the Rio Conference on Sustainable
Development in 1992; Mozambique has been undertaking an enormous legal and institutional
reform trend. The reform extends to the environmental sector. It has been under implementation
in the form of: (a) adherence to and adoption of a series of international and regional
environmental protection and conservation conventions and protocols; (b) approval of a significant
set of legislation with direct and indirect implications to environmental protection; (c) creation of
specific public institutions or strengthening of existing institutions dedicated to both environmental
and social management.
7.1 Legal Framework
7.1.1 Adherence to International and Regional Conventions and Protocols
In terms of adherence to and adoption of a series of international and regional environmental
protection and conservation conventions and protocols the following should be mentioned:
General principles:
Mozambique has been adhering to a series of international legal instruments that relate to the need
of being proactive in environment protection and conservation. Under line 2 of article 18 of the
country’s Constitution, the rules of international law have the same value in domestic law and once
ratified by the Parliament and Government they become constitutional normative acts. In light of
alinea 1 of article 18, "treaties and international agreements duly approved and ratified, are enacted in the
Mozambican legal order".
Important international and regional treaties and conventions ratified so far include:
The UN Convention on Biodiversity ratified by Resolution n.º 2/94, of 24 of August:
this is aimed at "the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its
components and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic
resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and appropriate transfer
of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and
technologies, as well as through adequate funding”. This international instrument,
advocates the conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and maintenance and
recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings. It is an essential
foundation for the creation, development and protection of conservation areas in the
country, which sometimes can be endangered by carrying out oil and gas operations
and other industrial operations without due regard to the provisions of environmental
legislation
o Convention on the Protection, Management and Development of Marine and Coastal
Environment in East Africa, ratified by Resolution n.º 17/96, of 26 of November: it
highlights a series of measures to protect and conserve the marine and coastal
environment of the Party States, particularly in terms of preventing and combating
pollution and the protection of the regions’ flora and fauna against the growing threats
caused by many human activities.
o African Convention on Nature and Natural Resources Conservation ratified by the
Parliament’s Steering Committee through Resolution n.º 18/81, of 30 December: is
aimed at ensuring the conservation, use and development of land, water, forest and
o
37
o
o
o
wildlife resources of Member States, bearing in mind not only the general principles of
nature conservation, but also the best interests of the communities themselves
Protocol related to Wildlife Conservation and its application in the SADC, ratified by
Resolution n.º 14/2002, of 5 of March: it is aimed at establishing common approaches
and support to conservation and sustainable use of wildlife resources relating to the
effective enforcement of laws in the region and within the domestic laws of each Party
State.
Resolution n.º 21/81, of 30 of December, by the Cabinet that turns Mozambique into
an UICN member: among other it is aimed at encouraging and facilitating cooperation
amongst governments, international organizations and people interested in nature
conservation and its resources.
September 2000 and Millennium Development Goals of September 2000, through
which the GOM accepted and reiterated that the country’s development depends on a
variety of factors influencing each other mutually. Eight goals were selected to be
achieved by 2015 (see MDG). Health, education, water and sanitation occupy a central
position in the commitments.
Other important international and regional conventions and protocols ratified by the Mozambican
State include:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Resolution No. 8/93 of 8 December);
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – UNFCCC (Resolution No.
1/94 of August 24, 1994);
Kyoto Protocol (Resolution No. 10/2004 of 28 July);
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species – CITES (Resolution No.
20/81 of December 30);
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (Resolution No. 11/2001 of 20 December);
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Drought (Resolution No.
20/96 to November 26);
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and (POPs) (Resolution No.
19/96 of November 26, 1996);
Basel Convention on the Control of Trans boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
Their Disposal (Resolution 18/96 to November 26, 1996);
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Resolution 10/2009 of 29 September.
The Convention entered into force in Mozambique in July 2010)
7.1.2 Approval of Domestic Policy and Legal Instruments
General Legislation
The Constitution
Mozambique’s 2004 Constitution includes two fundamental environmental pylons, namely: “the
right of every citizen to live in a clean environment and the responsibility to protect this right” as
well as recognition of environmental protection as a public interest.
The country’s fundamental law contains a series of general legal provisions aimed at preventing and
controlling pollution and erosion; integration of environmental concerns into sectorial policies;
promotion of the integration of environmental values in educational policies and programs;
ensuring the rational use of natural resources while maintaining their capacity for renewal,
ecological stability and human rights of future generations. It is also concerned with the promotion
of land use planning with a view to ensure an adequate location of activities and a sensible socioeconomic development.
38
Poverty reduction strategies19
At the macroeconomic level, PARP III20 defines the main policy guidelines leading to the
integration of the environment, social and environmental health issues into the poverty alleviation
strategy. As part of those priorities for the environment, sanitation ranks first, highlighting the direct
relationship between conditions of access to water and sanitation, poverty and the health status of the population.
Poor health and poverty are seen as closely linked. Under “sanitation, health and environmental”,
the health subsector has been placed at the top of the agenda in the fight against poverty.
The Environmental Law n.º 20/97, of 1 of October 1997
This Act is “aimed at defining the legal bases for a correct use and management of the environment and its
components for the realization of a system of sustainable development in the country”.
Article 4 of the Environment Law establishes a range of basic legal principles, which highlight: the
principle of rational use and management of environmental components, with a view to further
improve the quality of life of citizens and the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystems; the
precautionary principle, whereby the environmental management should prioritize the
establishment of systems to prevent acts that could be harmful to the environment, to prevent the
occurrence of significant negative environmental impacts or irreversible damage, regardless of the
existence of scientific certainty about the occurrence of such impacts, and the principle of global
and integrated vision of the environment as a set of interdependent natural ecosystems, which must
be managed so as to maintain their functional balance.
This law has formed the basis for defining specific environmental laws and regulations.
The Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) Regulation, approved by Decree n.º
45/2004, of 29 of September
Mozambique has developed comprehensive regulations to cover the EIA process, which are
included in the Regulation of the Process for Environmental Impact Assessment21. The regulations
are in line with the world’s environmental and social management best practices, including World
Bank recommendations and procedures.
There are three main specific objectives of any EA exercise:



Screening and scoping of the proposed developments in terms of their potential impacts
on the natural and social receiving environment, indicating both its beneficial outcomes
and adverse effects. The initial screening is meant to determine the scope of the
Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA) required prior to approval of
interventions. If any investment is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts
that are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented (Category A), the ESIA will be more stringent
than if the investment has impacts which are less adverse, site-specific, mostly reversible
and where adequate mitigation measures can be designed (Category B). For investments
with multiple sub-projects, this screening is often done in the form of a checklist of
potential impacts included in standard Environmental and Social Management Frameworks
(ESMFs).
The actual Environmental Impacts Assessment (ESIA), which assesses the potential
impacts of the investment in detail and evaluates alternatives.
Proposal of measures to be taken in order to avoid, mitigate and/or eliminate adverse
effects both at the planning, design and installation stages, and during operation and
There have been three poverty reduction strategies guiding the country’s development since 1996.
Poverty Reduction Action Plan 2011-2014
21 Decree 45/2004 of September 29, 2004 and Decree 42/2008 of November 04, 2008.
19
20
39
eventual decommissioning of the project. This is generally done in the form of an
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), which is normally an intrinsic part of
the ESIA.
The Scoping Exercise, ESIA and the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) are
components of particular importance in any EA process. Scoping primarily explores fundamental
issues and identifies any potentially significant positive and negative environmental (and social)
impacts associated with the proposed development, helping to determine the scope of the
Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment. An ESMF and an ESMP include in an annex
Environmental and Social Clauses (ESC), which serves as a guide for the contractor during
construction. One of these clauses is the “Chance Find Procedure” mentioned earlier. These ESC
should be included in the bidding documents and in Constructions Companies Contracts for
systematic compliance during project construction.
The ESIA regulation also foresees that the Draft Scoping/TOR and Draft ESIA/ESMP should be
subject to public debate with the objective of:
 Keeping Interested and Affected Parties (PI&As) informed about key issues and findings
of each stage of the ESIA;
 Gathering concerns and interests expressed by various project stakeholders;
 Obtaining contributions/opinions from stakeholders in terms of avoiding/minimizing
possible negative impacts and maximize positive impacts of the project; and
 Supporting the social dialogue and identifying from the onset, stakeholders’ perceptions
and expectations. This can contribute to the action planning and effective communication
in order to minimize the impacts of the project. The process also allows for rethinking the
project’s technical aspects
Specific public participation aspects are regulated by Diplomas 129/2006 and 130/2006 and other
related regulatory instruments.
Certain interventions might require people to be resettled. The Regulation of the Environmental
and Social Impacts Assessment Process, which governs the EIA process in Mozambique, says very
little about resettlement, except in its Annex I, point 1. Infrastructures, line a), where it states
“under environmental licensing, all interventions requiring people to be resettled will be considered
as Category A Activities”.
After many years of not having a single instrument to guide resettlement planning and action on
August 8, 2012 the Cabinet approved Decree 31/2012, the new “Regulation on the Resettlement Process
Resulting from Economic Activities”. This regulation fills a longstanding void in this regard. However, as
it stands, this new regulation contradicts a lot with the applicable World Bank Operational
Safeguards Policy (OP/BP 4.12) in various angles/domains as highlighted below


Article 15 indicates that a Resettlement Action Plan is part of the Environmental Impact
Assessment, as per Decree 45/2004, of September 29 of the latter process;
Decree 31/2012 makes no provision of Framework as a starting point in situations where
project intervention area’s footprints are not known; nor does it provide (i) basic
characteristics to trigger resettlement, (ii) entitlement eligibility criteria, and/or (iii) room
for grievance redress mechanism upon which PAP can rely upon for peaceful resolution of
their concerns.
Moreover, for the most of this new Decree, it seems worth stressing out that its practical
implications are still to be tested and assessed. Preliminary indications are that it does not solve the
need to be specific in certain areas of the resettlement process, which continue to be spread over a
series of legal documents. Thus, it will continue to be necessary to creatively combine those
documents to devise the best measures to be adopted in relation to specific issues. In fact,
Mozambique legislation guiding involuntary resettlement is spread over a series of legal documents
40
dealing with land, general rights, compensation, etc. To counteract potential inconsistencies derived
from using laws and regulations that are not always easy to harmonize, most of the resettlement
procedures undertaken to date by development initiatives in Mozambique have followed the
OP/BP 4.12 of the World Bank on Involuntary Resettlement, which is systematically endorsed by
the Government, as one of the member-countries. The Policy covers the involuntary taking of land,
as well as restriction of access to means of livelihood.
Whenever an investment is likely to result in involuntary resettlement, a Resettlement Policy
Framework (RPF) the borrower should be prepared, defining the principles, organizational
arrangements, criteria for eligibility and compensation, grievance redress mechanisms and
monitoring processes to be adopted. Once the Social Screening process (also included in the ESMF
environmental and social screening form – ESSF) has determined with certainty that resettlement
will be needed, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is further prepared, approved and implemented
prior to the physical implementation of the civil works activities. The details are presented in the
RPF already mentioned above, which has been prepared as a standalone document as part of the
Project.
Regulation to Prevent Pollution and Protect Marine and Coastal Environment, approved by
Decree n.º 45/2006, of 30 of November
This instrument has, as its aim: to prevent and limit pollution from illegal discharges from ships,
platforms or land-based sources, off the coast of Mozambique and the establishment of legal bases
for the protection and conservation of areas in the sea, lake and river, beaches and fragile
ecosystems that are public domain. It also categorizes the various activities and determines the
levels of their acceptability. It also deals with land-based sources of marine pollution.
The Forests and Wildlife Law (Law n.º 10/99, of 7 of June) and specific regulations
Among other aspects, the law defines the protection and conservation of specific biodiversity
components as well as certain flora and fauna species found in certain places
The Land Law (Law n.º 19/97, of 1 of October)
The law and its Regulation 66/98, provide the basis to define access rights, land use rights and
procedures for the acquisition and use of land title by the communities and individuals. The same
law and the regulation embodies key aspects defined in the constitution in relation to the land such
as the maintenance of the land as state property and that land cannot be sold as well as the absence
of a "land market" per se in the country. Among other aspects it defines “areas meant to meet
public interest” as belonging to public domain. It also protects customary and community rights
over land.
The Land Planning Law (Law n.º 19/2007 of 18 of July) and its regulation
It establishes a number of important principles for environmental protection in the context of
regional planning. Line 1 of article. 5 of this Act, states “land use planning aims to ensure the
organization of national space and sustainable use of natural resources, noting the country's
economic legal, administrative, cultural and material conditions favorable to social development
and, to promote the quality of life, the protection and conservation of the environment. It
establishes hierarchical responsibilities among central, provincial, district and local governments in
land use planning processes.
National Water Law in 1991 and the National Water Policy from 199522
22
Updated in 2007
41
Under the water law and policy the following principles are adhered to: (i) water supply and
sanitation services should be provided in accordance with the demand and economic capacity of
the users; (ii) tariffs should allow for the recovery of operational and maintenance costs, and later
contribute to investment and sustainability of the systems; and (iii) in as far as possible water supply
and sanitation services should be decentralized to autonomous local agencies. Under the water law
and policy, water and sanitation are formally dealt with as a unity although sanitation is seen as still
being in a situation of relative disadvantage.
A process of separation of functions and roles and responsibilities of the various role players has
been underway. In water, water resources and bulky water production roles have been separated
from water supply asset holding and from water services management. A regulatory entity has also
been established with the mandate of keeping a balance between government and private sector
management at the same time that consumers are given a voice in infrastructure planning and
management. The government retains the role of policy formulation and general promotion.
However, in practical terms the country is still going through a transition process with government
interfering across the entire sector doing cumulatively policy formulation, regulation,
implementation and management of services. Nonetheless, there has been enormous progress
made in both implementation and institutional adaptation.
The Law on Local State Administration no 8/2003 and Decree no 15/2000 on Local
Authorities
These legal instruments expand the level of control and responsibility to local authorities for local
development and decentralization.
Mine (14/2002) and Oil (3/2001) Laws
The Law n. º 14/2002 of 26 June regulates the terms of exercising the rights and duties relating to
the use and exploitation of mineral resources with respect for the environment, considering their
rational use and benefit to the national economy. The same law stipulates that "the right to use and
exploit mineral resources shall be exercised in accordance with the best and safest mining practices,
in compliance with the environmental quality standards established by law and with a view to
developing a long-term sustainability”. Specific areas in which sustainability should be materialized
include: a) reconnaissance b) exploration and research; c) mining; d) treatment and processing, e)
marketing or other uses of the mineral product, and f) other related purposes. In its turn Law
3/2001 of February 21 is governed by the same principles as stipulated above and regulates oil
production in the country.
Pesticides Regulation (Ministerial Diploma nr 153/2002, of 11 of September)
This is a joint regulation between the ministries of agriculture, health and environment aimed at
regulating the importation, distribution, production, disposal and use of agrarian pesticides for the
protection of animal and public health purposes. It requires all operators active in the importation,
distribution, production of pesticides to be registered. It also classifies the various pesticides in
three major categories, where those of Class III and II are the least lethal and those of Class I are
the most lethal. It also regulates the labeling and packaging of pesticides, as ways of facilitating
identification and protecting the environment and particularly public health.
Occupational Health and Safety
Occupational health and safety combine provisions from different legal instruments namely: the
Constitution, the Labor Law and a series of provisions from subordinate legislation, much of it
inherited from the colonial period. ILO conventions, especially Convention no 17, related with
compensation for workplace accidents as well as ILO Convention no 18, regarding compensation
for occupational illnesses, also apply.
42
The Constitution (Article 85) states that all workers have a right to a fair wage, rest and vacation
and to a safe and hygienic work environment. The Labor Law (Articles 216 through 236) indicates
that workers have the right to work under hygienic and safe conditions and that employers have the
obligation to create such conditions and to inform workers regarding the risks associated with
specific tasks that they are supposed to perform. This could be in the form of safety equipment and
work clothing to prevent accidents and negative effects on workers’ health. Under the Labor Law
employers and workers are expected to work together to ensure health and safety at the work place.
Companies with high risk of accidents or occupational hazards are required to establish workplace
safety committees to ensure compliance with health and safety norms investigate the causes of
accidents and organize preventive measures. Such committees must include representatives of both
the employer and the workers.
The Labor Law also stipulates that industry-specific regulations on health and workers’ safety may
be established by ministerial diploma, by the Minister of Labor, the Minister of Health or the
Minister in charge of the specific sector. It is worth mentioning that in 2008 (December) the
Ministry of Health approved its specific guidelines in this regard (MISA/DNAM (December 2008)
– “Guidelines on Safety and Health in the Workplace”, Maputo, Mozambique).
Large size companies (i.e. with more than 100 employees) and companies carrying out strenuous,
unhealthy or highly dangerous activities must have health units on site. Medical professionals are
supposed to regularly examine workers to determine, among others, if they are well enough to do
the work called for in their contracts. HIV/AIDS tests fall outside such a provision. For certain
sectors and in line with their specific provisions regular health checks are mandatory. Such is the
case of workers dealing with food and beverages.
7.2 Institutional Framework
The GOM established the Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA), in
1994. MICOA has been refining its approach to tackle environmental management by adopting
medium to long-term strategies and policies. In more recent times, focus has been on (i) integration
of land use planning into decentralized planning, (ii) reduction of the people living in
environmentally risky and sensitive areas; (iii) environmental education and promotion; and (iv)
regulation and supervision of natural resources management activities. These aspects are enshrined
in the Environmental Strategy for Sustainable Development 2007-2017 (EADS). MICOA is a
coordinating entity in recognition of the fact that environmental management is the result of a
combination of interventions by a series of development sectors and stakeholders at various levels.
Main areas of intervention include policy formulation, general promotion, planning,
research/technologies, investment in infrastructures and other relevant areas, regulation,
surveillance, extension/education/awareness creation, etc. The understanding of environment as a
crosscutting subject coordinated by MICOA has led to the definition of environmental line
ministries to integrate the other ministries/sectors that deal directly with the main environmental
components, i.e. soil and subsoil, water, air and the biotic components (plant and animal). In
general, these can also subdivided into two major categories:
(i) Those depending directly on natural resources as their main source of raw materials (inputs)
comprise:
1. Agriculture (land and forests)
2. Fisheries (fishery resources)
3. Mines (mineral resources)
4. Public works and housing (water and land)
(ii) Those whose outputs depend largely on the supply of environmental services comprise:
5. Energy (water, mineral resources, biotic elements for bio fuels, etc.)
6. Tourism (landscape and wildlife)
7. Health (water and infrastructures)
43
At present, the list of environmental line ministries includes, but it is not limited to:







Energy: Energy production and distribution (electricity, fuels and renewable energy);
Agriculture: Plant and animal production, forests and wildlife, land and cadaster,
agricultural irrigation and agricultural research and extension ;
Health: health including environmental health as part of public health;
Mining/Mineral Resources: Geology, mines and fossil fuels;
Public Works and Housing: Water, buildings, roads and bridges, housing and
urbanization;
Tourism: Tourism and respective hotel industry as well as conservation areas related with
tourism;
Fisheries: Fisheries’ management and inspection, fisheries research and technologies.
PROJECT planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation can substantially benefit from this
institutional arrangement for sustainable management of environmental and social factors. As
indicated, to begin with, the Project Steering Committee will be chaired by MPD and will consist of
representatives from the ZVDA, GAZEDA, MPD, MICOA, MMAS MTC, MOPH and
MINAGRIRI. This institutional arrangement is also meant to ensure that all relevant sectors and
institutions have a voice in all important stages of PROJECT development, including in
environmental and social implications of the project.
It should be mentioned that although there has been increased harmonization between the GOM
Regulations and the WB Safeguards Policies, differences in a number of areas and aspects remain.
Under the Project whenever there is a conflict between national legislation and World Bank
safeguards policies, the later prevails.
44
8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONCERNS OF
TARGETED AREAS
In addition to contacts with central level institutions in Maputo city, the districts of Nampula City,
Nampula Rapale and Mecuburi, in Nampula province, Moatize, Mutarara and Tete, in Tete
province as well as Morrumbala in Zambezia province were visited between 23 and 26 October
2012 for reconnaissance and preliminary assessment of the field conditions and initial public
consultation with local stakeholders. During the final stage of project formulation and after
clarification of its initial geographical boundaries and general orientation the districts of Nampula
city, Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha in Nampula province and those of Tete City, Angonia,
Tsangano and Macanga, in Tete were visited from 17 to 22 January 2013. The latter visit was aimed
at presenting to and getting feedback from main stakeholders on project’s structure and contents
and the impacts that it is likely to be associated with as well as ways of dealing with its different
aspects. Details about the public consultation process are presented in Chapter 10 of this
document.
Extensive literature review was also carried out with the purpose of identifying key environmental
and social concerns in the project areas.
From the public consultation that has been conducted so far, the following issues seem to deserve
special attention:
Land use planning: In compliance The Land Planning Law (Law n.º 19/2007 of 18 of July) and
its respective regulation the districts have been instructed to prepare and have been preparing
district and inter-district land use plans, while towns and cities and respective governments
including municipalities work on urban plans within the areas under their jurisdiction. In line with
the law, the plans are aimed at:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
guaranteeing the right to land occupation for people and local communities;
re-qualifying urban areas, which due to a combination of factors, including the war that
ended in 1992, have been growing in an unplanned way in many places;
identifying and enhancing capabilities;
preserving the ecological balance of soil quality and fertility;
ensuring compatibility and coordinate environmental and social policies and strategies
and socio-economic development;
optimizing management of natural resources; and
managing land conflicts.
In most cases, these plans have not yet been completed but they are seen as important instruments
in deciding the siting of interventions including those expected to fall under the Project. Local and
central level stakeholders, are of the opinion that in a practical way, the Project should endeavor to
support the smooth completion of the land use plans as part of the process of deciding the best
location of the various interventions is seen as highly relevant. Since this component is no longer
part of the project what is left is for the project to try to align its interventions with the existing
land use plans. Annex 1 presents the status quo of the preparation of District Land Use Plans
(PDUT), which can be used to enlighten the Project approach. The annex does not include
municipal land use plans. It shows that the districts of Nacala Porto, Nacala-a-Velha and Macanga
have their PDUT prepared (in 2009 (Nacala Porto and Macanga) and 2010 (Nacala-a-Velha)) and
that Angonia and Tsangano are yet to prepare such plans.
It should also be noted that even where PDUT exist in some cases the quality of such instruments
is not adequate. Assistance might be needed to bring them up to the required standard.
45
Widespread resettlement processes: people living in a number of areas within the project
boundaries e.g. in and around Tete/Moatize and Nacala Corridor (Nacala Porto and Nacala-aVelha), as well as the margins of the main rivers (e.g. Zambezi and Shire), have been subject to a
series of resettlement processes in the last few years. The resettlement processes were done as a way
of opening space for investment projects (coal operations, construction and rehabilitation of
railways, ports, roads, water supply systems, etc.) and protection against recurring flooding. Local
stakeholders from these districts are also of the opinion that the Project interventions should be
planned, designed and implemented in such a way as to avoid huge resettlement and particularly
resettling the same people and/or communities that have been subject to resettlement by previous
interventions, and/or resettling more people of the same community. In the event of that happens
(i.e. additional resettlement) that could be extremely disruptive to local livelihoods, and hence
source of potential social conflicts that, if not well managed/contained could hinder the overall
project outcome, and to a certain level, cause a possible reputational risk to both the WB and the
GoM.
Protection of areas of special importance (conservation/protected areas and wetlands): as
seen in the description of the receiving natural environment together the two major areas of the
project space are rich in areas of special importance such as conservation and protected areas as
well as wetlands, including protect species. WB and GOM requirements for managing those areas
in a sustainable manner will have to be adhered to in all Project interventions. A list of protected
areas and species, including those in the IUCN red-list will be compiled as part of the ESMF to
serve as the guide for PROJECT in terms of conservation.
Assisting all categories of farmers to increase their production and productivity: for
agricultural promotion, a rapid assessment indicates that in the three districts selected to form the
Angonia Cluster (i.e. Angonia, Tsangano and Macanga), finding sizable portions of land, bigger
than 20-30 ha to allocate to small and medium commercial farmers, will not be easy. Even
commercial farmers will have to rely on smaller portions of land. Under such circumstances, it
suggested that all categories of farmers be assisted to increase their production and productivity
with the land that they have and will have available in the short to medium term rather than
focusing on providing some of them with bigger farms of 100 ha or more, which will definitely be
difficult to find. At present, the average plot size in the hands of small commercial farmers hardly
exceeds 15 ha in Angonia and Tsangano. While the family sector farms are between 1 to 5 ha.
Experiences in other countries shows that with adequate organization and structures, dedicated
agricultural technical assistance, market linkages and general assistance even farmers with 1-2 ha of
land can play a significant role in agriculture development that feeds national and international
markets.
46
9 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
As stated in Chapter 2 of this document the project will have four main components:
1. Component 1: Support for the Tete agribusiness growth pole in the Zambezi Valley
2. Component 2: Support for the Nacala Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in the Nacala
Corridor
3. Component 3: Institutional Development and Capacity Building
4. Component 4: Project Implementation
Activities under these four components will affect the different environmental and social
components in different ways. The environmental components to be directly affected include:






land resources on which the proposed small-scale infrastructure, such as rural feeder
roads, a water supply pipeline, warehouses and other buildings, etc. will be built;
air quality, which has the potential to be negatively affected by dust generated from the
various construction/rehabilitation and project operations;
soils which may be polluted with pesticides;
water resources including freshwater and seawater (Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha),
which will be affected by the discharge of fertilizers, nutrients, different chemicals to
be used for pest management, water abstraction, diversions, and debris from civil
works, oil spills, etc.;
vegetation which may have to be cleared to pave the way for new farming areas and
roads; and
communities, which will generally benefit from the project, but at times could be
negatively affected, e.g. the risk of the loss of land and/or loss of assets.
The preliminary identification of Project potential environmental and social impacts was done
considering the environmental and social components that are likely to be affected by the Project
activities. This was done through literature review of projects implemented in the same areas and
through public consultation with key stakeholders, particularly community representatives, local
leaders and key informants and professional judgment.
9.1 Potential adverse environmental and social impacts
The environmental and social impacts will result from the project activities under components 1
and 2. These impacts relate to the final design, construction and operation of rural feeder roads in
the Angonia area, roads in the Nacala area, urban water supply and electricity transmission line in
Nacala as well as other physical infrastructure, such as warehouses for agricultural products. Further
impacts will be caused by the increased use of fertilizers and agro-chemicals, including herbicides
and pesticides, as well as installation and operation of agro-processing and storage facilities.
Adequate selection criteria for investors will need to be applied to avoid the risk that communities
lose the access to their land. Large-scale investors, which need to acquire large land areas will
not be supported. In Tete, in particular, there have been negative experiences in this regard in
recent times. The project should, by all means, avoid the repetition of such experiences. In addition,
investors who want to introduce genetically modified organisms (GMOs), grow tobacco and drugs
will not be supported.
For all environmental and social impacts the applicable World Bank Group Environmental, Health
and Safety (EHS) Guidelines of April 2007 will need to be applied. Especially the General EHS
Guidelines and the Agribusiness and Food Production EHS Guidelines will need to be applied. The
applicable Agribusiness and Food Production EHS Guidelines will be applied to the Agro47
processing facilities from investors who are associated with Project financed activities. Also the
Electric Transmission and Distribution EHS Guidelines will apply.
Although the expected environmental and social impacts will be limited in extension, the following
negative environmental and social impacts can be expected:
Soil
During construction activities, soil erosion may be caused by exposure of soil surfaces to rain and
wind during site clearing, earth moving, and excavation activities. Improper grading of land may
also cause drainage and erosion problems. The resulting soil particles may be transported into
surface drainage networks and rivers, thus, affecting the quality of natural water systems and
ultimately the biological systems using the waters. Water may accumulate in excavated pits
potentially leading to the breeding of insects and other infectious organisms, which could increase
the prevalence of malaria and bilharzia. Accidental spill of oil or lubricant may infiltrate into the soil
and enter surface or groundwater. Increased use of fertilizers and agro-chemicals (pesticides) will
also affect soil quality.
Air Emissions
Construction and rehabilitation activities of rural feeder roads, access road, transmission line and
water mains to the Nacala SEZ, agro-processing facilities, buildings, etc. are usually associated with
the release of dust generated from land clearing, excavation and movement of earth materials, cut
and fill operations, contact of construction machinery with bare soil, and exposure of bare soil and
soil piles to wind. The use of construction equipment and power generators is expected to release
exhaust related pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides
(SOx), particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbons (HCs). Agro-processing facilities can cause air
pollution. The air emission standards in the applicable World Bank Group Agribusiness and Food
Production Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, as well as the General Environmental,
Health and Safety Guidelines need to be applied. The cleaning and rehabilitation of fuel oil tanks in
oil storage facilities may generate volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. For small
operations as the ones expected under PROJECT air emissions during rehabilitation/construction
and operation phases tend to be confined to the immediate vicinity of the
rehabilitation/construction and operation sites and will have insignificant impacts on air quality.
Adequate preventive, design and management measures will suffice to prevent such emissions from
being harmful to people and surrounding biophysical setting.
Noise
During construction/rehabilitation and operation activities, noise may be caused by the operation
of pile drivers and demolition machines, earth moving and excavation equipment, generators,
concrete mixers, cranes as well as fuel oil tank erection and pipe laying works. The increased noise
level may impact on construction workers and nearby residential areas. However, most of the
impact will be limited to the works’ implementation phase and will end when the works are
complete. Noise levels may not exceed 55 dB during day time and 45 dB during the night in
residential areas and 70 dB in industrial areas during all times during the day and night.
Solid and Liquid Wastes
Solid and liquid wastes will be produced during construction and operation. This solid and liquid
waste needs to be managed. Non-dangerous wastes can be disposed of in urban landfills.
Hazardous wastes, such as used oils need to be disposed in an environmentally sound manner.
They are normally disposed off through a contractual arrangement with the oil suppliers, who will
take the waste oils away for recycling.
48
Rehabilitation of fuel storage facilities may involve the removal of contaminated soils around fuel
dispensers, piping, and tanks. Depending on the type and concentration of contaminants present,
such soils may need to be managed as hazardous wastes. In addition, bulky, inert and contaminated
solid waste items are likely to be generated during the rehabilitation of fuel storage facilities such as
damaged tanks. If improperly managed such wastes may constitute an environmental problem.
These facilities will need to be removed and disposed of in an environmentally sound manner by
the contractors.
Water Quality
Surface water pollution may result from uncontrolled discharges into freshwater or brackish water
rivers (e.g. Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha). Accidental spills of oil, polluted runoff from polluted
areas and sediment transport. The latter impact is particularly significant when rehabilitation and /
or construction activities occur within or in close proximity to surface water such as in the case of
the rehabilitation and/or construction of heavy fuel oil supply facilities on the coastal strip. Polluted
water flowing into surface water bodies could impact the aquatic organisms and affect the quality of
life of downstream water users when river waters are involved. Many people are still using river
water as a source for drinking water. Groundwater contamination may occur from percolation of
oil and lubricants into soil. Nevertheless, waters disturbed by rehabilitation and construction
activities are likely to recover when sediment or other pollution is controlled and natural processes
are permitted to replenish. Agro-processing facilities can cause water pollution. The effluent
standards in the applicable World Bank Group Agribusiness and Food Production Environmental,
Health and Safety Guidelines, as well as the General Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines
need to be applied.
Flora and Fauna
Stream pollution by sediments from rehabilitation and construction activities often consists of
suspended and settable solid particles that may coat, bury, suffocate or abrade living organisms such
as eggs, larvae, fish, etc. Many aquatic invertebrates and fish may undergo changes in population
density and community composition if high concentrations of suspended solids occur. Aquatic
vegetation may be adversely affected by a reduction in photosynthesis due to high turbidity.
Dredging may also increase turbidity and sediment load and reintroduce into suspension bottom
sludge trapping toxic precipitates. The toxic sludge may be ingested or concentrated in freshwater
or marine plant and animal species and biologically magnified in the food chains. Detonations from
blasting for in-stream foundation excavations may produce underwater shock waves potentially
injuring or killing fish in their sphere of influence.
Accidental oil spills in aquatic ecosystems can cause significant mortality in aquatic organisms.
These spills need to be prevented at all means by locating fueling and machine maintenance stations
at least 100 meter from rivers.
The installation of power transmission lines and towers in forest areas requires the clearing of tall
trees within the rights-of-way/corridors of impact to prevent power outages through contact of
branches with transmission lines and towers, ignition of forest fires, corrosion of steel equipment,
blocking of equipment access and interference with critical grounding equipment. The construction
of power generation facilities and sub-stations as well as the installation of water transmission
mains and water distribution networks (Nacala Porto) also requires the clearing of trees and
vegetation. Therefore, construction activities may result in loss of forests and plant cover,
disturbance and loss of fauna habitats, weakening and degradation of soils, disturbance of the
natural landscape and morphology. Thus, the adequate selection of the location of a facility or the
right of way of transmission/distribution lines for electricity and water supply can significantly
reduce impacts on biodiversity. The losses of trees need to be compensated in the same area.
49
Health and Safety
Safety issues may arise during the rehabilitation and construction phases if community’s access to
works’ sites is not controlled. People may be injured by construction machinery or may fall in open
trenches (roads, water supply and other works).
The rehabilitation/construction and operation of fuel supply facilities are associated with the risk of
release of flammable material due to accidental damages to the fuel tanks from works-induced
activities, such as landslides or collapse of tall structures such as cranes, and broken pipelines from
works-induced vibration.
Health and safety measures at the construction sites, as described in the World Bank
Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines need to be applied and enforced by the contractors.
These include the wearing of protective clothing, masks, construction site boots, helmets, gloves
and others.
Pesticide Use and Management
The general use and management of pesticides including transport, storage and re-use by women
and illiterate people can be associated with a multitude of risks to the users themselves and the
social and natural environment. The management measures foreseen in the PMP need to be
thoroughly applied to prevent any hazards from happening.
Socio-Economic
The rehabilitation and construction phase will generate a number of short-term job opportunities
for the local people, as well as new opportunities to improve livelihoods for local communities and
reduce poverty.
If adequate measures are not put in place, there will also be some potential negative socio-economic
impacts, especially related to loss of land through the wrong selection of investors (land-grabbing)
and loss of land and property as a consequence of involuntary resettlement. There is also a potential
risk to the disturbance of physical cultural resources, and the potential negative impact of the influx
of external workers, including foreign workers.
The installation of water supply pipelines in agricultural, housing and commercial lands may cause
damage to cultivated crops (depending on how and when the land is taken from farmers to be
passed on to PROJECT subprojects and other related initiatives), housing components (e.g. fences,
walls, etc.) informal businesses (kiosks/vending stalls and barracas), including on components of
other public and private utilities (e.g. telecommunication and electricity poles along the roads). This
could be potentially associated with social problems such as the loss of houses and structures on
the land, and facilities, and the potential negative impacts on livelihoods of the communities who
lived on the land or used it for cultivation.
At the social level, there could be increased tensions between farmers with regard to land issues or
between pastoralists and farmers related to wandering livestock. In some of the districts this is
already a serious problem, which, if not adequately managed, could get worse as PROJECT
progresses.
Activities that may also result in negative impacts are:

the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), which would make farmers for 100%
dependent on multi-nationals and could have other negative impacts on poverty levels and
health;
50


the introduction and adoption of innovative practices (cultural itineraries, post-harvest
practices), e.g. through the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides;
support to semi-industrial processes and packaging, e.g. increased use of antibiotics to
control diseases.
Overall, the project activities could have negative impacts on certain aspects of local livelihoods,
housing, social and economic infrastructure and natural resources, not only because of the facilities
and infrastructure that will be provided, but especially because of the influx of local, regional and
even international investors and workers.
The environmental and social risk factors and challenges of the project will be: (i) unauthorized
occupation (and non-consensual) of land belonging to local people; (ii) increased population,
certainly due to an increasing number of influx because of the numerous mining concessions
and/or economic boom in the region, which will result in increased needs of land; (iii) work
conflicts and disputes for work between local people and people from other parts of the country
and/or outside the country; (iv) the likely widespread of STIs including HIV/AIDS.
In addition to agriculture and housing land as described above, the influx of additional agricultural
investors and of an external work force also has the potential to result in the need of increased
infrastructure for water supply, sanitation, schools and health centers.
Physical Cultural Resources
In Mozambique it is common for projects of this nature to interfere negatively with sites of
cultural, religious or historic importance (e.g. family and community cemeteries and other sacred
places). Upon discovery of graves, cemeteries, cultural sites of any kind, including ancient heritage,
relics or anything that might or believed to be of archeological or historical importance during any
stage of project development, such findings should be immediately reported to the Project
Management in order to ascertain the measures to be taken to protect such historical or
archaeological resources. All forms of inappropriate removal/disposal should be avoided.
9.2 Other potential adverse socio-economic impacts
Resettlement
Although limited in size, it was observed that resettlement could take place in the project
intervention areas. The potentially affected structures are permanent houses, shops, temporary sale
points, food vending areas, farmed areas (crops), trees belonging to local people/entities, etc.,
which are very close to the existing roads or within the sites to be proposed sites for different
interventions, e.g. roads, feeder roads, water supply water mains and distribution network, etc.
Specific reference is made to interventions such as the installation of water mains and distribution
network in yet undetermined sites in Nacala, the upgrading of the R605 from N304 near Mphulu
through Tsangano to Ulongwe (103.5 km); and R604 from N304 near Ulongwe through Domue to
Furancungo (112.5 km) in Tete, etc. mainly due to their linear nature and the limited level of
encroachment, in most cases, if not all, an abbreviated resettlement action plan (RAP) will suffice as
in each case only a limited number of people and assets are likely to be affected.
Increase in HIV/AIDSs and STDs Cases
The spread of HIV/AIDS is likely to increase, especially during infrastructure development and
construction, when workers from outside the region are brought into to it to live for long periods
without their respective spouses. During operation interaction with truck drivers and other external
workers with local women could be an open door for HIV/AIDS and/or ISTs propagation,
especially among poor households, women and a younger generation often used as sex-workers to
be self-sustained or sustain their families. Contractors should develop and implement an
51
HIV/AIDS-IST prevention plan, which should include the training as an awareness raising
campaign of their workers and the surrounding communities, provision of sufficient and free
condoms of good quality to their work force, provide treatment for workers who are infected, etc.
Work/job conflicts between local people and external work force (national, regional and
international)
If not adequately managed there could be real conflicts and/or misunderstandings surrounding the
criteria for hiring of an external work force. Without clear criteria and communication local people
might look at the hiring of external work force as unjust and detrimental to their immediate
interest. This has the potential to cause conflicts and disruptions, including violence.
9.3 Potential positive impacts
Improvement of local infrastructure and particularly rural feeder roads, meant to connect
agricultural producers to markets will lead to the adding of value to local agricultural products. The
districts have specific roads that they regard as high priority and which they see as fundamental to
facilitate liaison with the railway and make it possible for local farmers to use both the road and
railway to transport their goods to the markets and processing centers.
The improvement of local infrastructure can also be expected to lay the foundations for the
extension of telecommunication and internet networks (mobile), electricity and other amenities,
which will contribute to making local economy more modern and competitive, as well as improve
people’s livelihoods, habits (i.e. way of thinking and conducting their daily lives) and way of
socializing (increase inter-village/inter-community exchanges, etc.).
Implementation of the Project will, among others, stimulate private investment in the agricultural
sector. Serious constraints may be lifted by the establishment of basic infrastructure while providing
considerable support to the private sector institutions and national as well as foreign initiatives
throughout value chains.
In environmental terms, the project will result in better management of natural resources
surrounding planned interventions.
In social terms, the positive impacts of project activities could be brought by external investors
introducing new production systems, technologies and practices. It is expected that these
investments will contribute to improved technology and farming systems (e.g. horticulture and rice
cultivation), reduction of post-harvest losses, improving revenue and marketing conditions, a better
utilization of production processing; broadening the range of products, strengthening the skills of
the various actors in the rice and horticultural sectors (producers, traders, transporters, traders,
etc.).
At the community level, in addition to the availability, accessibility and affordability of transport
and telecommunication services, the expected impacts will be: improved food security, reducing the
risk of hunger, improving nutrition and increased protein intake, and the creation of new and
development of agricultural employment (reduction of unemployment and the exodus of young
people, the creation of local employment opportunities, improved living conditions. Additionally,
the project will open rural feeder roads that will facilitate production and economic flux within and
among provinces and districts.
The project will provide opportunities for development of horticulture in the project area: (i)
private actors will develop horticultural sectors - including high value-added products for export,
(ii) models of win-win partnership between rural communities and private investors can be
expected to emerge.
52
The project has the potential to strengthen the existing police and protection structures to ensure
the safety of goods and people.
In summary, the following positive impacts can be expected, and hence further expanded:



Positive impacts of rural roads by facilitating rural/rural-urban trade (availability,
accessibility and affordability).
Increased and improved water supply in the Nacala SEZ;
Positive impacts of processing, storage and packaging facilities. These will protect crops
against insects and rodents, maintaining product quality, increasing life standards and
consequently contribute to food security for rural populations and the general population;
9.4 Measures to mitigate negative impacts
A preliminary list of measures to be adopted to mitigate potential and significant negative impacts
of the project is presented in the table below. Due to the localized and temporary nature of
rehabilitation and construction works, fast recovery of the minor impacts will take place after
construction is finished.
53
Table 4: Measures to mitigate negative impacts
Potential negative impacts
Soil and groundwater: During construction and
rehabilitation: accidental discharge of on-site
wastewater, hydrocarbons and chemicals can
adversely affect groundwater and soil in the area;
Mitigation measures
During construction: Mitigation measures include proper storage of hydrocarbons and dangerous chemicals on site and the installation of
natural, concrete or synthetic liners beneath oil and chemical storage tanks and the placement of these structures within a bunded impermeable
concrete structure of 110% the volume of the largest tank. Other important measures include proper surface drainage during both the
construction and operation phases, minimization of on-site water and chemical usage (oil, lubricants and fuel), as well as limiting the exposure
of the soil to accidental releases of pollutants. Chemicals used on-site should preferably be non-toxic and readily biodegradable. Fueling areas
should have a concrete slab so that petrol and oil cannot escape into the environment. Drainage systems in maintenance areas should be
equipped with an oil/water separator;
Top soil management
During construction put the top-soil apart and place it back on top after construction has finished.
During operation: Pollution of water and soil from
pesticides and fertilizers and erosion from
agricultural areas.
During operation:

Implementation of the provisions of the Pest Management Plan

Only use approved pesticides

Adequate disposal of obsolete pesticides

Compliance with prescribed doses of pesticides

Control of the periods of pesticide application

Promoting the use of organic manure

Training of stakeholders on the use of agro-chemical inputs

Observance of recommendations for the use of fertilizers and pesticides bio control

Rational use of fertilizers and pesticides

Awareness and training of farmers

Apply contour line farming in order to avoid erosion.
Soil erosion problems associated with construction
Focus on existing quarries and construction areas: Rehabilitation of affected areas, e.g. quarries and other construction areas. Put in place
vegetative filters to filter sediments out of run-off. Rehabilitation works should start as soon as possible after the construction work is finished.
Air emissions: release of dust from land clearing,
excavation and movement of earth materials, cut
and fill operations, contact of construction
machinery with bare soil, and exposure of bare soil
and soil piles to wind.
Control techniques for minimizing PM emissions involve watering of surfaces, chemical stabilization, or reduction of surface wind speed with
windbreaks or source enclosures. Covering the road surface with a new material of lower silt content, such as covering a dirt road with gravel
or slag has also proved to be efficient. Regular maintenance practices, such as grading of gravel roads, also help to retain larger aggregate sizes
on the traveled portion of the road and thus help reduce emissions.
Low cost measures also include:

Proper site enclosure through appropriate hoarding and screening;

On-site mixing and unloading operations;

Proper handling of cement material;

Maintaining minimal traffic speed on-site and on access roads to the site;

Covering all vehicles hauling materials likely to give off excessive dust emissions;

Ensuring adequate maintenance and repair of construction machinery and vehicles;
54
Potential negative impacts




Mitigation measures
Avoiding burning of material resulting from site clearance;
Covering any excavated dusty materials or stockpile of dusty materials entirely by impervious sheeting;
Proper water spraying when necessary;
The provision of water troughs at entry and exit points to prevent the carryover of dust emissions, beyond the construction site
Measures to reduce truck traffic emissions include proper truck maintenance and the adoption of a traffic management plan while avoiding
congested routes. Regarding on-site construction equipment, proper maintenance procedures and the quality of diesel fuel used are important
to reduce emissions. Equipment should also be turned off when not in use, to reduce power needs and emissions of pollutants.
Agro-processing facilities from project associated
investors
Agro-processing facilities can cause air pollution. The air emission standards in the applicable World Bank Group Agribusiness and Food
Production Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, as well as the General Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines need to be
applied.
Noise: noise levels emitted during the
construction/rehabilitation and operation may
exceed acceptable noise level standards
Mitigation measures to be adopted mainly during construction and operation to minimize noise levels include but are not limited to:

Enclosing the site with barriers/fencing

Effectively utilizing material stockpiles and other structures, where feasible, to reduce noise from on-site construction activities

Choosing inherently quiet equipment

Operating only well-maintained mechanical equipment on-site

Keeping equipment speed as low as possible

Shutting down or throttling down to a minimum equipment that may be intermittent in use, between work periods

Utilizing and properly maintaining silencers or mufflers that reduce vibration on construction equipment during construction works

Restricting access to the site for truck traffic outside of normal construction hours

Proper site logistics and planning

Limiting site working hours if possible

Scheduling noisy activities during the morning hours

Informing the locals when noisy activities are planned

Enforcing noise monitoring
Agro-processing facilities from project associated
investors
Agro-processing facilities can cause noise pollution. The noise emission standards in the applicable World Bank Group Agribusiness and Food
Production Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, as well as the General Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines need to be
applied.
Solid and liquid wastes:
during construction/rehabilitation and operation,
there will be generation of construction and
operation debris as a result of various construction
and operation activities
The generated solid materials can be used for reclamation purposes whenever applicable. However, care should be taken to ensure the absence
of contaminated fill material and the adequacy of the physical and chemical properties of such material to limit potential adverse impacts on
water and soil and ensure project safety. Construction and demolition wastes can also be minimized through careful planning during the design
stage, by reducing or eliminating over-ordering of construction materials to decrease waste generation and reduce project costs. The contractor
should carry out sorting of construction and demolition wastes into various categories and adopt re-use/recycle on site whenever deemed
feasible.
Chemical wastes generated during the construction phase include containers that were used for storage of chemical wastes on site, the chemical
55
Potential negative impacts
Hydrocarbons (waste oils)
Mitigation measures
residue as well as contaminated material. Rehabilitation of fuel storage facilities may involve the removal of contaminated soils around fuel
dispensers, piping, and tanks, as well as bulky, inert and contaminated solid waste items such as damaged tanks. Storage of hazardous waste
should take place in a separate area that has an impermeable floor, adequate ventilation and a roof to prevent rainfall from entering. In addition
all chemical wastes should be clearly labeled in Portuguese and, stored in corrosion resistant containers and arranged so that incompatible
materials are adequately separated. General refuse generated on-site during the construction phase should be stored in enclosed labeled bins or
compaction units separate from construction and chemical wastes. General refuse is generated largely by food service activities on site,
therefore, where feasible, reusable rather than disposable dishware should be promoted. Aluminum cans, glass, plastics, wood and metals may
be recovered from the waste stream by individual collectors if they are segregated and made easily accessible, so separate, labeled bins for their
storage should be provided.
Hydrocarbons should be stored on an impermeable concrete floor with concrete bunding. It should be negotiated with the new oil supplier to
take back the waste oils for recycling by a MICOA authorized recycler.
When rehabilitating areas where, at present, oil storage are located and sites are hydrocarbon contaminated, it will be necessary to clean up the
site completely before starting any rehabilitation activities. A rapid environmental audit will need to be conducted to identify the action plan for
site clean-up.
Agro-processing facilities from project associated
investors
Agro-processing facilities can cause solid waste pollution. The solid waste management practices in the applicable World Bank Group
Agribusiness and Food Production Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, as well as the General Environmental, Health and Safety
Guidelines need to be applied.
Water quality: the primary sources of potential
impacts to water quality will be from pollutants
from site runoff, accidental spills, which may enter
surface waters (marine and river) directly or
through the storm drainage system
Surface run-off from the construction site should be directed into storm drains through adequately designed sand/silt removal facilities such as
sand traps, silt traps and sediment basins. If oil is present, oil/water separators should be installed, which should be regularly cleaned.
Channels, earth bunds or sand bag barriers should be provided onsite to properly direct storm water to silt removal facilities before discharge
into the surrounding waters. Silt removal facilities should be maintained with deposited silt and grit being regularly removed after each
rainstorm to ensure that these facilities are functioning properly at all times. Moreover, the rainwater pumped out from trenches or foundation
excavations should be discharged into storm drains via silt removal facilities and not directly to the aquatic environment. Open stockpiles of
construction materials on site should be covered with tarpaulin or similar fabric during rainstorm events to prevent the washing away of
construction materials, while earthworks should be well compacted as soon as the final surfaces are formed to prevent erosion especially during
the wet season. Water used in vehicle and plant servicing areas, vehicle wash bays and lubrication bays should be collected and connected to
foul sewers via an oil/grease trap. Oil leakage or spillage should be contained and cleaned up immediately. Spent oil and lubricants should be
collected and stored for recycling or proper disposal and should be stored on impermeable and bunded surfaces. All fuel tanks and chemical
storage areas should be provided with locks. Fuel tanks should be placed in concrete bunded areas of 110% of the volume of the largest fuel
tank.
The contractor should also prepare guidelines and procedures for immediate cleanup actions following any spillages of oil, fuel or chemicals.
Sewage from toilets, kitchens and similar facilities should be contained in sanitary cesspools before being transported by trucks to a nearby
wastewater treatment plant. As for the wastewater generated from concreting, plastering, internal decoration, cleaning work and other similar
activities, it should undergo large object removal by bar traps at drain inlets.
56
Potential negative impacts
Mitigation measures
Agro-processing facilities from project associated
investors
Agro-processing facilities can cause water pollution. The water effluent standards in the applicable World Bank Group Agribusiness and Food
Production Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines, as well as the General Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines need to be
applied.
Flora and fauna: stream pollution by sediments
from rehabilitation and construction activities by
suspended and settable solid particles that may
coat, bury, suffocate or abrade living organisms.
Many aquatic invertebrates and fish may undergo
changes in population density and community
composition if high concentrations of suspended
solids occur. Aquatic vegetation may be adversely
affected by a reduction in photosynthesis due to
high turbidity.
To minimize stream pollution by sediments, it is recommended to reduce or prevent soil erosion from the construction site by:

Scheduling construction/rehabilitation to avoid heavy rainfall periods (i.e., during the dry season) to the extent practical

Contouring and minimizing length and steepness of slopes

Protecting to stabilize exposed areas

Install sediment traps, e.g. reed screens

Re-vegetating areas promptly

Designing channels and ditches for post-construction flows
Additional measures include:

Carefully select right-of ways/corridors of impact to avoid important natural areas such as wild lands and sensitive habitats

Utilize appropriate clearing techniques (hand clearing vs. mechanized clearing)

Maintain native ground cover beneath lines

Replant disturbed sites soon after construction/rehabilitation

Manage right-of-ways/corridors of impact to maximize wildlife benefits
General implementation and enforcement of good agricultural practices and crop management, e.g. contour line farming, in order to reduce
erosion.
Accidental hydrocarbon spill will
detrimental impact on aquatic life.
have
a
Prevent accidental hydrocarbon spills by storing hydrocarbons into concrete bunded areas and equip areas where hydrocarbons are used with
oil/grease/water separators.
Deforestation, soil degradation through erosion,
habitat destruction may occur during clearing
Compensate lost trees in the same area. Install erosion prevention and control measures as mentioned above. Avoid sensitive habitat by
fencing the area, so that the habitat cannot be entered by trucks and workers.
Health and safety: occurrence of accidents (direct
and indirect) to workers on-site, pedestrians, and
machine operators or passengers during
construction/rehabilitation and operation
Occupational health and safety measures should include:

Restriction of access to the construction site by proper fencing with site boundaries adjoining roads, streets or other areas accessible
to the public should undergoing high enough fencing along the entire length except for a site entrance or exit

Establishment of buffering areas around the site

Provision of guards on entrances and exits to the site

Installation of warning signs at the entrance of the site to prohibit public access

Provision of training about the fundamentals of occupational health and safety procedures

Provision of appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) (impermeable latex gloves, working overalls, safety boots, safety
helmets, hearing protecting devices for workers exposed to high noise levels, and lifesaving vests for construction sites near water
bodies)
57
Potential negative impacts











Mitigation measures
Ensuring that workers can swim (at work sites near water) and that lifesaving rings are available at the worksite, near water
Ensuring that the protective material is being used wherever it is required
Ensuring that especially sensitive or dangerous areas (like areas exposed to high noise levels, areas for especially hazardous work etc.)
are clearly designated
Ensuring that all maintenance work necessary for keeping machines and other equipment in a good state will be regularly carried out.
Ensuring that the workers (and especially those doing hazardous work or otherwise exposed to risks) are qualified, well trained and
instructed in handling their equipment, including health protection equipment
In case blasting is required the Contractor should work according to an approve Blasting Plan, which need to be approved by the
Supervising Engineer and the Client
Provision of adequate loading and off-loading space
Development of an emergency response plan
Provision of on-site medical facility/first aid
Provision of appropriate lighting during night-time works
Implementation of speed limits for trucks entering and exiting the site
Regarding hazardous substances, the following measures should be implemented:

Ensuring that hazardous substances are being kept in suitable, safe, adequately marked and locked storing places

Ensuring that containers of such substances are clearly marked, and that material safety data sheets are available

Ensuring that all workers dealing with such substances are adequately informed about the risks, trained in handling those materials,
and trained in first aid measures to be taken in the case of an accident.

Designating an area where contaminated materials and hazardous waste can be stored for proper disposal according to
environmental guidelines in force in the country and as specified in the applicable World Bank Group Environmental, Health and
Safety Guidelines of April 2007.
Regarding waterborne and water-related diseases substances, the following measures should be implemented by the contractor:

The adoption of good housekeeping practices for ensuring hygiene on site

The elimination of pools of stagnant water, which could serve as breeding places for mosquitoes
The provision of bed nets for workers living on site. Ideally, these nets should be treated with an insecticide
The appropriate elimination of waste of all types, including wastewater
Development of agriculture might increase the
prevalence of water-borne diseases (intestinal and
urinary bilharzia and malaria)






Monitor the prevalence of intestinal and urinary bilharzia and malaria. If the prevalence increases implement the following:
Distribute long-lasting insecticidal impregnated mosquito bed nets (LLINs) to affected communities, to control malaria
Mass treatment of high risk groups with praziquantel need to be carried out to control intestinal and urinary bilharzia
Minimize contact with infected water by requiring people to wear boots and gloves
Support to access to drinking water and autonomous sanitation facilities
Reduce fecal and urinary pollution of surface waters by prohibiting defecation and urine in water and putting in place sanitation
systems (latrines, etc.)
58
Potential negative impacts


Socioeconomic impact including resettlement,
reduction of arable and pastoral land,
prevention of HIV/AIDS and influx of
external workers: potential loss of land or land
use, interruptions to means of livelihood,
disturbances to cultural resources, and influx of
foreign workers















Mitigation measures
Educate affected communities with regard to these water-borne diseases
Follow WHO guidelines
Select project sites and rights-of-way (ROW) in a consultative and participatory manner so to avoid important social, agricultural,
and cultural resources and avoid areas of human activity
Utilize alternative designs to reduce land and ROW width requirements and minimize land use impacts
Ensure a high rate of local employment to minimize influx of foreign contract workers: preferred preference to local people in order
to avoid social conflicts
Manage resettlement in compliance with the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12
Prevention of STDs, HIV/Aids: Create awareness and educate workers and nearby communities. Provide free, sufficient, good
quality condoms for personnel. Provide treatment for infected personnel
Supply and enforce wearing protective equipment (helmets, boots, dress, gloves, masks, goggles, etc.) by workers
Strictly follow government instructions on the hiring of foreign workers and clarify criteria for hiring them
Favor local labor where the required skills are available
Environmental management of construction waste (installation of litter bins, regular collection and disposal in authorized sites)
Awareness on respect for local customs
Dissemination of the use of farmyard manure
Rational use of mineral fertilizers (avoiding excess nitrogen fertilizer)
Leave land fallow to restore soil fertility
Cover bare soil with a vegetation cover to reduce soil erosion
Educate and training of farmers
59
The planning and implementation of mitigation measures will be done under the guidance and
responsibility of the two safeguard staff at ZVDA and GAZEDA and contracted out on a
competitive basis to service providers.
Contractors for simple subprojects will be mainly responsible for the implementation of the SECs
(Social and Environmental Clauses), which will be included in the bidding documents and will be
part of their contractual obligations.
For more complex projects the Contractors will be required to prepare and implement their own
Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan (CESMP). For this purpose they will need
to employ qualified staff. These requirements will need to be included in the bidding documents
and in their contracts.
The Supervising Engineers will by contractual arrangements be made responsible for the adequate
implementation of the SECs and CESMPs. The Supervising Engineer will need to employ qualified
staff for this purpose.
60
10 GUIDELINES FOR SUB-PROJECT SCREENING,
PREPARATION, APPRAISAL, APPROVAL AND
MONITORING
There will be the need to ensure that potential environmental and social impacts are adequately
addressed through the institutional arrangements and procedures used by the Project interventions
for managing the identification, preparation, approval, environmental licensing, implementation,
monitoring, evaluation and auditing of sub-projects.
The Project has been classified as Category B project. Most of the sub-projects fall within this
category, while some will be Category C. As per both Mozambican and WB regulations Category B
projects require less stringent ESIA/ESMP processes due to the fact that the environmental and
social impacts are easier to deal with; few if any of them have irreversible effects; and in most cases
appropriate mitigation measures can be readily designed. As is the case with any intervention
environmental and social best practices recommend that negative impacts be avoided and/or
minimized and that adequate and implementable mitigation and management measures be put in
place early enough where avoidance is not feasible.
The key to environmental and social management is the environmental and social screening
process, which may or may not result in the preparation of a full ESIA/ESMP document, a
freestanding ESMP or no action need to be taken. The screening process should follow the
Safeguard Policy OP 4.01/BP on Environmental Assessment of the World Bank and the
Mozambican Regulations for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. The screening process
will be carried out at specific sub-project sites in the field once they have been identified. The
environmental and social screening process is necessary to identify if the subprojects will cause
environmental and social impacts. The environmental and social screening is part of the preparation
and approval process of subprojects financed by the Project.
The objectives of the ESMF screening process include:
a) determine which construction/rehabilitation and operation activities are likely to have
potential negative environmental and social impacts;
b) determine the level of environmental and social work required, including whether an
ESIA/ESMP or a freestanding ESMP is required or no action need to be taken;
c) determine appropriate mitigation measures for addressing adverse impacts;
d) incorporate mitigation measures into the development plans for the subproject;
e) indicate the need for a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), which would be prepared in line
with the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), prepared for the Project;
f)
facilitate the review and approval of the construction/rehabilitation and operation
proposals; and
g) provide guidance for monitoring environmental and social parameters during the
implementation and operation of project activities;
h) ensure the final environmental and social evaluation of the project.
The extent of environmental and social work that might be required, prior to the commencement
of construction/rehabilitation works, and during operation will depend on the outcome of the
screening process.
Below, critical aspects to be adopted to avoid/minimize negative impacts as well as mitigate and
manage them correctly are suggested.
61
10.1 Screening of Project Activities and Sites
Depending on the size, nature and perceived environmental consequences of a project
Mozambican Regulation for ESIA (Decree 45/2004) provides for three project categories, namely
A, B and C. Where it is clear that project activities fall under Category B, a simplified ESIA and
RAP needs to be carried out. The screening process will be used to determine the appropriate types
of environmental follow-up measures, depending on the nature, scope, and significance of the
expected environmental and social impacts from each of the Project subproject activities.
Both the Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF in Annex 2.) and the Annex 3 of Decree
45/2004 will be completed by ZVDA/GAZEDA Environmental, Social, Health and Safety staff.
The screening forms, when correctly completed, will facilitate the:




identification of potential environmental and social impacts and the identification of health
and safety risks;
determination of their significance;
assignment of the appropriate environmental category; and
determination of the need to conduct an ESIA/ESMP, a freestanding ESMP and/or to
prepare Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) where required or determine that no action
need to be taken.
The responsible MICOA structure on Provincial or District level will need to confirm the
abovementioned screening process to comply with Mozambican environmental legislation, the
screening process will be conducted in the following manner:
Preparation activities for the screening process will include a desk appraisal of the intervention (e.g.
construction/rehabilitation and operation plans) for sub-project related infrastructure.
Subsequent to the desk appraisal of the interventions, the initial screening of the proposed subproject activities will be verified in the field, with the Environmental and Social Screening Form
(ESSF) prepared by the Project Safeguard staff. The District Environmental Officers, stationed at
the SDPI and/or municipalities, will do the verification. Subsequently, they will oversee the
preparation and implementation of the required measures.
10.2 Assigning the Appropriate Environmental and Social Categories
The ESSF, when completed, will provide information on the assignment of the appropriate
environmental and social category to a particular subproject. The Provincial Departments of
Environmental Impact Assessment in collaboration with the Environmental and Social Specialists
from the Project Coordination/ZVDA/GAZEDA will be responsible for categorizing a subproject
as either A, B or C. It is not expected that any of the subprojects will be Category A through the
application of OP/BP 4.01.
Category A and more complex Category B sub-project activities would have significant and longterm adverse environmental and social impacts and therefore would require an ESIA/ESMP
and/or RAP, in accordance with Mozambican legal requirements. Category B projects are those
with one or a few potentially significant adverse impacts, which would require an Environmental
and Social Management Plan (ESMP) to address specific impacts during project construction or
operation, but not a full ESIA. Category C projects would not involve any significant adverse
environmental impacts; they would therefore not require an ESIA or a specific ESMP, but they
would require adherence to good environmental practices, including any applicable Environmental
and Social Clauses to be included in the Contractor’s Contracts.
62
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category will be based on the provisions of the
World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01/BP) on Environmental Assessment and the Mozambican
ESIA Guidelines.
According to the Mozambican Regulation projects requiring Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) fall
automatically under Category A and these would be reviewed and approved by MICOA’s National
Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment in Maputo and should be consistent with the
Resettlement Policy Framework. The ESIA, ESMP or RAP should be disclosed in country at the
project sites and on the MPD website and the World Bank Infoshop prior to commencement of
any project construction activities. In addition, Project Affected People (PAP) should have been
compensated before any construction activity can start. Since the WB policies will apply under this
project, in the specific case of resettlement MICOA’s role will be mainly confined to confirming the
fact that the sub-projects are not associated with massive resettlement as to fall under Category A.
10.3 Carrying out Environmental and Social Work
After reviewing the information provided in the Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF)
and the Preliminary Environmental Information Sheets and having determined the appropriate
environmental and social category, the Provincial Directorate of Environment in close
collaboration with the Project Coordinating Unit will determine whether (a) the application of
simple mitigation measures outlined in the Environmental and Social Checklist (Annex 4) and
Environmental and Social Clauses for Contractors (Annex 5) will suffice (Category C); whether (b)
an Environmental and Social Management Plan (but no ESIA) needs to be prepared to address
specific environmental impacts (Category B); or whether (c) a full ESIA/ESMP will need to be
carried out (Category A or complex Category B).
10.4 Environmental and Social Checklist:
The Environmental and Social Checklist in Annex 4 will be completed by the two qualified
Environmental and Social Specialists of the Project Coordination Unit. Most of the subprojects will
be categorized as Category B, which may not require a full ESIA, and will benefit from the
application of mitigation measures outlined in the checklist. In situations where the screening
process identifies the need for land acquisition, a RAP shall be prepared and disclosed consistent
with OP/BP 4.12 guidelines.
If there is already an existing design for a subproject, the Provincial Directorate of Environment in
collaboration with ZVDA/GAZEDA and the SECU will assess the potential environmental and
social impacts on the chosen site and on the community and will recommend modification of the
design or the location in order to mitigate or reduce these potential impacts.
10.5 Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA)
Certain subprojects will be found to require an ESIA. In such a case, the ESIA would identify and
assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed activities, evaluate
alternatives, as well as design and implement appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring
measures. These measures would be captured in the Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP) which will be prepared as part of the ESIA Document.
Where required, preparation of the ESIA that includes an ESMP, and the preparation of the RAP
will be carried out by the Borrower in consultation with the relevant stakeholders, including
potentially affected persons. Environmental and Social Specialists of the Project Implementation
Units, in close consultation with the Provincial Directorate of Environment and/or DNAIA and
on behalf of the District Governments or Municipalities, will arrange for the (i) preparation of
ESIA/ESMP or RAP terms of reference; (ii) recruitment of a consultant to carry out the
63
ESIA/ESMP or RAP; (iii) public consultations and participation; and (iv) review and approval of
the ESIA/ESMP or RAP following the national ESIA and RAP approval process. ESIAs, ESMPs
and RAPs also need to be sent to the World Bank for approval and disclosure.
10.6 Subproject Review and Approval
The Environmental and Social Specialists at ZVDA/GAZEDA will fill in the environmental and
social screening forms and identify the mitigation measures presented in the environmental and
social checklists or additional ones not mentioned in the checklists in order to classify the subproject. Where an ESIA/ESMP or a freestanding ESMP has been carried out, the Environmental
and Social Specialists in collaboration with the Provincial Directorate of Environment/DNAIA will
review the reports to ensure that all environmental and social impacts have been identified and that
effective mitigation measures have been proposed, including institutional arrangements for the
implementation of the ESMP and a budget.
Based on the results of the above review process, and discussions with the relevant stakeholders
and potentially affected persons, the ZVDA/GAZEDA Environmental and Social Specialists, in
case of sub-projects that do not require an ESIA/ESMP or a freestanding ESMP will make
recommendations to the Municipal or District Government to go ahead with the project
implementation.
It is a known fact that at present it is mainly at the provincial and central levels that solid capacity
exists for conducting the ESIA/ESMP processes. At the district and municipal levels such capacity
is either non-existent or weak. To ensure that all stages of the process including the verification of
screening forms is completed correctly for the various sub-project locations and activities, training
will be provided to members of the SDPI and Municipalities. Technical advice and training on
environmental and social impacts assessment and implementation of mitigation measures will be
provided by a contracted safeguards specialist or by the Environmental and Social Specialists at
ZVDA/GAZEDA, with assistance of World Bank safeguard specialists.
10.7 Participatory Public Consultation and Disclosure
Local people and communities as well as their representatives need to be continuously involved in
the decision-making related to the diversity of Project interventions. The various pieces of
Mozambican legislation on land issues place public consultation and participation at the top of the
agenda. The Project will ensure that the provisions in those regulatory documents are strictly
followed. Local people/communities and their representatives are properly placed to take care of
the needs of local stakeholders and to promote the local resource management capacity.
The public participation process (PPP) is an intrinsic component of the ESIA/ESMP process with
the following main objectives:
 Keep Project Interested and Affected Parties (PI&APs) informed about key issues and
findings of each stage of the ESIA;
 Gather concerns and interests expressed by various project stakeholders;
 Obtain contributions/opinions of stakeholders in terms of avoiding/minimizing possible
negative impacts and maximize positive impacts of the project.
 Finally, support the social dialogue and identify from the onset, stakeholders’ perceptions
and expectations, which can contribute to the action planning and effective
communication in order to minimize the impacts of the project. The process also allows
for rethinking the project’s technical aspects.
For the PPP to be effective there are norms and procedures to be observed throughout.
64
The ESIA/ESMP process emphasizes the clear need for frequent interaction and communication
between the general public, parties affected by the proposed Project, local NGOs, external
interested and concerned organizations, as well as Project scientists and engineers.
Each aspect of the technical investigations generally includes a data collection and verification
phase, followed by analysis and evaluation, then synthesis and conclusions. The findings of each
phase are communicated as appropriate to external parties.
In terms of the ESIA Regulations in force in Mozambique (Decree 45/2004 and Diplomas
129/2006 and 130/2006 and other related regulatory instruments) mandatory public consultation
meetings mark the end of each main phase, e.g. scoping and definition of terms of reference as well
as a public consultation on the draft final ESIA document. Under Mozambican legislation, these
should be announced at least 15 days prior to the meeting day. In addition to being invited by
public notices, a certain number of participants to these meetings should be directly invited by
letters of invitation drafted by the Consultant, issued, and distributed by the project developers. In
this case the PCU would be at the forefront in ensuring that relevant stakeholders are invited and
participate in the meetings.
During the meetings, the ESIA team in collaboration with the developers’
(PCU/ZVDA/GAZEDA) representatives and the engineering team, maintain PI&APs informed
of the main issues and findings of each phase and collect concerns and interests expressed by the
various project stakeholders. Public meetings are non-technical in nature and are expected to
contribute to get stakeholders' inputs in terms of avoiding/minimizing possible negative impacts
and optimizing the positive impacts of the subproject.
It is fundamental that by all means the Project does not contribute in any way to create land
conflicts and/or exacerbate any such conflicts. Projects, such as this, have as objective to create
jobs, construct infrastructure and introduce modern technologies, but if not planned and conducted
properly they can also contribute to increase the number of landless people, make local food
insecurity worse, cause environmental damages, stimulate rural-urban migration, etc., which are
project outcomes to be avoided.
In compliance with both the GoM regulation and World Bank guidelines, before a sub-project is
approved, the applicable documents (ESIA, ESMP and/or RAP) must be made available for public
review at a place easily accessible to beneficiary communities (e.g. at a local government office, at
the DNAIA/DPCA/SDPI/SDAE), and in a form, manner and language that can easily
understood, including the non-technical summaries of the main documents. They must also be
forwarded to the World Bank for approval and disclosure at the Public Information Center in
Maputo and at the World Bank Infoshop in Washington DC. Especially as part of ESIAs/ESMPs
and RAPs public consultation and participation processes, Mozambican guidelines also have similar
pre-requisites, which should be strictly followed under the Project.
During the preparation of the ESMF public consultation was carried out. Two main phases were
considered. The first was during the initial stage (in October 2012) as way of getting the preliminary
views from main stakeholders on possible project characteristic and impacts as well as on issues
that should deserve particular attention. The second took place after the draft of the ESMF, PMP
and RPF (in January 2013) with the aim of informing stakeholders about the project structure and
contents, including the project geographical boundaries and to get their views on issues to be
reexamined, project’s possible environmental and social impacts and possible ways of mitigating
them. The feedback received from stakeholders has been integrated in many sections of the three
documents including the ESMF and are also summarized in Annex 6. It also includes the names of
the people that have been consulted. As stated earlier, the final ESMF will be disclosed in-country
and in the World Bank Infoshop prior to appraisal.
65
10.8 Annual Monitoring Reports and review
Monitoring of the compliance of project implementation with the mitigation measures defined in
its ESIA/ESMP, PMP and/or RAP will be carried out jointly with communities, the
Environmental and Social Specialists of the Project Coordination Units, MICOA’s local
representatives, extension workers and the Service Provider (i.e. CSO) responsible for
implementing the Project.
District (SDPI) and municipal authorities should supervise the monitoring activities and are
required to report annually on sub-project activities during the preceding year. The information to
be included in these annual reports to capture experience with implementation of the ESMF
procedures will be included in an annex to be prepared as part of the annual report, which will be
used as a guide.
Compliance monitoring comprises on-site inspection of activities to verify that measures identified
in the ESMP, PMP and/or RAP are being implemented. This type of monitoring is similar to the
normal tasks of a supervising engineer whose task will be by contractual arrangement to ensure that
the Contractor is adhering to the contractual obligations with regard to environmental, social,
health and safety practices during construction, as prescribed in the Social and Environmental
Clauses (SEC) included in the bidding documents and Contracts or as described in the Contractor
ESMP.
MICOA, through DPCA and DNAIA (or an external consultant) will have the responsibility of
conducting the environmental, social, health and safety inspection. An annual inspection report
must be submitted (together with the monitoring report) to the MPD and the World Bank for
review and approval.
Independent local consultants, local NGOs or other service providers that are not otherwise
involved with the Project, thus independent, may carry out annual reviews. Annual review should
evaluate the annual monitoring report from district authorities and the annual inspection report
from DPCA/DNAIA.
It is worth pointing out that annual reviews are not normal for ESIAs/ESMPs with the current
practices. The Project Coordination Unit at central (PPCU) and provincial levels (ZVDA and
GAZEDA) need to make dedicated efforts to ensure that this work is done properly.
10.9 Environmental and Social Audit
An external independent environmental, social, health and safety audit will be carried out at midterm of project implementation and at the end of the project. The audit team will report to the
MPD and the World Bank, who will deal with the implementation of any corrective measures that
are required. The audits are necessary to ensure that (i) the ESMF process is being implemented
appropriately, and (ii) mitigation measures are being identified and implemented accordingly. The
audit will be able to identify any amendments in the ESMF approach that are required to improve
its effectiveness.
The Audit Reports will include:
 A summary of the environmental, social, health and safety performance of the subprojects, based on the ESIAs, ESMPs, RAPs, PMP and the implementation of the
Environmental and Social Clauses in the Contractor Contracts and Contractor ESMPs;
 A presentation of compliance and progress in the implementation of the sub-projects
ESMPs;
 A summary of the environmental and social monitoring results from individual subprojects monitoring measures (as set out in the sub-project ESMPs).
66
The main tasks of the audit will be to:










Consider the project description;
Indicate the objective, scope and criteria of the audit;
Verify the level of compliance by the developer with the conditions of the ESMP, PMP,
RAP, Environmental and Social Clauses and Contractor ESMPs;
Evaluate the developer’s knowledge and awareness of and responsibility for the application
of relevant legislation;
Review existing project documentation related to all infrastructure facilities and designs;
Examine monitoring programs, parameters and procedures in place for control and
corrective actions in case of emergencies;
Examine records of incidents and accidents and the likelihood of future occurrence of the
incidents and accidents;
Inspect all buildings, premises and yards in which manufacturing, testing and
transportation takes place within and without the project area, as well as areas where goods
are stored and disposed of and give a record of all significant environmental, social, health
and safety risks associated with such activities;
Examine and seek views on health and safety issues from the project employees, the local
and other potentially affected communities; and
Prepare a list of health and safety and environmental and social concerns of past and ongoing activities.
10.10 Other Important Issues
10.10.1 Integration and harmonization with the district land use plans
In addition to defining the district as the main territorial planning unit the GOM, through the Land
Planning Law (Law n.º 19/2007 of 18 of July) and its regulation, requires all districts to have land
use plans. As stated above district land use plans are meant to provide adequate zoning for
interventions based on suitability of the different land areas and respective pre-conditions. These
plans are a way of exercising holistic and integrated approach to land resources management,
including strategic planning. The siting of subprojects will benefit immensely from being
harmonized with the district land use plans. An adequate zoning at the district and/or municipal
level should be able to provide sound guidance regarding the best siting for each specific
subproject.
However, due to a multitude of reasons most of the districts are still in the process of finalizing
these plans. It is possible that by the time the Project will be implemented these plans will not yet
be available in their final form. In some other cases existing plans will not of the best quality and
the Project should endeavor to assist in revising the plans to bring them up to standard.
Given the complexity of this phased project, it is Highly Recommended to employ, as part of the
project management by ZVDA and GAZEDA, qualified Safeguards Specialists. It is also
recommended to employ a Communication Officer in the Project Coordination Unit in Maputo.
This staff will have the overall responsibility to ensure due and timely compliance with the agreed
recommendations in the safeguards documents. These specialists will participate in the joint
supervisions mission with the WB and subsequently ensure timely implementation of agreed
Safeguards Action Plans (SAP).
67
11 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING
REQUIREMENTS
11.1 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
A site specific ESMP should be conducted as part of the ESIA process, as per the Regulamento do
Processo de Avaliação do Impacto Ambiental (RPAIA)'s point (g) of Article 12, and should include
the “monitoring of impacts, prevention plans, as well as accident contingencies”.
In an ESMP, various mitigation measures are organized into a well-formulated plan to guide the
planning, design, construction and operation of the planned interventions. Under the ESIA/ESMP
process and particularly under this ESMF, what is described below should be viewed as dynamic,
which may require updating or revision during the implementation of the activities.
An effective ESMP for specific sub-projects will be a practical document, which will precisely set
out both the goals and actions required in mitigation.
The ESMP covers a set of measures that need to be taken to ensure that impacts are dealt with in
the following hierarchical order23:







Avoidance: avoiding activities that could result in adverse impacts. Avoiding resources or
areas considered as sensitive
Prevention: preventing the occurrence of negative environmental and social impacts
and/or preventing such an occurrence from having negative environmental and social
impacts
Preservation: preventing any future actions that might adversely affect an environmental
and social resource. Typically achieved by extending legal protection to selected resources
beyond the immediate needs of the project
Minimization: limiting or reducing the degree, extent, magnitude or duration of adverse
impacts. This can be achieved by scaling down, relocating, redesigning elements of the
project
Rehabilitation: repairing or enhancing affected resources, such as natural habitats or water
sources, particularly when previous development has resulted in significant resource
degradation
Restoration: restoring affected resources to an earlier (and possibly more stable and
productive) state, typically ‘background / pristine’ condition
Compensation: creation, enhancement or protection of the same type of resource at
another suitable and acceptable location, compensating for lost resources
As stated above, the management measures set forth in the ESMPs for more complex sub-projects
and the Environmental and Social Clauses (SECs) for simple sub-projects will be included in the
bidding documents and in the various contractual clauses for the design, construction and
appropriate operation of the interventions to be adopted. All construction contracts should comply
with the Environmental and Social Clauses and if relevant with the ESMP and Contactor ESMP
prepared for the specific sub-project. Their implementation is the responsibility of the contractors.
The Supervising Engineers will be required to monitor the adequate implementation of these
clauses, ESMPs and CESMPs. For complex sub-projects the contractors will be required to prepare
and implement his/her own Contractor ESMP and should employ an experienced environmental,
health and safety specialist for this purpose. The Supervising Engineers will be required by
Ref: The World Bank. Environment Department. January 1999. Environmental Management Plans.
Environmental Sourcebook Update. Number 25
23
68
contractual arrangement to supervise the adequate implementation of these Contractor ESMPs,
other ESMPs or SECs and should employ an experienced environmental, health and safety officer
for this purpose.
A series of steps to be followed to ensure that agriculture under the Project follows the best
practices this document includes an annex on Good Agricultural Practices - Hygiene and Safety
(Annex 7), which should be creatively followed where the Project will be supporting agricultural
sub-projects.
The additional management actions may include the preparation of Integrated Pesticides
Management Plans (PMPs) and/or Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs).
11.2 Pest Management Plan
Agricultural subprojects can raise a host of pest management issues, such as:




New land-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area;
Expansion of agricultural activities into new areas;
Diversification into new agricultural crops, particularly if these tend to receive high usage
of pesticides - e.g. cotton, sugar cane, vegetables and rice, as well as increased doses of
chemical fertilizers;
Intensification of existing low-technology agriculture systems
Both the WB and the GOM support strategies that promote integrated pest management (IPM)
approaches, such as biological control, cultural practices, and the development and use of crop
varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pest. The purchase of pesticides may be permitted when
their use is justified under an IPM approach and if sufficient capacity exists for pest and pesticide
management.
In addition to agricultural insect pests and plant diseases, pests also include weeds, birds, rodents,
and human or livestock disease vectors.
Mozambican regulation on pesticides and World Bank Safeguard Policy on Pest Management OP
4.09 conform to the specifications of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and
Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (FAO). There are no specific policies about pest
management and crop protection in the context of IPM approaches in Mozambique. Research into
plant health and to a certain extent IPM approaches are carried out by IIAM (National Agrarian
Research Institute) and the Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry (FAEF) of the Eduardo Mondlane
University (UEM). Under these agencies, IPM research will continue and the knowledge will be
passed on to extension services as it becomes available.
Given the complexities of the pest management issues under a project like this a separate Pest
Management Plan has been prepared and disclosed, which should be used as part of this ESMF.
11.3 Involuntary Resettlement (Resettlement Action Plan)
Both, the Mozambican legislation Decree 31/2012 (“Regulation on the Resettlement Process
Resulting from Economic Activities”) and other relevant national laws and regulations (see Chapter
7) as well as the World Bank Safeguards Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) will
apply to any sub-project with implications on land expropriation. In cases where the Mozambican
regulation differs from OP/BP 4.12, therefore OP/BP 4.12 prevails.
As extensively explained in Chapters 6 and 7 the policies in force require that the following
approach be adopted in dealing with resettlement issues:
69
“Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project
designs. Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as
sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the
project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities
to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.
Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to
restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project
implementation, whichever is higher”.
In terms of definition the WB adopts a broad view and the phenomenon “is not restricted to its
usual meaning - that is "physical displacement," it also includes economic displacement. Depending
on the cases, a resettlement action may include (i) loss of land or physical structures on the land,
including business, (ii) the physical movement, and (iii) the economic rehabilitation of project
affected persons (PAPs) in order to improve (or at least restore) the levels of income or livelihood
prevailing before the action causing the resettlement has taken place”. This is also endorsed by the
Mozambican authorities.
Given the complexity of issues to be dealt with under involuntary resettlement a Resettlement
Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared and must be used together with this ESMF.
70
12 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING
REQUIREMENTS
Successful implementation of the Project will depend among others on the effective
implementation of the environmental and social management measures outlined in the
ESIAs/ESMPs, PMP and RAPs. Training and capacity building will be necessary for the key
stakeholders to ensure that they have the appropriate knowledge and skills to implement the
environmental and social management plans.
12.1 Institutional Capacity Assessment and Analysis
Descriptions made in Chapter 7 clearly show that there has been considerable progress in
institutional, legal and regulatory processes related with environmental and social management in
Mozambique. However, coordination and law enforcement remain a serious challenge.
The Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) is entrusted with the
responsibility of “promoting sustainable development through the practical leadership and
execution of the country’s environmental policy”. However, it is a Ministry that is relatively new
compared to other traditional ministries (e.g. agriculture, public works, education, health, MPD and
MMAS, etc.) and it has been facing real problems to advance its coordinating role and
responsibilities.
The various institutions, development strategies, laws and regulations are still in need of
harmonization to ensure that they achieve common goals within the sector. Human and material
investments are required to translate the various provisions into concrete actions. This is further
compounded by the fact that most of the country’s inhabitants are active in the informal sector,
which makes it very difficult to regulate them.
Based on needs identification a specific institutional and human capacity-building program for
environmental and social management will have to be developed as part of the Project. Beneficiary
institutions might be the Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) at its
various levels, mainly the provincial and district levels, relevant line ministries at provincial and
district levels, e.g. agriculture, public works, energy, mineral resources, health, education, MMAS
and MPD, etc., including local authorities (e.g. municipalities and others such as CSOs). A detailed
capacity-building program will be developed during implementation, with a focus on strengthening
the District, Municipal and Provincial structures responsible for environmental and social
management.
The District Services of Planning and Infrastructure (SDPI), which have a unit that deals with
environmental matters at the district level, should be given special attention to build their capacity
to manage the ESIA/ESMP and RAP processes. So far, these processes are managed mainly at the
provincial and central level. Only limited number of districts (e.g. Moatize) have made significant
strides in getting actively and competently involved in ESIA/ESMP and RAP processes. In as far as
possible lessons learned from Moatize experience should be replicated in Angonia, Tsangano,
Macanga, Nacala Porto and Nacala-a-Velha as part of the Project planning and implementation.
To deal with the various and complex issues related with communication, coordination, capacity
building and institutional strengthening there will be qualified Safeguard Specialists and a
Communication Officers in the two provinces stationed at ZVDA and GAZEDA.
71
12.2 Proposed Training and Awareness Programs
The general objective of the training and awareness programs for implementation of the
ESIAs/ESMPs, PMP and RAPs is to:
 sensitize the various stakeholders on the linkages between environment and social impacts
and Project subprojects, particularly rural feeder roads, agriculture development, agroindustry, water supply, energy, education, health, etc.;
 demonstrate the role of the various key players in the implementation and monitoring of
the safeguards instruments (ESMF-ESIA/ESMP, RPF/RAP, PMP, etc.);
 sensitize representatives and leaders of community groups and associations (who will in
turn convey the message to their respective communities) on the implementation and
management of the mitigation measures; and on their roles in achieving environmental and
social sustainability;
 ensure that both provincial and district level personnel are able to provide leadership and
guidance as well as supervise the implementation of their components in the ESIA/ESMP,
RPF/RAP, PMP, etc.;
 ensure that participants are able to analyze the potential environmental and social impacts,
and competently prescribe mitigation options as well as supervise the implementation of
management plans;
 strengthen local NGOs and teams of extension workers to provide technical support to the
farmers.
The stakeholders have different training needs for awareness raising, sensitization, and
comprehensive training, namely:
 awareness-raising for participants who need to appreciate the significance or relevance of
environmental and social issues, that go even beyond just safeguards (i.e. gender
mainstreaming, social accountability and/or grievance redress mechanism, etc.);
 sensitization for participants who need to be familiar with the ESIA/ESMP, PMP and
RAP and to monitor its implementation; and
 Comprehensive training for participants who will need to understand the potential adverse
environmental and social impacts and who will at times supervise implementation of
mitigation measures and report to relevant authorities.
Practical ways of reaching all target groups will need to be devised for training and capacity needs
assessments as well as for delivery of the training. The “Learning by Doing”24 approach in relative
detriment of studies and other forms of advice and assistance will be given priority consideration.
The training of trainers is also seen as a relevant approach as it will assist in the creation of basic
conditions for sustainability and replication of the interventions. The outcomes of such a process
will live beyond the life span of the Project.
12.3. Technical Assistance (TA)
In due course the need for short, medium and long term Technical Assistance will be assessed. The
results will be used to devise the best approach to deploying TA to the project.
Particularly important in TA will be to ensure that the various external inputs from different
providers of goods and services to the project are aligned and harmonized with the Project’s
ultimate goals. Capacity building and transference of knowledge and skills for MPD, MMAS,
MICOA and the overall environmental and social sector will be at the center of the activities to be
carried out.
In which relevant personnel at the various levels are exposed to examples of good practices and/or where
they learn by seeing and/or doing how things are approached and done.
24
72
13 ESMF MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
Monitoring will be fundamental to ensure that the objectives set forth in the ESMF and the
ESIAs/ESMPs, PMP and RAPs are being achieved satisfactorily and where there are
nonconformities to, timely, introduce changes. This will be a continuous process and will include
compliance and outcome monitoring. The aim is to verify key concerns on compliance with the
ESMF, implementation progress and extent of effective consultation and participation of local
communities.
The Project Management Team, especially the two safeguard specialists, will have the overall
responsibility for coordinating and monitoring the implementation of the ESMF. They will have to
conduct sensitization programs to inform stakeholders about the framework, how it works and
what will be expected of them. They will undertake continuous compliance monitoring and
evaluation to ensure that:



All project activities are implemented according to the environmental and social
management requirements of this ESMF, PMP and RPF and, where applicable, specific
Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs);
Problems arising during implementation are being addressed early enough to avoid any
spill-over that could subsequently hinder the outcomes of the project (i.e. issues of
Grievance Redress Mechanism); and
Environmental and social mitigation or enhancement measures, designed as per this ESMF
or additional environmental and social mitigation measures identified during project
implementation and/or ESIA/ESMP preparation, are reflected within specific ESMPs,
CESMPs and monitoring plans.
The Project Management Team (PMT) will consult and coordinate with the appropriate
government agencies on social and environmental monitoring. Quarterly progress reports will be
prepared and circulated to all relevant entities covering aspects such as:
 Implementation schedule;
 Extent of community involvement;
 Allocation of funds;
 Problems arising as well as solutions devised, during implementation; and
 Efficiency of contractors in fulfilling their environmental, social, health and safety
management contractual obligations;
 Efficiency of Supervising Engineers in fulfilling their environmental, social, health and
safety monitoring contractual obligations.
For major project activities, the Project will procure an external independent consultant/firm to (i)
conduct the monitoring and evaluation of the sub-project activities, and (ii) verify the effectiveness
of measures for mitigation of negative impacts and enhancement of positive impacts. The
Independent consultant/Firm will develop a detailed monitoring and evaluation plan (including
questionnaires and inventory forms) from terms of reference, based on the ESMPs and CESMPs
submitted to and approved by the GOM and the WB/IDA.
73
14 PROPOSED ESTIMATED IMPLEMENTATION
BUDGET.
Below is the itemized budget for preparing and implementing the ESMF and respective
ESIAs/ESMPs, , including monitoring, evaluation, auditing and capacity building.
Table 5: Estimated budget for ESMF implementation
Item
Total Amount in US$
ESMF Implementation
Sub-project identification, preparation and monitoring assistance
50,000.00
General technical assistance
50,000.00
Monitoring and inspection
50,000.00
Annual review and audits
50,000.00
Training and Capacity Building
At central level
50,000.00
Extension workers and other technical personnel at the grassroots level
50,000.00
Producers’ associations and SMEs, NGO, CBO
50,000.00
Preparation and implementation of ESIAs, ESMPs, RAPs
Preparation and implementation of ESIAs, ESMPs
Total
250,000.00
600,000.00
The total cost of preparing and implementing ESMF , and the ESIAs/ESMPs under this document
stands at US$ 600,000.00.
74
References
Carlos Nuno Castel-Branco (2008) "The Mega Projects in Mozambique: What Contribution to
National Economy?" Civil Society Forum on Extractive Industries, Natural History Museum
(Maputo), 27 and 28 November 2008
CEDSIF, (date). Terms of Reference for support to the development of SGM
CM, Maio 2011. “Plano de Acção para a Redução da Pobreza (PARP) 2011-2014 – Aprovado na
15ª Sessão Ordinária do Conselho de Ministros de 3 de Maio de 2011”, Maputo, Moçambique.
CNCS, 2009. “HIV/SIDA em Moçambique”, Maputo, Moçambique
Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (HLF-4, 29 November-1 December 2011), Busan,
Korea
GOM, 2005. Strategic Plan for the Environment Sector 2005 – 2015
GOM, 2011. Poverty Reduction Action Plan (PARP) 2011-2014, approved May 3rd, 2011
GOM, 2012. Government Five-Year Plan (PQG) 2010-2014 approved in April 2010.
GOM, 2012. Simplified Matrix for Environment, 2012
INE (2009). “Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação – Resultados Definitivos”, Maputo,
Moçambique.
Memorandum of Understanding RDE – SCC, 2011-07-05
MICOA, 2007. Environmental Strategy for Sustainable Development, EADS, December 2007
MICOA, 2011. “Relatório do Estado do Ambiente em Moçambique”, Maputo, Moçambique.
MICOA, 2011. Budget summaries for PES 2011, by programme, ESPS II executing agency.
MICOA/INE , 2010. “Compêndio de Estatísticas do Ambiente”, Maputo, Moçambique
Mozambique Country Report, The Economist Intelligence Unit, May 2011
MPD, 2010. “Report on the Millennium Development Goals”, Maputo, Mozambique
UNDP, 2011. “Human Development Report 2011, Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for
All”, 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA.
United Nations Redd Programme (UN-REDD), 2012. “Readiness Preparation Proposal for
Mozambique”, Maputo, Mozambique
75
Annexes
A
Annex 1: Status Quo of Preparation of District Land Use Plans in the Project Area
(provinces)
B
Zambezi Valley
PROVÍNCIA
ORDEM
ZAMBÉZIA
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
TOTAL DE
DISTRITOS COM PLANOS
PLANOS
ELABORADOS
1
Mocuba
2
Pebane
3
Alto Molócué
4
Namacurra
5
Mangaja da Costa
6
Chinde
7
Morrumbala
8
Mopeia
9
Gilé
10
Nicoadala
11
Ile
12
Milange
13
Inhassunge
Total de Distritos Com Planos = 13
ANO DE ELABORAÇÃO
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2011
2011
2011
2012
2012
2012
2012
DISTRITOS SEM
PLANOS
Namarroi
Gurué
Lugela
Total de distritos sem
Planos = 3
Source: MICOA (2012)
C
PROVÍNCIA
ORDEM
TETE
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
TOTAL DE
DISTRITOS COM PLANOS
PLANOS
ELABORADOS
1
Zumbo
2
Mágoé
3
Chiúta
4
Changara
5
Macanga
6
Chifunde
7
Marávia
8
Moatize
9
Mutarara
Total de Distritos Com Planos = 8
ANO DE ELABORAÇÃO
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2010
2012
DISTRITOS SEM
PLANOS
Angónia
Tsangano
Cahora Bassa
Total de Distritos sem
Planos = 4
Source: MICOA (2012)
D
PROVÍNCIA
ORDEM
SOFALA
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
TOTAL DE
PLANOS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
DISTRITOS COM PLANOS
ELABORADOS
Nhamatanda
Muanza
Machanga
Cheringoma
Chemba
Buzi
Maríngue
Caia
Marromeu
Gorongoza
Dondo
Chibabava
Total distritos com Planos = 12
ANO DE ELABORAÇÃO
DISTRITOS SEM
PLANOS
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2011
2011
2012
2012
2012
Source: MICOA (2012)
E
PROVÍNCIA
ORDEM
MANICA
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
TOTAL DE
PLANOS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
DISTRITOS COM PLANOS
ELABORADOS
Sussudenga
Gondola
Barué
Guro
Machaze
Manica
Tambara
Total de distritos com Planos =7
ANO DE ELABORAÇÃO
2009
2009
2011
2011
2011
2011
2012
DISTRITOS SEM
PLANOS
Macossa
Mossurize
Total de Distritos sem
Planos = 2
Source: MICOA (2012)
F
Nacala Corridor (excluding Tete)
PROVÍNCIA
ORDEM
NIASSA
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
TOTAL DE
DISTRITOS COM PLANOS
PLANOS
ELABORADOS
1
Muembe
2
Lago
3
Sanga
4
Mavago
5
Majune
6
Marrupa
7
Maúa
8
Lichinga
Total de Distritos com Planos = 8
Total de Distritos sem Planos = 7
ANO DE ELABORAÇÃO
2010
2011
2011
2011
2011
2012
2012
2012
DISTRITOS SEM
PLANOS
Mecula
Cuamba
Nipepe
Metarica
Mecanhelas
Mandimba
Ngaúma
Source: MICOA (2012)
G
PROVÍNCIA
ORDEM
NAMPULA
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
TOTAL DE
DISTRITOS COM PLANOS
PLANOS
ELABORADOS
1
Mossuril
2
Ilha de Moçambique
3
Nacala - Porto
4
Angoche
5
Nacala -a- Velha
6
Mongovolas
7
Murrupula
8
Monapo
9
Nampula Rapale
10
Muecate
11
Mecuburi
12
Malema
13
Ribaúe
14
Meconta
15
Lalaua
Total de distritos com Planos = 15
ANO DE ELABORAÇÃO
2009
2008
2009
2008
2010
2011
2011
2010
2011
2011
2011
2012
2012
2012
2012
DISTRITOS SEM
PLANOS
Moma
Mongicual
Eráti
Memba
Nacarôa
Total Distritos Sem
Planos = 5
Source: MICOA (2012)
H
Annex 2: Environmental and Social Screening Form for subprojects
Nr of order :………………
Date of filling
This ESSF form is designed to assist in the environmental and social screening of Project subprojects to be executed in the field on-site.
Subproject Location :………………………………………………………
Project Leaders:……………………………………………………
Part A: Brief description of the subproject
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Part B: Identification of environmental and social impacts
Environmental and social concerns
Sector resources
Will the subproject require large volumes of construction materials from the
local natural resources (sand, gravel, laterite, water, wood construction, etc.)?
Does it require vast clearing or acquisition of land areas, will it use GMOs or
grow tobacco and drugs?
Biodiversity
Will the subproject cause impacts on endemic, rare, vulnerable species (i.e.
IUCN Red List species) and / or important economic, ecological, physical
cultural resources and components
Are there any areas of environmental or ecological sensitivity that could be
adversely affected by the subproject? E.g., forests, wetlands (lakes, rivers,
seasonal floodplains), etc.
Protected areas
Does the subproject area (or its components) have impact on protected areas
(national parks, national reserves, protected forests, a World Heritage Site,
etc.)
If the subproject is outside protected areas, but at a short distance from
protected areas, could it adversely affect the ecology within the protected
area? (e.g. interference with the flight of birds, migration of mammals)
Geology and Soils
From the geological or soil point of view are there unstable areas (erosion,
landslide, collapse)?
Are there any areas at risk of soil salinization?
Landscape/aesthetics
Will the subproject have any adverse effect on the aesthetic value of the
landscape?
Historical, archaeological or cultural sites
Has the subproject the potential to change one or several historic,
archaeological, cultural sites, or require excavations?
Loss of assets and other
Does the subproject trigger the temporary or permanent loss of natural or
critical natural habitat, crops, agricultural land, grazing, fruit trees, houses and
domestic infrastructure?
Pollution
Is the subproject likely to cause a high levels of noise?
Has the subproject the potential to generate significant amounts of solid and
liquid wastes? (i.e. waste oils, high BOD effluents, heavy metals, other toxic
chemicals, pesticides, fertilizer pollution, etc.)
If "yes" has the subproject client prepared a plan for waste collection and
Yes
No
Remarks
I
Environmental and social concerns
disposal or management?
Is there Environmental and Social Management Capacity and Equipment?
Is there any risk that subproject could affect the quality of surface water,
groundwater, drinking water sources
Has the subproject any potential of affecting the atmosphere and causing air
pollution (dust, PM10, various gases such NOx, SO2, etc.)
Lifestyle
Does the subproject have any potential of causing alterations in the lifestyle of
local people?
Could the subproject lead to the accentuation of social inequalities?
Does the subproject have the potential to lead to incompatible uses of
resources or to social conflicts between different users or is there a risk that
local communities could lose the access to their land or lose the use rights of
their land?
Health and Safety
Does the subproject have the potential to lead to risks of accident for workers
and communities?
Does the subproject have the potential to cause risks to the health of workers
and the communities? (i.e. HIV/Aids)
Does the subproject have the potential to lead to an increase in the
population of disease vectors? Malaria, Intestinal and Urinary Bilharzia and
others
Local Incomes
Does the subproject create temporary or permanent jobs?
Does the subproject promote the increase of agricultural production and/or
create other income generating activities?
Gender Concerns
Does the subproject promote the integration of women and other vulnerable
groups and provide them access to resources such as irrigated agriculture,
markets, etc.?
Does the subproject take into account the concerns of women and does it
encourage their involvement in decision-making?
Yes
No
Remarks
Public Consultation and Participation
Have public consultation and participation been sought?
Yes____ No___
If “Yes”, briefly describe the measures taken to this effect.
Part C: Mitigation
For all "Yes" given answers briefly describe the measures taken to that effect.
Part D: Project classification and environmental and social work

No environmental and social work needed



Freestanding ESMP or SECs) …………………..
ESIA with an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
Contractor ESMP
…………………..
Project classified as category:
A
B
C
J
Annex 3: Preliminary Environmental Information Sheet
FICHA DE INFORMAÇÃO AMBIENTAL PRELIMINAR
1. Nome da actividade:
2. Tipo de actividade:
a) Turística
Industrial
Agro-pecuária
Outro
Especifique
b) Novo
X
Reabilitação
Expansão
3. Identificação do(s) proponente(s):
4. Endereço/contacto:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Localização da actividade:
5.1 Localização administrativa:
5.2 Meio de inserção:
Urbano
Rural
6. Enquadramento no zoneamento:
Espaço habitacional
Industrial
Serviço
Verde
7. Descrição da actividade:
7.1 Infra-estruturas da actividade, suas dimensões e capacidade instalada (juntar sempre
que possível as peças desenhadas e escritas da actividade):
7.2 Actividades associadas:
7.3 Breve descrição da tecnologia de construção e de operação:
7.4 Actividades principais e complementares:
7.5 Tipo, origem e quantidade da mão-de-obra:
K
7.6 Tipo, origem e quantidades de matéria-prima :
7.7 Produtos químicos citados cientificamente a serem usados: (caso a lista seja longa
deverá produzir-se em anexo)
7.8 Tipo, origem e quantidade de consumo de água e energia:
7.9 Origem e quantidade de combustíveis e lubrificantes a serem usados:
7.10 Outros recursos necessários:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
8. Posse de terra (situação legal sobre a aquisição do espaço físico):
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
9. Alternativas de localização da actividade:
(Motivo da escolha do local de implantação da actividade e indicando pelo menos dois locais
alternativos)
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
10. Breve informação sobre a situação ambiental de referência local e regional:
10.1 Características físicas do local de implantação da actividade:
Planície
Planalto
Vale
Montanha
10.2 Ecossistemas predominantes:
Rio
Lago
Mar
Terrestre
10.3 Zona de localização:
Zona Costeira
Zona do interior
Ilha
10.4 Tipo de vegetação predominante:
Floresta
Savana
Outros
(especifique)___
A vegetação é dominada por gramíneas, pinheiros casuarinos, coqueiros e arbustos e árvores
indígenas.
10.5 Uso do solo de acordo com o plano de estrutura ou outra política vigente:
Machamba
Habitacional
Industrial
L
Protecção
Outros
( Especifique)_________________________
10.6 Infra-estruturas principais existentes ao redor da área da actividade:
11. Informação complementar através de mapas

Outra informação pertinente que julgar relevante.
Local, data (dia/mês/ano)
M
Annex 4: Checklist for environmental and social impacts
Peojwxct
Activities
Agricultural
development,
rehabilitation of
rural feeder roads,
construction of
water mains and
construction and
operation of
storage, packaging
and agro-
processing
facilities
Issues to be addressed














Will there any loss of vegetation during the
construction and operation of the agricultural
subprojects?
Are there adequate services and plans for liquid
and solid waste disposal during construction
and operation?
Will the waste and trash generated during the
construction and operational phases of the
subprojects be cleaned up and disposed off?
Will there be fire equipment and safety
equipment on-site in case of an emergency or
accident during construction and operation?
Is there any risk of pollution of groundwater,
surface water or soil by the subproject
activities?
Is there any risk of air pollution by subproject
activities, e.g., agro-industry processes?
Are there any environmentally sensitive areas in
the vicinity of the area of operations that may
be negatively impacted?
Are there impacts on the health of local
residents and the implementing and operating
staff?
Are there any impacts of waterborne diseases
on local communities, e.g., malaria and
bilharzia?
Are there visual impacts caused by construction
and infrastructure?
Are there any odors that may come from the
disposal of waste from agricultural activities?
Are there human settlements or sites of cultural,
religious or historical importance near the
subproject site?
Will there be any conflicts/disturbances
between local people and external people
working for the project?
Will the project interfere with any
physical/cultural resources?
Yes
No
If yes,
If yes, draw
appropriate
mitigation
measures described
in Chapter 9 and
the Annex 7. Good
Agricultural
Practices
N
Annex 5: Environmental and Social Clauses
The environmental and social clauses presented below will be integrated into Contracts for the
Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of PROJECT subprojects.
a.
Prior arrangements for carrying out works
Compliance with laws and regulations:
The Contractor and its subcontractors must: know, respect and enforce laws and regulations in
force in the country in regard to the environment, disposal of solid and liquid waste, air emission
and effluent standards and allowed noise levels, hours of work, etc.; take all appropriate measures
to minimize harm to the environment and people; take responsibility for any claims related to
environmental non-compliance.
Permits and approvals before work
Any work carried out must be preceded by obtaining information with regard to permits (e.g.,
environmental permit) and administrative permissions. Before starting work, the Contractor shall
obtain all permits necessary for carrying out the work under the contract: authorizations are issued
by local communities, forest services (in the case of deforestation, pruning, etc.), mining services (in
case of quarries and borrow sites), hydraulic services (in case of use of public water points), the
Labor Inspection, network managers, etc. Before starting any works, the Contractor shall consult
with the residents with whom he can make arrangements to facilitate the progress of the subproject
implementation.
Meeting before starting works
Before starting work, the Contractor and the Project Manager, under the supervision of the Client,
shall hold meetings with government officials, representatives of the population in the project area
and relevant technical services to inform them about the consistency and duration of works, routes
involved and locations likely to be affected. This meeting will enable the Client to collect people’s
suggestions, raise awareness on environmental and social issues and their relationships with the
workers.
Identification of concessionaire networks
Before starting works, the Contractor shall investigate a procedure for identifying concessionaire
networks (water, electricity, telephone, sewer, etc.) on a plan that will be formalized by Minutes of
Meetings signed by all parties (Contractor, works supervisor, concessionaires).
Release of public and private domain
The Contractor should be aware of the fact that the perimeter of a public utility related to the
operation is the perimeter that may be affected by the works. Work can only begin in the affected
areas by private companies when they are released as a result of an expropriation process.
Environmental and social management program
The Contractor shall prepare and submit for approval by the Project Manager a detailed project
environmental and social management program including: (i) a site plan showing the location of the
site and the various areas of the site for project components and locations, (ii) a site plan for waste
management indicating the types of waste, the type of collection considered, the storage, the
method and location of disposal; (iii) the information and awareness program specifying targets,
themes and selected consultation modality; (iv) a plan for accident management and health
O
protection stating the risks of major accidents which endanger the health or safety of staff and / or
public security measures and / or health protection to be applied in the context of an emergency
plan. The Contractor shall also prepare and submit, for approval by the prime contractor, a plan to
protect the environment of the site, which includes all security measures to protect the site and
forward a site decommissioning plan at the end of works.
The environmental and social management program will also include: the organization of staff in
charge of environmental, health and safety management with an indication of the officer in charge
of the Project Environmental Health and Safety Department, description of the methods to reduce
negative environmental, social, health and safety impacts, the water supply and sanitation
management plan, the list of agreements made with the owners and current users of private sites,
etc.
b.
Construction Plant and Work Camp Rules
Location standards
The Contractor shall construct temporary construction facilities in order to cause the least
disturbance possible to the environment, preferably in areas already cleared or disturbed when such
sites exist, or on sites that will be reused at a later stage for other purposes. The Contractor shall
strictly prohibit the establishment of a base camp within a protected area.
Display rules and staff awareness
The Contractor shall display a clearly visible internal regulation in the various camp facilities
specifically prescribing: respect for local customs, protection against STI / HIV / AIDS, hygiene
rules and safety and environmental measures. The Contractor shall educate its staff in regard to
respect for customs and traditions of the people of the area where the works are being performed
and the risks of STDs and HIV / AIDS.
Use of local labor
The Contractor shall engage (besides his technical staff) as much labor as possible from the area
where the works are being performed. Failing to find qualified personnel on site, it is permitted to
bring a workforce from outside the work area.
Child labor
Harmful Child Labor, which consists of the employment of children that is economically
exploitative, or is likely to be hazardous to or interfere with, the child's education, or to be harmful
to the child's health, or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development should not be
allowed.
Respect for working hours
The Contractor shall ensure that work schedules comply with the laws and regulations in force. Any
waiver is subject to the approval of the project manager. Wherever possible (except in exceptional
cases provided by the prime contractor), the Contractor shall avoid performing work during the
rest hours, Sundays and holidays.
Protection of site personnel
The Contractor shall make available to site personnel prescribed working clothes and in good
condition and all accessories and safety protection to their activities (helmets, boots, belts, masks,
P
gloves, goggles, etc.). The Contractor shall ensure scrupulous use of protection equipment on site.
Permanent monitoring should be carried out for this purpose and, in case of violation, enforcement
actions (warning, layoff, dismissal) must be applied to personnel.
Person(s) Responsible for Health, Safety and Environment
The Contractor shall appoint Health / Safety / Environment Officer(s), who will ensure that the
hygiene, safety and environmental protection rules are strictly followed by all and at all levels of
performance, both for workers and the population as well as others in contact with the site. He will
locate health centers closest to the site to allow its staff to have access to first aid in case of
accident. The Contractor shall prohibit access to the site by the public, protect it with tags and
signs, indicate different access and take all order and security measures to avoid accidents.
Appointment of staff on duty
The Contractor shall provide care, supervision and safety maintenance of the site including out of
hours on-site presence. Throughout the construction period, the Contractor shall have personnel
on call outside working hours, every day without exception (Saturday, Sunday and holidays), day
and night, to take action with regard to any incident and/or accident that may occur in connection
with the works.
Measures against traffic barriers
The Contractor shall avoid blocking public access. He must constantly maintain and guarantee the
movement and access of residents during construction. The Contractor shall ensure that no
excavation or trench is left open at night without proper signage approved by the Project Manager.
The Contractor shall ensure that temporary deviations allow for passage without danger.
c.
Decommissioning of construction sites
General Rules
Upon releasing a site, the Contractor leaves the premises to their own immediate use. He cannot be
released from his obligations and responsibilities without ensuring that the site is in good condition.
The Contractor shall carry out all the necessary works for rehabilitation of the site and restore it to
its initial or almost initial state. All equipment, materials, polluted soil, etc. will be removed and
cannot be abandoned on site or surrounding area.
Once the work is completed, the Contractor shall: (i) remove temporary buildings, equipment, solid
and liquid waste, leftover materials, fences, etc. (ii) rectify faults in drainage and treat all excavated
areas; (iii) reforest areas initially deforested with appropriate species in relation to local forest
services; (iv) protect the remaining dangerous works (well, open ditches, slopes, projections,
rehabilitate quarries, etc.); (vi) install functional pavements, sidewalks, gutters, ramps and other
structures essential for public service. After the removal of all equipment, a report on the
rehabilitation of the site must be prepared and attached to the minutes of the reception of the
works.
Protection of unstable areas
During the execution of works in unstable environments, the Contractor shall take the following
precautions not to accentuate the instability of the soil: (i) avoid heavy traffic and overload in the
Q
zone of instability; (ii) retain as much as possible the vegetation or restore it using native species
where there are erosion risks.
Control the execution of environmental and social clauses
The Project Manager, whose team should include an environmental expert who is part of the
mission control team, shall verify compliance and the effectiveness of the implementation of the
environmental and social clauses by the Contractor.
Notification
The Project Manager shall notify the Contractor of any event of default or non-performance of
environmental and social measures. The Contractor shall rectify any breach of the regulations duly
notified to him by the Project Manager. Costs of restarts or additional works arising from noncompliance shall be borne by the Contractor.
Sanction
Pursuant to contractual non-compliance with environmental and social clauses, duly noted by the
Project Manager, may be grounds for termination of the contract. The Contractor whose contract
has been terminated due to non-implementation of environmental and social clauses may be subject
to sanctions up to suspension of the right to bid for a period determined by the Client, with a
reduction on the price and blocking the pay back of the guarantee.
Reception of the works
Failure to follow these terms exposes the Contractor to provisional or final refusal of acceptance of
the works, by the reception Commission. The implementation of each environmental and social
measure may be subject to partial acceptance involving relevant departments.
Obligations under the guarantee
The obligations of the Contractor run until the final reception of the works that will happen only
after the complete execution of the works to improve the environment as stated in the contract.
d.
Environmental and Social Clauses
Works signage
Prior to the opening of construction sites and whenever necessary the Contractor shall place, presignage and signage within an appropriate distance in line with the laws and regulations in force.
Measures for the movement of construction equipment
During the works, the Contractor shall limit vehicle speeds on site by installing signs and flag
bearers. In residential areas, the Contractor shall establish the schedule and route for heavy vehicles,
which must circulate outside the sites to minimize nuisances (noise, dust, risk of accidents and
traffic congestion) and carry approval of the project manager.
R
Only strictly necessary materials will be tolerated on the site. Outside access, designated crossing
places and work areas, it is prohibited to operate construction equipment.
The Contractor shall ensure that the speed limit for all vehicles on public roads, will be a maximum
of 60 km / h on rural roads and 40 km / h in urban areas and through villages. Drivers exceeding
these limits shall be subject to disciplinary action up to and including dismissal. The installation of
speed humps or water spraying in settlements will be recommended in order to reduce the risk of
accidents and reduce the nuisance of dust.
Vehicles of the Contractor shall, at all times, comply with the requirements of the Highway Code in
force, particularly with regard to the weight of the laden vehicle.
The Contractor shall, during the dry season and depending on water availability, regularly spray
water on dusty roads/tracks used by its transport equipment to avoid dust, especially in populated
areas.
Protection of crossing areas and agricultural activities
The work schedule should be established in such a way as to minimize disruption of agricultural
activities. The main periods of activity (ploughing, sowing, harvesting, drying, etc.) must be known
in particular to adapt the construction schedule to these agricultural activities. The Contractor shall
identify where crossings for animals, livestock and people are needed. Again, the involvement of
the population is paramount.
Protection of wetlands, fauna and flora
It is forbidden for the Contractor to establish temporary installations (storage areas and parking, or
paths to circumvent works, etc.) in wetlands, including the filling of existing temporary pools. In
the case of vegetated areas, the Contractor must adapt to the local vegetation and be careful not to
introduce new species without consulting the forestry services. For all deforested areas lying outside
the ROW and required by the Contractor for the purposes of its works, the top soil must be kept
separate and restored afterwards.
Protection of sacred sites and archaeological sites
The Contractor shall take all necessary measures to respect the cultural and cultural sites
(cemeteries, sacred sites, etc.) existing in the vicinity of the works and not interfere them with. For
this purpose he must first identify their type and location before starting the works.
If, during construction, remains of places of interest for worship, historic or archaeological value
are discovered, the Contractor shall follow the following procedure: (i) stop work in the area, (ii)
immediately notify the Project Manager who must take steps to protect the site to avoid destruction
by defining a protection perimeter on the site within which no activity shall be carried on, and (iii)
to refrain from removing and moving objects and relics. The work must be suspended within the
scope of protection until the national body responsible for historic and archaeological sites has
given permission to continue.
Measures for logging and deforestation
In the case of deforestation, felled trees must be cut and stored in locations approved by the
Project Manager. Local residents should be aware of the possibility that they can make use of this
timber at their convenience. Felled trees should not be left on site or burned or fled under the earth
materials. Felled trees should be compensated in natura or in monetary value, depending on the
existing laws.
S
Liquid Waste Management
The Contractor shall prevent spills and wastewater discharge, oil and all kinds of pollutants in
surface water or groundwater or on soils. The Project Manager will provide treatment methods,
disposal procedures, disposal sites and drainage locations to the Contractor.
Solid waste management
The Contractor shall deposit the garbage in bins to be emptied and sealed periodically. In case of
evacuation of the site by trucks, bins should be sealed to prevent the waste spillage. For hygiene
reasons, and in order to not attract vectors daily collection is recommended, especially during hot
periods. The Contractor shall dispose of or recycle the wastes in an environmentally sound manner.
For this purpose the Contractor should store waste in labeled containers. The Contractor shall
deliver the waste, if possible, to existing disposal sites.
Protection against noise pollution
The Contractor shall limit construction noise in order not to disturb residents, either by excessively
long duration, or by their extension outside of normal working hours. Thresholds are not to exceed
55 decibels (dB) during the day and 45 decibels at night.
Prevention against STD / HIV / AIDS and related diseases
The Contractor shall inform and educate staff on the risks of STD / HIV / AIDS. He must make
sufficient and good quality condoms available to staff free of charge to be used against STDs and
HIV / AIDS infections. Local communities should also be informed about the risks of STDs and
HIV / Aids.
The Contractor shall inform and educate employees on safety and health at work. He must
maintain the safety and health of workers and local populations and take appropriate measures for
this purpose. The Contractor shall provide the following preventive measures against the health and
safety risks: (i) enforce the wearing of masks, uniforms and other appropriate footwear and
equipment; and (ii) systematically install a medical clinic at the construction site and provide free
medications necessary for emergency care on site for the staff.
Site journal
The Contractor shall maintain a log yard, which will record complaints, violations, accidents or
incidents that have a significant impact on the environment or impacts on the local communities.
The site log is unique to the site and notes must be written in ink. The Contractor shall inform the
general public and local residents in particular, about the existence of this journal, with an
indication of where it can be accessed.
Equipment maintenance and equipment projects
The Contractor shall comply with the maintenance standards for construction equipment and
vehicles and conduct refueling and lubricant in a place designated for this purpose. Refueling
should take place on a concrete slab. Fuel tanks should be placed within a concrete bund of 110%
volume the volume of the fuel tank or tanks. Oil/water separators should be installed where there
is a risk of pollution with hydrocarbons, e.g., at vehicle maintenance sites. On the site, provision of
absorbent materials and insulators (pillows, sheets, tubes and peat fiber, etc.) as well as sealed
containers clearly identified for receiving petroleum residues and waste, must be present. The
T
Contractor shall perform, under constant surveillance, handling of fuel, oil or other contaminants,
including the transfer to avoid spillage. The Contractor shall collect, process and recycle all waste
oil, and waste in operations and maintenance or repair of machinery. It is forbidden to discharge
any hydrocarbons or other dangerous chemicals into the environment or on the construction site.
The Contractor shall drain the waste oils in sealed drums and retain oils to return it to the supplier
(recycling). Used spare parts must be sent to the landfill or disposed off in another environmentally
acceptable manner.
Washing areas and areas for maintenance of equipment and vehicles must be from concrete and
equipped with a collection system for oils and fats, with a slope oriented to prevent the flow of
pollutants to areas with bare soil. Concrete mixers and equipment for the transportation and
installation of the concrete should be washed in the areas provided for this purpose.
Dust control
The Contractor shall select the location of crushers and similar equipment based on noise and dust
they produce. Goggles and dust masks are mandatory.
U
Annex 6: Summary of Main Issues from the Public Participation/Consultation Process
Mozambique Integrated Growth Poles Project
(PROJECT -- P127303)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)
Summary of the Public Participation/Consultation Process
V
1. Introduction
In addition to general discussions with a multitude of project interested people, during the
preparation of the Project’s ESMF, PMP and RPF concerted efforts were made to get a number of
well-identified stakeholders to provide elaborated feedback on a series of issues related to Project
formulation, implementation and management, including environmental and social issues.
Identified stakeholders cover individuals from central level institutions (e.g. GAZEDA, CFM,
ZVDA, MICOA) to the provinces (DPCA and DPA) and districts (mainly district administrators
and district directors of services).
The process was divided into two main phases. The first phase took place between 23 and 26
October 2012 during reconnaissance and preliminary assessment of the field conditions in order to
inform stakeholders about the general project concept and get their preliminary views on a number
of issues. This phase continued until the formulation of the first draft ESMF in
November/December 2012. The second took place between 17 and 22 January 2013 and was
aimed at presenting to and getting feedback from main stakeholders on project’s structure and
contents and the impacts that it is likely to be associated with as well as ways of dealing with its
different aspects.
Annex 8 of the ESMF document presents the list of people that were consulted as part of this
process. The lines that follow make a summary of the main issues raised by the consulted people
during the interviews and discussions.
W
First Phase
Issues
Categories of Stakeholders
The
Project
as
a District authorities
contribution
to
the
diversification of the
economy in the Zambezi
Valley
and
Nacala
Corridor and support to
the attainment of PRSP
Main Opinions
Remarks
Besides mining and transport, both the Zambezi Valley and
Nacala Corridor are very rich in diversity of natural resources
including water and land to sustain other economic activities
including agriculture, tourism, industry, etc. and benefit a larger
population basis. They should not become coal production and
coal transport corridors only. In this regard, the project is
welcome, it should be closely linked to existing district, and
provincial strategic development plans. There is no need to
start from scratch. The provinces and districts have already
identified a number of projects which should be considered to
be part of the Project
Same as the district authorities
Provincial authorities
Nampula
province
provided its 2010-2020
Nampula province highlighted the fact that Nacala Corridor is Provincial Strategic Plan
an area with a strong potential to diversify the economy by
resuscitating important economic areas such as agriculture,
forests, tourism, mining, etc. The province has formulated its
own Provincial Strategic Plan for the period 2010-2020. The
strategic document identifies the province’s potential and
priority areas for investment
Central level institutions including The Project concept is indisputably relevant at this stage of the
ZVDA and GAZEDA, CFM, FIPAG, country’s development and in light of the development trends
etc.
of these two clusters, i.e. Zambezi Valley and Nacala Corridor.
However, in order to fully materialize the concept there is a
need to mobilize much more resources. The initial amount
being considered (around 100 mil US$) will not be enough. The
inconveniences stemming from this limitation of resources can
be offset by focusing on a compact number of areas instead of
trying to cover the two regions entirely.
X
Issues
Categories of Stakeholders
Main Opinions
There is no doubt that the country needs more corridors (roads
and railways) in order to take advantage of its vast and rich
natural resources. The big investors behind coal and other
resources only have eyes on access to the Indian Ocean, i.e. in
the old East-West direction for the circulation of goods and
people in detriment of other internal directions. Although not
confirmed yet and at the pre-feasibility stage in most cases there
are several railway lines being considered to link Tete with
Mozambican ports, which will exacerbate this phenomenon.
Initiatives like these are welcome in order to bring some
balance and take advantage of the markets to be created by the
economic boom ignited by mining in Tete.
Other issues to be taken District authorities
The Project should support the districts and municipalities in
into consideration in
their efforts to prepare land use plans. The siting of the
project
design,
subprojects should be done in line with sound land use
implementation and
planning at the local level
Provincial authorities
NA
Central level institutions including The project may be associated with new challenges, as it has
ZVDA and GAZEDA, CFM, FIPAG, considerable elements of regional planning/implementation.
etc.
This approach is not yet a common practice in the country.
Institutions are used to plan and act following administrative
boundaries defined by provinces, districts, etc. Inter-provincial
and inter-district initiatives are not yet a norm. There might be
the need to clearly define who does what and where. Otherwise,
there could be confusion and conflicts over implementation,
management, operation and maintenance of infrastructures
spread over different jurisdictions.
Remarks
MICOA
(DNAPOT)
PROJECT’s role in district/municipal land use plans should be
provided the current
highlighted. In as far as possible the siting of T subprojects
status quo on the
should be informed by sound land use planning
preparation of District
Land Use Plans.
Y
Second Phase
Issues
Categories of Stakeholders
On focusing on two District authorities
limited growth poles of
Nacala and Angonia
Provincial authorities
Main Opinions
As a matter of fact Angonia, Tsangano and Macanga are the
most endowed districts in Tete and the Zambezi Valley in
general. They can form an excellent platform in the process of
trying to link mega-projects with local initiatives.
Linking the consumption market that is growing in Tete and
Moatize with highly productive areas of Tete such as Angonia,
Tsangano and Macanga has been in the minds of a series of
economic agents. If well managed the Project has the potential
to make positive demonstrations.
Remarks
The provincial government has been working on these linkages
and it is now evident that there is a clear need to increase
production and productivity, improve quality, introduce
processing and packaging, transport, marketing and general
exposure to markets
Central level institutions including The approach of investing the available resources only in five
ZVDA and GAZEDA, CFM, FIPAG, districts is an important step forward in terms of doing things
etc.
that will be tangible. It is important that whatever is going to be
done be visible and have visible impacts in order to provoke the
necessary level of buy-in and have more entities interested in
this concept. This is how more resources can be made available
to spread the concept to other areas. Spreading few resources
over a large area would be counterproductive.
Other considerations and District authorities
practical issues
From now on the project should move carefully and ensure that
lessons are acquired and disseminated accordingly.
The three districts of Angonia, Tsangano and Macanga have
considerable agricultural irrigation experience, mainly by
gravity, although in some cases they adopt practices that are
damaging to the environment. It is will be important to invest
Z
Issues
Categories of Stakeholders
Main Opinions
on demonstration, training and capacity building in order to
eliminate the negative practices over time.
Remarks
The three districts have been making an inventory of the dams
requiring rehabilitation for agricultural irrigation (mainly
Angonia and Tsangano). They have also been identifying and
making inventories of areas with potential to develop irrigation
schemes. PROJECT should assist in fine-tuning this work and
use the existing base to get started.
Provincial authorities
Macanga provided a list
of three (3) irrigation
schemes in need of
rehabilitation and six (6)
new points with potential
to develop such schemes.
While Angonia and Tsangano have been under intensive These are accompanied
exploitation, Macanga is relatively pristine. Not much has been by a preliminary budget
going on in this district and activities will have to start from estimate.
scratch in many area. This can be seen as an opportunity on
one hand but also as a challenge on the other.
Angonia made reference
to the existence of six (6)
small irrigation dams
units territory, of which
only three (3) are
operational. There was
also a power generating
dam which is now out of
operation.
The average size of farm plots in the hands of small commercial
producers in Angonia, Tsangano and Macanga is 15 ha. Under
current circumstances it will be difficult to find bigger plots.
Through Moatize, Tete province has developed considerable
experience of involving the districts (through the SDPI) in the
ESIA/ESMP process. Coupled with targeted capacity-building
the existing experience could be replicated in the three districts
AA
Issues
Categories of Stakeholders
Main Opinions
in Angonia Growth Pole.
Remarks
The Project should make funds available to bring SDPIs Under the procedures in
personnel to the provincial capitals to be part of the force the review of
ESIA/ESMP subproject review teams.
projects (i.e. subprojects)
is done at the provincial
level by inter-ministerial
working groups. SDPI
should be part of this
process
as
the
subprojects go through
the various stages of the
ESIA/ESMP
review
processes.
Central level institutions including The project is focusing excessively on Nacala Porto. It should
ZVDA and GAZEDA, CFM, FIPAG, consider doing something substantial in Nacala-a-Velha. There
etc.
is a need to consider, for example, that the water system that is
going to be supported has most of its components in Nacala-aVelha territory. It is starting to look bad that Nacala Porto is
getting all the support and benefits25 while Nacala-aVelha
watches. This was started by the MCC/MCA project and if
nothing is done will be continued by the Project.
The suggestion of having GAZEDA managing most of the
rehabilitation of the 9 km road linking the future airport to the
city of Nacala Porto may need to be reexamined. GAZEDA
may not have the capacity and resources to do this adequately.
ANE should be given an important role irrespectively of where
25
The water system is already under rehabilitation under MCC/MCA interventions, covering a series of components such as sources (Nacala Dam), water treatment plant,
what transmission, etc.
BB
Issues
Categories of Stakeholders
Main Opinions
the funds are going to be allocated.
Remarks
Construction camps for works (roads, water supply, irrigation,
etc.) should be provided with adequate toilet and ablution
facilities. There have been negative experiences with other
projects in this regard which the Project should by all means
avoid
CC
Annex 7: Good Agricultural Practices - Hygiene and Safety
Technical steps
Clearing (felling of
trees and shrubs)
Fertilization
Treatment plant
Cropping systems
Environmentally and Socially Friendly Agricultural Farming Systems
Environmental and social measures
• Reforestation of the waste land areas as a compensation
• Development of low-lying flood plains for crop production, but leaving high biodiversity
wetland areas untouched
• Development of improved farming system by applying improved technology
• Training on the safe selection, use, storage and disposal of agricultural inputs
• Training on compost making techniques
• Train communities on how to improve their nutrition
• Reduction of agricultural production losses and wastage
• Reuse of agricultural by-products
• Integration of short-cycle crops, i.e. 3 months, short stem rice
• Promotion of integrated pest management
• Training on safe pesticide selection, use, storage and disposal
• Application of knowledge to get healthy crops, avoid or manage diseases
• Adoption of best practices for monitoring insects and knowledge of the life cycle of pests
• Use of natural predators and ecological characteristics
• Practice of Biological Control
• Adoption of short cycle varieties selected for durable resistance to pests
• Development of agricultural systems and irrigated lowland systems for year-round production
• Regular monitoring of the quality of water for irrigation to avoid contamination of food crops
• Recycling of crop residues and animal waste
• Use of animal traction and shelterbelts
• Promotion of home gardens
Measures of good agricultural practices integrating environmental and social sustainability aspects
Improving seed quality (seed production techniques)
• Enhance the features of improved seeds taking the environmental and dimensions into account, i.e. good
ground cover to reduce erosion, short growing season so that more crops per year are feasible
• Organize the production and dissemination of improved seeds
• Disseminate intensification techniques to improve the competitiveness of produced crops
• Improve harvesting and post-harvest techniques in order to reduce losses
Improvement of production systems and natural resource base:
• Control erosion with legumes
• Improved fertility including alley cropping with legumes
• Use of cover crops
• Reduce the decline of soil fertility through a better agriculture - livestock integration
• Monitoring of Soil Fertility
• Program for Research on Integrated Management of soil nutrients
• Research Programs on more Sustainable Agricultural Systems leading to an Enhanced and Sustainable
Production System
• Dissemination of technical erosion control
Sustainable agricultural crop production
• Controlling erosion and rapid depletion of soil organic reserves, the restoration of soil fertility and sustainable
land management
• Develop research on technologies that optimize the use of new sources of accessible and sustainable organic
fertilizers
• Minimize the effects of mechanized practices (choice of agricultural machinery and equipment suited to the
agro-ecological zones for cultivation, etc.).
Improving food quality
• Ensure quality of food (hygienic, packaging, transportation, storage and processing
• Prioritize the establishment of a system of risk analysis and critical control point (HACCP hazard analysis of
critical control point)
DD
Annex 8: List and Contacts of People Consulted
Nr.
Name
Institution
Position
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Juma Taratibo
Armindo Gove
Hilario Anapakala
Constantino antonio
Fernando Manuel
Rogerio Ajulai
Elizabeth Lundo
Felicidade Muiocha
Roberto Mito Albino
Odete Simeão
Paulo Covele
Moniz Candido
Isabel Senda
Nico Branquinho Guerra
Tome Manuel
Branquinho Ferro Nhombe
Fidelis Ussene
District Administration/Ribaue
District Administration/Rapale
District Administration/Mecuburi
Ribaue Municipality
SDAE Mutarara
SDPI Mutarara
District Administration/Morrumbala
Provincial Government/Nampula
Agencia do Zambeze
CFM
CFM
SDPI Morrumbala
MICOA/DNAPOT
SDEJT/Morrumbala
SDMAS/Morrumbala
GAZEDA
FIPAG Nacala Porto
18
19
Adriando bata
Florêncio Alves
20
Leonardo Protássio
21
Gerson Pedro Daúde
22
Antonio Dique
23
Jernonimo C. Alane
24
Hermenegildo Pacale
FIPAG Nacala Porto
Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
in Tete
Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
in Tete
District Services of Economic
Activities Angonia
District Services of Economic
Activities Macanga
District Services of Economic
Activities Tsangano
Provincial Directorate for the
Coordinationn of Environmental
Affairs
Administrator
Administrator
Administrator
Mayor
Director
Director
Secretary Permanent
Governor's Office Nampula/ UCODIN
Director
Project Manager
GIS Technician
Administrator
Director
Planning Technician
Director
Delegate in Nacala
Financial Manager/Acting Delegate in
Nacala
Water Supply Technical Officer
Agricultural Hydraulics Officer
Agrarian
Technician/Agricultural
Services Department in Tete
Agronomist Director of SDAE
Agronomist Director of SDAE
Agronomist Director of SDAE
Head of Environmental Management
Department/Acting DPCA Director
EE
Final-CS
Annex 9: Terms of Reference for the Formulation of the ESMF, PMP and RPF
MINISTÉRIO DA PLANIFICACAO E DA DISENVOLVIMENTO
DIRECÇÃO NACIONAL DE SERVIÇOS DE PLANEAMENTO
Mozambique Integrated Growth Poles Project
(P127303)
Terms of Reference for Consulting Services
Assignment title
Contract duration
(90 days)
Primary assignment
location
Preparation of Safeguards instruments for the Project:
Environmental and Social Management Framework
(ESMF including PMP) and Resettlement Policy
Framework
(RPF) & PMP and overall lead
50 days for ESMF
40 days for RPF
Provinces of Tete and Nampula, and along the Growth
Corridor (Tete to Nampula/Nacala )
Maputo, October, 2012
FF
A. Context and Objectives of the Assignment

The proposed Integrated Growth Poles Project (Project) is a US$100 million investment
lending operation financed by the World Bank under the World Bank Country Partnership
Strategy (CPS, 2012-2015). It will support the government’s strategy for inclusive and
broad-based growth. The Project is expected to contribute towards supporting two of the
three main pillars of the Governments Plano de Acção de Redução da Pobreza (PARP,
2011-14) (i) increasing agricultural production/productivity; (ii) employment through
targeted interventions to strengthen the dynamism of the private sector to drive economic
growth and accelerate job creation. The development objective of the Project is to improve
the performance of enterprises and smallholder farms in the provinces of Tete and
Nampula. The project preparation is under the overall responsibility of MPD.

World Bank safeguard policies guidelines require that MPD effectively assesses and
mitigates the potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project activities.
At concept note stage, it was agreed that the Project’s environment and social
category/rating would be A, later confirmed by MICOA. Furthermore, the project has
triggered the following six (06) safeguards policies, namely OP/BP4.01 (Environmental
Assessment), OP4.09 (Pest Management), OP/BP4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement), OP/BP4.04
(Natural Habitats), OP/BP 4.11 (Physical Cultural Resources) and OP/BP 7.50 (Projects in
International Waterways). As a result of the above, MPD is required to prepare two major
standalone safeguards instruments: an Environmental and Social Management
Framework (ESMF) including a Pest Management Plan (PMP) and a Resettlement
Policy Framework (RPF) in addition to a Strategic Environmental and Social
Assessment (SESA) and a Comprehensive Social Impacts Assessment (CSIA).

The World Bank will support the Government of Mozambique in the preparation of the
two major safeguard instruments. The primary objective of this assignment is to
prepare, under two separate documents, an Environmental and Social Management
Framework (ESMF) that includes a Pest Management Plan (PMP) and a Resettlement
Policy Framework (RPF). The ESMF-PMP will be prepared with the aim to effectively assess
and mitigate the potential environmental and social impacts of future sub-project activities
under the Project, including issues related to natural habitats (OP/BP 4.04) and physical cultural
resources (OP/BP 4.11). The RPF will be prepared with the aim to present the basic principles
and procedures to be followed when a sub-project activity is identified as having potential
impacts on land rights, assets or access to assets and which will entail ceding of land and/or
potential assets by affected persons or entities in return for replacements and/or other forms
of restoration.

Preparing these two required standalone safeguard instruments allows both the Government
and the World Bank to agree on principles and processes, so that these need not be discussed
for every sub-project. It also allows project stakeholders and beneficiaries to undertake specific
sub-projects without having to re-negotiate fundamental agreements on a case-by-case basis.
B. Scope of the Assignment
Based on the objective of the assignment described above, the Consultants will be required to work
in Maputo as well as to travel extensively to the project implementation area, namely Tete and
Nampula. The Consultants will liaise with the overall Project preparation team (Maputo, Tete and
Nampula), technical staff from MPD, MICOA, MINAGRI/DNSA, MMAS, MIREM and other
relevant strategic stakeholders at both the central and provincial levels. The Consultants will also
liaise with the relevant World Bank staff and staff from other donors engaged in environment and
social activities in the Project area known as the Tete-Nacala Growth Corridor via Ilha de
Mozambique. In fact, new interventions to be developed under the Growth Poles Project include
assessment of potential tourism activities are currently being conducted in Ilha de Mocambique in
Nampula. Hence, the proposed intervention for the Macuti side would promote the establishment
GG
of socially responsible and environmentally sound community based tourism activities for
sustainable economic development of marginalized communities in Ilha de Mozambique.
Moreover, the project will further be looking at the possibility of supporting the sustainable
development of Tourism sector in the mainland of Ilha de Mozambique through financing access
roads to Lumbo and Sancul (as foreseen on the Master Plan prepared under the Arco Norte project).

With a special emphasis on field work, the Consultants will interact with local actors such as
NGO, SDAE extension workers and technical staff, potential beneficiary groups, and others.
The desk review will include among other: environmental and social policies, strategies and
approaches prevailing in the country; environmental and social analyses recently carried out
under other relevant projects co-financed or not by the World Bank; the sub-project screening,
approval, implementation and monitoring process (if available); review of on-going Sustainable
Development (SDN) projects co-financed by the World Bank; provisions in the national laws
for public consultations and participation requirements on social and environmental aspects
and potential risks.

The ESMF (including a PMP) and RPF documents are each expected to include
information on the following:
o
Executive Summary: A non-technical executive summary in both Portuguese and English
o
Project Description: Provide a brief description of the project, with emphasis on
components with activities which will trigger environmental and social impacts
o
Impacts: Identify, assess and – to the extent possible – quantify the potential
environmental and social impacts and risks in the intervention zone of the subprojects
o
Public/Stakeholders Consultation and Participation: Bearing in mind that this is a social
and environmental category A project, propose steps and timeline to ensure that World
Bank requirements on public consultation and participation are being met in full. Present
the outcomes of a participatory and inclusive public consultation conducted by the
Consultants with various categories of beneficiary stakeholders in the selected provinces.
Outline the community’s perception of/and reaction to the project and suggest ways of
retrofitting their main views and concerns in the project design, implementation and
monitoring and evaluation. Include minutes of all consultation meetings for each
document, highlighting i.e. gender and vulnerable groups distribution), and describing how
communities have been identified.
o
Public Consultation and Participation Plan (PCPP): Develop a participatory and inclusive
public consultation plan that could be easily followed up at the local level for the
environmental and social screening process for the subprojects, as well as during the
planning stages of the sub-project activities. As a category A project, at least two
participatory public consultations with various stakeholders that include women, youth and
most vulnerable groups of the project targeted communities in each province would have
to be undertaken during the preparation of these safeguards instruments; one during the
first phase of the preparation (between week 2 and 5) and the second one prior to the
approval and public disclosure of the final reports.
o
Legal Framework: Review of the national laws (incl. traditional and customary practices)
governing the environment and natural resources (for ESMF) and governing the
appropriation of land (or other assets) (for RPF). Identify potential discrepancies between
national laws (such as the Decree No. 45/2004 of September 29, 2004, and Decree No. 31/2012
of August 8, 2012) and World Bank policies (mainly OP/BP4.01, OP 4.09, OP/BP 4.04,
OP/BP 4.11 and OP/BP4.12) and establish mechanisms for a converging implementation.
o
Implementing Agency: Identify/propose individuals/organization/agency responsible for
jointly implementing the ESMF and the RPF. Assess the government’s and implementing
agency’s technical and administrative capacities to manage the project’s potential
environmental and social issues, and propose – as appropriate – viable mitigation measures
to reinforce their technical and practical capacities in this regard, taking into consideration
HH
the relevant environmental and social policies, legal, regulatory and administrative
frameworks in place.

o
Safeguards Policies: Review the World Bank environment and social safeguards policies
including those not yet triggered by the project and make recommendations regarding their
applicability to the Project. Recommendations pertaining to the treatment of applicable
safeguards policies in the context of the sub-projects should also be formulated.
o
Public Disclosures: Bearing in mind that this is a social and environmental category A
project, propose steps and timeline to ensure that public disclosures of key findings are
adequately implemented, and in synch with the overall project preparation calendar.
In addition to the above, the ESMF-PMP should specifically cover the following:
o
Develop an environmental and social screening form (ESSF) to assist in determining
potential impacts of the sub-projects proposed for the Project funding.
o
Establish a process for assigning environmental and social categories to the sub-projects.
o
Develop an environmental and social checklist combined with relevant mitigation measures
to be applied to the various sub-projects that do not require a separate environmental and
social impacts assessment (ESIA).
o
Establish a process for environmental and social impacts analysis (ESIA) for sub-projects
requiring a separate ESIA (i.e. preparation of terms of reference, selection of consultants to
carry out site specific ESIAs, public consultations and participation).
o
Establish a Land use screening mechanism for site specific RAPs to determine whether or
not a full/abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will need to be prepared based on
guidance and standards set forth in the RPF.
o
Propose institutional arrangements for the review and clearance of screening results and
site specific ESIAs and/or RAPs reports, as well as for the implementation of mitigation
measures, and the related participatory monitoring and evaluation.
o
In the context of subprojects, assess the potential environmental and social impacts of
pesticides usages during the agriculture campaign, and – wherever appropriate- of solid
wastes during small dams and canals construction or rehabilitation activities for irrigated
agro-business operations; make appropriate, implementable and manageable
recommendations on how to sustainably mitigate them in a participatory manner.
o
Where appropriate, propose measures to deal with liquid (used oil and chemical pesticides)
and solid waste during operation and/or maintenance of subprojects activities, particularly
with regard to agribusiness related irrigation water supply, rural sanitation and health care
facilities (where adequate). General cumulative environmental and social issues, directly or
indirectly related to other sectors (water and sanitation, energy, transport, etc.), are
expected to be further dealt with in the proposed Strategic Environment and Social
Assessment (SESA) as well as the Comprehensive Social Impacts Assessment (CSIA)
studies to be launched around the same time as the ESMF and RPF.

The ESMF should, in addition to the PMP, also include a comprehensive
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the Project. This plan should include
– as appropriate – institutional arrangements, time horizons and cost estimates for the
implementation of mitigation measures and the monitoring of their implementation, ESIA training
provisions, and participatory and inclusive public consultations. The ESMP-PMP as well as the
RAP, SESA and CSIA will later be merged with the Project Operation’s Manual.

Building upon the ESMF, the RPF should specifically cover the following:
o
Screening and Preparing the Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs): Describe the process for
determining if a site specific RAP is needed as well as the process for preparing and
approving the various site specific RAPs. Describe the process by which individual RAPs
for the proposed subprojects activities will be submitted to project authorities, reviewed,
II
and approved. Describe how entitlements to compensation will be delivered. Clearly state
who will be responsible for ensuring the resettlement process is carried out as required by
World Bank policy guidelines;
o
RAP Implementation: Describe implementation process and mechanisms
o
Impact Magnitude: Estimate the magnitude of tangible impacts, population impacted,
estimated period for temporary restriction to access to certain assets or income generating
areas, estimated budget for replacing impacted assets, and potential challenges to project
staff in implementing project activities
o
Compensation Eligibility and Valuation: Establish eligibility criteria; describe
Government’s methods of valuing impacted assets; explain the methods used for
inventorying assets, assigning values for each type of asset, and process for finalizing
agreements with project affected persons (PAP).
o
Grievance Redress Mechanisms: Describe the mechanisms available to PAP for complaints
about project impacts. Show accessibility of grievance redress mechanism (i.e. language,
distance and cost) and what recourse/ appeal from local grievance may be available to
PAP. Assess transparency and adequacy of grievance redress mechanism and ensure that
“victims” have access to third-party appeals (freely) to ensure no conflict of interest with
project activities.
o
Funding: Describe viable arrangements for funding resettlement compensation and
replacement of impacted assets. Include estimate of overall costs of resettlement including
technical training and other accompanying social measures to ensure that PAPs are “betteroff” afterwards.
o
Participatory Monitoring & Evaluation: Provide an appropriate and transparent mechanism
for effective participatory monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of resettlement
operations. Describe how the subprojects implementation will be effectively monitored
and evaluated, and at what frequency. Propose mechanisms ensuring that participatory
M&E results are successfully fed back into project implementation.
o
Template for a Resettlement Action Plan: Provide a generic description of the contents of
individual RAPs for the subprojects activities. The template should include: nature of the
subproject, magnitude of impacts, baseline census of people impacted including assets
impacted, socio-economic information of impacted persons, entitlements of affected
people, description of resettlement sites, programs for improving, or at least restoring,
livelihoods and standards of living, subproject resettlement budget, grievance redress
mechanisms and implementation schedule. As stated above, like the ESMF-PMP, the RAP
template will also be incorporated into the Project Operations Manual.
C. Expected Outputs & Deliverables

All outputs and reports are expected to be compiled in one final report for the ESMF (that
includes a PMP) and one final report for the RPF. Both reports are required to be delivered by
the Consultants to MPD in hard copy (3 sets of each report) as well as in electronic form on CDROM (3 discs, each including ESMF/PMP and RPF) no later than 90 (ninety) calendar days
after the signing of the contract.

All intermediary outputs and final reports should be in English with an executive summary
(including main conclusions and where applicable, recommendations) for each report in both
English and Portuguese language. The table herebelow provides an overview of the expected
outputs for each phase, the primary work location and estimated time required for their
completion.

The Consultants are also expected to be invited by the the project team to present the main
findings of the assignment. Hence, the Consultants will be required to produce a PowerPoint
JJ
presentation in both Portuguese and English summarizing the main findings of the ESMF-PMP
and the RPF.
Phase
Expected Outputs
Primary work Indicative
location
time
for
completion
Phase 1 : Review of the Listing of the documentation reviewed
relevant documentation
Potential lessons learned for next phases
Off-site,
Maputo
Phase 2 : Rapid field
assessment, appraisal, first
consultations
with
stakeholders (incl. affected
communities)+
Field
assessment & preparation of
draft final reports
Issues notes and minutes of meetings with
various stakeholders including consultations
with at least 2-3 communities per province. See
also various outputs of ESMF-PMP and RPF
under paragraph B Scope of the Assignment
On-site, Tete
and Nampula
via Ilha de
22 days
Mocambique
and Nacala
Phase 3 : Further field
assessment and submission
for review of draft final
reports
Draft Reports that among others: (i) include the
outputs of Phase 1&2, (ii) provides a summary
account and details of outcomes of the activities
carried out under Phase 2, (iii) provides detailed
description of the way forward to implement
the next phases, (iv) proposes a chronogram for
the remaining activities, (v) proposes an outline
for the ESMF-PMP & RPF reports + Review
of draft reports.
On-site, Tete
and Nampula
(including Ilha de
30 days
Mocambique and
Nacala)
Phase 4: Incorporate first Deliverable: Submission of draft final ESMFfeedback from MPD & WB, PMP and RPF reports, CDROMs, revised Maputo
draft final report writing,
PowerPoint presentation + Approval and
public disclosure
3 days
15 days
Phase 5: Field assessment + Public Disclosure at Provincial and District Off-site, Tete, 5 days
Second phase of public levels + Further discussions with locals.
Nampula
or
consultation (2-3/Province)
Maputo
Phase 6: Evaluating the
findings and completing the
draft ESMF-PMP and RPF,
presentation of final main
results.
Deliverable: PowerPoint presentation, Final
ESMF-PMP and RPF based on the agreed Maputo
draft and including all components of ESMFPMP and RPF under paragraph B Scope of the
Assignment
10 days
Phase 7: Incorporating final Public disclosure of all Safeguards
feedback from MPD and instruments both in-country and at the Maputo
WB & submission of Final InfoShop prior to appraisal.
Reports.
5 days
GRAND TOTAL
90 Days
PAYMENT SCHEDULE :
Payments will be made as follows : 40% at the launch of the consultancy ; 30% upon delivery of
the Draft Reports, and the remaining 30% upon delivery of the Final Reports.
D. Consultant qualifications, expertise required and specific task

For this assignment, MPD is seeking to recruit one Individual Consultant with the profile
here-below:
KK
o
Social/Environment/Natural Resources/Agriculture or Rural Water Engineering
Specialist (Task Team Leader): with at least 8 years of relevant experience in subSaharan Africa, with an emphasis on environmental and social impacts assessments in
agribusiness/ private sector development and/or rural water management, and preferably
experienced with similar assignments. A good knowledge of the Mozambican agriculture
sector, rural development and/or environmental issues and policies prevailing in
Mozambique is highly desirable. A University degree (preferably PhD) in one of the
relevant disciplines is required. Ability to communicate and write in English or Portuguese,
with a basic understanding of the other language is required. Understanding/speaking a
local language would be a plus.The consultant is responsible for the coordination and
delivery of both the RPF and the ESMF that includes a PMP, as well as preparation of
PowerPoint presentation, and related activities. In that regards, s/he is responsible for not
only ensuring that the RPF links back to the ESMF-PMP, so to avoid disconnect between
the 2 documents, but for the quality review of the safeguards documents prior to its
submission to MPD/MICOA and the World Bank.
o
Overall, the consultant shall have at least 6 years of relevant experience in sub-Saharan
Africa, including on community-driven or local development, with an emphasis on social
impacts assessments in agriculture and/or rural water management, and preferably
experienced with similar assignments. A good knowledge of the Mozambican rural sector
and social development issues and policies prevailing in Mozambique is highly desirable.
The total number of paid days for the Team Leader for this assignment is not expected to
exceed ninety (90) days.
LL