NDHIWA DISTRICT JOINT EVALUATION TEST
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
JULY/AUGUST 2013
1. Two types of environment
Physical environment
Human environment
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
(b) Major areas covered under physical geography
- The earth and the solar system
- the external and internal structure of the earth
- Internal land forming processes
- Vegetation
- Drainage
- Soils and rocks
- Weather and climate
Any 2 x 1= 2mks
2. Reasons why interior of the earth is very hot
- Retaining of original heat
- Radioactivity which releases energy in form of heat
- Weight of the crustal rocks increases pressure leading to increased temperature
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
(b) Proofs that the earth is spherical
- Circumnavigation where one can go round the earth along straight path and back to starting point
- Raising of the sun in the East and setting in the West.
- All planets are spherical and the earth is one of the planets so it must be spherical;
- Theory of approaching ship whose parts appear gradually as observed from the shoreline.
- The surface of the earth appears curved from high towers/high platform
- Photographs taken by satellites shows that the earth is spherical
Any 2 x 1=2mks
3. (a) Longitude – Is a line based on angular distance of a place east or west of prime meridian (0o
longitude)
An imaginary line drawn on a map from north pole to south pole and is measured in degrees
east or west of the prime meridian. (0o)
Any 1 x 2 = 2mks
(b) Degree difference 40o – 30o = 10o
If 1o = 4min
10o = 4 x 10o = 4min
1o
Time at Alexandria 12.00 noon – 40min
11.20 a.m.
2mks
4. (a) Reasons for studying plate tectonic theory
- To know the origin of the continents
- Enables one to understand the origin /creation of structural landforms
- Helps us understand how the earth maintains balance
- It explain the causes of earth quake and vulcanicity
(b) Two types of tectonic boundaries
- Compressional / Destructive/Convergent boundary
- Extension boundary/divergent boundary.
-Transform boundary/lateral boundary Any 2 x 1=2mks
5. (a) X – Stalactite 1mk
Y – Stalagmite 1mk
W – Cave
1mk
© Ndhiwa District 2013
form four
1
Geography 2
(b)
(c)
Artesian basin – Is a saucer shaped depression consisting of a layer of permeable rock that is
sandwiched between two layers of impermeable rocks.
(2mks)
Factors Influencing Development of Karst scenery.
- Surface rocks of the rock beneath should be thick limestone / Dolomite or chalk
- The rock should be hard and well jointed
- Climate should be hot and humid
- Water table should be deep below the surface so as to destroy surface feature.
SECTION B
6. (a) (i) Dry weather road
Bridge
any 1 x 1 = 1mk
(ii) - Contours
- Trigonometrical stations
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
- Spot height
(iii) Annual change = 2o25I
Magnetic Declination as at 1960 = 2o23I
Differencein years 1969-1960 = 9years
1 year = 2025’
9 years = ?
9 x 2o25I = 21.753o
= 21.41I
1
o
2 23I + 21o41I = 21.753o64I
(b) (i) Complete square = 6
Incomplete squares = 15
Area = 6 + ½ (15)
=6+7.5
=13.5km20.5
(ii) 10.5 km ± 0.1
(c) (iii) How relief has influenced settlement
- Rugged landscape along the escarpment discourage settlement
- Depressions occupied by the swamp discourage settlement
- Gentle undulating area attract settlement (3315)
- River valley discourage settlement especially along river Moigametet. Any 4 x 1 = 4mks
(iv) Describing drainage
- There are numerous rivers
- Most of the rivers are permanent
- Some rivers are parallel drainage pattern (Identify)
- Generally, the rivers flow from North to South
- There’s presence of papyrus and seasonal swamps
- Presence of water reservoirs
- Some rivers have dentrils drainage pattern (specify)
© (i) Draw a rectangle bearing 10cm by 12cm between eastings 24 and 29, and
northings 12 and 18, on the rectangle mark and name
 Seasonal swamps
© Ndhiwa District 2013
form four
2
Geography 2
 River Koitobos
 Road C641
 Sandruns and bridge
R ECTANGLE REPRESENTING THE AREA BETWEEN EASTINGS 24 AND 29
NORTHINGS 12 AND 18
Marking points
- Correct outline and labeled -1mk
- Features in relative position
Seasonal swamp -1mk
River koitobos -1mk
Road C641-1mk
Sandrun’s -1mk
(d)
Economic activities
Dairy farming ;
Transportation ;
© Ndhiwa District 2013
cattle dip as 2826
roads C641
form four
3
Geography 2
Fishing ;
Fishing hut; Gs 4225
Growing of trees/ Forestry;
Kiptaberr forest
Plantation/crop farming ;
Wattle as 2412
Any 2 x 1= 2mks
7. (a) (i)
1
- Mediterranean climate
2
- Tropical continental
3
- Equatorial climate
(ii) Characteristics of climate marked 5
- Mean monthly temperature is 280C and 100C during hot and cool seasons respectively
- Annual temperature range is wide; 260C
- Diurnal range of temperature is high
- Rainfall is very low; less than 120 mm p.a.
- Rainfall is occasionally accompanied by heavy storms
Any 5 x 1 = 5mks
(iii) Factors influencing climatic region labeled 1
- Nearness to the sea
- Altitude
- Ocean currents
(c) (i) THREE water towers in Kenya
 Mt. Kenya
 Mau ranges
 Aberdare ranges
 Cherangany
 Mt. Elgon
(ii) ii) FIVE measures taken in Kenya to conserve forests.
1. Legislation aimed at controlling careless cutting of trees
2. Afforest ration
3. Reforestation
4. Creation of forest reserves
5. Development other sources of energy
6. Agro – forestry
7. Encourage recycle of forest products
(d)
Adaptation of vegetation in Sahara and Namib
- Some plants have long tap roots for withdrawing water deep underground
- Some plants have small leaves to reduce water lose through transpiration
- Some plants have thick back to store water
- Some plants have shallow roots system root system to take moisture from soil layer
- Some plants have waxy and water proof backs to reduce water lose through cuticle/lenticels
- Some plants shed off their leaves during dry season to prevent excess water lose
- Some plants remain dormant during dry season but during wet season.
Any 6 x 1 = 6mks
8. (a) Two types of faults
(i) – Normal faults
- Thrust fault
- Reverse fault
- Anticline earth arching fault
- Transform fault
- Anticlinal earth faults
- Share faults
Any 2 x 1= 2mks
(ii) THREE faulting features
- Faults scarps
- Tilt blocks
- Fault block
- Rift valleys
- Faults steps
Any 3 x 1 = 3mks
© Ndhiwa District 2013
form four
4
Geography 2
(b) (i) THREE host mountains found in East Africa
- Pare
- Nyandarua/Arberdarse
- Usambara
- Nandi hills
- Ruwenzori
- Mau ranges
(ii) Formation of Host Mountain
- Rock strata layer undergo compression forces
- Two reversed faults develop
- Side blocks subside /sink leaving the middle block standing
Or
The middle block is thrust upwards above the side blocks
The upstanding block form horst mountain/block Mountain/ block
Host
Sinking
Any 3 x 1 = 3mks
Text
Sinking
4
Diagram 1
5
THREE causes of vulcanicity
- Faulting which develops cracks
through which magama moves
- High temperature which melts the rocks making them to flow easily
- Pressure caused by overlying materials which forces the molten rocks towards earth surface
- Percolating water which changes into steam thus heating the overlying rocks into molten state
Any 3 x 1 = 3mks
(ii) Two characteristics of shield volcano
- Broad based
- Have gentle slopes
- Consists of basic rocks
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
(d) Three economic importance of faulting to man
- Depression formed due to subsidence form lakes which acts as fishing grounds/provide water
for domestic and industry use
- Features such as host blocks attract tourists who bring foreign exchange
- Windward slopes of Block Mountains recieve heavy rainfalls which promotes agriculture /
encourage settlement.
- Faulting exposes minerals such as diatomite which when mined earn income when sold to
industries
- Faulted landscapes have waterfalls which encourage H. E. P generation
- Faulted landscape discourages the construction of infrastructure
- Faulting can lead to the destruction of property
Any 3 x 2 = 6mks
9. (a) (i) Aridity is the state of insufficient moisture on the earth’s surface leading to scanty vegetation
or lack of it while desertification is the slow but steady encroachment of desert-like conditions
into formally productive agriculture land . (2mks)
(ii) Two types of deserts (under surface)
- Erg /sandy
- Stoney/ reg / serir
- Rock / Hamada
- Badlands
Any 2 x 1 = 2mks
(iii) Reasons why wind action is more active in hot deserts than in cold deserts
(c) (i)
© Ndhiwa District 2013
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Geography 2
-
Presence of loose unconsolidated materials of rock easily carried away by wind.
Strong tropical storm in deserts leads to high velocity winds
- Absence of vegetation hence no obstruction to the wind load
Any 2 x 2 = 4mks
(b) (i) Abrasion ;
Is the fractional erosion/mechanical erosion caused by the wind borne materials
as they grind, scrap and polish desert rock surfaces /features (2mks)
(ii) Deflation;
Is the blowing away of loose and dry unconsolidated materials like dust and fine
sand particles by rolling and lifting them up on the ground cur respectively. (2mks)
(iii) Attrition;
wearing a way of windborne materials as they rub against each other during
transportation. (2mks)
(c) (i) Two factors that influence the transportation of materials by wind in deserts.
- Nature of desert soils
- Presence of desert vegetation
-Water availability
- Strength and speed of wind
(ii)
K
- Horn
L
- Eddy current
M
- Prevailing wind.
(d) (i) Three ways of preparing for field study
- Carrying out previsit
- Assembling necessary tours for the study
- Formulating hypotheses and objectives
- Preparing working schedule
- Dividing the class into workable groups
Any 3 x 1 = 3mks
Plus any other relevant point
(ii) Three information that would be collected through observation
- Existing desertion
- W erosion/ deposition features
- Desert soils
- Desert vegetation
- Water availability
10. (a) (i) Formation of ice on high mountain
- Due to low temp. , water vapour freezes and forms snow
- Snow falls and accumulate on the mountain top / higher slopes
- Snow continue piling and new layers exert pressure on the lower layers
- Lower layer become compressed as air is expelled from spaces between snow particles
- The compacted layers form spaces between snow particles
- The compacted layer form ice.
Any 3 x 1 = 3mks
(ii) Ice masses on mountains in East Africa
- Ice caps
- Cirque glaciers
Characteristics of
(b) (i) A corrie
- Deep rock basin
- Has steep sides
- Is arm-chair in shape / semi circular
- Has a high back wall
- Has reserve slope on the lower side
© Ndhiwa District 2013
(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
form four
6
Geography 2
(ii)
Pyramidal peak
- Has steep sides
- Is surrounded by cirques
- Is sharp rock pinnacle / horn
- Has radiating system of arettes
Any 3 x 1= 3mks
(iii) Fiords
- Have steep walls
- Is U-shaped
- Has narrow sea inlets
- Has hanging valleys
- Has deep waters
- IS shallow seaward
(Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
(c) Explaining three importance of glaciations to both physical and human environment
- Easen transportation – glaciated lakes eg Great lakes of North America provide natural routes
- Support agriculture – boulder clay plains, outwash plains are fertile agricultural lands
- Fishing – sheltered waters in fiords provide suitable breeding grounds for fishing
- Mining – Glacial erosion exposes minerals making it easy for mining
- H.E.P Production – water fells from hanging valley are ideal for generating power.
(d) (i) Formation of crag and tail
A large block of rock stands on the path of coming glacier
The moving ice plucks off weak rock fragment from upper size of the rock
As the ice moves round and ores the resistance rock, it carries the erodes materials to the leeward side
The leeward side does not experience erosion
Eroded materials are deposited on the leeward side of the rock
With time the moving ice smoothens the side of the incoming ice while deposited materials increase of
the leeward side.
The resistant rock is the crag and materials deposited on the lee side from the tail hence crag and tail
(Any 4 x 1 = 4mks)
(d) (a)
- Till
- Boulder clay
- Eskers
- Drumlins
- Kames
- Out wash plains
- Terminus Moraines
- Lateral moraine
(Any 3 x 1= 3mks)
(b)
- Note taking
- Taking photographs
- Drawing sketches
- Filling questionnaires
-tallying
any 2x1=2mks
© Ndhiwa District 2013
form four
7
Geography 2