1
SUPPLEMENTARY LITERATURE
2
3
Supplementary Figure 1. Variation in sea turtle body size (CCL) with latitude of
4
foraging area (F1,60 = 15.05, r2 = 0.2; P < 0.001). Grey filled triangle = region A; Grey
5
filled square = region B; Grey filled circles = region C; Black filled circles = region
6
D; Black filled square = region E.
7
8
9
10
11
The latitude of the primary foraging site was significantly correlated with CCL,
12
whereby turtles foraging at higher latitudes were larger than those using lower
13
latitudes (Supplementary Fig. 1; F1,60 = 15.05, r2 = 0.2; P < 0.001). In additional, there
14
was possible longitudinal variation in CCL, such as between regions C (Ionian Sea)
15
and D (Aegean Sea), which were at similar latitudes (~37–38°N).
16
We found that turtles inhabiting northern latitudes were significantly larger
17
than those occupying southern latitudes, possibly due to richer foraging resources
18
(Coll et al., 2010). In contrast, no overall significant difference was recorded for body
19
size between neritic versus oceanic foragers, differing from the results of studies
20
elsewhere (Pacific Ocean, Hatase et al., 2002; Atlantic Ocean, Hawkes et al., 2006).
21
However, this lack of difference may have been due to low statistical power (i.e. a
22
type II error) and the small sample size of oceanic foragers, but may also exist due to
23
five of the six oceanic foragers also foraging in neritic waters, supporting field
24
observations by Casale et al. (2008).
Supplementary Table 1. Deployment details for the 75 tracked turtles: (a) male (n = 38, of which five were tracked
for more than one breeding season) and (b) female (n = 37, of which one was tracked for more than one breeding
season). Note: female turtles 1–18 were previously published in Zbinden et al. (2008; 2011); male turtles 1–12 and
15–19, plus females 34–36, were previously published by Schofield et al. (2009; 2010a; 2010b) and Hays et al.
(2010a; 2010b). CCL = curved carapace length; Migratory displacement = the shortest migratory distance in
kilometres between the breeding site and first foraging site; Regions A–E are the dispersal directions defined in the
methods of the main text; Foraging categories: NC = neritic coastal zone, NO = neritic open-sea, O = oceanic; st.
mig. = started southward migration but track stopped; (R) = Resident to the breeding area.
(a) Males
Turtle CCL Deployed Duration Transmitter
Seabed depth
Latitude Category
(cm)
(days)
(m) (º N)
1
81
2007
49
Sirtrack Fastloc
2
91
2007
51
Sirtrack Fastloc
3
81
2007
3
Sirtrack Fastloc
4
79
2007
17
Sirtrack Fastloc
5
90
2007
128 PTT
2009
58
Sirtrack Fastloc
7
87
2008
364 Sirtrack Fastloc
>3000 44.41; 37.24
NO; O
2009
156 Sirtrack Fastloc
9
80
2008
367 Sirtrack Fastloc
15
37.74; 37.24; 38.05
NC; NC; NC
2009
102 Sirtrack Fastloc
11
90
2008
367 Sirtrack Fastloc
7
38.94; 39.01
NC; NC
2009
84
Sirtrack Fastloc
13
78
2008
367 Sirtrack Fastloc
2009
360 Sirtrack Fastloc
15
84
2008
64
Sirtrack Fastloc
16
78
2008
32
Sirtrack Fastloc
17
90
2009
178 Sirtrack Fastloc
18
98
2009
138 Sirtrack Fastloc
19
78.5 2009
52
SMRU - SRDL
20
102 2009
88
Sirtrack Fastloc
21
90.5 2009
11
Sirtrack Fastloc
22
89
2009
60
Sirtrack Fastloc
23
80
2009
368 Sirtrack Fastloc
18
37.82; 38.48; 36.78
NC; NC; NC
24
79
2010
507 Sirtrack Fastloc
25
75.5 2010
479 Sirtrack Fastloc
26
85.5 2010
407 Sirtrack Fastloc
27
85
2010
363 Sirtrack Fastloc
28
86
2010
349 Sirtrack Fastloc
29
82.5 2010
259 Sirtrack Fastloc
26
39.76; 36.71
O; NC
30
77.5 2010
75
Sirtrack Fastloc
Migratory
Region Location
Displacement
No. foraging/
wintering sites
0.1
C Ionian (R)
1
958
A Adriatic
2
unknown B not reached
n/a
unknown C not reached
n/a
786
D Aegean
1
turtle returned to same primary foraging site
990
A Adriatic
2
67;
turtle returned to same primary foraging site
23
C Ionian (R)
3
34; 57;
turtle returned to same primary foraging site
177
A Amvrakikos
2
14;
turtle returned to same primary foraging site
2.4
C Ionian (R)
1
turtle returned to same primary foraging site
897
A Adriatic
1
803
B Gulf of Gabes
1
981
A Adriatic
1
1080
A Adriatic
1
n/a
A not reached
n/a
911
D Aegean
1
n/a
n/a n/a
n/a
200
A Amvrakikos
1
31
C Ionian (R)
3
797
818
970
996
469
1537
B
B
B
B
D
E
Gulf of Gabes
Gulf of Gabes
Gulf of Gabes
Gulf of Gabes
Aegean
West Mediterranean
76
C
Ionian
6
72
37.71
44.41
8
38.64
3
37.71
28
47
64
16
44.73
35.07
44.32; st. m
45.57; st. m
38
40.11
5
5; 15;
38.97
1
1
1
1
1
2
45
28
34
14
10
>2000;
35.44
34.96
33.36
33.45
37.95
2
8
38.23; st. m
31
72
2010
50
Sirtrack Fastloc
32
88
2011
105 Sirtrack Fastloc
33
73
2011
161 Sirtrack Fastloc
34
83.5 2011
193 Sirtrack Fastloc
122 33.43; 34.29
NC; NO
35
72.5 2011
109 Sirtrack Fastloc
36
71
2011
172 Sirtrack Fastloc
8
37.71; 37.97
NC; NC
37
83
2011
193 Sirtrack Fastloc
>1000; 25
41.26; 39.79
NO-O; NC
38
76
2011
104 Sirtrack Fastloc
(b) Females
Turtle CCL Deployed
Seabed depth
(cm)
(m) (º N)
1
85
2004
2
86
2004
3
91
2004
43
36.77; 35.18
4
79
2005
>2000 45.27; 36.98
5
87
2005
10
44.88; 42.73
6
89
2005
7
45.51; 42.07
7
76
2005
8
86
2007
9
86
2007
10
82
2007
11
85
2007
5
42.73; 42.75
12
79
2007
104 34.75
13
88
2007
7
43.71; 42.05
14
87
2007
10
45.41; 31.61
15
76
2007
16
89
2007
17
82
2007
18
78
2007
19
78
2008
20
90
2008
7
44.56; 41.81
21
88
2008
22
88.5 2008
23
82
2008
Duration Transmitter
Latitude Category
(days)
50
144
948
993
C
A
B
B
Ionian
Amvrakikos
Gulf of Gabes
Gulf of Gabes
1
1
1
2
892
0.2
B
C
Gulf of Gabes
Ionian (R)
1
2
436
A
Adriatic
2
810
B
Libya
1
Migratory
Region Location
Displacement
124 Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
124 Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
135 Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
NC; NO
95
Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
NC; O
110 Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
NC; NC
120 Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
NC
93
Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
112 Telonics A-2010
316 Telonics A-2010
60
Telonics A-2010
59
Telonics A-2010
NC; NC
427 Telonics A-2010
NO
117 Telonics A-2010
NO; NC
96
Telonics A-2010
NC; NC
85
Telonics A-2010
134 Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
220 Sirtrack Kiwi Sat 101
672 Telonics A-2010
233 Sirtrack Fastloc
280 Sirtrack Fastloc
NO; NC
131 Sirtrack Fastloc
88
Sirtrack Fastloc
22
Sirtrack Fastloc
11
3
60
37.99
39.01
33.82
19
3;
35.91
30
32.54
20
5
5;
45.24
40.85
14;
95-
No. foraging/
wintering sites
1105
443
942
A
A
B
Adriatic
Adriatic
Gulf of Gabes
1
1
2
1080
A
Adriatic
2
1063
A
Adriatic
2
30;
997
A
Adriatic
2
40;
782
852
143
786
678
B
B
A
B
A
Gulf of Gabes
Gulf of Gabes
Amvrakikos
Gulf of Gabes
Adriatic
1
1
1
1
2
98
89
5
35
5;
762
B
Gulf of Gabes
1
894
A
Adriatic
2
84;
1054
A
Adriatic
2
33;
132
846
821
899
793
1101
A
B
B
B
B
A
Amvrakikos
Gulf of Gabes
Gulf of Gabes
Gulf of Gabes
Gulf of Gabes
Adriatic
1
1
1
1
1
2
5
49
50
41
5
65;
38.94
34.81
34.88
35.08
35.41
907
1069
n/a
A Adriatic
A Adriatic
n/a n/a
1
1
n/a
10
7
n/a
45.01
44.73
n/a
24;
34.52
35.44
39.01
35.41
24
17
25
26
27
28
64;
78
2008
45.14; 40.01
83
2008
85.5 2009
80
2009
88.5 2009
45.26; 44.25
29
82.5
30
83
31
80
32
74.5
>2000; 75
breeding
34
88
35
82
36
90
37
83.5
272 Sirtrack Fastloc
NC; NC
3
Sirtrack Fastloc
145 Sirtrack Fastloc
41
Sirtrack Fastloc
707 Sirtrack Fastloc
NC; NO; NC; NC
2009
104
2009
101
2009
60
2009
876
43.21; 37.36;
2011
360
42.91
2009
26
2009
460
2009
72
2009
156
Sirtrack Fastloc
Sirtrack Fastloc
Sirtrack Fastloc
Sirtrack Fastloc
NC; O; NO
Sirtrack Fastloc
Sirtrack Fastloc
SMRU GPS-GSM
SMRU GPS-GSM
SMRU Solar
1022
A
Adriatic
2
n/a
926
74
1086
n/a
D
C
A
n/a
Aegean
Ionian
Adriatic
n/a
1
1
4
887
211
896
873
B
A
B
A
Gulf of Gabes
Amvrakikos
Gulf of Gabes
Adriatic
1
1
1
5
7;
n/a
5
3
20;
n/a
49.93
38.38
5; 9
44
4
35
44.36; 45.0
35.18
39.01
34.42
n/a
15
n/a
6
n/a
45.55; st. m
n/a
37.35
7;
turtle returned to same primary foraging site after
not reached
961
n/a
393
D
A
n/a
D
n/a
Adriatic
n/a
Aegean
n/a
1
n/a
1
Supplementary Table 2a. Summary information of the foraging sites identified across the Mediterranean using
adult male and female loggerheads tracked from Zakynthos, Greece. Foraging category, NO = neritic open sea; NC
= neritic coastal. Tot. = total no. individuals; M = adult male; F = adult female. Thermal state, Avail = availability;
Use = recorded use; Y-R = year round; S (Wi) = Seasonal (Winter); S (Su) = Seasonal (Summer); Unconf. =
unconfirmed.
Foraging
site
vicinity
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Basin
Sea/
Country Foraging
Protected area
Protected
gulf
category
area
West
Balearic
Majorca
O
No
West
Algerian coast
Algeria
NC
No
West
Gulf of Tunis
Tunisia
NC
Yes
Zembra & Zembretta Marine Protected Area
Central Gulf of Gabes
Tunisia
NC/NO
No
Central Gulf of Gabes
Tunisia
NC/NO
No
Central Gulf of Sindra
Libya
NC
No
Central Gulf of Sindra
Libya
NC
No
East
Gulf of Izmir
Turkey
NC
Yes
Dilek-Yarimadisi Marine Protected Area
East
Straits of Dardanelles Turkey
NC
No
East
Aegean
Greece
NC
No
East
Aegean
Greece
NC
No
East
Aegean
Greece
NC
No
Central Ionian
Greece
NC
No
Central Ionian
Greece
NC
No
Central Ionian
Greece
O
No
Central Ionian
Greece
O
Yes
National Marine Park of Zakynthos
Central Ionian
Greece
NC
No
Central Ionian
Greece
NC
No
Central Ionian
Greece
NC
Yes
National Park of Messolonghi-Etoliko Lagoons
Central Amvrakikos
Greece
NC
Yes
National Park of Amvrakikos wetlands
Central Adriatic
Greece
NC
No
Central Adriatic
Albania
O
No
Foraging records
Thermal state
M
F
Tot.
Avail.
Use
1
0
1
S (Su)
S (Su)
1
0
1
Y-R
S (Wi)
0
1
1
Y-R
S (Su)
4
10
15
Y-R
Y-R, S (Wi)
0
5
5
Y-R
Y-R
0
1
1
Y-R
Y-R
1
1
2
Y-R
S (Wi)
1
0
1
S (Su)
Uncon.
1
0
1
S (Su)
Uncon.
0
1
1
S (Su)
Y-R
1
0
1
Y-R
Y-R
0
1
1
Y-R
Y-R
1
0
1
Y-R
S (Wi)
0
2
2
Y-R
S (Wi)
1
0
1
Y-R
S (Wi)
6
0
6
Y-R
Y-R, S (Wi)
1
0
1
Y-R
S (Su)
4
0
4
Y-R
S (Wi)
0
1
1
Y-R
Unconf.
4
3
7
Y-R
Y-R
1
3
4
Y-R
S (Wi)
1
0
1
Y-R
S (Wi)
in
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Central
No
Central
Yes
Central
Yes
Central
Yes
Central
Yes
Central
No
Central
No
Central
No
Central
No
Central
Yes
Adriatic
Albania
NC
1
1
2
Y-R
Y-R, S (Su)
Adriatic
Croatia
NC/NO
Mljet National Park
Adriatic
Croatia
NO
Brijuni National Park
Adriatic
Croatia
NC
Limski Zaljev Special Marine Reserve
Adriatic
Slovenia NO
Debeli Rtic Marine Protected Area
Adriatic
Italy
NO
0
4
4
Y-R
Y-R, S (Wi)
6
5
11
S (Su)
S (Su)
0
3
3
S (Su)
S (Su)
1
3
4
S (Su)
S (Su)
0
1
1
S (Su)
S (Su)
Adriatic
Italy
NC
0
2
2
S (Su)
S (Su)
Adriatic
Italy
NC
0
1
1
S (Su)
S (Su)
Adriatic
Italy
NC
0
1
1
S (Su)
S (Su)
Adriatic
Italy
NC
Torre Guaceto Marine Protected Area
0
1
1
Y-R
Y-R
Supplementary Table 2b. Published literature used to identify overlap in foraging sites with Zakynthos turtles (A)
based on tracking datasets and (B) based on genetic data. Foraging category, NO = neritic open sea; NC = neritic
coastal. Thermal state, Avail = availability; Use = recorded use; Y-R = year round; S (Wi) = Seasonal (Winter); S
(Su) = Seasonal (Summer); Unconf. = unconfirmed. Species, Log = loggerhead; Gre = Green; Gender/Ageclass, M
= adult male; F = adult female; Juv = juveniles, with gender not differentiated. Breeding populations, ? =
unconfirmed; Zak = Zakynthos, Greece; Kyp = Kyparissia, Greece; Cyp = Cyprus; Syr = Syria; T = Turkey; Lib =
Libya; Tunis = Tunisia; Mess = Messina; Cal = Calabria; Is = Israel; It = Italy. Sources: 1 = current study; 2 =
Casale et al., (2007, 2010); 3 = Zbinden et al., (2008, 2011); 4 = Margaritoulis et al., (2003); 5 = Bentivegna (2002);
6 = Broderick et al., (2007); 7 = Hochscheid et al., (2007); 8 = Echwikhi et al., (2010); 9 = Chaeib et al., (in press);
10 = Houghton et al., (2000); 11 = Rees et al. (2012), Rees & Margaritoulis (2008); 12 = Lazar et al., (2004a,b); 13
= Vallini et al., (2006); 14 = Carreras et al., (2006); 15 = Casale et al., (2012a); 16 = Casale et al., (2010) ; 17 =
Saied et al., 2012.
Foraging
class
site
1
2
3
4
Basin
Sea/
Breeding (Log only)
gulf
Green
No.
West
Balearic
West
Algerian coast
West
Gulf of Tunis
Central Gulf of Gabes
Country Foraging
Sources
category
Populations
Majorca
O
Algeria
NC
Tunisia
NC
Tunisia
NC/NO
5
Central
Gulf of Gabes
Tunisia
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Central
Central
East
East
East
East
East
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Gulf of Sindra
Gulf of Sindra
Gulf of Izmir
Straits of Dardanelles
Aegean
Aegean
Aegean
Ionian
Ionian
Ionian
Ionian
Ionian
Ionian
Ionian
Amvrakikos
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Adriatic
Libya
Libya
Turkey
Turkey
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Greece
Albania
Albania
Croatia
Croatia
Croatia
Slovenia
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Thermal Protection Species Gender /Age
Avail.
available
S (Su)
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
No
No
Yes
No
Log
Log
Log
Log
M / Juv
M
F
M /F / Juv
1
1
1
~10
NC/NO Y-R
No
Log
M /F / Juv
~6
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
O
O
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
O
NC
NC/NO
NO
NC
NO
NO
NC
NC
NC
NC
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log / Gre
Log
Log
Log
Log / ?Gre
Log
Log
Log
Log
Log / ?Gre
Log / ?Gre
Log / ?Gre
Log / ?Gre
F
M /F
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
M/F
F
M /F /Juv
M / F /Juv
M / Juv
M / F / Juv
F / Juv Juv
M / F / Juv
F / Juv
M / F / Juv
F / Juv
F / Juv
F / Juv
F / Juv
F / Juv
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
~3
2
1
~3
1
1
~2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
Y-R
Y-R
S (Su)
S (Su)
S (Su)
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
Y-R
S (Su)
S (Su)
S (Su)
S (Su)
S (Su)
S (Su)
S (Su)
Y-R
Loggerhead
Juv
Juv
Juv
Juv
Juv
Zak
Zak
Zak
Zak; Ky
Tunis; L
Zak; Ky
Tunis; L
Zak; Cy
Zak
Zak; ?K
Zak
Zak; ?K
Zak
Zak; ?K
Zak
Zak
Zak
Zak
Zak; Ke
Zak; ?K
Zak
Zak; ?K
Zak
Zak
Zak; Un
Zak; Ky
Zak; Ky
Zak; Ky
Zak
Zak
Zak
Zak
Zak
Zak