Prof. John H. Munro
Department of Economics
University of Toronto
munro5@chass.utoronto.ca
john.munro@utoronto.ca
http://www.economics.utoronto.ca/munro5/
Updated: 16 January 2013
Economics 303Y1
The Economic History of Modern Europe to 1914
Topic No. 8: [16]
The Role of the National State and Financial Institutions in European Economic
Development: Germany and/or Russia, 1815 - 1914
You may focus on just Germany, or on just Russia, or you may compare developments involving the role of the
state (national government) in both countries.
For readings concerning the economic history and development of modern Europe in general, see section III
below (after Russia).
Within each section, readings are listed in chronological order of original publication (except for some collections
of readings).
READINGS:
** and * indicate readings of primary importance.
I.
GERMANY, 1815 - 1914
A.
General:
*
1.
Thorstein Veblen, Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (1915; reissued New
York, 1954), Chapter 3, ‘The Dynastic State’, pp. 52-87; Chapter 5, ‘Imperial Germany’,
pp. 150-73.
2.
John Clapham, Economic Development of France and Germany, 1815-1914 (London,
1921; reissued 1963), pp. 1-6, 29-36, 83-88. A classic study, still well worth reading.
3.
W. O. Henderson, ‘The Rise of German Industry’, Economic History Review, 1st ser. 6
(1935).
4.
W. O. Henderson, The Zollverein (Cambridge, 1939).
5.
A. H. Price, The Evolution of the Zollverein: A Study of the Ideas and Institutions
Leading to the German Economic Unification between 1815 and 1833 (Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1949).
6.
W. O. Henderson, ‘Prince Smith and Free Trade in Germany’, Economic History
Review, 2nd ser., 2 (1950), 295-302.
7.
W. O. Henderson, ‘The Genesis of the Industrial Revolution in France and Germany in
the Eighteenth Century’, Kyklos, 9 (1956).
8.
Hans Mottek, Wirtschaftsgeschichte Deutschlands: Ein Grundriss, 2 vols. (East
Berlin, 1957-64).
9.
Gerhard Bry, Wages in Germany, 1871 - 1945 (Princeton, 1960).
10.
W. O. Henderson, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, and
Russia, 1800-1914 (1961), Chapter 3, pp. 13-74
11.
Wolfgang Köllmann, ‘The Population of Germany in the Age of Industrialism’,
translated by Herbert Moller and republished from Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Bevölkerungswissenschaft: Mitteilungen, 27 (Nov. 1962), 55-69 (with omissions) in
Herbert Moller, ed., Population Movements in Modern European History (New York,
1964), pp. 100-07.
12.
Ivo N. Lambi, Free Trade and Protection in Germany, 1868 - 1879 (Wiesbaden, 1963).
13.
Walther Hoffmann, ‘The Take-Off in Germany’, in W. W. Rostow, ed., The Economics
of Take-Off into Self-Sustained Growth (New York and London, 1963).
14.
Walther G. Hoffmann, et al, Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des
19. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1965).
15.
Friedrich Lütge, Deutsche Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 3rd edn. (Berlin and New
York, 1966).
16.
K. E. Born, ed., Moderne deutsche Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Cologne and Berlin, 1966).
17.
H. Mauersberg, Deutsche Industrien im Zeitgeschehen eines Jahrhunderts, 2 vols.
(Stuttgart, 1966).
18.
Ashok V. Desai, Real Wages in Germany, 1871 - 1913 (London, 1968).
19.
Richard Tilly, ‘Soll und Haben: Recent German Economic History and the Problem of
Economic Development’, The Journal of Economic History, 29 (1969).
20.
Knut Borchardt, The Industrial Revolution in Germany (London, 1970).
21.
Wolfram Fischer, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Zeitalter der Industrialisierung
(Göttingen, 1972). A collection of his essays.
22.
Karl Hardach, ‘Some Remarks on German Economic Historiography and its
Understanding of the Industrial Revolution in Germany’, Journal of European Economic
History, 1 (1972).
F. W. Hennig, Die Industrialisierung in Deutschland, 1800 - 1914 (Paderborn, 1973).
23.
*
24.
Knut Borchardt, ‘The Industrial Revolution in Germany, 1700-1914', in C. Cipolla, ed.,
Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV: Emergence of Industrial Societies (1973)
Part I, Chapter 2, pp. 76-160.
25.
Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 17801870 (London, 1973), Chapter 6, pp. 365-95.
26.
John E. Knodel, The Decine of Fertility in Germany, 1871 - 1939 (Princeton, 1974).
*
27.
W. O. Henderson, The Rise of German Industrial Power, 1834 - 1914 (Berkeley and Los
Angeles, 1975).
28.
Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, Development of the Economies of Continental Europe,
1850-1914 (1977), chapter 1.
29.
Martin Kitchen, The Political Economy of Germany, 1815-1914 (1978).
30.
Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol.
II: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part i: Britain, France,
Germany, and Scandinavia (Cambridge University Press, 1978):
a)
R. H. Tilly, ‘Capital Formation in Germany in the Nineteenth Century’, pp. 382 441.
b)
J. J. Lee, ‘Labour in German Industrialization’, pp. 442 - 491.
c)
Jürgen Kocka, ‘Entrepreneurs and Managers in German Industrialization’, pp.
492 - 589.
31.
Clive Trebilcock, The Industrialization of th*e Continental Powers, 1780-1914 (London,
1981), chapter 2, ‘Germany’, pp. 22-111.
32.
H. W. Hahn, Geschichte des deutschen Zollvereins (Göttingen, 1984).
33.
W. E. Mosse, Jews in the German Economy: The German-Jewish Economic Elite, 1820 1935 (Oxford, 1987).
34.
John E. Knodel, Demographic Behaviour in the Past: A Study of Fourteen German
Village Populations in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Cambridge University
Press, 1988).
35.
Rolf Dumke, ‘Income Inequality and Industrialization in Germany’, in Paul Uselding,
ed., Research in Economic History, 11 (1988).
36.
Hubert Kiesewetter, Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland, 1815 - 1914 (Frankfurt am
Main: Suhrkamp, 1989).
Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,
Vol. VIII: The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989):
37.
a)
Paul Bairoch, ‘European Trade Policy, 1815 - 1914', pp. 1 - 160.
b)
A. G. Ford, ‘International Financial Policy and the Gold Standard, 1870 - 1914',
pp. 197 - 249.
c)
D. E. Schremmer, ‘Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany’,
pp. 315 - 494.
d)
G. V. Rimlinger, ‘Labour and the State on the Continent, 1800 - 1939', pp. 549 606.
e)
Volker Hentschel, ‘German Economic and Social Policy, 1815 - 1939', pp. 752 -
813.
38.
R. H. Tilly, Vom Zollverein zum Industriestaat: Die wirtschaftlich-soziale Entwicklung
Deutschlands 1834 bis 1914 (Munich, 1990).
39.
John Komlos, ‘Height and Social Status in Eighteenth-Century Germany’, Journal of
Interdisciplinary History, 20 (Spring 1990), 607 - 22.
40.
Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), chapter 6, ‘The Later
Nineteenth Century: 1830-1914', pp. 113-48; chapter 10, ‘The Industrial Revolution:
Britain and Europe’, pp. 239-69.
41.
Knut Borchardt, Perspectives on Modern German Economic History and Policy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
42.
Richard Tilly, ‘Germany’, in Richard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, eds., Patterns of
European Industrialisation: the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 175 96.
43.
Niek Koning, The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism: Agrarian Politics in the United
Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, 1846 - 1919 (London: Routledge,
1994).
44.
45.
Michael Hau, Histoire économique de l’Allemagne: XIXe - XXe siècle (Paris:
Economica, 1994).
Richard Tilly, Vom Zollverein zum Industriestaat: Die wirtschaftlich-soziale
Entwicklung Deutschlands, 1834 bis 1914 (Munich: DTV, 1990).
46.
Dick Hoerder and Jor Nagler, eds., People in Transit: German Migrations in Comparative
Perspective, 1820 - 1930 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
47.
Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power,
Structual Analysis in the Social Sciences vol. 9 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1996).
48.
Sheilagh Ogilvie, ed., Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630 1800 (London and New York: Arnold, 1996).
a) Jörn Sieglerschmidt, ‘Social and Economic Landscapes’, pp. 1-38.
b) Ernest Benz, ‘Population Change and the Economy’, pp. 39-62.
c) Heide Wunder, ‘Agriculture and Agricultural Society’, pp. 63-99.
d) Peter Kriedte, ‘Trade’, pp. 100-33.
e) Olaf Mörke, ‘Social Structure’, pp. 134-63.
f) Robert von Friedeburg and Wolfgang Mager, ‘Learned Men and Merchants: The Growth of the
Bürgertum’, pp. 164-95.
g) Paul Münch, ‘The Growth of the Modern State’, pp. 196-232.
h) Bernhard Stier and Wolfgang von Hippel, ‘War, Economy, and Society’, pp. 233-62.
i) Sheilagh Ogilvie, ‘The Beginnings of Industrialization’, pp. 263-308.
j) Kasper von Greyerz, ‘Confession as a Social and Economic Factor’, pp. 309-49.
k) Ernst Schubert, ‘Daily Life, Consumption, and Material Culture’, pp. 350-76.
l) Robert Jütte, ‘Poverty and Poor Relief’, pp. 377-404.
*
49.
Terence McIntosh, Urban Decline in Early Modern Germany: Schwäbisch Hall and Its
Region, 1650 - 1750 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
50.
S. N. Broadberry, ‘Anglo-German Productivity Differences, 1870 - 1990: A Sectoral
Analysis’, European Review of Economic History, 1:2 (August 1997), 247-67.
51.
Y. Goo Park, ‘Depression and Capital Formation: the United Kingdom and Germany,
1873 - 1896', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:3 (Winter 1997), 511-34.
52.
John Komlos and Scott Eddie, eds., Selected Cliometric Studies on German Economic
History (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997).
53.
Stephen N. Broadberry, ‘How did the United States and Germany Overtake Britain? A
Sectoral Analysis of Comparative Productivity Levels, 1870 - 1990', Journal of Economic
History, 58:2 (June 1998), 375-407.
54.
Jeffrey S. Richter, ‘Infanticide, Child Abandonment, and Abortion in Imperial Germany’,
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28:4 (Spring 1998), 511-51.
55.
Stephan Klasen, ‘Marriage, Bargaining, and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: Excess
Female Mortality among Adults during Early German Development, 1740 - 1860',
Journal of Economic History, 58:2 (June 1998), 432-67.
56.
Simone A. Wegge, ‘Chain Migration and Information Networks: Evidence from
Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel’, Journal of Economic History, 58:4 (December 1998),
957-87.
57.
Simone A. Wegge, ‘To Part or Not to Part: Emigration and Inheritance in Institutions in
Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel’, Explorations in Economic History, 36:1 (January
1999), 30-55.
58.
Jörg Vögele, Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870 - 1913 (Liverpool:
Liverpool University Press, 1999).
59.
Steve Hochstadt, Mobility and Modernity: Migration in Germany, 1820 - 1989 (Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999).
60.
Jürgen Kocka, Industrial Culture and Bourgeois Society: Business, Labour, and
Bureaucracy in Modern Germany (New York and Oxford: Berghan, 1999).
61.
Robert Lee, ‘Urban Labor Markets, In-Migration, and Demographic Growth: Bremen,
1815 - 1914', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 30:3 (Winter 1999), 437-74.
*
62.
J. Palmowski, Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866 - 1914
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
63.
Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
64.
Richard Tilly, ‘German Economic History and Cliometrics: A Selective Survey of Recent
Tendencies’, European Review of Economic History, 5:2 (August 2001), 151-188.
[Special Issue on German Cliometrics, edited by John Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen
Broadberry.]
65.
John C. Brown and Gerhard Neumeir, ‘Job Tenure and Labour Market Dynamics during
High Industrialization: The Case of Germany Before World War I’, European Review of
Economic History, 5:2 (August 2001), 189-218. [Special Issue on German Cliometrics,
edited by John Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen Broadberry.]
66.
Adam Klug, ‘Why Chamberlain Failed and Bismarck Succeeded: The Political Economy
of Trade Tariffs in British and German Elections’, European Review of Economic
History, 5:2 (August 2001), 219-50. [Special Issue on German Cliometrics, edited by
John Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen Broadberry.]
67.
Walter Bauernfeind, Michael Reutter and Ulrich Woitek’,Rational Investment Behaviour
and Seasonality in Early Modern Grain Prices’, European Review of Economic History,
5:2 (August 2001), 281-98. [Special Issue on German Cliometrics, edited by John
Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen Broadberry.]
68.
Terence McIntosh, ‘Urban Demographic Stagnation in Early Modern Germany: A
Simulation’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 31:4 (Spring 2001), 581-612.
69.
Oliver Grant, ‘Globalisation versus de-coupling: German Emigration and the Evolution
of the Atlantic Labour Market, 1870 - 1913', Explorations in Economic History, 40:4
(0ctober 2003), 387-418.
70.
Sheilagh Ogilvie, A Bitter Living - Women, Markets, and Social Capital in Early
Modern Germany (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
71.
Sheilagh Ogilvie and Richard Overy, eds., Germany: A New Economic and Social
History, vol. 3: Since 1800 (London: Arnold, 2003).
72.
Sheilagh Ogilvie, ‘Guilds, Efficiency, and Social Capital: Evidence from German ProtoIndustry’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 57:2 (May 2004), 286-333.
*
*
B.
73.
Toni Pierenkemper and Richard H. Tilly, The German Economy during the Nineteenth
Century (New York: Berghahn, 2004).
74.
Hubert Kieswetter, Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland:
Wachstumsmotoren (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004).
75.
Stephen Broadberry, ‘Explaining Anglo-German Productivity Differences in Services
Since 1870’, European Review of Economic History, 8:3 (December 2004), 229-62.
76.
Carsten Burhop and Guntram B. Wolff, ‘A Compromise Estimate of German Net
National Product, 1851 - 1913, and its Implications for Growth and Business Cycles’,
Journal of Economic History, 65:3 (September 2005), 613-57.
77.
Carol H. Shuie, ‘From Political Fragmentation Towards a Custom Union: Border Effects
of the German Zollverein, 1815 to 1855’, European Review of Economic History, 9:2
(August 2005), 129-62.
78.
Jan Tore Klovland, ‘Commodity Market Integration, 1850 - 1912: Evidence from Britain
and Germany’, European Review of Economic History, 9:2 (August 2005),163-98.
79.
Oliver Green, Migration and Inequality in Germany, 1870 - 1913 (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 2005).
80.
Werner Abelshauser, The Dynamics of German Industry: Germany’s Path Toward the
New Economy and the American Challenge (New York: Bergahn Books, 2005).
81.
Jochen Streb, Jörg Baten, and Shuxi Yin, ‘Technological and Geographical Knowledge
Spillover in the German Empire, 1877 - 1914’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser.,
59:2 (May 2006), 347-73.
82.
Lars Magnusson, Nation, State, and the Industrial Revolution: the Visible Hand (London
and New York: Routledge, 2009).
83.
Nuno Valerio, ‘Europe in the Mirror of Germany: To What Extent Does German
Unification (1815-1888) Prefigure the Unification of Europe (1947...)? The Journal of
European Economic History, 41:2 (Summer 2012), 117-46.
Regionen
als
The State and Economic Policies in Germany:
1.
W. H. Dawson, Social Insurance in Germany, 1883 - 1911 (London, 1912).
2.
Herbert Feis, Europe, The World's Banker, 1870-1914 (1930: reissued 1965), Chapter VI:
‘Finance and Government in Germany’, pp. 160-90.
3.
W. O. Henderson, The Zollverein (Cambridge, 1939).
4.
A. H. Price, The Evolution of the Zollverein: A Study of the Ideas and Institutions
Leading to the German Economic Unification between 1815 and 1833 (Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1949).
5.
W. O. Henderson, ‘Prince Smith and Free Trade in Germany’, Economic History
Review, 2nd ser., 2 (1950), 295-302.
6.
G. H. Bowen, ‘The Roles of Government and Private Enterprise in German Industrial
Growth’, Journal of Economic History, 10 (1950), Supplement: pp. 68-81.
7.
W. O. Henderson, The State and the Industrial Revolution in Prussia, 1740-1870
(London, 1958).
8.
William N. Parker, ‘National States and National Development: A Comparison of
Elements in French and German Development in the Late Nineteenth Century’, in Hugh
G. Aitken, ed., The State and Economic Growth (New York, 1959).
9.
Ivo N. Lambi, Free Trade and Protection in Germany, 1868 - 1879 (Wiesbaden, 1963).
**
10.
Wolfram Fischer, ‘Government Activity and Industrialization in Germany, 1815-1870', in
W. W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth (London, 1963),
pp. 83-94 and 344-54 (discussion); reprinted without discussion, in Sima Lieberman, ed.,
Europe and the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), pp. 447-58.
*
11.
Richard Tilly, ‘Public Finance and the Industrialization of Prussia, 1815-1866', Journal of
Economic History, 26 (1966). See also:
*
Richard Tilly, ‘Public Finance and the Industrialization of Prussia, 1815 - 1866: A Correction’,
The Journal of Economic History, 27 (1967), 391-92.
12.
Mandfred D. Jankowski, ‘Law, Economic Policy, and Private Enterprise: The Case of the
Early Ruhr Mining Region, 1766-1865', Journal of European Economic History, 2
(1973), 688-728.
13.
W. R. Lee, ‘Tax Structure and Economic Growth in Germany, 1750-1850', Journal of
European Economic History, 4 (1975), 153-78.
14.
Hans Joachim Braun, ‘Economic Theory and Policy in Germany, 1750-1850', Journal of
European Economic History, 4 (1975), 301-22.
15.
Wolfram Fischer, ‘The Strategy of Public Investment in XIXth Century Germany’,
Journal of European Economic History, 6 (1977), 431-42.
16.
Rainer Fremdling, ‘Freight Rates and State Budgets: The Role of the National Prussian
Railways, 1880-93', Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 21-39.
17.
Frank B. Tipton, ‘Government Policy and Economic Development in Germany and
Japan: A Skeptical Re-evaluation’, Journal of Economic History, 41 (1981), 139-50.
*
18.
Jürgen Kocka, ‘Capitalism and Bureaucracy in German Industrialization before 1914',
Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (Aug. 1981), 453-68.
*
19.
J.A. Perkins, ‘Fiscal Policy and Economic Development in XIXth Century Germany’,
Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Fall 1984), 311-44.
20.
H. W. Hahn, Geschichte des deutschen Zollvereins (Göttingen, 1984).
*
21.
Andres Sommariva and Giuseppe Tullio, German Macroeconomic History: 1880 - 1979:
A Study of the Effects of Economic Policy on Inflation, Currency, Depreciation, and
Growth (New York, 1987).
**
22.
W. R. Lee, ‘Economic Development and the State in Nineteenth-Century Germany’,
Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 41 (Aug. 1988), 346-67.
*
23.
Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,
Vol. VIII: The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989):
(a)
Paul Bairoch, ‘European Trade Policy, 1815 - 1914', pp. 1 - 160.
(b)
A. G. Ford, ‘International Financial Policy and the Gold Standard, 1870 - 1914',
pp. 197 - 249.
(c)
D. E. Schremmer, ‘Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany’,
pp. 315 - 494.
G. V. Rimlinger, ‘Labour and the State on the Continent, 1800 - 1939', pp. 549 606.
(d)
(e)
Volker Hentschel, ‘German Economic and Social Policy, 1815 - 1939', pp. 752 813.
24.
Collen A. Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States
and Prussia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
25.
Niek Koning, The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism: Agrarian Politics in the United
Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, 1846 - 1919 (London: Routledge,
1994).
26.
James M. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830 - 1870 (Columbus:
Ohio State University Press, 1998).
27.
E. P. Hennock, The Origins of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850 - 1914:
Social Policies Compares (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2007).
28.
Caroline Fohlin, Finance Capitalism and Germany’s Rise to Industrial Power (Cambridge
and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
29.
Scott M. Eddie, Landownership in Eastern Germany Before the Great War (Oxford and
New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
30.
Ralph Roth and Günther Dihobi, eds., Across the Borders: Financing the World’s
Railways in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008).
31.
David Khoudour-Castéras, ‘Welfare State and Labor Mobility: The Impact of Bismarck’s
Social Legislation on German Emigration Before World War I’, Journal of Economic
History, 68:1 (March 2008), 210-43.
32.
Mark Spoerer, ‘The Laspyeres-Paradox: Tax Overshifting in Nineteenth-Century
Prussia’, Cliometrica: Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History, 2:3
(October 2008), 173-93.
C.
33.
Elizabeth R. Jones, Gender and Rural Modernity: Farm Women and the Politics of Labor
in Germany, 1871 - 1933 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009).
34.
Joerg Baten and G. Fertig, ‘Did the Railway Increase Inequality? A Micro-Regional
Analysis of Heights in the Hinterland of the Booming Ruhr Area during the Late
Nineteenth Century’, The Journal of European Economic History, 38:2 (Summer 2009),
263-99.
35.
Christian Bayer and Carsten Burhop, ‘Corporate Governance and Incentive Contracts:
Historical Evidence from a Legal Reform’, Explorations in Economic History, 46:4
(October 2009), 464-81. On late 19th-century Germany.
36.
Dan Bogart, ‘Nationalizations and the Development of Transport Systems: CrossCountry Evidence from Railroad Networks, 1860 - 1912’, Journal of Economic History,
69: 1 (March 2009), 202-37.
37.
Sibylle H. Lehman, ‘The German Elections in the 1870s: Why Germany Turned from
Liberalism to Protectionism’, Journal of Economic History, 70:1 (March 2010), 146-78.
38.
John R. Bowblis, ‘The Decline in Infant Death Rates, 1878 - 1913: The Role of Early
Sickness Insurance Programs’, Journal of Economic History, 70:1 (March 2010), 221-32.
A comparison of various European countries, including Germany and the UK.
39.
Michela Coppla, ‘The Biological Standard of Living in Germany Before the Kaiserreich,
1815 - 1840: Insights from English Army Data’, European Review of Economic History,
14:1 (April 2010), 71-109.
40.
Antonio Tena-Junguito, ‘Bairoch Revisited: Tariff Structure and Growth in the Late
Nineteenth Century’, European Review of Economic History, 14:1 (April 2010), 111-43.
41.
Michael Huberman and Christopher Meissner, ‘Riding the Wave of Trade: The Rise of
Labor Regulation in the Golden Age of Globalization’, Journal of Economic History,
70:3 (September 2010), 657-85. A comparison of various European and North American
economies, 1870 - 1914.
42.
Jakub Kastl and Lyndon Moore, ‘Wily Welfare Capitalist: Werner von Siemens and the
Pension Plan’, Cliometrica: Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History,
4:3 (October 2010), 321-48.
43.
Carsten Burhop, ‘The Transfer of Patents in Imperial Germany’, Journal of Economic
History, 70:4 (Dec. 2010), 921-39.
German Agriculture: and State Agrarian Policies
1.
Alexander Gerschenkron, Bread and Democracy in Germany (1943), Part I, pp. 19-88.
2.
F. Wunderlich, Farm Labor in Germany, 1810 - 1945 (Princeton, 1961).
3.
W. Kollman, ‘The Population of Germany in the Age of Industrialism’, in H. Moller, ed.,
Population Movements in Modern European History (1964), pp. 100-07.
*
4.
J. A. Perkins, ‘The Agricultural Revolution in Germany, 1850-1914', Journal of European
Economic History, 10 (1981), 71-118.
*
5.
G. Patrick H. Chorley, ‘The Agricultural Revolution in Northern Europe, 1750-1880:
Nitrogen, Legumes, and Crop Productivity’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34
(1981), 71-93.
Steven B. Webb, ‘Agricultural Protection in Wilhelminian Germany: Forging an Empire
with Pork and Rye’, Journal of Economic History, 42 (June 1982), 309-26.
6.
7.
Michael R. Haines, ‘Agriculture and Development in Prussian Upper Silesia, 1846-93',
Journal of Economic History, 42 (June 1982), 355-84.
8.
Karl Hardach, ‘Wheat, Rye, and the Sources of German Protection: A Comment on
Webb's Article’, and Steven Webb, ‘Reply’, both in Journal of Economic History, 43
(June 1983), 481-82.
9.
Richard Evans and W. R. Lee, eds., The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community in
Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1986).
10.
Niek Koning, The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism: Agrarian Politics in the United
Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, 1846 - 1919 (London: Routledge,
1994).
11.
Georg Fertig, ‘Marriage and Economy in Rural Westphalia, 1750 - 1870: Time Series
and Cross-Sectional Analysis’, in Isabelle Devos and Liam Kennedy, eds., Marriage and
Rural Economy: Western Europe Since 1400, CORN Publication Series 3: Comparative
Rural History of the North Sea Area (Turnhout: Brepols, 1999), pp. 243-72.
12.
Timothy W. Guinnane, ‘Cooperatives as Information Machines: German Rural Credit
Cooperatives, 1883 - 1914’, Journal of Economic History, 61:2 (June 2001),366-89.
13.
William W. Hagen, Ordinary Prussians: Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500 - 1840
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
14.
Gérard Béaur, Christophe Duhamelle, Reiner Prass, and Jürgen Schlumbohm, eds., Les
sociétés rurales en Allemagne et en France (XVIIIe - XIXe siècles): Actes du colloque de
Göttingen, 23 -25 novembre 2000, Association d’histoire des sociétés rurales, vol. 8
(Paris: Bibliothèque d’histoire rurale, 2004).
15.
Niek Koning, The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism: Agrarian Politics in the United
Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, 1846 - 1919 (London: Routledge,
1994).
16.
Scott M. Eddie, Landownership in Eastern Germany Before the Great War (Oxford and
New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
17.
Christian Fertig, ‘Rural Society and Social Networks in Nineteenth-Century Westphalia:
the Role of Godparenting in Social Mobility’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 39:4
(Spring 2009), 497-22.
18.
Michael Kopsidis and Heirich Hockmann, ‘Technical Change in Westphalia Peasant
Agriculture and the Rise of the Ruhr, circa 1830 - 1880’, European Review of Economic
History, 14:2 (August 2010), 209-38.
19.
D.
*
*
Michael Kopsidis and Nikolaus Wolf, ‘Agricultural Productivity Across Prussia During
the Industrial Revolution: A Thünen Perspective’, Journal of Economic History, 72:3
(Sept. 2012), 634-70.
German Banking, Trade, and Financial Organization:
1.
E. Riesser, Die deutschen Grossbanken und ihre Konzentration, 3rd edn. (Jena, 1910). A
classic study.
2.
Richard Tilly, Financial Institutions and Industrialization in the Rhineland, 1815-1870
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1966).
3.
Richard Tilly, ‘Germany, 1815-1870', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Banking in the Early
Stages of Industrialization (1967), pp. 151-82.
4.
David F. Good, ‘Backwardness and the Role of Banking in 19th-Century European
Industrialization’, Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 845-50.
5.
Hugh Neuberger and H.H. Stokes, ‘German Banks and German Growth, 1883-1913: An
Empirical View’, Journal of Economic History, 34 (1974), 710-31.
6.
John Komlos, ‘The Kreditbanken and German Growth: A Postscript’, and Hugh
Neuberger and H.H. Stokes, ‘German Banks and German Growth: Reply to Komlos’, pp.
480-2; and John Komlos, ‘Rejoinder’, pp. 483-6, all in Journal of Economic History, 38
(1978), 476-80, 480-82, 483-6.
7.
Richard Tilly, ‘Capital Formation in Germany in the Nineteenth Century’, in Peter
Mathias and M. M. Postan, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII, part
1: The Industrial Economies (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 382-441.
8.
Richard Tilly, ‘Mergers, External Growth, and Finance in the Development of LargeScale Enterprise in Germany, 1880-1913', Journal of Economic History, 42 (Sept. 1982),
629-58.
9.
Charles P. Kindleberger, A Financial History of Western Europe (London, 1984), chapter
7, ‘German Banking’, pp. 117-35.
10.
Richard H. Tilly, ‘German Banking, 1850-1914: Development Assistance for the Strong’,
Journal of European Economic History, 15 (1986), 113-181.
11.
Richard Tilly, ‘International Aspects of the Development of German Banking’, in Rondo
Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, Foreign Investment, and
Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
12.
M. June Flanders, International Monetary Economics, 1870 - 1960: Between the
Classical and the New Classical (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
13.
Jeremy Edwards and Sheilah Ogilvie, ‘Universal Banks and German Industrialization: A
Reappraisal’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:3 (August 1996), 427-46.
14.
M. Da Rin, ‘Understanding the Development of the German Kreditbanken, 1850-1914:
an Approach from the Economics of Information’, Financial History, 3 (1996), 290-47.
15.
Simone A. Wegge, ‘Chain Migration and Information Networks: Evidence from
Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel’, Journal of Economic History, 58:4 (December 1998),
957-87.
*
16.
Caroline Fohlin, ‘The Rise of Interlocking Directorates in Imperial Germany’, The
Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 52:2 (May 1999), 307-33.
*
17.
Caroline Fohlin, ‘Universal Banking in Pre-World War I Germany: Model or Myth?’,
Explorations in Economic History, 36:4 (October 1999), 305-43.
18.
Carl-Ludwig Holtfrerich, Frankfurt as a Financial Centre: From Medieval Trade Fair to
European Financial Centre (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1999).
19.
Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschilds: The World’s Banker, 1849 - 1999 (New
York: Viking, 1999).
20.
Caroline Fohlin, ‘Regulation, Taxation, and the Development of the German Universal
Banking System, 1884 - 1913’, European Review of Economic History, 6:2 (August
2002), 221-54.
21.
M. Da Rin and T. Hellemann, ‘Banks as Catalysts for Industrialization’, Journal of
Financial Intermediation, 11 (2002), 366-97.
22.
Richard Tilly, Geld und Kredit in der Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Grunzüge der modernen
Wirtschaftsgeschichte, vol. 4 (Stuttgart: Fritz Steiner Verlag, 2003).
23.
H. H. Spoo, Das Bankgewerbe in Neuwied am Rhein im 19 und 20 Jahrhundert,
Schriften zur Rheinish-Westfälischen Wirtschaftsarchiv zu Köln (Cologne, 2003).
24.
Hubert Kieswetter, Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland:
Wachstumsmotoren (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004).
25.
Herbert H. Kaplan, Nathan Mayer Rotschild and the Creation of a Dynastry: The Critical
Years, 1806 - 1816 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).
26.
Gerhard Kling, ‘The Long-Term Impact of Mergers and the Emergence of a Merger
Wave in pre-World War I Germany’, Explorations in Economic History, 43:4 (October
2006), 667-688.
27.
Carsten Burhop, ‘Did Banks Cause the German Industrialization?’, Explorations in
Economic History, 43:1 (January 2006), 39-63. Special issue: Financial Revolutions and
Economic Growth, ed. Peter L. Rousseau and Richard Sylla.
28.
Béatrice Dedinger, ‘Trade, History and Geography: The Geographical Structure of Trade
in Germany since the Late XIXth Century’, The Journal of European Economic History,
35:3 (Winter 2006), 551-83.
29.
Caroline Fohlin, Finance Capitalism and Germany’s Rise to Industrial Power (Cambridge
and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
30.
Pamela E. Swett, S. Jonathan Wiesen, and Jonathan R. Zatlin, eds., Selling Modernity:
Advertizing in Twentieth Century Germany (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007).
31.
Christopher Kobrak, Banking on Global Markets: Deutsche Bank and the United States,
*
*
*
Regionen
als
1870 to the Present (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
32.
Sergey Gelman and Carsten Burhop, ‘Taxation, Regulation, and the Information
Efficiency of the Berlin Stock Exchange, 1892 - 1913, European Review of Economic
History, 12:1 (April 2008), 39-66.
33.
Mark Spoerer, ‘The Laspyeres-Paradox: Tax Overshifting in Nineteenth-Century
Prussia’, Cliometrica: Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History, 2:3
(October 2008), 173-93.
34.
Hans Pohl, ‘Savings Banks and Credit Cooperatives in Germany: Competitors in the
Same Markets for 150 Years’, The Journal of European Economic History, 37:2-3 (FallWinter 2008), 317-66.
35.
Thorsten Lübbers, ‘Shareholder Value Mining: Wealth Effects of Takeovers in German
Coal Mining, 1896 - 1913’, Explorations in Economic History, 45:4 (September 2008),
462-76.
36.
Nikolaus Wolf, ‘Was Germany Ever United? Evidence from Intra- and International
Trade, 1885 - 1933’, Journal of Economic History, 69:3 (September 2009), 846-81.
36.
Caroline Fohlin and Steffen Reinhold, ‘Common Stock Returns in the pre-WWI Berlin
Stock Exchange’, Cliometrica: Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric
History, 4:1 (January 2010), 75-96.
37.
Sibylle H. Lehman, ‘The German Elections in the 1870s: Why Germany Turned from
Liberalism to Protectionism’, Journal of Economic History, 70:1 (March 2010), 146-78.
38.
Antonio Tena-Junguito, ‘Bairoch Revisited: Tariff Structure and Growth in the Late
Nineteenth Century’, European Review of Economic History, 14:1 (April 2010), 111-43.
39.
Caroline Fohlin, ‘Asymmetric Information, Market Power, and the Underpricing of New
Stock Issues in Germany, 1882 - 1892’, Journal of Economic History, 70:3 (September
2010), 630-56.
40.
Stefano Battilossi and Jaime Reis, eds., State and Financial Systems in Europe and the
USA: Historical Perspectives on Regulation and Supervision in the Nineteenth and
Twentieth Centuries (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010).
*
41.
Béatrice Dedinger, ‘The Franco-German Trade Puzzle: an Analysis of the Economic
Consequences of the Franco-Prussian War’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 65:3
(August 2012), 1029-54.
E.
German Industrialization: Entrepreneurship, Productivity, the State, and Cartels
*
1.
David Landes, ‘Entrepreneurship in Advanced Industrial Countries: The Anglo-German
Rivalry’, in Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth, Harvard Research Center in
Entrepreneurial History (Cambridge, Mass., 1954).
2.
Fritz Redlich, ‘Entrepreneurship in the Initial Stages of Industrialization, with Special
Reference to Germany’, Conference on Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth (New
York, 1954).
*
*
*
3.
Alexander Gerschenkron, ‘Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship, and Economic
Development’, in Leon H. Dupriez, ed., Economic Progress: Papers and Proceedings of a
Round Table Held by the International Economic Association (Leuven, 1955); reprinted
in his Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (New York, 1962), pp. 52-71.
4.
H. Hartmann, Education for Business Leadership: The Role of the German
‘Hochschulen’ (Paris, 1955).
5.
J. J. Beer, The Emergence of the German Dye Industry (Urbana, Illinois, 1959).
6.
Herbert Kisch, ‘The Textile Industries in Silesia and the Rhineland: A Comparative
Study in Industrialization’, The Journal of Economic History, 19 (1959), 541-64.
7.
David Landes, ‘The Structure of Enterprise in the Nineteenth Century: Great Britain and
Germany’, Rapports du XIe Congrès International des Sciences Historiques, Vol. V:
Histoire Contemporaine (Stockholm, 1960), pp. 107-28. Reprinted in David Landes, ed.,
The Rise of Capitalism (New York, 1966), pp. 99-110.
8.
Herbert Kisch, ‘Growth Deterrants of a Medieval Heritage: The Aachen Area Woolen
Trades Before 1790', Journal of Economic History, 24 (1964).
9.
Erich Maschke, ‘Outline of the History of German Cartels from 1873 to 1914', translated
from Vortragsreihe der Gesellschaft für Westfälische Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 10 (1964),
and republished in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner, and W.M. Stern, eds. Essays in
European Economic History, 1789-1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1969), pp. 226-58.
H. Mauersberg, Deutsche Industrien im Zeitgeschehen eines Jahrhunderts, 2 vols.
(Stuttgart, 1966).
10.
*
11.
Gerhard Adelmann, ‘Structural Changes in the Rhenish Linen and Cotton Trades at the
Outset of Industrialization’, translated from Vierteljahrschrfit für Sozial- und
Wirtschaftsgescichte, 53 (July 1966), and republished in François Crouzet, W.
H.Chaloner, and W. M. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789-1914
(London: Edward Arnold, 1969), pp. 82-97.
12.
David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial
Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge, Mass. 1969),
Chapter 4, ‘Closing the Gap’, especially pp. 326-58.
13.
Jurgen Kocka, ‘Family and Bureaucracy in German Industrial Management’,
Business History Review, 45 (1971).
14.
J. Kermann, Die Manufaktur im Rheinland, 1750 - 1833 (Bonn, 1972).
15.
F. W. Hennig, Die Industrialisierung in Deutschland, 1800 - 1914 (Paderborn, 1973).
16.
Richard Tilly, ‘The Growth of Large-Scale Enterprise in Germany since the Middle of
the Nineteenth Century’, in Herman Daems and Herman Van der Wee, eds., The Rise of
Managerial Capitalism (The Hague, 1974).
17.
Rainer Fremdling, ‘Railroads and German Economic Growth: A Leading Sector Analysis
with a Comparison to the United States and Great Britain’, Journal of Economic History,
37 (1977), 583-604.
**
18.
Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Response: Comparative Studies in Trade, Finance,
and Growth (Cambridge, Mass. 1978), Chapter 7: ‘Germany's Overtaking of England,
1806 to 1914', pp. 185-236.
*
19.
Jürgen Kocka, ‘Entrepreneurs and Managers in German Industrialization’, in Peter
Mathias and M. M. Postan, eds., Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII: The
Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise (Part I), (Cambridge, 1978), pp.
492 - 589.
*
20.
Robert C. Allen, ‘International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850-1913', Journal of
Economic History, 39 (1979), 911-38.
*
21.
Steven B. Webb, ‘Tariffs, Cartels, Technology, and Growth in the German Steel Industry,
1879 to 1914', Journal of Economic History, 40 (1980), 309-30.
22.
Walther Kirchner, ‘Russian Tariffs and Foreign Industries Before 1914: the German
Entrepreneur's Perspective’, Journal of Economic History, 41 (1981), 361-79.
23.
Robert R. Locke, The End of the Practical Man: Higher Education and the
Institutionalization of Entrepreneurial Performance in Germany, France, and Great
Britain, 1880 to 1940, in the series Industrial Development and the Social Fabric, vol. 7,
edited by John McKay (London: JAI Press, 1984).
24.
Lon L. Peters, ‘Managing Competition in German Coal, 1893 - 1913', Journal of
Economic History, 49 (June 1989), 419 - 33.
25.
W. Troesken, ‘A Note on the Efficacy of the German Steel and Coal Syndicates’, Journal
of European Economic History, 18 (Winter 1989), 595 - 600.
26.
Herbert Kisch, From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution: The Case of the
Rhineland Textile Districts (London: Oxford University Press, 1989).
27.
Hubert Kiesewetter, Industrielle Revolution in Deutschland, 1815 - 1914 (Frankfurt am
Main: Suhrkamp, 1989).
28.
John Perkins, ‘The Organisation of German Industry, 1850 - 1930: The Case of BeetSugar Production’, Journal of European Economic History, 19 (Winter 1990), 549 - 74.
29.
Hubert Kiesewetter, ‘Competition for Wealth and Power: The Growing Rivalry between
Industrial Britain and Industrial Germany, 1815 - 1914', Journal of European Economic
History, 20 (Fall 1991), 271 - 299.
30.
W. R. Lee, ed., German Industry and German Industrialization: Essays in German
Economic and Business History in the Nineteenth Century (London and New York:
Routledge, 1991).
31.
John C. Brown, ‘Market Organization, Protection, and Vertical Integration: German
Cotton Textiles Before 1914', The Journal of Economic History, 52 (June 1992), 339 51.
32.
Eric Dorn Brose, The Politics of Technological Change in Prussia: Out of the Shadow of
Antiquity, 1809 - 1848 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
*
**
*
33.
Collen A. Dunlavy, Politics and Industrialization: Early Railroads in the United States
and Prussia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
34.
Harmut Berghoff and Roland Möller, ‘Tired Pioneers and Dynamic Newcomers? A
Comparative Essay on English and German Entrepreneurial History, 1870 - 1914',
Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 47:2 (May 1994), 262-87.
35.
Ulrich Wengenroth, Enterprise and Technology: the German and British Steel Industries,
1865 - 1895, translated by Sarah Hanbury Tenison (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1994).
36.
Wolfram Fischer, ‘Entrepreneurs as Scientists, Scientists as Entrepreneurs’, in Paul Klep
and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the
Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven:
Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 553-62.
37.
Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Werner von Siemens: Inventor and International Entrepreneur
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1994).
38.
Robert Fox and Anna Guagnini, ‘Starry Eyes and Harsh Realities: Education, Research,
and the Electrical Engineer in Europe, 1880-1914', Journal of European Economic
History, 23:1 (Spring 1994), 69 - 92.
39.
John C. Brown, ‘Imperfect Competition and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry: Markets for
Cotton Textiles before 1914', Journal of Economic History, 55:3 (September 1995), 494527.
40.
Niall Ferguson, Paper and Iron: Hamburg Business and German Politics in the Era of
Inflation, 1897 - 1927 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
41.
Janice Rye Kinghorn and John Vincent Nye, ‘The Scale of Production in Western
Economic Development: A Comparison of Official Industry Statistics in the United
States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913', Journal of Economic History, 56:1
(March 1996), 90-112.
42.
H.G. Schröter, ‘Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe, 1870 - 1995: Rise and
Decline of an Economic Institution’, The Journal of European Economic History, 25:1
(Spring 1996), 129-53.
**
43.
Jeremy Edwards and Sheilagh Ogilvie, ‘Universal Banks and German
Industrialization: A Re-Appraisal’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 49:3 (August
1996), 427-46.
44.
Rainer Fremdling, ‘Anglo-German Rivalry in Coal Markets in France, the Netherlands
and Germany, 1850-1913', The Journal of European Economic History, 25:3 (Winter
1996), 599-46.
45.
Herman Freudenberger, ‘The Linz-Budweis Railways: Technology, Science and the
Economy’, The Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 239-68.
**
46.
Stephen N. Broadberry, ‘Anglo-German Productivity Differences, 1870 - 1990: A
Sectoral Analysis’, European Review of Economic History, 1:2 (August 1997), 247-67.
*
47.
Y. Goo Park, ‘Depression and Capital Formation: the United Kingdom and Germany,
1873 - 1896', The Journal of European Economic History, 26:3 (Winter 1997), 511-34.
*
*
*
48.
Sheilagh C. Ogilvie, State Corporatism and Proto-Industry: The Württemberg Black
Forest, 1580 - 1797, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past
Time no. 33 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997). On the
worsted textile industry of SW Germany.
49.
Stephen N. Broadberry, ‘How did the United States and Germany Overtake Britain? A
Sectoral Analysis of Comparative Productivity Levels, 1870 - 1990', Journal of Economic
History, 58:2 (June 1998), 375-407.
50.
James M. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics, and Railroads in Prussia, 1830 - 1870 (Columbus:
Ohio State University Press, 1998).
51.
Caroline Fohlin, ‘The Rise of Interlocking Directorates in Imperial Germany’, The
Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 52:2 (May 1999), 307-33.
52.
Wolfgang Krause and Douglas J. Puffert, ‘Chemicals, Strategy and Tariffs: Tariff Policy
and the Soda Industry in Imperial Germany’, European Review of Economic History, 4:3
(December 2000), 285-310.
53.
Horst A. Wessel, ‘Mannesmann 1890: A European Enterprise with an International
Perspective’, The Journal of European Economic History, 29:2-3 (Fall - Winter 2000),
335-56.
54.
Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
55.
Richard Biernacki, ‘Culture and Know-How in the “Satanic Mills”: An Anglo-German
Comparison, Textile History, 33:2 (November 2002), 219-37.
56.
Christopher Kobrak, National Cultures and International Competition: the Experience of
Schering AG, 1851 - 1950 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2002).
57.
Gary Roseman, ‘Evidence on Determinants of the Choice of Sail or Steam from Hamburg
Passenger Lists of 1866', The Journal of European Economic History, 32:3 (Winter
2003), 623-33.
58.
Joerg Baten, ‘Determinants of Firm Creation Around 1900’, European Review of
Economic History, 7:3 (December 2003), 301-30. Focuses on southern Germany.
59.
Werner Abelshauer, Wolfgang von Hippel, Jeffrey Allan Johnson, and Raymond G.
Stokes, German Industry and Global Enterprise, BASF: the History of a Company
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
60.
Werner Abelshauser, The Dynamics of German Industry: Germany’s Path Toward the
New Economy and the American Challenge (New York: Bergahn Books, 2005).
61.
Stephen Broadberry, ‘Explaining Anglo-German Productivity Differences in Services
Since 1870’, European Review of Economic History, 8:3 (December 2004), 229-62.
62.
Roger N. Holden, ‘Culture and Know-How in the “Satanic Mills”: A Response’, Textile
History, 36:1 (May 2005), 86-93. See no. 55 above (by Biernacki)
63.
Werner Abelshauser, The Dynamics of German Industry: Germany’s Path Toward the
New Economy and the American Challenge (New York: Bergahn Books, 2005).
64.
Thomas Bittner, ‘An Event Study of the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate’, European
Review of Economic History, 9:3 (December 2005), 337-64.
65.
Stephen Broadberry and Carsten Burhop, ‘Comparative Productivity in British and
German Manufacturing Before World War II: Reconciling Direct Benchmark Estimates
and Time Series Projections’, Journal of Economic History, 67:2 (June 2007), 315-49.
66.
Rainer Fremdling, Herman De Jong, and Marcel P. Timmer, ‘British and German
Manufacturing Productivity Compared: a New Benchmark for 1935/36 Based on Double
Deflated Value Added’, Journal of Economic History, 67:2 (June 2007), 350-78.
*
67.
Albert Ritschl, ‘The Anglo-German Productivity Puzzle, 1895 - 1935: A Restatement of
Possible Resolutions’, Journal of Economic History, 6:2 (June 2008), 535-65.
*
68.
Carsten Burhop, ‘The Level of Labour Productivity in German Mining, Crafts, and
Industry in 1913: Evidence from Output Data’, European Review of Economic History:
12:2 (August 2008), 200-219.
69.
Carsten Burhop and Thorsten Lübbers, ‘Cartels, Managerial Incentives, and Productive
Efficiency in German Coal Mining, 1881 - 1913’, Journal of Economic History, 69:2
(June 2009), 500-27.
70.
Dan Bogart, ‘A Global Perspective on Railway Inefficiency and the Rise of State
Ownership, 1880 - 1912’, Explorations in Economic History, 47:2 (April 2010), 158-78.
71.
Carsten Burhop, ‘The Transfer of Patents in Imperial Germany’, Journal of Economic
History, 70:4 (Dec. 2010), 921-39.
72.
Ulrich Wengenroth, ‘History of Entrepreneurship: Germany after 1815’, in David S.
Landes, Joel Mokyr, and William J.
Baumol, The Invention of Enterprise:
Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times, Kauffman Foundation
Series on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University
Press, 2010), pp. 273-304.
73.
Carsten Burhop and Thorsten Lübbers, ‘Incentives and Innovation? R & D Management
in Germany’s Chemical and Electrical Engineering Industries around 1900’, Explorations
in Economic History, 47:1 (January 2010), 100-11.
74.
Ralf Richter and Jochen Streb, ‘Catching-Up and Falling Behind: Knowledge Spillover
from American to German Machine Toolmakers’, Journal of Economic History, 71:4
(December 2011), 1006-1031.
*
F.
The Industrial Labour Force and Living Standards in Nineteenth-Century Germany
1.
W. H. Dawson, Social Insurance in Germany, 1883 - 1911 (London, 1912).
2.
Gerhard Bry, Wages in Germany, 1871 - 1945 (Princeton, 1960).
*
16.
3.
Ashok V. Desai, Real Wages in Germany, 1871 - 1913 (1968).
4.
L. Schofer, ‘Patterns of Worker Protests: Upper Silesia, 1865 - 1914', Journal of Social
History, 5 (1972).
5.
J. J. Lee, ‘Labour in German Industrialization’, in Peter Mathias and M. M. Postan, eds.,
Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital,
Labour, and Enterprise (Part I), (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 442- 491.
6.
Wolfgang Kleber, ‘Labor Force Change in Germany Since 1881: A Life Cycle
Perspective’, Explorations in Economic History, 22 (Jan. 1985), 97-126.
7.
S. H. F. Hickey, Workers in Imperial Germany: The Miners of the Ruhr (Oxford, 1985).
8.
T. Pierenkemper, ‘The Standard of Living and Employment in Germany, 1850-1980: An
Overview’, Journal of European Economic History, 16 (1987), 51-74.
9.
Rolf Dumke, ‘Income Inequality and Industrialization in Germany’, in Paul Uselding,
ed., Research in Economic History, 11 (1988).
10.
Peter Scholliers, ed., Real Wages in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Europe (New
York: Berg, 1989).
11.
Manfred Gailus, ‘Food Riots in Germany in the Late 1840s’, Past & Present, no. 145
(November 1994), pp. 157-93.
12.
N.F.R. Crafts, ‘The Human Development Index and Changes in Standards of Living:
Some Historical Comparisons’, European Review of Economic History, 1:3 (December
1997), 299-22.
13.
Jeffrey S. Richter, ‘Infanticide, Child Abandonment, and Abortion in Imperial Germany’,
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28:4 (Spring 1998), 511-51.
14.
Stephan Klasen, ‘Marriage, Bargaining, and Intrahousehold Resource Allocation: Excess
Female Mortality among Adults during Early German Development, 1740 - 1860',
Journal of Economic History, 58:2 (June 1998), 432-67.
15.
Peter H. Lindert, ‘Poor Relief Before the Welfare State: Britain versus the Continent,
1780 - 1880', European Review of Economic History, 2/2 (August 1998): 101-40.
Simone A. Wegge, ‘Chain Migration and Information Networks: Evidence from Nineteenth-
Century Hesse-Cassel’, Journal of Economic History, 58:4 (December 1998), 957-87.
Simone A. Wegge, ‘To Part or Not to Part: Emigration and Inheritance in Institutions in
Nineteenth-Century Hesse-Cassel’, Explorations in Economic History, 36:1 (January
1999), 30-55.
17.
18.
Jeffrey S. Richter, ‘Infanticide, Child Abandonment, and Abortion in Imperial Germany’,
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 28:4 (Spring 1998), 511-51.
19.
Robert Lee, ‘Urban Labor Markets, In-Migration, and Demographic Growth: Bremen,
1815 - 1914', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 30:3 (Winter 1999), 437-74.
20.
Jörg Vögele, Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870 - 1913 (Liverpool:
Liverpool University Press, 1999).
21.
Steve Hochstadt, Mobility and Modernity: Migration in Germany, 1820 - 1989 (Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999).
22.
John C. Brown and Gerhard Neumeir, ‘Job Tenure and Labour Market Dynamics during
High Industrialization: The Case of Germany Before World War I’, European Review of
Economic History, 5:2 (August 2001), 189-218. [Special Issue on German Cliometrics,
edited by John Komlos, Scott Eddie, and Stephen Broadberry.]
23.
Richard Biernacki, ‘Culture and Know-How in the “Satanic Mills”: An Anglo-German
Comparison’, Textile History, 33:2 (November 2002), 219-37.
24.
O. Grant, Migration and Inequality in Germany, 1870 - 1913 (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
2005).
*
25.
Ulf Christian Ewert, ‘The Biological Standard of Living on the Decline: Episodes from
Germany during Early Industrialisation’, European Review of Economic History, 10:1
(April 2006), 51-88.
*
26.
Peter Hennock, The Origins of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850 - 1914:
Social Policies Compared (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2007).
27.
David Khoudour-Castéras, ‘Welfare State and Labor Mobility: The Impact of Bismarck’s
Social Legislation on German Emigration Before World War I’, Journal of Economic
History, 68:1 (March 2008), 210-43.
28.
Francesco Cinnirella, ‘On the Road to Industrialization: Nutritional Status in Saxony,
1690-1850’, Cliometrica: Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History, 2:3
(October 2008), 229-57.
29.
Joerg Baten and G. Fertig, ‘Did the Railway Increase Inequality? A Micro-Regional
Analysis of Heights in the Hinterland of the Booming Ruhr Area during the Late
Nineteenth Century’, The Journal of European Economic History, 38:2 (Summer 2009),
263-99.
John R. Bowblis, ‘The Decline in Infant Death Rates, 1878 - 1913: The Role of Early
Sickness Insurance Programs’, Journal of Economic History, 70:1 (March 2010), 221-32.
A comparison of various European countries, including Germany and the UK.
30.
31.
Michela Coppla, ‘The Biological Standard of Living in Germany Before the Kaiserreich,
1815 - 1840: Insights from English Army Data’, European Review of Economic History,
14:1 (April 2010), 71-109.
32.
Stephen Broadberry and Carsten Burhop, ‘Real Wages and Labor Productivity in Britain
and Germany, 1871 - 1938: A Unified Approach to the International Comparison of
Living Standards’, Journal of Economic History, 70:2 (June 2010), 400-27.
33.
Jakub Kastl and Lyndon Moore, ‘Wily Welfare Capitalist: Werner von Siemens and the
Pension Plan’, Cliometrica: Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History,
4:3 (October 2010),321-48.
34.
Mathias Blum, ‘Government Decisions Before and During the First World War and the
Living Standards in Germany during a Drastic Natural Experiment’, Explorations in
Economic History, 48:4 (Dec. 2011),536-67.
35.
Sascha O. Becker, Francesco Cinnirella, and Ludger Woessmann, ‘The Effect of
Investment in Children’s Education on Fertility in 1816 Prussia’, Cliometrica: Journal of
Historical Economics and Econometric History, 6:1 (January 2012), 29-44.
36.
Sheilagh Ogilivie, Markus Küpner, and Janine Maegraith, ‘Household Debt in Early
Modern Germany: Evidence from Personal Inventories’, Journal of Economic History,
72:1 (March 2012), 134-67.
II.
RUSSIA, 1815 - 1914
A.
General: in chronological order of original publication.
**
1.
Vladimir I. Lenin, The Development of Capitalism in Russia (Moscow, 1899). English
version reissued 1957.
2.
James Mavor, An Economic History of Russia, 2 vols. (London, 1925).
3.
M. Miller, The Economic Development of Russia, 1905 - 1914: Trade, Industry, and
Finance (London, 1926; 2nd edn. 1967).
4.
P. I. Lyashchenko, Istoriya narodnogo khozyaistva SSSR, 2 vols. (1st edn. Moscow,
1939; 2nd edn., Moscow, 1947-48; 3rd edn., Moscow, 1952). 1st edn (1939) translated by
L.M. Herman and republished as History of the National Economy of Russia to the 1917
Revolution (New York, 1949). The best known Russian economic history, by an
orthodox Soviet Marxist historian.
5.
Alexander Baykov, ‘The Economic Development of Russia’, Economic History Review,
2nd ser. 7 (1954), reprinted in:
(a)
Barry Supple, ed., Experience of Economic Growth (New York, 1963), pp. 41325.
(b)
Sima Lieberman, ed., Europe and the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.,
1972), pp. 459-75.
*
**
6.
V. T. Bill, The Forgotten Class: The Russian Bourgeoisie to 1900 (New York, 1959).
7.
Cyril E. Black, and Joint Committee on Slavic Studies, eds., The Transformation of
Russia Society: Aspects of Social Change Since 1861 ( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 1960). Several copies in Sigmund Samuel Library (HN 523 J6). See in
particular:
(a)
Alexander Gerschenkron, ‘Problems and Patterns of Russian Economic
Development’, pp. 42-70.
(b)
Theodore H. von Laue, ‘The State and the Economy’, pp. 209 -25.
(c)
Lazar Volin, ‘The Russian Peasant: From Emancipation to Kolkhoz’, pp. 292 310.
(d)
Jerzy Gliksman, ‘The Russian Urban Worker: From Serf to Proletarian’, pp. 311
- 22.
(e)
Cyril E. Black, ‘The Modernization of Russian Society’, pp. 661 - 82.
8.
R. W. Goldsmith, ‘The Economic Development of Tsarist Russia, 1860-1914', Economic
Development and Cultural Change, 9 (1961), 441- 75.
9.
Gaston V. Rimlinger, ‘The Expansion of the Labor Market in Capitalist Russia, 18611917', The Journal of Economic History, 21 (1961).
10.
Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Experience: A Book of
Essays (New York, 1962; reissued in paperback, 1965). See in particular:
(a)
‘Economic Backwardness in Historical Experience’, pp. 5-30.
Hoselitz, ed., The Progress of Underdeveloped Countries (1952).]
(b)
‘Reflections on the Concept of ‘Prerequisites’ of Modern Industrialization’, pp.
31-51.
[From L'industria (Milan, 1952), no. 2. Also published in Sima
Lieberman, ed., Europe and the Industrial Revolution (1972), pp. 9-28].
(c)
‘Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development’, pp. 52-71.
[From Leon H. Dupriez, ed., Economic Progress: Papers and Proceedings of a
Round Table Held by the International Economic Association (Leuven, 1955).]
‘Russia: Patterns and Problems of Economic Development’, pp. 119-51. [From
Cyril E. Black and Joint Committee on Slavic Studies, eds., The Transformation
of Russia Society: Aspects of Social Change Since 1861 (Harvard: Cambridge,
Mass. 1960.]
(d)
*
[From Bert
11.
Alexander Gerschenkron, ‘Early Phases of Industrialization in Russia and their
Relationship to the Historical Study of Economic Growth’, in Barry Supple, ed., The
Experience of Economic Growth: Case Studies in Economic History (New York, 1963),
pp. 426-44. [Original essay; also published that same year in W. W. Rostow, ed., The
Economics of Take-Off into Sustained Growth (London, 1963).]
12.
H. J. Ellison, ‘Economic Modernization in Imperial Russia’, The Journal of Economic
History, 25 (March 1965).
13.
Arcadius Kahan, ‘Continuity in Economic Activity and Policy during the Post-
Petrine Period in Russia’, The Journal of Economic History, 25 (March 1965).
*
14.
Michael Falkus, ‘Russia's National Income: A Revaluation’, Economica, n.s., 137 (Feb.
1968), 52-73.
15.
Tom Kemp, Industrialization in Nineteenth Century Europe (London, 1969), chapter 5,
‘The Modernization of Tsarist Russia’, pp. 119-58.
16.
Alexander Gerschenkron, Europe in the Russian Mirror (Cambridge, 1970).
17.
Alec Nove, ‘Russia as an Emergent Country’, in A.J. Youngson, ed., Economic
Development in the Long Run (London, 1972).
18.
Paul Gregory, ‘Economic Growth and Structural Change in Tsarist Russia: A Case of
Modern Economic Growth’, Soviet Studies, 23 (Jan. 1972), 418-34.
19.
W. L. Blackwell, ed., Russian Economic Development from Peter the Great to Stalin
(New York, 1974). Collected studies.
20.
Olga Crisp, Studies in the Russian Economy Before 1914 (London, 1976).
21.
Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe,
1850-1914 (London, 1977), chapter 6: ‘The Economic Development of Russia to 1861',
pp. 332-64; chapter 7: ‘The Economic Development of Russia, 1861-1914', pp. 365-424.
22.
Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol.
VII: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part ii: The United
States, Japan, and Russia (Cambridge University Press, 1978):
(a)
Arcadius Kahan, ‘Capital Formation during the Period of Early Industrialization
in Russia, 1890 - 1913', pp. 265 - 307.
(b)
(c)
Olga Crisp, ‘Labour and Industrialization in Russia’, pp. 308 - 415.
M. C. Kaser, ‘Russian Entrepreneurship’, pp. 416 - 494.
*
23.
Clive Trebilcock, The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780-1914 (London,
1981), chapter 4, ‘Russia’, pp. 205-91.
*
24.
Paul R. Gregory, Russian National Income, 1885 - 1913 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1982).
25.
P. H. Clendenning, ‘The Economic Awakening of Russia in the XVIIIth Century: Russia
and the Spread of Economic Ideas’, Journal of European Economic History, 14 (Winter
1985), 433 - 71.
26.
Peter Gatrell, The Tsarist Economy, 1850 - 1917 (London, 1986).
27.
Arcadius Kahan, The Plow, the Hammer, and the Knout: An Economic History of
Eighteenth Century-Russia (Chicago, 1986).
28.
Evsey Domar, ‘Kahan on Russian Economic History’, Journal of European Economic
History, 47 (Sept. 1987), 769-74. A review article based on the foregoing.
29.
Arcadius Kahan, Russian Economic History: the Nineteenth Century, ed., Roger Weiss
**
*
(Chicago, 1989).
30.
Evsey D. Domar, Capitalism, Socialism, and Serfdom (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1989). Collected essays.
31.
Ian Blanchard, Russia's ‘Age of Silver’: Precious-Metal Production and Economic
Growth in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Routledge, Chapman, and Hall, 1989).
*
32.
Boris Mironov, ‘Les villes de Russie entre l'Occident et l'Orient, 1750 - 1850', Annales:
Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 46 (mai-juin 1991), 705-33.
*
33.
Olga Crisp, ‘Russia’, in Richard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, eds., Patterns of European
Industrialization: The Nineteenth Century (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), pp.
248-68.
34.
Daniel H. Kaiser, ‘Urban Household Composition in Early Modern Russia’, Journal of
Interdisciplinary History, 23:1 (Summer 1992), 39 - 71.
35.
Boris N. Mironov, ‘Consequences of the Price Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Russia’,
Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (August 1992), 457-78.
36.
Peter Gatrell and Robert Lewis, ‘Russian and Soviet Economic History’, Economic
History Review, 2nd ser., 45:4 (November 1992), 743-54.
37.
Philip Longsworth, The Making of Eastern Europe (London: Macmillan Press Ltd.,
1992).
38.
Andzej Jezierski, ed., Economic History of Poland in Numbers, Central Statistical Office
(Warsaw, 1994).
Paul Gregory, Before Command: An Economic History of Russia from Emancipation to
the First Five-Year Plan (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
39.
**
40.
Herbert Kaplan, Russian Overseas Commerce with Great Britain During the Reign of
Catherine II, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 218 (Philadelphia,
1995).
41.
Thomas C. Owen, Russian Corporate Capitalism from Peter the Great to Perestroika
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
42.
W.E. Mosse, An Economic History of Russia, 1856 - 1914 (New York: I.B. Tauris,
1996).
43.
Paul R. Gregory, ‘Searching for Consistency in Historical Data: Alternate Estimates of
Russia’s Industrial Production, 1887-1913', Journal of Economic History, 57:1 (March
1997), 196-206. A review article on the posthumus publication in Russian of: Lev
Borisovich Kagengauz, Evolution of Industrial Output of Russia From the Last Third of
the Nineteenth Century to 1930 (Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994).
44.
Marshall Poe, ‘The Military Revolution, Administrative Development, and Cultural
Change in Early Modern Russia’, Journal of Early Modern History: Contacts,
Comparison, Contrasts, 2:3 (August 1998), 247-73.
45.
Michael Pammer, ‘Proxy Data and Income Estimates: The Economic Lag of Central and
Eastern Europe’, Journal of Economic History, 57:2 (June 1997), 448-55. A response to
Good (1994).
*
*
46.
David Good, ‘Proxy Data and Income Estimates: Reply to Pammer’, Journal of
Economic History, 57:2 (June 1997), 456-63.
47.
David Good and Tongshua Ma, ‘The Economic Growth of Central and Eastern Europe in
Comparative Perspective, 1870 - 1939', European Review of Economic History, 3:2
(August 1999), 103-38.
48.
Esther Kingston-Mann, In Search of the True West: Culture, Economics, and Problems of
Russian Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999). Essentially on the
Russian peasantry from 1762 to 1917.
49.
Richard Hellie, The Economy and Material Culture of Russia, 1600 - 1725 (Chicago and
London: the University of Chicago Press, 1999).
50.
Peter Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).
51.
J. Grant, Big Business in Russia: the Putilov Company in Late Imperial Russia, 1868 1917 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999).
52.
Boris N. Mironov, A Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700-1917, ed. Ben Eklof.
(Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000).
53.
Vassilis Kardassis, Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: the Greeks in Southern Russia,
1775- 1861 (Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2001).
54.
Kertin Sundberg, ed., Work and Production on Manors in the Baltic Sea Region, 1700 1900 (Stockholm: Nordiska muset förlag, 2002).
55.
Ivan T. Berend, History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth
Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
56.
David S. Jacks, ‘Market Integration in the North and Baltic Seas, 1500-1800’, The
Journal of European Economic History, 33:2 (Fall 2004), 285-330.
57.
Vincent Barnett, The Revolutionary Russian Economy, 1890 - 1940: Ideas, Debates, and
Alternatives (London and New York: Routledge, 2004).
58.
Susan K. Morrissey, ‘Drinking to Death: Suicide, Vodka and Religious Burial in
Russia’, Past & Present, no. 186 (February 2005), 117-46.
59.
Markku Kangaspuro and Jeremy Smith, eds., Modernization in Russia Since 1900
(Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2006).
60.
Ekaterina Brancato, Markets versus Hierarchies: a Political Economy of Russia from the
10th Century to 2008 (Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Press, 2009).
B.
**
The State and Government Economic Policies: General Studies
1.
Theodore H. von Laue, ‘The High Cost and the Gamble of the Witte System: a Chapter in
the Industrialization of Russia’, The Journal of Economic History, 13:4 (Autumn 1953),
425-48.
*
2.
Alexander Gerschenkron, ‘The Problem of Economic Development in Russian
Intellectual History in the Nineteenth Century’, in E. Simmonds, ed., Continuity and
Change in Russian and Soviet Thought (Cambridge, Mass., 1955).
3.
Robert Carson, ‘Russia, 1890 - 1939', in Hugh Aitken, ed., The State and Economic
Growth (New York, 1959).
4.
Theodore H. von Laue, ‘Factory Inspection under the `Witte System': 1892 - 1903',
American Slavic and East European Revie, 19 (1960), 347-62.
5.
Theodore H. von Laue, ‘The State and the Economy’, in Cyril E. Black, ed., The
Transformation of Russian Society (Cambridge, Mass. 1960), pp. 209-25. Several
copies in The Wallace Room, Sigmund Samuel Library (HN 523 J6).
6.
Theodore H. von Laue, ‘Tsarist Labor Policy, 1895 - 1903', Journal of Modern History,
34 (June 1962), 135-45.
Theodore H. von Laue, Sergei Witte and the Industrialization of Russia (New York,
1963).
7.
**
8.
Arcadius Kahan, ‘Continuity and Economic Activity: Policy in Post-Petrine Russia’,
Journal of Economic History, 25 (March 1965).
9.
Arcadius Kahan, ‘Government Policies and the Industrialization of Russia’, Journal of
Economic History, 27 (1967), 460-77.
10.
Walter M. Pintner, Russian Economic Policy under Nicholas I (1967).
11.
Theodore H. von Laue, ‘Problems of Industrialization’, in T. Stavrou, ed., Russia Under
the Last Tsar (Minneapolis, 1969).
12.
Arcadius Kahan, ‘The Development of Education and the Economy in Tsarist Russia’, in
M.J. Bowman and C.A. Anderson, ed., Education and Economic Development (London,
1971).
13.
R.A. Roosa, ‘Russian Industrialists and State Socialism, 1906-1917', Soviet Studies, 22
(1972).
14.
J.W. Kipp, ‘M. Kh. Reutern on the Russian State and Economy’, Journal of Modern
History, 47 (1972).
15.
M. K. Palat, ‘Tsarist Labour Policy’, Soviet Studies, 2 (1973).
16.
Rondo Cameron, ‘Economic Relations of France with Central and Eastern Europe, 18001914', Journal of European Economic History, 10 (1981), 537-53.
17.
Walther Kirchner, ‘Russian Tariffs and Foreign Industries before 1914: The German
Entrepreneur's Perspective’, Journal of Economic History, 41 (June 1981), 361-79.
18.
Sergio Amato, ‘The Debate Between Marxists and Legal Populists on the Problems of
Markets and Industrialization in Russia (1882-1899) and its Classical Foundations’,
Journal of European Economic History, 12 (Spring 1983), 119-44.
19.
Thomas Owen, ‘The Russian Industrial Society and Tsarist Economic Policy’, Journal of
Economic History, 45 (Sept. 1985), 587-606.
20.
David A. Macey, Government and Peasant in Russia, 1861 - 1906: The Prehistory of the
Stolypin Reforms (DeKalb, Ill., 1987).
21.
Paul R. Gregory, ‘The Role of the the State in Promoting Economic Development: The
Russian Case and Its General Implications’, in Richard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, eds.,
Patterns of European Industrialization: The Nineteenth Century (London and New York:
Routledge, 1991), pp. 64 - 79.
22.
Peter Gatrell, Government, Industry, and Rearmament, 1900-1914: The Last Argument of
Tsarism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
23.
Thomas C. Owen, Russian Corporate Capitalism from Peter the Great to Perestroika
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
24.
Roger Koppl and Leland B. Yeager, ‘Big Players and Herding in Asset Markets: The
Case of the Russian Ruble’, Explorations in Economic History, 33:3 (July 1996), 367-83.
*
25.
Abraham Asher, P.A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia
(Stanford: Stranford University Press, 2001).
C.
Russian Agriculture and the State
**
*
**
1.
R.T. Robinson, Rural Russia Under the Old Regime (New York, 1932).
2.
Lazar Volin, ‘The Russian Peasant and Serfdom’, Agricultural History, 17 (1943).
3.
Lazar Volin, ‘Land Tenure and Land Reform in Modern Russia’, Agricultural History, 27
(1953); reprinted in Charles K. Warner, ed., Agrarian Conditions in Modern European
History (New York, 1966), pp. 112-25.
4.
W.E. Mosse, Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia (London, 1958).
5.
Jerome Blum, Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century
(Princeton, 1961), Chapters 25, 26, 27.
6.
A. Skerpan, ‘The National Economy and Emancipation’, in A.D. Ferguson and A. Levin.
eds., Essays in Russian History (Hampden, Conn. 1964).
7.
G.L. Yaney, ‘The Concept of the Stolypin Land Reform’, Slavic Review, 23 (1964).
8.
Alexander Gerschenkron, ‘Agrarian Policies and the Industrialization of Russia, 18611917', in H.J. Habakkuk and M.M. Postan, eds., Cambridge Economic History, Vol. VI:
The Industrial Revolutions and After, Part ii (Cambridge, 1965), especially pp. 706-16,
763-67.
9.
W.S. Vucinich, ed., The Peasant in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Stanford, 1968).
Collected essays.
10.
T. Emmons, The Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861
(Cambridge, 1968).
11.
Lazar Volin, A Century of Russian Agriculture: From Alexander II to Khrushchev
(Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
12.
D.J. Male, Russian Peasant Organisation before Collectivization (Cambridge, 1971).
13.
George L. Yaney, ‘Agricultural Administration in Russia from the Stolypin Land Reform
to the Forced Collectivization’, in J.R. Millar, ed., The Soviet Rural Community (Urbana,
1971).
Maureen Perrie, ‘The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905-1907: Its Social Composition
and Revolutionary Significance’, Past and Present, no. 57 (Nov. 1972), 123-55.
14.
15.
D. Field, The End of Serfdom: Nobility and Bureaucracy in Russia, 1855-1861
(Cambridge, Mass. 1976).
16.
Richard L. Rudolph, ‘Family Structure and Proto-Industrialization in Russia’, Journal of
Economic History, 40 (March 1980), 111-22.
17.
Lewis Siegelbaum, ‘The Odessa Grain Trade: A Case Study of Urban Growth and
Development in Tsarist Russia’, Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 11351.
18.
Ya'akov Firestone, ‘Land Equalization and Factor Scarcities: Holding Size and Burden of
Impositions in Imperial Central Russia and the Late Ottoman Empire’, Journal of
Economic History, 41 (Dec. 1981), 813-33.
19.
Peter Toumanoff, ‘The Development of the Peasant Commune in Russia’, Journal of
Economic History, 41 (March 1981), 179-86.
20.
Zack J. Deal, Serf and State Peasant Agriculture: Kharkov Province, 1842 - 1861 (New
York, 1981).
21.
George L. Yaney, The Urge to Mobilize: Agrarian Reform in Russia, 1861-1930
(Urbana, 1982).
22.
Robert Millward, ‘An Economic Analysis of the Organization of Serfdom in Eastern
Europe’, Journal of Economic History, 42 (Sept. 1982), 513-48.
23.
Stefano Fenoaltea, ‘The Organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe: A Comment’, and
Robert Millward, ‘The Organization of Serfdom in Eastern Europe: A Reply’, in Journal
of Economic History, 43 (Sept. 1983), 705-08, 709-12.
24.
Dorothy Atkinson, The End of the Russian Land Commune, 1905-1930 (Stanford, 1983).
25.
Elvira Wilbur, ‘Was Russian Peasant Agriculture Really That Impoverished? New
Evidence from a Case Study from the ‘Impoverished Center’ at the End of the Nineteenth
Century’, Journal of Economic History, 43 (March 1983), 137-48 (with discussion).
26.
Peter Czap, ‘ “A Large Family: the Peasant’s Greatest Wealth”: Serf Households in
Mishino, Russia, 1814 - 1858’, in Richard Wall, ed., Family Forms in Historic Europe,
SSRC Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure (Cambridge
and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp. 105-52.
27.
Irena Kostrowicka, ‘Changes in Agricultural Productivity in the Kingdom of Poland in
the XIXth and early XXth Centuries’, Journal of European Economic History, 13 (Spring
1984), 75 - 97.
28.
Roger Munting, ‘The Russian Beet Sugar Industry in the XIXth Century’, Journal of
European Economic History, 13 (Fall 1984), 291-310.
29.
R. E. F. Smith and David Christian, Bread and Salt: A Social and Economic History of
Food and Drink in Russia (New York and Cambridge, 1984).
30.
Stefano Fenoaltea, ‘Slavery and Supervision in Comparative Perspective’,
Journal of Economic History, 44 (Sept. 1984), 635-68.
31.
Robert Millward, ‘The Early Stages of European Industrialization: Economic
Organization under Serfdom’, Explorations in Economic History, 21 (Oct. 1984), 406-28.
32.
Evsey Domar and Mark J. Machina, ‘On the Profitability of Russian Serfdom’, Journal of
Economic History, 44 (Dec. 1984), 919-56.
See also the earlier article by Domar:
Evsey Domar, ‘The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis’, Journal of Economic History,
30 (Mar. 1970), 18-32.
**
33.
Peter Toumanoff, ‘A Note on the Profitability of Serfdom’, and Evsey Domar and Mark
Machina, ‘The Profitability of Serfdom: A Reply’, both in: Journal of Economic History,
45 (Sept. 1985), 587-606.
34.
Richard Rudolph, ‘Agricultural Structure and Proto-Industrialization in Russia:
Economic Development with Unfree Labor’, Journal of Economic History, 45 (March
1985), 47-70.
35.
Rodney Bohac, ‘Peasant Inheritance Strategies in Russia’, Journal of Interdisciplinary
History, 16 (Summer 1985), 23-42.
36.
Steven L. Hoch, Serfdom and Social Control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a Village in Tambov
(Chicago, 1986).
37.
Peter Kolchin, Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom (Cambridge, Mass.
1987).
38.
Edgar Melton, ‘Proto-Industrialization, Serf Agriculture and Agrarian Social Structure:
Two Estates in Nineteenth-Century Russia’, Past and Present, no. 115 (May 1987), 69106.
39.
David A. Macey, Government and Peasant in Russia, 1861 - 1906: The Prehistory of the
Stolypin Reforms (DeKalb, Ill., 1987).
40.
Evsey D. Domar, Capitalism, Socialism, and Serfdom (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1989).
41.
George W. Grantham and Carol Leonard, eds., Agrarian Organization in the Century of
Industrialization, Supplement no. 5 of Research in Economic History, Paul Uselding
general editor (London: JAI Press, 1989), in 2 parts.
Part II: Families and Farms in Russia and America. Section iv: Agricultural Organization and
Agricultural Development in Russia
(a)
Carol Leonard, ‘The Distribution of Land and Agricultural Output in
Non-Blackearth Russia (Maloga Uezd).’
(b)
Rodney Bohac, ‘Agricultural Structure and the Origins of Migration in Central
Russia, 1810 - 1850.’
(c)
Steven L. Hoch, ‘Bridewealth, Dowry, and Socio-economic Differentiation in
Rural Russia.’
(d)
V.I. Buganov, ‘Evolution of the Russian Peasant Movement of the Eighteenth
and Nineteenth Centuries.’
(e)
Evsey Domar, ‘Were Russian Serfs Overcharged for their Land by the 1861
Emancipation? The History of One Historical Table.’
(f)
L. Goriuskhin, ‘The General and Specific in Siberian Agrarian Development in
the Second Half of the Nineteenth and Beginning of the Twentieth Century.’
(g)
I.D. Kovalchen'ko, ‘Size and Profitability of Peasant Farms in Central Russia at
the End of the Nineteenth Century and Beginning of the Twentieth.’
(h)
Daniel Field, ‘The Polarization of Peasant Households in Prerevolutionary
Russia: Zemstvo Censuses and Problems in Measurement.’
(i)
Carol Leonard, ‘Postscript: Soviet Scholarship and Russian Agriculture.’
42.
Ben Eklof and Stephen P. Frank, eds., The World of the Russian Peasant: PostEmancipation Culture and Society (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990).
43.
Esther Kingston-Mann and Timothy Mixter, eds., Peasant Economy, Culture, and Politics
of European Russia, 1800 - 1921 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
44.
Christine D. Worobec, Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation
Period (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
45.
Stanley Engerman, ‘Coerced and Free Labor: Property Rights and the Development of
the Labor Force’, Explorations in Economic History, 29 (January 1992), 1-29. On the
economics of slavery and serfdom, for comparative purposes.
46.
Stuart Thompstone, ‘ ‘Bab'ye Khozyaystvo’: Poultry-keeping and Its Contributions
Peasant Incomes in pre-1914 Russia’, Agricultural History Review, 40:i (1992), 52 - 63.
47.
B. Farnsworth and L. Viola, eds., Russian Peasant Women (New York-Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1992).
48.
Boris N. Mironov, ‘Work and Rest in the Peasant Economy of European Russia in the
Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries’, in Ian Blanchard, ed., Labour and Leisure in
Historical Perspective, Thirteenth to Twentieth Centuries, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozialund Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beheifte series no. 116 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag,
1994), pp. 55-64.
49.
Jerzy Topolski, ‘The Development and the Crisis of the Manorial System based on Serf
Labour: A Tentative Explanation’, in Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds.,
Entrepreneurship and the Transformation of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays
in Honour of Herman Van der Wee (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994), pp. 13546.
50.
Natalia B. Selounskaia, ‘The Efficiency of Wages in Rural Russia at the Turn of the
Twentieth Century’, in Carol S. Leonard and Boris N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and
Means of Payment: the Evolution of Conventions in Pre-Industrial Europe/Horaires de
travail et modes de paiement: l'évolution des conventions dans l'Europe pré-industrielle,
Proceedings of the Eleventh International Economic History Congress, Milan, September
1994, Session B.3b (Milan: Università Bocconi, 1994), pp. 65-70.
51.
Stuart Thompstone, ‘Russian Imperialism and the Commercialization of the Central
Asian Cotton Trade’, Textile History, 26:2 (Autumn 1995), 233-58.
52.
I.D. Koval’chenko, ‘Methods of Analyzing Russian Peasant Household Structure in the
Nineteenth Century’, Research in Economic History, 15 (1995).
53.
L.D. Milov, ‘Applying Quantitative Methods: the Formation of the National Agrarian
Market in Russia, 1700 - 1900', Research in Economic History, 15 (1995).
54.
M.L. Bush, ed., Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage (New York: Addison Wesley
Longman Ltd., 1996), in particular:
a)
b)
Robert Brenner, ‘The Rises and Declines of Serfdom in Medieval and Early Modern
Europe’,
c)
Steven Hoch, ‘The Serf Economy and the Social Order in Russia’
55.
Esther Kingston-Mann, In Search of the True West: Culture, Economics, and Problems of
Russian Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999). Essentially on the
Russian peasantry from 1762 to 1917.
56.
Stephen P. Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856 - 1914
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).
57.
Judith Pallot, Land Reform in Russia, 1906 - 1917: Peasant Response’s to Stolypin’s
Project of Rural Transformation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999).
Yanni Kotsonis, Making Peasants Backward: Agricultural Cooperatives and the Agrarian
Question in Russia, 1861 - 1914 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999).
58.
*
Michael Bush, ‘Serfdom in Medieval and Modern Europe: A Comparison’,
59.
David Moon, The Russian Peasantry, 1600 - 1930: the World the Peasants Made (London
and New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1999).
60.
Abraham Asher, P.A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia
(Stanford: Stranford University Press, 2001).
61.
Sergei I. Zhuk, Russia’s Lost Reformation: Peasants, Millennialism and Radical Sects in
Southern Russia and Ukraine, 1830 - 1917 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 2004).
62.
Corinne Gaudin, Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial Russia (Northern
Illinois University Press, 2007).
63.
T.K. Dennison and Sheilagh Ogilvie, ‘Serfdom and Social Capital in Bohemia and
Russia’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 60:3 (August 2007), 513-44.
*
64.
Leonid Borodkin, Brigitte Granville, and Carol Scott Leonard, ‘The Rural/Urban Wage in
the Industrialisation of Russia’, European Review of Economic History, 12:1 (April
2008), 67-95.
*
65.
Boris Mironov and Brian A’Hearn, ‘Russian Living Standards under the Tsars:
Anthropometric Evidence from the Volga’, Journal of Economic History, 68:3
(September 2008), 900-29.
**
66.
Carol Leonard, Agrarian Reform in Russia: the Road from Serfdom (Cambridge and New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1910).
*
67.
Steven Nafziger, ‘Peasant Communes and Factor Markets in Late Nineteenth-Century
Russia’, Explorations in Economic History, 47:4 (October 2010), 381-402.
68.
Steven Nafziger, ‘Did Ivan’s Vote Matter? The Political Economy of Local Democracy
in Tsarist Russia’, European Review of Economic History, 15:3 (December 2011), 393441.
**
69.
Tracy Dennison, The Institutional Framework of Russian Serfdom, Cambridge Studies in
Economic History, 2nd series (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2011).
*
70.
Boris Mironov, The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Russia, 1700–1917
(Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2012).
*
71.
Tracy Dennison and Steven Nafziger, ‘Living Standards in Nineteenth-Century
Russia’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 43:3 (Winter 2013), 397-441.
D.
Banking and Finance in Russia: State Financial Policies
*
*
1.
George Garvey, Money, Banking and Credit in Eastern Europe (New York, 1966).
2.
Olga Crisp, ‘Banking in Russia, 1860-1914', in Rondo Cameron, ed., Banking in the
Early Stages of Industrialization (London and New York, 1967), pp. 183-238.
3.
George Garvey, ‘Banking under the Tsars and Soviets’, Journal of Economic History, 32
(1972), 869-93.
4.
Haim Barkai, ‘The Macro-Economics of Tsarist Russia in the Industrialization Era:
Monetary Developments, Balance of Payments and the Gold Standard’, Journal of
Economic History, 33 (1973), 339-71.
5.
Ian Drummond, ‘The Russian Gold Standard, 1897-1914', Journal of Economic History,
36 (1976), 663-88.
6.
Paul Gregory and J.W. Sailors, ‘Russian Monetary Policy and Industrialization’, Journal
of Economic History, 36 (1976), 836-51.
E.
*
7.
Boris V. Anan'ich, ‘The Russian Private Banking Houses, 1870 - 1914', Journal of
Economic History, 48 (June 1988), 401-08.
8.
P. J. Best, ‘Insurance in Imperial Russia’, Journal of European Economic History, 18
(Spring 1989), 139 - 69.
9.
Thomas C. Owen, ‘A Standard Ruble of Account for Russian Business History, 1769 1914: A Note’, Journal of Economic History, 49 (Sept. 1989), 699 - 706.
10.
V.I. Bovykin and Boris V. Anan'ich, ‘The Role of International Factors in the Formation
of the Banking System in Russia’, in Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds.,
International Banking, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London
and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
11.
P. J. Best, ‘Insurance in Imperial Russia’, Journal of European Economic History, 18
(Spring 1989), 139 - 69.
12.
Thomas C. Owen, ‘A Standard Ruble of Account for Russian Business History, 1769 1914: A Note’, Journal of Economic History, 49 (Sept. 1989), 699 - 706.
13.
Arcadius Kahan, Russian Economic History: the Nineteenth Century, ed., Roger Weiss
(Chicago, 1989);
14.
V.I. Bovykin and Boris V. Anan’ich, ‘The Role of International Factors in the Formation
of the Banking System in Russia’, in Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds.,
International Banking, Foreign Investment, and Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London
and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
15.
Roger Koppl and Leland B. Yeager, ‘Big Players and Herding in Asset Markets: The
Case of the Russian Ruble’, Explorations in Economic History, 33:3 (July 1996), 367-83.
16.
Gregory M. Dempster, ‘The Fiscal Background of the Russian Revolution’, European
Review of Economic History, 10:1 (April 2006), 35-50.
The Russian State: Foreign Trade, Foreign Investment Policies, and Russian Colonialism
1.
J.P. McKay, Pioneers for Profit: Foreign Entrepreneurship and Russian Industrialization,
1885-1913 (Chicago, 1970).
2.
P.H. Clendenning, ‘William Gomm: A Case Study of the Foreign Entrepreneur in
Eighteenth-Century Russia’, Journal of European Economic History, 6 (1977), 533-48.
3.
Malcolm Falkus, ‘Aspects of Foreign Investment in Tsarist Russia’, Journal of European
Economic History, 8 (1979), 5-36.
4.
Walther Kirchner, ‘Russian Tariffs and Foreign Industries before 1914: The German
Entrepreneur’s Perspective’, Journal of Economic History, 41 (1981), 361-79.
5.
Rondo Cameron, ‘Economic Relations of France with Central and Eastern Europe, 18001914', Journal of European Economic History, 10 (1981), 537-553.
*
6.
D.C.M. Platt, Foreign Finance in Continental Europe and the U.S.A., 1815-1870:
Quantities, Origins, Functions, and Distribution (London, 1984), chapter 2, ‘Russia’, pp.
39-81.
7.
R. J. Olsen, ‘Gold, Foreign Capital and the Industrialization of Russia’, Journal of
European Economic History, 14 (Spring 1985), 143 - 54.
8.
F. Cadieux, ‘Western Technology and Early Russian Pipelines, 1877 - 1917', Journal of
European Economic History, 15 (Fall 1986), 335 - 44.
Boris V. Anan'ich and V. I. Bovykin, ‘Foreign Banks and Foreign Investment in Russia’,
9.
Ruth Roosa, ‘Banks and Financial Relations between Russia and the United States’,
both in: Rondo Cameron and V. I. Bovykin, eds., International Banking, Foreign Investment, and
Industrial Finance, 1870 - 1914 (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
10.
Stuart Thompstone, ‘Russian Imperialism and the Commercialization of the Central
Asian Cotton Trade’, Textile History, 26:2 (Autumn 1995), 233-58.
11.
Herbert H. Kaplan, Russian Overseas Commerce with Great Britain During the Reign of
Catherine II, American Philosophical Society vol. 218 (Philadelphia, 1995).
12.
J. T. Kotilaine, ‘Quantifying in Russian Exports via Arkhangel’sk in the XVIIIth
Century’, The Journal of European Economic History, 28:2 (Fall 1999), 249 - 300.
Vincent Barnett, ‘Tariff Levels and Growth Rates in Russia, 1861-1913: a Note’, The
Journal of European Economic History, 33:2 (Fall 2004), 359-72.
13.
F.
14.
Jamo T. Kotilaine, Russia’s Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth
Century: Windows on the World (Leiden and Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2005).
15.
Gani Aldashev and Catherine Guirkinger, ‘Deadly Anchor: Gender Bias Under Russian
Colonization of Kazakhstan’, Explorations in Economic History, 49:4 (October 2012),
399-422.
The Russian State and Railways
1.
J.N. Westwood, A History of Russian Railways (London, 1964).
2.
D.N. Collins, ‘The Franco-Russian Alliance and the Russian
Journal, 16 (1973).
3.
Jacob Metzer, ‘Railroad Development and Market Integration: The Case of Tsarist
Russia’, Journal of Economic History, 34 (1974), 529-50.
4.
William J. Kelly, ‘Railroad Development and Market Integration in Tsarist Russia:
Evidence on Oil Products and Grain’, Journal of Economic History, 36 (1976), 908-16.
5.
Jacob Metzer, ‘Railroad Development and Market Integration in Tsarist Russia: A
Rejoinder’, Journal of Economic History, 36 (1976), 917-18.
6.
Jacob Metzer, ‘Railroads in Tsarist Russia: Direct Gains and Implications’, Explorations
in Economic History, 13 (1976), 85-112.
Railways’, Historical
G.
7.
Richard Mowbray Haywood, Russia Enters the Railway Age, 1842 - 1855, East
European Monographs (Boulder, CO: 1998).
8.
Anthony Heywood, Modernising Lenin’s Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign
Trade and the Railways (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
9.
Ian Blanchard, ‘Russian Railway Construction and the Urals Charcoal Iron and Steel
Industry, 1851-1914’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 53:1 (February 2000),
107-26.
10.
A. J. Heywood, ‘Russia’s Foreign Supply Policy in World War I: Imports of Railway
Equipment’, The Journal of European Economic History, 32:1 (Spring 2003),77-108.
Russian Industrialization and the Development of an Industrial Labour Force:
1.
Rosa Luxemburg, The Industrial Development of Poland (1898; trans. from original
German edition by Tessa De Carlo, New York, 1977). Remember that much of Poland
was then part of the Russian Empire. A Marxist interpretation in the classical (nonLeninist) mold.
2.
M. Tugan-Baranovsky, Russkaya fabrika v proshlom i nastoyashchem, Vol. I:
Istoricheskoe razvitie russkoy fabriki v XIX veke, 3rd edn. (Moscow, 1926). Translated
by A. and C. Levin and Gregory Grossman, and republished as The Russian Factory in
the Nineteenth Century (Homewood, Illinois, 1970).
See also below (Tugan-Baranovsky 1970).
3.
S. Strumilin, ‘Industrial Crises in Russia, 1847-1867', translated from Problemy
ekonomiki (1940) and republished in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner, and W.M. Stern,
eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789-1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1969),
pp. 155-78.
4.
D.B. Shimkin, ‘The Entrepreneur in Tsarist and Soviet Russia’, Explorations in
Entrepreneurial History, 2 (1949).
5.
H. Rosovsky, ‘The Serf Entrepreneur in Russia’, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History,
6 (May 1954).
6.
Alexander Gerschenkron, ‘The Rate of Industrial Growth in Russia Since 1885', The
Journal of Economic History, 7 (1957), Supplement.
7.
Gaston Rimlinger, ‘Autocracy and the Factory Order in Early Russian Industrialization’,
Journal of Economic History, 20 (1960).
8.
Gaston Rimlinger, ‘The Expansion of the Labor Market in Capitalist Russia, 1861-1917',
Journal of Economic History, 21 (1961).
9.
Theodore von Laue, ‘Russian Peasants in the Factory, 1892 - 1904', The Journal of
Economic History, 21 (1961), 61-80.
10.
Theodore von Laue, ‘Tsarist Labor Policy, 1895 - 1903', Journal of Modern
History, 34 (June 1962), 135-45.
**
11.
J. N. Westwood, ‘John James Hughes and Russian Metallurgy’, Economic History
Review, 2nd ser. 17 (1965), 564-69.
12.
Roger Portal, ‘The Industrialization of Russia, 1861-1917', in H. J. Habakkuk and M. M.
Postan, eds., Cambridge Economic History, Vol. VI, Part II: The Industrial Revolutions
and After (Cambridge, 1965), pp. 801-23.
13.
V. K. Yatsunsky, ‘Formation en Russie de la grande industrie textile sur la base de la production
rurale’, in Deuxième conférence internationale d’histoire économique/Second International Conference of
Economic History, Aix-en-Provence
1962, École pratique des hautes études - Sorbonne, Sixième Section: Sciences économiques et sociales, Congrès
et Colloques, tome VIII (Mouton and Co: Paris-The Hague, 1965), pp. 365-76.
**
*
**
13.
G.P.G. Sinzheimer, ‘Les industries kustar: un châpitre de la révolution
industrielle en Russie’, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique, 8 (1967).
14.
W.L. Blackwell, Beginnings of Russian Industrialization, 1800-1860 (London, 1968).
15.
J.P. McKay, Pioneers for Profit: Foreign Entrepreneurship and Russian Industrialization,
1885-1913 (Chicago, 1970).
16.
P. Tugan-Baranovsky, The Russian Factory in the Nineteenth Century (English trans.,
Homewood, Illinois, 1970).
17.
Reginald E. Zelnik, Labour and Society in Tsarist Russia: Factory Workers of St.
Petersburg, 1855-1870 (New York and Stanford, 1971).
18.
Malcolm E. Falkus, The Industrialization of Russia, 1700-1914, Studies in Economic
History series (London, 1972), pp. 11-43, 47-50.
19.
Joseph T. Fuhrman, The Origins of Capitalism in Russia: Industry and Progress in the
Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1972).
20.
J.D. White, ‘Moscow, Petersburg and the Russian Industrialists’, Soviet Studies, 24
(1973).
21.
Gregory Grossman, ‘The Industrialization of Russia and the Soviet Union’, in Carlo
Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV: The Emergence of Industrial
Societies, Part II (London, 1973), pp. 486-531.
22.
M. K. Palat, ‘Tsarist Labour Policy’, Soviet Studies, 2 (1973).
23.
J. H. Bater, St. Petersburg: Industrialization and Change (London, 1976).
24.
P.H. Clenndenning, ‘William Gomm: A Case Study of the Foreign Entrepreneur in
Eighteenth-Century Russia’, Journal of European Economic History, 6 (1977), 533-48.
25.
William J. Kelly, ‘Crude Oil Production in the Russian Empire: 1881-1919', Journal of
European Economic History, 6 (1977), 307-38.
26.
Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds. Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol. VII:
The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour and Enterprise, Part ii: U.S., Japan and Russia
(Cambridge, 1978):
27.
(a)
Arcadius Kahan, ‘Capital Formation during the Period of Early Industrialization
in Russia, 1890-1913', pp. 265-307.
(b)
Olga Crisp, ‘Labour and Industrialization in Russia’, pp. 308-415.
(c)
M.C. Kaser, ‘Russian Entrepreneurship’, pp. 416-93.
Richard L. Rudolph, ‘Family Structure and Proto-Industrialization in Russia’, Journal of
Economic History, 40 (1980), 111-22.
**
28.
M. C. Spechler, ‘The Regional Concentration of Industry in Imperial Russia, 1854-1917',
Journal of European Economic History, 9 (1980), 401-30.
29.
Thomas Esper, ‘The Incomes of Russian Serf Ironworkers in the Nineteenth Century’,
Past and Present, No. 93 (Nov. 1981), 137-59.
30.
William J. Kelly, ‘Crisis Management in the Russian Oil Industry: the 1905 Revolution’,
Journal of European Economic History, 10 (1981), 291-342.
31.
T. C. Owen, Capitalism and Politics in Russia: A Social History of the Moscow
Merchants, 1855 - 1905 (Cambridge, 1981).
32.
Clive Trebilcock and G. Jones, ‘Russian Industry and British Business, 1910-1930: Oil
and Armaments’, Journal of European Economic History, 11 (1982), 61-104.
33.
Peter Gatrell, ‘Industrial Expansion in Tsarist Russia, 1908-14', Economic History
Review, 2nd ser. 35 (Feb. 1982), 92-110.
34.
S. Amato, ‘The Debate Between Marxists and Legal Populists on the Problems of
Market and Industrialization in Russia (1882-1899) and its Classical Foundations’,
Journal of European Economic History, 12 (1983), 119-44.
35.
Gregory Guroff and Fred Carstensen, eds. Enterprise in Imperial Russia and the Soviet
Union (Princeton, 1983).
36.
Jo Ann Ruckman, The Moscow Business Elite: A Social and Cultural Portrait of Two
Generations, 1840 - 1905 (DeKalb, 1984).
37.
Robert Millward, ‘The Early Stages of European Industrialization: Economic
Organization Under Serfdom’, Explorations in Economic History, 21 (Oct. 1984), 40628.
38.
Peter Gatrell, The Tsarist Economy, 1850 - 1917 (London, 1986).
39.
F. Cadieux, ‘Western Technology and Early Russian Pipelines, 1877 - 1917', Journal of
European Economic History, 15 (Fall 1986), 335 - 44.
40.
Susan P. McCaffray, ‘Origins of Labor Policy in the Russian Coal and Steel Industry,
1874 - 1900', Journal of Economic History, 47 (December 1987), 951 - 66.
41.
Thomas C. Owen, ‘Four Episodes of Corporate Law Reform in the Russian Empire, 1836
- 1914', in Paul Uselding, ed., Research in Economic History, 11 (1988).
42.
Diane P. Koenker and William G. Rosenberg, eds., Strikes and Revolution in
Russia, 1917 (Princeton University Press, 1989).
43.
Mariusz Kulczykowski, ‘Proto-industrialisation et désindustrialisation -dilemmes de recherche: La Galicie du XVIIIe siècle à 1918', Revue du Nord, 72 (avriljuin 1990), 193 - 206.
44.
Thomas C. Owen, The Corporation under Russian Law, 1800 - 1917 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1991).
45.
Charters Wynn, Workers, Strikes, and Progroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late
Imperial Russia, 1870 - 1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).
*
46.
Carl-Gustraf Hildebrand, ‘Swedish and Russian Iron in the Eighteenth Century’, in Ian
Blanchard, Anthony Goodman, and Jennifer Newman, eds., Industry and Finance in
Early Modern History: Essays Presented to George Hammersley on the Occasion of his
74th Birthday, Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beheift series no.
98 (Franz Steiner Verlage: Stuggart, 1992), pp. 227-44.
47.
Leonid Borodkin and Carol Leonard, ‘Labor Turnover and Unemployment: Sticky
Wages during the Industrialization of Russia, 1880-1913', in Carol S. Leonard and Boris
N. Mironov, eds., Hours of Work and Means of Payment: the Evolution of Conventions
in Pre-Industrial Europe/Horaires de travail et modes de paiement: l'évolution des
conventions dans l'Europe pré-industrielle, Proceedings of the Eleventh International
Economic History Congress, Milan, September 1994, Session B.3b (Milan: Università
Bocconi, 1994), pp. 93-106.
48.
Peter Gatrell, Government, Industry, and Rearmament, 1900-1914: The Last Argument of
Tsarism (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
49.
Paul R. Gregory, ‘Searching for Consistency in Historical Data: Alternate Estimates of
Russia’s Industrial Production, 1887-1913', Journal of Economic History, 57:1 (March
1997), 196-206. A review article on the posthumus publication in Russian of: Lev
Borisovich Kagengauz, Evolution of Industrial Output of Russia From the Last Third of
the Nineteenth Century to 1930 (Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994).
50.
J. Grant, Big Business in Russia: the Putilov Company in Late Imperial Russia, 1868 1917 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1999).
51.
Ian Blanchard, ‘Russian Railway Construction and the Urals Charcoal Iron and Steel
Industry, 1851-1914’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 53:1 (February 2000),
107-26.
52.
Galina Ulianova, Female Entrepreneurs in Nineteenth-Century Russia, Perspectives in
Economic and Social History (London: Pickering & Chatto Publishers, 2009).
III.
GENERAL READINGS: for the European Continent
A.
European and International: General Topics
*
**
*
1.
Werner Conze, ‘The Effects of Nineteenth-Century Liberal Agrarian Reforms on Social
Structure in Central Europe’, translated from Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und
Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 38 (1949), and republished in François Crouzet, W.H. Chaloner,
and W.M. Stern, eds., Essays in European Economic History, 1789 - 1914 (London:
Edward Arnold, 1969), pp. 53 - 81.
2.
Hugh G.J. Aitken, ed., The State and Economic Growth (New York, 1959). See in
particular: William Parker, ‘National States and National Development: A Comparison of
Elements in French and German Development in the Late Nineteenth Century.’
3.
W. W. Rostow, The Stages of European Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (1960),
chapters 2, 3, and 4.
4.
Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Experience: A Book of
Essays (New York, 1962; reissued in paperback in 1965): in particular
‘Economic Backwardness in Historical Experience’, pp. 5-30.
Hoselitz, ed., The Progress of Underdeveloped Countries (1952).]
(b)
‘Reflections on the Concept of ‘Prerequisites’ of Modern Industrialization’, pp.
31-51. [From L'industria (Milan, 1952), no. 2]
(c)
‘Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship, and Economic Development’, pp. 52-71.
[From Leon H. Dupriez, ed., Economic Progress: Papers and Proceedings of a
Round Table Held by the International Economic Association (Leuven, 1955).]
[From Bert
5.
W. W. Rostow, ed., The Economics of the Take-Off into Sustained Growth (1963).
Essays by various authors for the principal European economies.
6.
Barry E. Supple, ed., The Experience of Economic Growth: Case Studies in Economic
History (New York, 1963):
7.
8.
*
(a)
9.
(a)
Part I: ‘Introduction’, by B.E. Supple, pp. 1-46.
(b)
W.W. Rostow, ‘The Take-Off into Self-Sustained Growth’, pp. 81-110.
[Reprinted from his The Stages of Economic Growth (Cambridge, 1960), pp. 1758, with some omissions.]
(c)
H.J. Habakkuk, ‘The Historical Experience on the Basic Conditions of Economic
Progress’, pp. 111-27. [Reprinted from Leon Dupriez, ed., Economic Progress:
Papers and Proceedings of a Round Table Held by the International Economic
Association (Louvain, 1955), pp. 149-69, with some omissions.]
Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, Les banques européennes et l'industrialisation internationale dans
la première moitié du XIXe siècle (Paris, 1964).
Paul Bairoch, ‘Niveaux de développement économique de 1810 à 1910', Annales:
Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 20 (1965), 1096, Table 1.
H.J. Habakkuk and M. M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History, Vol. VI: The
Industrial Revolutions and After, Parts I and II: Technological Change and Development
in Western Europe (Cambridge, 1965), in particular the following:
*
(a)
W.A. Cole and P. Deane, ‘The Growth of National Incomes: The Late-Comers to
Industrialization in Europe’, in Part I (chapter 1), pp. 10-28.
(b)
David Landes, ‘Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western
Europe, 1750-1914’ in Part I (chapter 5), pp. 274 - 601, especially pp. 353-420.
[Republished in an a revised, expanded version below in Landes (1969).]
(c)
Folke Dovring, ‘The Transformation of European Agriculture’, in Part II (chapter
6), pp. 604-72.
10.
David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial
Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge University Press,
1969), pp. 1-40 (introduction), and chapter 3: Continental Emulation’, pp. 124-92.
Apart from the Introduction, a revised edition of chapter 5, ‘Technological Change and
Industrial Development in Western Europe’, in H.J. Habakkuk and M. M. Postan, eds.,
The Cambridge Economic History, Vol. VI: The Industrial Revolutions and After, Parts I
and II: Technological Change and Development in Western Europe (Cambridge, 1965).
*
11.
Tom Kemp, Industrialization in Nineteenth-Century Europe (London, 1969), chapter 1:
‘British and European Industrialization’, pp. 1-33; chapter 4, ‘The Rise of Industrial
Germany’, pp. 81-118.
*
12.
Steven L. Barsby, ‘Economic Backwardness and the Characteristics of Development’,
Journal of Economic History, 29 (1969), 449-72.
13.
E.J.T. Collins, ‘Labour Supply and Demand in European Agriculture, 1800 - 1880', in
E.L. Jones and S.J. Woolf, eds., Agrarian Change and Economic Development (1969).
14.
Jean Bouvier, ‘Systèmes bancaires et entreprises industrielles dans la croissance
européenne au XIXe siècle’, Annales: Économies, sociétés, civilisations, 27 (Jan-Feb
1972).
15.
François Crouzet, ‘Western Europe and Great Britain: Catching Up in the First Half of
the 19th Century’, in A.J. Youngson, ed., Economic Development in the Long Run
(London, 1972).
16.
W. O. Henderson, Britain and Industrial Europe, 1750-1870 (Leicester, 1972),
chapter 1: ‘British Influence on the Development of the Continent, 1750-1875',
pp. 1-9.
17.
Sima Lieberman, ed., Europe and the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1972):
(a)
Alexander Gerschenkron, ‘Reflections on the Concept of `Prerequisites' of
Modern Industrialization’, pp. 9-29. [Reprinted from L'industria (Milan, 1957).]
(b)
A.K. Cairncross, ‘The Stages of Economic Growth’, pp. 29-41. [Reprinted from
Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 13 (April 1961).]
(c)
H.J. Habakkuk, ‘Population Problems and European Economic Development in
the Late 18th and 19th Centuries’, pp. 277-90. [Reprinted from American
Economic Review, 53 (1963).]
*
18.
Sidney Pollard, ‘Industrialization and the European Economy’, Economic History
Review, 2nd ser. 26 (1973), 636-48.
19.
David F. Good, ‘Backwardness and the Role of Banking in 19th-Century European
Industrialization’, Journal of Economic History, 33 (1973), 845-50.
20.
Alan Milward and S.B. Saul, The Economic Development of Continental Europe, 17801870 (London, 1973):
(a)
‘The European Economy in the Late Eighteenth Century’, pp. 25-117.
(b)
‘Population Growth and Migration’, pp. 118-170.
21.
Charles Kindleberger, ‘The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820 -1875', The
Journal of Economic History, 35 (March 1975), 20-55.
22.
Brian R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 1750-1970 (London, 1975).
23.
Peter Mathias and M.M. Postan, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Vol.
II: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour, and Enterprise, Part i: Britain, France,
Germany, and Scandinavia (Cambridge University Press, 1978):
a)
Robert M. Solow and Peter Temin, ‘Introduction: the Inputs for Growth’, pp. 127.
b)
Charles Feinstein, ‘Capital Formation in Great Britain’, pp. 28-96.
c)
Sidney Pollard, ‘Labour in Great Britain’, pp. 97-179.
d)
Peter Payne, ‘Industrial Entrepreneurship and Management in Great Britain’, pp.
180 - 231.
e)
Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, ‘Capital Investment and Economic Growth in France,
1820 - 1930', pp. 231 - 295.
f)
Yves Lequin, ‘Labour in the French Economy Since the Revolution’, pp. 296 346 (to p. 318, up to 1914).
g)
Claude Fohlen, ‘Entrepreneurship and Management in France in the Nineteenth
Century’, pp. 347 - 381.
h)
R. H. Tilly, ‘Capital Formation in Germany in the Nineteenth Century’, pp. 382 441.
i)
J. J. Lee, ‘Labour in German Industrialization’, pp. 442 - 491.
j)
Jürgen Kocka, ‘Entrepreneurs and Managers in German Industrialization’, pp.
492 - 589.
24.
Charles P. Kindleberger, Economic Response: Comparative Studies in Trade, Finance
and Growth (Cambridge, Mass. 1978). Selected essays on economic development.
25.
Sidney Pollard, The Integration of the European Economy since 1815 (London, 1981).
*
26.
Clive Trebilcock, Industrialization of the Continental Powers 1780-1914 (London and
New York: Longman, 1981), Chapter 1: ‘Historical Models of Growth’, pp. 1 - 21.
27.
G. Patrick Chorley, ‘The Agricultural Revolution in Northern Europe, 1750-1880:
Nitrogen, Legumes, and Crop Productivity’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (Feb.
1981), 71-93.
28.
Paul Bairoch, ‘International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980', Journal of
European Economic History, 11 (Fall 1982), 269-334.
29.
Patrick O'Brien, ‘Transport and Economic Growth in Western Europe, 1830-1914',
Journal of European Economic History, 11 (Fall 1982), 335-368.
30.
Lars G. Sandberg, ‘Ignorance, Poverty, and Economic Backwardness in the Early Stages
of European Industrialization: Variations on Alexander Gerschenkron's Grand Theme’,
Journal of European Economic History, 11 (Winter 1982), 675-98.
31.
N. F. R. Crafts, ‘Gross National Product in Europe, 1870-1910: Some New Estimates’,
Explorations in Economic History, 20 (Oct. 1983), 387-401.
32.
Rondo Cameron, ‘A New View of European Industrialization’, Economic History
Review, 2nd ser. 38 (Feb. 1985), 1- 23.
33.
Charles Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, ‘Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics,
Markets, and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Industrialization’, Past and Present, no.
108 (Aug. 1985), 133-76.
34.
J. Söderberg, ‘Regional Economic Disparity and Dynamics, 1840 - 1914: a Comparison
Between France, Great Britain, Prussia, and Sweden’, Journal of European Economic
History, 14 (Fall 1985), 273 - 96.
35.
Michael D. Bordo, ‘Financial Crises, Banking Crises, Stock Market Crashes and the
Money Supply: Some International Evidence, 1870 - 1933', in F. H. Capie and G. Ed.
Wood, eds., Financial Crises and the World Banking System (London: MacMillan,
1986).
36.
Patrick K. O'Brien, ‘Do We Have a Typology for the Study of European Industrialization
in the XIXth Century?’ Journal of European Economic History, 15 (Fall 1986), 291-333.
37.
Rondo Cameron, ‘Was England Really Superior to France?’ Journal of Economic
History, 46 (Dec. 1986), 1031-39.
38.
T. Kjaergaard, ‘Origins of Economic Growth in European Societies Since the XVIth
Century: The Case of Agriculture’, Journal of European Economic History, 15 (1986),
591-98.
39.
Gregory Clark, ‘Productivity Growth Without Technical Change in European Agriculture
Before 1850', Journal of Economic History, 47 (June 1987), 419 - 32.
40.
Hartmut Kaelble, Industrialization and Social Inequality in 19th-Century Europe, trans.
Bruce Little (New York, 1986). On Britain, France, Germany.
41.
Solomos Solomou, Phases of Economic Growth, 1850 - 1973: Kondratieff Waves and
Kuznets Swings (Cambridge, 1987).
42.
John Komlos, ‘Agricultural Productivity in America and Eastern Europe: A Comment’,
The Journal of Economic History, 48 (September 1988), 655-64.
43.
F. Geary, ‘Balanced and Unbalanced Growth in XIXth Century Europe’, Journal of
European Economic History, 17 (Fall 1988), 349-58.
44.
Michael Anderson, Population Change in North-Western Europe, 1750 - 1850, Studies in
Economic and Social History series (London, 1988).
45.
Michael Tracy, Government and Agriculture in Western Europe, 1880 - 1988, 3rd edn.
(New York: New York University Press, 1989).
46.
Daniel Chirot, ed., The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and
Politics from the Middle Ages until the Early Twentieth Century (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1989).
47.
Peter Scholliers, ed., Real Wages in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Europe (New
York: Berg, 1989).
48.
Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,
Vol. VIII: The Industrial Economies: The Development of Economic and Social Policies
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989):
(a)
Paul Bairoch, ‘European Trade Policy, 1815 - 1914', pp. 1 - 160.
(b)
A. G. Ford, ‘International Financial Policy and the Gold Standard, 1870 - 1914',
pp. 197 - 249.
(c)
D. E. Schremmer, ‘Taxation and Public Finance: Britain, France, and Germany’,
pp. 315 - 494.
(d)
G. V. Rimlinger, ‘Labour and the State on the Continent, 1800 - 1939', pp. 549 606.
(e)
T. Kemp, ‘Economic and Social Policy in France’, pp. 691 - 751.
(f)
Volker Hentschel, ‘German Economic and Social Policy, 1815 - 1939', pp. 752 813.
49.
George Grantham, ‘Agricultural Supply During the Industrial Revolution: French
Evidence and European Implications’, Journal of Economic History, 49 (March 1989), 43
- 72.
50.
Hartmut Kaelble, ‘Was Prometheus Most Unbound in Europe? The Labour Force in
Europe during the Late XIXth and XXth Centuries’, Journal of European Economic
History, 18 (Spring 1989), 65 - 104.
51.
Paul Bairoch, ‘Urbanization and the Economy in Preindustrial Societies: The Findings of
Two Decades of Research’, Journal of European Economic History, 18 (Fall 1989), 239 90.
52.
Nicholas F. R. Crafts, ‘British Industrialization in an International Context’, Journal of
Interdisciplinary History, 19 (Winter 1989), 415-28.
*
53.
Gregory Clark, ‘Productivity Growth Without Technical Change in European
Agriculture: Reply to Komlos’, Journal of Economic History, 49 (December 1989), 979 91.
54.
N. F. R. Crafts, S. L. Leybourne, and T. C. Mills, ‘Measurement of Trend Growth in
European Industrial Output Before 1914: Methodological Issues and New Estimates’,
Explorations in Economic History, 27 (October 1990), 442-67.
55.
Simon Ville, Transport and the Development of the European Economy, 1750 - 1918
(Basingstoke: Macmillan; and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990).
56.
Joel Mokyr, The Lever of Riches: Technological Creativity and Economic Progress
(Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), chapter
6, ‘The Later Nineteenth Century: 1830-1914', pp. 113-48;
chapter 10, ‘The Industrial Revolution: Britain and Europe’, pp.
239-69.
57.
J. L. Van Zanden, ‘The First Green Revolution: The Growth of Production and
Productivity in European Agriculture, 1870 - 1914', Economic History Review, 2nd ser.
44 (May 1991), 215 - 39.
58.
Y. S. Brenner, Hartmut Kaelble, and Mark Thomas, eds., Income Distribution in
Historical Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
59.
Colin Holmes and Alan Booth, eds., Economy and Society: European Industrialization
and Its Consequences (Leicester University Press, 1991.) Various essays on European
economic growth in the 19th and 20th centuries, by: David Landes, M.W. Kirby, D.H.
Aldcroft, P. Ollenrenshaw, Alice Teichova, J. Harrison, Jürgen Kuczynski, K. Kocka, J.
Saville, C.H. Feinstein, and A. Sutcliffe.
60.
Ian Inkser, Science and Technology in History: An Approach to Industrial Development
(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991).
Richard Sylla and Gianni Toniolo, eds., Patterns of European Industrialisation: the
Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge, 1991). Collection of essays on European
industrialization during the 19th century.
61.
62.
Patrice Higgonet, David Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune:
Technology, Growth, and Economic Development since the Industrial Revolution
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991).
63.
Peter Mathias and John A. Davis, ed., Innovation and Technology in Europe: from the
Eighteenth Century to the Present Day (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
64.
David J. Jeremy, ed., International Technology Transfer: Europe, Japan, and the USA,
1700 - 1914 (Aldershot: Elgar, 1991).
65.
Geoffrey Jones, ed., Banks and Money: International and Comparative Financial History
(London: Cass, 1991).
66.
Rondo Cameron and V. I., Bovykin, eds., International Banking, 1870 - 1914 (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1991).
67.
Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, ‘Integration of the European Business Cycle: 1871 1910', Explorations in Economic History, 29 (April 1992), 144 - 68.
68.
Paul L. Robertson and Lee J. Alston, ‘Technological Choice and the Organisation of
Work in Capitalist Firms’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (May 1992), 330 - 49.
69.
Patrick K. O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, ‘Agricultural Productivity and
European Industrialization, 1890 - 1980', Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 45 (August
1992), 514-36.
70.
*
Rondo Cameron, Financing Industrialization, 2 vols. (Aldershot: Elgar, 1992).
71.
Georgios Karras, ‘Aggregate Demand and Supply Shocks in Europe: 1860 - 1987',
Journal of European Economic History, 22:1 (Spring 1993), 79-98.
72.
P. Z. Grossman, ‘Measurement and Assessment of Coal Consumption in NineteenthCentury European Economies: A Note’, Journal of European Economic History, 22:2
(Fall 1993), 333-8.
73.
Nathan Rosenberg, Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
74.
Christopher J. Schmitz, The Growth of Big Business in the United States and Western
Europe, 1850 - 1939, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan,
1993).
75.
Clive Trebilcock, ‘Science, Technology and the Armaments Industry in the UK and
Europe, 1880-1914', Journal of European Economic History, 22:3 (Winter 1993), 565-80.
76.
Paul Klep and Eddy Van Cauwenberghe, eds., Entrepreneurship and the Transformation
of the Economy (10th-20th Centuries): Essays in Honour of Herman Van der Wee
(Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1994).
77.
Derek Aldcroft and Simon Ville, eds., The European Economy, 1750 - 1914: A Thematic
Approach (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994).
78.
Manfred Pohl and Sabine Freitag, eds., Handbook on the History of European Banks
(Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1994).
79.
Robert Fox and Anna Guagnini, ‘Starry Eyes and Harsh Realities: Education, Research,
and the Electrical Engineer in Europe, 1880-1914', Journal of European Economic
History, 23:1 (Spring 1994), 69 - 92.
80.
Frank Dobbin, Forging Industrial Policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the
Railway Age (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
81.
Niek Koenig, The Failure of Agrarian Capitalism: Agrarian Politics in the United
Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA, 1846 - 1919 (London: Routledge,
1994).
82.
David F. Good, ‘The Economic Lag of Central and Eastern Europe: Income Estimates for
the Habsburg Successor States, 1870 - 1910', Journal of Economic History, 54:4
(December 1994), 869-91.
83.
N.F.R. Crafts, ‘Macroinventions, Economic Growth, and ‘Industrial Revolution’ in
Britain and France’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 59198.
84.
David S. Landes, ‘Some Further Thoughts on Accident in History: A Reply to Professor
Crafts’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 48:3 (August 1995), 599-601.
85.
Geoffrey Crossick and Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, The Petite Bourgeoisie in Europe, 1780 1914: Enterprise, Family, and Independence (London and New York: Routledge, 1995).
86.
Y. Cassis, F. Crouzet, and T. Gourvish, eds., Management and Business in Britain and
France: The Age of the Corporate Economy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
87.
Carsten Hefeker, ‘Interest Groups, Coalitions, and Monetary Integration in the XIXth
Century’, The Journal of European Economic History, 24:3 (Winter 1995), 489-536.
88.
Richard L. Rudolph, ed., The European Peasant Family and Society: Historical Studies
(Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1995).
89.
Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘The Evolution of Global Labor Markets since 1830: Background
Evidence and Hypotheses’, Explorations in Economic History, 32:2 (April 1995), 141-96.
89.
Forrest Capie, Tariffs and Growth: Some Insights from the World Economy, 1850 - 1940
(Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995).
90.
Andreas Kunz and John Armstrong, eds., Inland Navigation and Economic Development
in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Mainz: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 1995).
91.
Janice Rye Kinghorn and John Vincent Nye, ‘The Scale of Production in
Western Economic Development: A Comparison of Official Industry Statistics in
the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, 1905-1913', Journal of
Economic History, 56:1 (March 1996), 90-112.
92.
H.G. Schröter, ‘Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe, 1870 - 1995: Rise and
Decline of an Economic Institution’, The Journal of European Economic History, 25:1
(Spring 1996), 129-53.
93.
James P. Hull, ‘From Rostow to Chandler to You: How Revolutionary was the Second
Industrial Revolution?’ The Journal of European Economic History, 25:1 (Spring 1996),
191-208.
94.
Patrick K.
O’Brien, ‘Path Dependency: Or Why Britain Became an
Industrialized and Urbanized Economy Long Before France’, The Economic
History Review, 2nd ser., 49:2 (May 1996), 213-49.
95.
Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘Globalization, Convergence, and History’, Journal of Economic
History, 56:2 (June 1996), 277-306.
96.
Michael D. Bordo and Hugh Rockoff, ‘The Gold Standard as a ‘Good Housekeeping Seal
of Approval’‘, Journal of Economic History, 56:2 (June 1996), 389-428.
97.
Peter Scholliers and Vera Zamagni, ed., Labour’s Reward: Real Wages and Economic
Change in 19th and 20th Century Europe (Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1995).
98.
Mikulas Teich and Roy Porter, eds., The Industrial Revolution in National Context:
Europe and the USA (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
99.
R. Bayoumi, Barry Eichengreen, and M.P. Taylor, eds., Modern Perspectives on the Gold
Standard (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
100.
Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
101.
Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, The Integration of the European Economy, 1850 - 1913
(London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997).
102.
Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey Williamson, ‘Around the European Periphery, 1870 1913: Globalization, Schooling, and Growth’, European Review of Economic History,
1:2 (August 1997), 153-90.
103.
Marc Flandreau, ‘Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: a Skeptical View’,
The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 50:4 (November 1997), 735-63.
104.
Charles F. Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, eds., World of Possibilities: Flexibility and Mass
Production in Western Industrialization (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1997).
C. J. Schmitz, ‘The Changing Structure of the World Copper Market, 1870 - 1939', The
Journal of European Economic History, 26:2 (Fall 1997), 295-330.
105.
106.
N.F.R. Crafts, ‘The Human Development Index and Changes in Standards of Living:
Some Historical Comparisons’, European Review of Economic History, 1:3 (December
1997), 299-22.
107.
Michael Palairet, The Balkan Economies, c. 1800 - 1914: Evolution without
Development, Cambridge Studies in Modern Economic History vol. 6 (Cambridge and
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
108.
Kevin H. O’Rourke, ‘The European Grain Invasion, 1870 - 1913', Journal of Economic
History, 57:4 (December 1997), 775-801.
109.
Stephen N. Broadberry, The Productivity Race: British Manufacturing in International
Perspective, 1850 - 1990 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
*
110.
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York:
W.W. Norton, 1997).
**
111.
David S. Landes, The Wealth of Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some
So Poor (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1998). A very provocative and
stimulating study, well worth reading (though some may consider it to be too Eurocentric in its approach to these questions).
*
112.
Alfred D. Chandler and Takashi Hikino, eds., Big Business and the Wealth of Nations
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
113.
Michael Collins, ‘English Bank Development within a European Context, 1870 - 1939',
The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 51:1 (February 1998), 1-24.
114.
André Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley and Los
*
Angeles: University of California Press, 1998).
115.
Solomos Solomou, Economic Cycles: Long Cycles and Business Cycles Since 1870
(Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998).
116.
Hakan Mihçi, ‘Typologies of Industrialization in Historical Perspective’, The Journal of
European Economic History, 27:3 (Winter 1998): 557-78.
117.
Michael Haynes and Rumy Husan, ‘The State and Market in the Transition Economies:
Critical Remarks in the Light of Past History and the Current Experience’, The Journal of
European Economic History, 27:3 (Winter 1998): 609-44.
118.
Kristine Bruland and Patrick O’Brien, eds., From Family Firms to Corporate Capitalism:
Essays in Business and Industrial History in Honour of Peter Mathias (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1998).
119.
Maxine Berg and Kristine Bruland, eds., Technological Revolution in Europe: Historical
Perspectives (Cheltenham, U.K., and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1998).
Deborah Simonton, A History of European Women’s Work: 1700 to the Present (London
and New York, Routledge, 1998).
120.
121.
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, The Age of Mass Migration (Oxford and
New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
122.
Barry Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).
123.
Trevor J. O. Dick, ed., Business Cycles since 1820: New International Perspectives from
Historical Evidence (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1998).
124.
Solomos Solomu, Economic Cycles: Long Cycles and Business Cycles Since 1870
(Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1998).
125.
John Harris, Industrial Espionage and Technology Transfer: Britain and France in the
Eighteenth Century (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).
126.
Deepak Lal, Unintended Consequences: The Impact of Factor Endowments, Culture and
Politics on Long-Run Economic Performance (Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT
Press, 1998).
127.
Kevin Dowd and Richard Timberlake, eds., Money and the Nation State: The Financial
Revolution, Government and the World Monetary System (New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction Publishers, 1998).
128.
Lena Andersson-Skog and Ollie Kranze, eds., Institutions in the Transport and
Communications Industries: State and Private Actors in the Making of Institutional
Patterns, 1850 - 1990, Watson for Science History Publications (Canton, Mass., 1999).
129.
Philip Cottrell and Youssef Cassis, eds., Private Banking in Europe, Studies in Banking
History, Variorum Studies (London and Brookfield, 1999).
130.
Edward R. Wilson, Battles for the Standard: Bimetallism and the Spread of the Gold
Standard, 1870 - 1914, Modern Economic and Social History, Variorum Publications
(London and Brookfield, 1999).
131.
Richard Sylla, Richard Tilly, and Gabriel Tortella, eds., The State, the Financial System,
and Economic Modernization (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
1999).
132.
Solomous Solomou and Weike Wu, ‘Weather Effects on European Agricultural Output,
1850 - 1913’, European Review of Economic History, 3:3 (December 1999), 351-74.
133.
Michael D. Bordo, The Gold Standard and Related Regimes: Collected Essays
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
134.
Georgios Karras, ‘Taxes and Growth in Europe: 1885 - 1987’, The Journal of European
Economic History, 28:2 (Fall 1999), 365-79.
135.
David Good and Tongshua Ma, ‘The Economic Growth of Central and Eastern Europe in
Comparative Perspective, 1870 - 1939', European Review of Economic History, 3:2
(August 1999), 103-38.
136.
Geoffrey Crossick and Serge Jaumain, eds., Cathedrals of Consumption: the European
Department Store, 1850 - 1939 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999).
137.
Ellen Furlough and Carl Strikwerda, eds., Consumers Against Capitalism? Consumer
Cooperation in Europe, North America, and Japan, 1840-1990 (Landham, Md., and
Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
138.
Jörg Vögele, Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870 - 1913 (Liverpool:
Liverpool University Press, 1999).
139.
Kevin O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of
a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999).
140.
Karl Gunnar Persson, Grain Markets in Europe, 1500 - 1900: Integration and
Deregulation (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
141.
P. G. Hugill, Global Communications Since 1844, Geopolitics and Technology
(Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
142.
Robert Fox and Anna Guagnini, Laboratories, Workshops, and Sites: Concepts and
Practices of Research in Industrial Europe, 1800 - 1914 (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1999).
143.
Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschilds: The World’s Banker, 1849 - 1999 (New
York: Viking, 1999).
144.
G.N. Von Tunzelmann, ‘Technology Generation, Technology Use and Economic
Growth’, European Review of Economic History, 4:2 (August 2000), 121-46. [Special
issue, on Technology and Productivity in Historical Perspective, ed. Herman de Jong and
Stephen Broadberry.]
145.
Rainer Fremdling, ‘Transfer Patterns of British Technology to the Continent: the Case of
the Iron Industry’, European Review of Economic History, 4:2 (August 2000), 195-222 .
[Special issue, on Technology and Productivity in Historical Perspective, ed. Herman de
Jong and Stephen Broadberry.]
146.
J.P. Smits, ‘The Determinants of Productivity Growth in Dutch Manufacturing, 1815 1913’, European Review of Economic History, 4:2 (August 2000), 223-46. [Special
issue, on Technology and Productivity in Historical Perspective, ed. Herman de Jong and
Stephen Broadberry.]
147.
Christopher J. Schmitz, ‘The World Copper Industry: Geology, Mining Techniques and
Corporate Growth, 1870 - 1939’, The Journal of European Economic History, 29:1
(Spring 2000), 77-105.
148.
Luca Einaudi, ‘From the Franc to the ‘Europe’: the Attempted Transformation of the
Latin Monetary Union into a European Monetary Union, 1865-1873', The Economic
History Review, 2nd ser., 53:2 (May 2000),284-308.
149.
Max-Stephan Schulze, ‘Patterns of Growth and Stagnation in the Late NineteenthCentury Habsburg Economy’, European Review of Economic History, 4:3 (December
2000), 311-40.
150.
Solomos Solomou and Luis Catao, ‘Effective Exchange Rates, 1879 - 1913', European
Review of Economic History, 4:3 (December 2000), 361-82.
151.
Lee A. Craig and Douglas Fisher, The European Macroeconomy: Growth, Integration,
and Cycles, 1500 - 1913 (Cheltenhan and Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 2000).
152.
Angela Redish, Bimetallism: An Economic and Historical Analysis (Cambridge and New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
153.
Philippe Marguerat, Laurent Tissot, and Yves Froidevaux, eds., Banques et enterprises en
Europe de l’ouest, XIXe - XXe siècles: aspects nationaux et régionaux, Actes du
Colloque de l’Institut d’histoire de l’Université de Neuchâtel (Geneva: Université de
Neuchâtel: Neuchâtel-Droz, 2000).
154.
Yrjö Kaukiainen, ‘Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information
Transmission, c. 1820 - 1870', European Review of Economic History, 5:1 (April 2001),
1-28.
155.
Edward Anderson, ‘Globalisation and Wage Inequalities, 1870 - 1970', European Review
of Economic History, 5:1 (April 2001), 91-118.
156.
Robert C. Allen, ‘The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle
Ages to the First World War’, Explorations in Economic History, 38:4 (October 2001),
411-47.
157.
Niall Ferguson, The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700 - 2000
(New York: Basic Books, 2001).
158.
Vernon Ruttan, Technology, Growth and Development: An Induced Innovation
Perspective (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
159.
Luca Einaudi, Money and Politics: European Monetary Unification and the International
Gold Standard (1865-1873) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
160.
James C. Riley, Rising Life Expectancy: a Global History (Cambridge and New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2001).
161.
William J. Collins and Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘Capital-Goods Prices and Investment,
1870 - 1950', Journal of Economic History, 61:1 (March 2001), 59-94.
162.
Louis P. Cain and Elcye J. Rotella, ‘Death and Spending: Urban Mortality and
Municipal Expenditure on Sanitation’, Annales de démographie historique, 101:1 (2001),
139-54.
Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘Land, Labor, and Globalization in the Third World, 1870 - 1940',
Journal of Economic History, 62:1 (March 2002), 55-85.
163.
164.
Kevin H. O’Rourke and Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘When Did Globalisation Begin?’,
European Review of Economic History, 6:1 (April 2002), 23-50.
165.
Richard Sylla, ‘Financial Systems and Economic Modernization’, Journal of Economic
History, 62:2 (June 2002), 277 - 92.
166.
Philip T. Hoffman, David Jacks, Patricia A. Levin, and Peter H. Lindert, ‘Real Inequality
in Europe Since 1500’, Journal of Economic History, 62:2 (June 2002), 322 - 55.
*
167.
Ian Inkster, ‘Politicising the Gerschenkron Schema: Technology Transfer, Late
Development and the State in Historical Perspective’, Journal of European Economic
History, 31:1 (Spring 2002), 45-87.
*
168.
Nicholas Crafts, ‘The Human Development Index, 1870 - 1999: Some Revised
Estimates’, European Review of Economic History, 6:3 (December 2002), 395-405.
169.
Alice Teichova and Herbert Mathis, eds., Nation, State, and the Economy in History
(Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
170.
John Armstrong and Andreas Kunz, eds., Coastal Shipping and the European Economy,
1750 - 1980 (Mainz: Verlag Philpp Von Zabern, 2002).
171.
Richard Lawton and Robert Lee, eds., Population and Society in Western European PortCities, c. 1650 - 1939 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2002).
172.
P.M.G. Harris, The History of Human Populations, vol. II: Migration, Urbanization, and
Structural Change (Westport: Praeger, 2003).
173.
M. Da Rin and T. Hellemann, ‘Banks as Catalysts for Industrialization’, Journal of
Financial Intermediation, 11 (2002), 366-97.
174.
Ivan T. Berend, History Derailed: Central and Eastern Europe in the Long Nineteenth
Century (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2003).
175.
Barbara Freese, Coal: A Human History (New York: Penguin Group, 2003).
176.
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*
177.
Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy
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*
178.
C. Knick Harley, ‘The Innis Lecture: Growth Theory and Industrial Revolutions in
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*
179.
David S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial
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180.
Michael Huberman and Wayne Lewchuk, ‘European Economic Integration and the
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182.
David Jenkins, ed., The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, 2 vols. (Cambridge and
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Century’
David Jenkins, ‘Introduction’, pp. 717-20.
ch. 18:
Douglas Farnie, ‘Cotton, 1780 - 1914', pp. 721-60.
ch. 19:
David Jenkins, ‘The Western Wool Textile Industry in the Nineteenth
Century’, pp. 761-89.
ch. 20:
Natalie Rothstein, ‘Silk: The Industrial Revolution and After’, pp. 790808.
ch. 21:
Peter Solar, ‘The Linen Industry in the Nineteenth Century’, pp. 809-23.
ch. 22:
Stanley Chapman, ‘The Hosiery Industry, 1780 - 1914', pp. 824-45.
ch. 23:
Santina M. Levey, ‘Machine-made Lace: the Industrial Revolution and
After’, pp. 846-59.
ch. 24:
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ch. 25:
Penelope Byrde, ‘Dress: the Industrial Revolution and After’, pp. 882909.
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183.
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185.
Peter Scholliers and Leonard Schwarz, eds., Experiencing Wages: Social and Cultural
Aspects of Wage Forms in Europe Since 1500 (New York and Oxford: Berghahn, 2003).
186.
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187.
Marc Flandreau, ed., Money Doctors: the Experience of International Financial Advising,
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188.
Marc Flandreau and Frédéric Zumer, The Making of Global Finance, 1880 - 1913 (Paris:
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189.
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Peter Scholliers and Leonard Schwarz, ‘The Wage in Europe Since the Sixteenth
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191.
E. S. Brezis and François Crouzet, ‘Changes in the Training of Power Elites in Western
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192.
Karl Gunnar Persson, ‘Mind the Gap! Transport Costs and Price Convergence in the
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193.
Marjatta Rahikainen, Centuries of Child Labour: European Experiences from the
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194.
Tommy Bengtsson, Cameron Campbell, and James Z. Lee, eds., Life Under Pressure:
Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700 - 1900 (Cambridge, Mass.,
MIT Press, 2004).
195.
Concha Betrán and Maria A. Pons, ‘Skilled and Unskilled Wage Differentials and
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2004), 29-60.
196.
Eric Jones, The European Miracle: Environments, Economies and Geopolitics in the
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197.
Johann Peter Murmann, Knowledge and Competitive Advantage: The Coevolution of
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198.
Robert William Fogel, The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700 - 2100
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199.
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200.
Andrea Giuntini, Peter Hertner, and Gregio Núñez, eds., Urban Growth on Two
Continents in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Technology, Networks, Finance and Public
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201.
Marc Flandreau, The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism and the Emergence of the
International Gold Standard, 1848 - 1873, translated by Gwen Leening, and revised and
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202.
Peter Lindert, Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the
Eighteenth Century (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
203.
David Chor, ‘Institutions, Wages, and Inequality: The Case of Europe and Its Periphery
(1500-1899)’, Explorations in Economic History, 42:4 (October 2005), 547-66.
204.
Giovanni Federico, Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture, 1800 2000 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
205.
Alfred Greiner, Willi Semmler, and Gang Gong, The Forces of Economic Growth: A
Time Series Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
206.
Scott Wallstein, ‘Returning to Victorian Competition, Ownership, and Regulation: an
Empirical Study of European Telecommunication at the Turn of the Twentieth Century’,
Journal of Economic History, 65:3 (September 2005), 693-722.
207.
Robert Millward, Private and Public Enterprise in Europe: Energy, Telecommunications
and Transport, 1830 - 1990 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2005).
208.
Gerben Baker, ‘The Decline and Fall of the European Film Industry: Sunk Costs, Market
Size, and Market Structure, 1890 - 1927’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 58:3
(May 2005), 310-51.
209.
Douglass C. North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change, The Princeton
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210.
Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson, Global Migration and the World
Economy: Two Centuries of Policy and Performance (Cambridge and New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2005).
210.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura, ed., Exceptionalism and Industrialisation: Britain and its
European Rivals, 1688 - 1815 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2005).
211.
Joke Mooij, ‘Corporate Culture of Central Banks: Lessons from the Past’, The Journal of
European Economic History, 34:1 (Spring 2005), 11-42.
212.
Marc Flandreau and Clemens Jobst, ‘The Ties That Divide: A Network Analysis of the
International Monetary System, 1890 - 1910’, Journal of Economic History, 65:4
(December 2005), 977-1007.
213.
Maurice Obstfeld and Alan M. Taylor, Global Capital Markets: Integration, Crisis and
Growth (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
214.
Robert Milward, Private and Public Enterprise in Europe: Energy, Telecommunications
and Transport, 1830 - 1990 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2005).
215.
Ingrid Henriksen and Morten Hviid, ‘Diffusion of New Technology and Complementary
Best Practice: A Case Study’, European Review of Economic History, 9:3 (December
2005), 365-97.
216.
Stefano Fenoaltea, ‘The Growth of the Italian Economy, 1861 - 1913: Preliminary
Second-Generation Estimates’, European Review of Economic History, 9:3 (December
2005), 273-312.
217.
David S. Jacks, ‘Intra- and International Commodity Market Integration in the Atlantic
Economy, 1800 - 1913’, Explorations in Economic History, 42:3 (July 2005), 381-413.
218.
David S. Jacks, ‘Immigrant Stocks and Trade Flows, 1870 - 1913’, The Journal of
European Economic History, 34:3 (Winter 2005), 625-49.
219.
Richard Lipsey, Kennth I. Carlaw, and Clifford T. Bekar, General Purpose Technologies
and Long-Term Economic Growth (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,
2005).
219.
Rachel Fuchs, Gender and Poverty in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge and New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
220.
Benjamin M. Friedman, The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth (New York:
Knopf, 2005).
221.
Vaclav Smil, Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867 - 1914 and
Their Lasting Impact (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005).
222.
Vaclav Smil, Transforming the Twentieth Century: Technological Innovations and their
Consequences (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
223.
Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh, Frans Buelens, and Ludo Cuyvers, ‘Stock Market Development
and Economic Growth in Belgium’, Explorations in Economic History, 43:1 (January
2006), 13-38. Special issue: Financial Revolutions and Economic Growth, ed. Peter L.
Rousseau and Richard Sylla.
224.
Niall Ferguson, ‘Political Risk and the International Bond Market between the 1848
Revolution and the Outbreak of the First World War’, The Economic History Review, 2nd
ser., 59:1 (February 2006), 70-112.
225.
David S. Jacks, ‘What Drove 19th Century Commodity Market Integration?’,
Explorations in Economic History, 43:3 (July 2006), 383-412.
226.
David S. Jacks, ‘New Results on the Tariff–Growth Paradox’, European Review of
Economic History, 10:2 (August 2006), 205-230.
227.
Byron Lew and Bruce Cater, ‘ The Telegraph, Co-ordination of Tramp Shipping, and
Growth in World Trade, 1870–1910, European Review of Economic History, 10:2
(August 2006), 147-173.
228.
Keir Waddington, The Bovine Scourge: Meat, Tuberculosis and Public Health, 1850 1914 (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2006).
229.
Dhanoos Sutthiphisal, ‘Learning-by-Producing and the Geographic Links Between
Invention and Production: Experience from the Second Industrial Revolution’, Journal of
Economic History, 66:4 (Dec. 2006), 992-1026.
230.
Monica Prasad, The Politics of Free Markets: the Rise of Neoliberal Economic Policies in
Britain, France, Germany and the United States (Chicago and London: University of
Chicago Press, 2006).
231.
Erik van der Vleuten and Arne Kaijser, eds., Networking Europe: Transnational
Infrastructures and the Shaping of Europe, 1850 - 2000 (Sagamore Beach, Mass: Science
History Publications, 2006).
232.
Paolo Mauro, Nathan Sussman, and Yishay Yafeh, Emerging Markets and Financial
Globalization: Sovereign Bond Spreads in 1870 - 1913 and Today (Oxford and New
York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
233.
Jeffrey G. Williamson, Globalization and the Poor Periphery Before 1950 (Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press, 2006).
234.
Richard Perren, Taste, Trade and Technology: the Development of the International Meat
Industry Since 1840 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006).
235.
Hildegard Hemetsberger-Koller and Evelyn Kolm, ‘Globalization and International
Taxation in the XIXth Century: Double Taxation Agreements with Special Reference to
the “State of Fund” Principle’, The Journal of European Economic History, 35:1 (Spring
2006), 85-121.
236.
Jérôme Sgard, ‘Do Legal Origins Matter? The Case of Bankruptcy Laws in Europe,
1808-1914’, European Review of Economic History, 10:3 (December 2006), 389 - 419.
Special issue: Globalisation and Financial Intermediaries: Advances in New Financial
History, ed. by Marc Flandreau and Edi Hochreiter.
237.
Michael Bordo and Peter Rousseau, ‘Legal-Political Factors and the Historical Evolution
of the Finance-Growth Link’, European Review of Economic History, 10:3 (December
2006), 421-44. Special issue: Globalisation and Financial Intermediaries: Advances in
New Financial History, ed. by Marc Flandreau and Edi Hochreiter.
239.
Robert Beachy, Béatrice Craig, and Alastair Owens, eds., Women, Business, and Finance
in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Rethinking Separate Spheres (Oxford and New York:
Berg, 2006).
240.
Peter M. Solar, ‘Shipping and Economic Development in Nineteenth-Century Ireland’,
The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 59:4 (November 2006),717-42.
241.
Jan Lucassen, ed., Global Labour History: A State of the Art (Bern: Peter Lang, 2006).
242.
Ranald C. Michie, The Global Securities Market: a History (Oxford and New York:
Oxford University Press, 2006).
243.
Fernando Collantes, ‘Farewell to Peasant Republics: Marginal Rural Communities and
European Industrialization, 1815 - 1990’, Agricultural History Review, 54:ii (2006), 25773.
244.
Stephen Broadberry, Market Services and the Productivity Race, 1850 - 2000, Cambridge
Studies in Economic History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2007).
245.
Youseff Cassis, Capitals of Capital: A History of International Financial Centers, 1780 2005, translated by Jacqueline Collier (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2007).
246.
Lance E. Davis and Stanley L. Engerman, Naval Blockades in Peace and War: An
Economic History Since 1750 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
2007).
247.
Ben Gales, Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima, and Mar Rubio, ‘North versus South: Energy
Transition and Energy Intensitiy in Europe over 200 Years’, European Review of
Economic History, 11:2 (August 2007), 219-253.
248.
Jari Eloranta, ‘From the Great Illusion to the Great War: Military Spending Behaviour of
the Great Powers, 1870 - 1913’, European Review of Economic History, 11:2 (August
2007), 255-283.
249.
Michael Huberman and Chris Minns, ‘The Times They Are Not Changin’: Days and
Hours of Work in Old and New Worlds, 1870-2000’, Explorations in Economic History,
44:4 (October 2007), 538-67.
250.
Andrew Coleman, ‘The Pitfalls of Estimating Transactions Costs from Price Data:
Evidence from Trans-Atlantic Gold-Point Arbitrage, 1886- 1905’, Explorations in
Economic History, 44:3 (July 2007), 387-410.
251.
Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).
252.
Philp T. Hoffman, Gilles Postel-Vinay, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Surviving Large
Losses: Financial Crises, the Middle Class, and the Development of Capital Markets
(Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007).
253.
Myron Echenberg, Plague Ports: The Global Urban Impact of Bubonic Plague, 1894 1901 (New York: New York University Press, 2007).
254.
Philip L. Cottrell, Evan Lange, and Ulf Olsson, eds., Centres and Peripheries in Banking:
the Historical Development of Financial Markets (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2007).
255.
Marcel Mazoyer and Laurence Roudart, A History of World Agriculture from the
Neolithic Age to the Current Crisis, trans. James H. Membrez (London and Sterlig, VA:
Earthscan, 2007).
256.
Peter Borscheid and Robin Pearson, eds., Internationalisation and Globalisation of the
Insurance Industry in the 19th and 20th Centuries (Zurich: Philipps-University, Marburg,
2007).
257.
Angus Maddison, Contours of the World Economy, 1 - 2030 AD: Essays in
Macroeconomic History (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
258.
Michael J. Greenwood, ‘Family and Sex-Specific U.S. Immigration from Europe, 1870 1910: A Panel Data Study of Rates and Composition’, Explorations in Economic History,
45:4 (September 2008), 356-82.
259.
Jeffrey G. Williamson, ‘Globalization and the Great Divergence: Terms of Trade
Booms, Volatility, and the Poor Periphery’, European Review of Economic History, 12:3
(December 2008), 355-91.
260.
Sumru Altug, Alpay Filiztekin, and Şevket Pamuk, ‘Sources of Long-Term Economic
Growth for Turkey, 1880 - 2005’, European Review of Economic History, 12:3
(December 2008), 393-430.
261.
James Riley, Low Income, Social Growth, and Good Health: a History of Twelve
Countries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008).
**
262.
Leslie Hannah, ‘Logistics, Market Size, and Giant Plants in the Early Twentieth Century:
A Global View’, Journal of Economic History, 68:1 (March 2008), 46-79.
263.
William Hausman, Peter Hernter, and Mira Wilkins, Global Electrification: Multinational
Enterprise and International Finance in the History of Light and Power, 1878 - 2007,
Cambridge Studies in the Emergence of Global Enterprise (Cambridge and New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2008).
264.
Roberto Ricciuti, ‘The Quest for a Fiscal Rule, 1861 - 1998’, Cliometrica: Journal of
Historical Economics and Econometric History, 2:3 (October 2008), 259-74.
265.
Mansel G. Blackford, The Rise of Modern Business: Great Britain, the United States,
Germany, Japan, and China, 3rd edn. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
2008).
266.
David S. Landes, Joel Mokyr, and William J. Baumol, The Invention of Enterprise:
Entrepreneurship from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern Times, Kauffman Foundation
Series on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University
Press, 2010).
267.
Stephen Broadberry and Kevin H. O’Rourke, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of
Modern Europe, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Vol. I: 1700 - 1870
Vol. II: 1870 to the Present
Note: this set of historical studies is organized not by the nation state (as is my course), but by
general topics and the chief economic sectors of the European economy (including Great Britain).
Germany is thus discussed in most of these chapters. The second volume obviously continues for
almost a century after World War I, the terminal date for this course; but Part I of Volume II does
cover the very relevant period 1870 to 1914 (pp. 1-129.)
B.
The Smaller Countries of Continental Europe
Iberia:
1.
Pedro Lains and Alvaro Ferreira da Silva, eds., História Económica de Portugal, 1700 2000, 3 vols. (Lisbon: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, 2005).
Vol I: O Século XVIII
Vol. II: O Século XIX
Vol. III: O Século XX
2.
Marcela Sabaté, María Doloes Gadea, and Regina Escario, ‘Does Fiscal Policy Influence
Monetary Policy? The Case of Spain, 1874 - 1935’, Explorations in Economic History,
43:2 (April 2006), 309-31.
3.
Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, ‘Railroad Impact in Backward Economies: Spain, 1850 1913’, Journal of Economic History, 66:4 (Dec. 2006), 853-81.
4.
Jaime Reis, ‘An “Art,” Not a “Science”: Central Bank Management in Portugal Under
the Gold Standard, 1863-87’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 60:4 (November
2007), 712-41.
5.
Jordi Domensch, ‘Labour Market Adjustment a Hundred Years Ago: the Case of the
Catalan Textile Industry’, The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 61:1 (February 2008),
1-25.
6.
Alfonso Herranz-Loncán, ‘Infrastructure Investment and Spanish Economic Growth,
1850 - 1935’, Explorations in Economic History, 44:3 (July 2007), 452-68.
7.
Jordi Domenech, ‘Working Hours in the European Periphery: The Length of the Working
Day in Spain, 1885 - 1920’, Explorations in Economic History, 44:3 (July 2007), 469-86.
8.
Julio Martínez-Galarrega, Elisenda Paluzie, Jordi Poms, and Daniel Tirado-Fabregat,
‘Agglomeration and Labour Productivity in Spain Over the Long Term’, Cliometrica:
Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History, 2:3 (October 2008), 195-212.
9.
Leandro Prados de la Escosura, ‘Inequality, Poverty, and the Kuzets Curve in Spain,
1850 - 2000’, European Review of Economic History, 12:3 (December 2008), 287-324.
Italy:
10.
Paolo Malanima, ‘Wages, Productivity and Working Time in Italy, 1270 - 1913’, The
Journal of European Economic History, 36:1 (Spring 2007), 127-71.
11.
Carlo Ciccarelli and Stefano Fenoaltea, ‘Business Fluctuations in Italy, 1861-1913: The
New Evidence’, Explorations in Economic History, 44:3 (July 2007), 432-51.
12.
Giovanni Federico, ‘Market Integration and Market Efficiency: The Case of 19th Century
Italy’, Explorations in Economic History, 44:2 (April 2007), 293-316.
The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
13.
Max-Stephan Schulze, ‘Origins of Catch-Up Failure: Comparative Productivity Growth
in the Habsburg Empire, 1870 - 1910’, European Review of Economic History, 11:2
(August 2007), 189-218.
14.
John Komlos, ‘Anthropometric Evidence on Economic Growth: Biological Well-Being
and Regional Convergence in the Habsburg Monarchy, c.1850 - 1910’, Cliometrica:
Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History, 1:3 (0ctober 2007), 211-37.
15.
John E. Murray and Lars Nilsson, ‘Accident Risk Compensation in Late Imperial Austria:
Wage Differentials and Social Insurance’, Explorations in Economic History, 44:4
(October 2007), 568-87.
16.
Sumru Altug, Alpay Filiztekin, and Şevket Pamuk, ‘Sources of Long-Term Economic
Growth for Turkey, 1880 - 2005’, European Review of Economic History, 12:3
(December 2008), 393-430.
17.
Max-Stephan Schulze and Nikolaus Wolf, ‘Economic Nationalism and Economic
Integration: the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the Late Nineteenth Century’, The
Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 65:2 (May 2012), 652-73.
The Low Countries
18.
Michael Huberman, ‘Ticket to Trade: Belgian Labour and Globalization Before 1914’,
The Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 61:2 (May 2008), 326-59.
19.
Frank Witlox, ‘The Iron Rhine Railway Link: a Chronicle of Dutch-Flemish Geopolitics
Based on Contextual History’, The Journal of European Economic History, 35:1 (Spring
2006), 149-73.
Scandinavia and Finland:
20.
Jari Ojala, Jari Floranta, and Jukka Jalava, eds., The Road to Prosperity: an Economic
History of Finland (Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2006).
21.
Erland Mårald, ‘A Catalyst for Modern Agriculture? The Importance of Peatland
Cultivation in the Adoption of Inorganic Fertilizers in Sweden, 1880 - 1920’, Agricultural
History Review, 56:I (2008), 48-65.
22.
Carin Martin, ‘Milk as a Means of Payment for Farm Labour: the Dairy Economy of a
Swedish Estate, 1874- 1913’, Agricultural History Review, 56:ii (2008), 167-88.
QUESTIONS
1.
Compare and contrast the role of the state in the economic development of Germany and Russia in the
19th and early 20th centuries.
2.
What were the chief barriers to German and Russian industrialization in the mid 19th century, particularly
in the view of their respective state governments: in terms of agriculture, transportation, money and
banking, education, foreign trade and investment, industry? How did the German (Prussian, Bavarian,
Saxon, etc.) and Russian governments respond to these barriers and how did they seek to overcome them?
3.
Apply Gerschenkron's model of ‘economic backwardness’ to both Russia and Germany, to their principal
economic and cultural regions, in the 19th century. In terms of Gerschenkron's model what role would
the state or their respective governments be called upon to eliminate or overcome such problems of
‘backwardness’?’ Was such state intervention a necessary consequence of backwardness, given the
political and international circumstances of the late 19th century? Which governments were the more
successful in applying favourable economic policies?
4.
Why was Germany so much more successful than Russia in overcoming the obstacles to economic
development and in achieving modern industrialization before World War I? Can the Prussian or German
governments take any particular credit for this relative economic success? In each country, did economic
development occur because of or despite government economic policies?
5.
How successful was the Russian government in establishing an infrastructure and base for
industrialization by World War I? Did state economic policies play a major role -- apart from military
defeat in World War I -- in ‘causing’ the 1917 Revolutions?
6.
In analyzing the economic development of Russia and Germany, from 1850 to 1914, compare and
contrast the role of railroads and steam shipping, and the roles played by their governments in providing,
financing, or supporting such transportation facilties.
7.
Compare and contrast the role of financial institutions, domestic and foreign, and of foreign investment in
the economic development of Germany and Russia, 1870-1914. What roles did the state (the
governments) play in promoting the development of such financial institutions and foreign investment:
positive or negative?
8.
Compare the organization, functions, and roles of the central banks in the economic development of
Imperial Germany and the Russian Empire from ca. 1875 to 1914: the Reichsbank and Gosbank. Discuss
the monetary and fiscal policies pursued by the Imperial German and Russian governments to World War
I: how did they differ? What were their consequences?
9.
What roles did the German (Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon, etc.) and Russian governments play in liberating
the serfs and in promoting land reform and agararian modernization? Why did they abolish serfdom and
promote land reform, in the first place? In each country, how did emancipation of the serfs proceed:
under what conditions for both the serfs and the landowners? What happened to the serfs after
emancipation: in the various German states, in the Russian Empire, and in Poland (both Russian and
German zones)?
10.
Discuss both the economic and social consequences of the aboliton of serfdom in Germany, Poland, and
Russia, during the 19th century and up to World War I.
For Russia and the Russian Empire, explain the Stolypin Land Reforms? Why were they necessary, and
how successful were they, as government policy?
11.
12.
How did the Russian government utilize grain exports to finance industrialization?
13.
Discuss the significance of Russian monetary policy, especially of the Gold Ruble of 1897 - 1914: were
its consequences positive or negative for Russian economic development, especially in terms of foreign
investment?
14.
How did the Russian government seek to promote foreign investment in Russia: and what role did such
foreign investments play in Russian industrialization up to 1917? Positive or negative? Was such foreign
investment at all significant in German economic development?
15.
Discuss the role of industrial cartels (or other monopolistic organizations) in the economic development
of Germany and Russia, from ca. 1875 to 1914. Discuss the following:
a) What role did their respective governments play in promoting and protecting these cartels. How did
their government policies differ in this respect from those of other European and North American
governments?
b) To what extent did the success of German and Russian cartels depend upon protective tariffs? Explain
the economic relationships.
c) Apart from legal protection for cartel agreements and tariff protection, what other conditions were
necessary for the successful functioning of a cartel.
d) Did the German and Russian governments favour cartel arrangements particularly in heavy industry -and did they thus seek to promote the relative growth of heavy industry (of capital goods over
consumer goods); and if so, why?
16.
For Prussia and Imperial Germany, discuss the social and economic policies of Bismarck: success or
failure?
17.
For Russia, discuss the social and economic policies of Count Sergei Witte: success or failure?
18.
What role did the various following factors play in determining the nature of state intervention and state
economic policies in Germany and Russia during the 19th and early 20th centuries:
(a) military factors and foreign affairs;
(b) political and economic factors, in particular, the goals of industrialization and economic
growth, to promote national ‘well-being’ and prestige.
(c) political and social factors: the fear of social unrest, as the cost of ‘backwardness’, when other
countries were developing their economies?
Table 1
GERMAN AGRICULTURE IN THE 19th CENTURY
Distribution of Farm Lands
GERMANY: 1907 (In terms of post 1919-frontiers)
Category
Area
Percentages of the Total Arable Area per Category
of Farms by
East
Elbia*
Rest of
Germany
All
Germany
Under 5 hectares
8.7%
21.0%
16.2%
5 - 20 hectares
21.3%
41.0%
33.4%
20 - 100 hectares
29.5%
29.9%
29.8%
Over 100 hectares
(250 acres)
40.5%
8.1%
20.6%
Over 20 hectares
70.0%
38.0%
50.4%
* East Elbia: Posen and West Prussia, East Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg-Berlin, Silesia, Mecklenburg.
Table 2.
Output of Principal Grain Crops of Selected European Countries, in millions of quintals, in
decennial averages, 1871-90 to 1905-14
Decade
Great
Britain
France
1781-90
35.0
85.3
1800-13
43.0
94.5
268.6
1815-24
49.5
104.0
n.a.
1825-34
n.a.
116.3
n.a.
1835-44
n.a.
131.4
310.1
1845-54
64.0
146.6
122.6
363.3
1855-64
68.0
158.5
153.7
381.2
1865-74
70.0
160.1
204.8
410.1
1875-84
n.a.
161.8
248.4
451.0
1885-94
56.9
160.1
304.6
515.4
1895-1904
52.5
172.1
391.0
479.3
1905-14
51.7
171.9
457.9
543.1
Germany
Russia
1 quintal = 100 kilograms = 0.10 metric ton = 220.46 lb.
Source:
Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe (London, 1973), Vol. IV:2, pp.
752-53.
Table 3.
CROP YIELDS IN FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND GERMANY, 1906-10
Kilograms of Output per Hectare of Land: Five-Yer Means
(1 hectare = 2.47 acres)
Crop
France
Britain
Germany
Wheat
135
221
201
Rye
106
182
170
Barley
130
196
196
Oats
126
189
197
Potatoes
86
138
136
Source: J.A. Perkins, ‘The Agricultural Revolution in Germany, 1850-1914', Journal of European Economic
History, 10 (Spring 1981), p. 115.
Table 4.
Wheat-tons per Labour-unit in Agriculture in Selected Countries: France, Great
Britain, Germany, and the U.S. in 1880 and 1930
Country
1880
1930
France
7.4
13.2
Great Britain
16.2
20.1
Germany
7.9
16.0
United States
13.0
22.5
Table 5.
Indices of European and American Agricultural Productivity
From 1810 to 1910
Annual net output per agricultural worker (male)
measured in million of calories
COUNTRY
1810
1840
1860
1880
1900
1910
Britain
14.0
17.5
20.0
23.5
22.5
23.5
France
7.0
11.5
14.5
14.0
15.5
17.0
Germany
7.5
10.5
14.5
22.0
25.0
Russia
7.0
7.5
7.0
9.0
11.0
U.S.A
21.5
22.5
29.0
31.0
42.0
Source:
Paul Bairoch, ‘Niveaux de développement économique de 1810 à 1910', Annales: Économies,
sociétés, civilisations, 20 (1965), 1096, Table 1.
Table 6.
THE POPULATIONS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN MILLIONS, IN
DECENNIAL INTERVALS, 1800-1910
Year
Great
Britain
Belgium
France
Germany
Russia
1800
10.7
3.1
27.3
n.a.
35.5
1810
12.0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1820
14.1
n.a.
30.5
25.0
48.6
1830
16.3
4.1
32.6
28.2
56.1
1840
18.5
4.1
34.2
31.4
62.4
1850
20.8
4.3
35.8
34.0
68.5
1860
23.2
4.5
37.4
36.2
74.1
1870
26.0
4.8
36.1a
40.8b
84.5
1880
29.7
5.3
37.7
45.2
97.7
1890
33.0
6.1
38.3
49.4
117.8
1900
37.0
6.6
39.0
56.4
132.9
1910
40.9
7.4
39.6
64.9
160.7
a
Excluding Alsace-Lorraine.
b
Including Alsace-Lorraine.
Sources:
B.R. Mitchell and P. Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), pp. 8-10.
Carlo Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, (London, 1973),Vol. IV:2, pp. 747-48.
Table 7.
Decennial Averages of the Output of Pig Iron and of Steel in France, Germany, Russia, and
the United Kingdom, in millions of metric tons,
1830-9 to 1910-3 (iron) and 1870-9 to 1910-3 (steel)
Average of 1880-9 = 100. 1 metric ton = 1000 kg. = 2,204.6 lb.
Russia
Index
United
Kingdom
Index
4
0.172
31
0.921
11
0.172
5
0.192
35
1.625
20
25
0.334
5
0.243
44
3.150
39
1.164
66
0.813
25
0.304
56
4.602
57
1870-9
1.337
75
1.678
52
0.400
73
6.648
81
1880-9
1.772
100
3.217
100
0.547
100
8.040
100
1890-9
2.192
124
5.155
160
1.539
281
8.090
101
1900-9
3.028
171
9.296
289
2.786
509
9.317
116
1910-13
4.664
263
14.836
461
3.870
707
9.792
122
1870-9
0.260*
52
0.080*
33
0.695
30
1880-9
0.500
100
1.320
100
0.240
100
2.340
100
1890-9
1.015
203
3.985
302
0.930
388
3.760
161
1900-9
2.175
435
9.505
720
2.490
1038
5.565
238
1910-13
4.090
818
16.240
1230
4.200
1750
6.930
296
Decade
France
Index
Germany
1830-9
0.286
16
0.129
1840-9
0.442
25
1850-9
0.731
1860-9
Index
IRON:
STEEL:
*
1875-9 only.
Table 8:
Railway Tracks Open at Decennial Intervals, 1840 - 1914 in kilometres:
Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, and Russia*
Year
Britain
Belgium
France
Germany
Russia
1840
2,390
335
498
468
27
1850
9,791
903
2,914
5,856
500
1860
14,594
1,730
9,166
11,088
1,625
1870
21,545
2,897
16,464
18,875
10,731
1880
25,045
4,112
23,233a
33,836b
22,864
1890
27,810
4,525
33,278
42,868
30,594
1900
30,061
4,591
38,107
51,675
53,231
1910
32,163
4,678
40,483
61,205
66,579
1913
32,613
n.a.
40,768
63,375
70,153
* 1 km. = 0.6214 miles.
a. Excluding Alsace-Lorraine: ceded to Germany in 1871
b. Including Alsace-Lorraine: acquired from France in 1871
Sources:
B.R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, Abstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1962), pp. 225-26; Carlo
Cipolla, ed., Fontana Economic History of Europe, Vol. IV:2, The Emergence of Industrial Societies (London,
1973), pp. 790, 794.
Table 9.
AGGREGATE AND PER CAPITA INDICES OF INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION (UNITED KINGDOM IN 1900 = 100), AND PERCENTAGE
SHARES OF WORLD INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, FOR VARIOUS
COUNTRIES: IN 1860 AND 1913
Country
Total
Industrial
Output
Per Capita
Industrial
Output
Percentage Shares of
World Industrial
Production
With 1913
Frontiers
1860
Index
1913
Index
1860
Index
1913
Index
1860
%
1913
%
United
Kingdom*
45
127
64
115
20%
14%
Germany
11
138
15
85
5%
15%
France
18
57
20
59
8%
6%
Russia
16
77
8
20
7%
8%
ALL EUROPE
120
528
17
45
53%
57%
United
States
16
298
21
126
7%
32%
Canada
1
9
7
46
--
1%
Source: Paul Bairoch, ‘International Industrialization Levels from 1760 to 1980', Journal of European Economic
History, 11 (Fall 1982), 269-333, tables 4 - 13.
*
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: the values for its aggregate and per capita industrial outputs
for 1900 are taken as the base 100 for all the indices in columns 1 to 4. Note that columns 5 and 6 are percentages
of total world industrial output.
Table 10.
INDICES OF INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT*: IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, FRANCE,
GERMANY, AND THE UNITED STATES IN QUINQUENNIAL MEANS, 1860-4 TO
1910-13
MEAN OF 1870-4 = 100
Period
United
Kingdom
France
Germany
United
States
1860-64
72.6
1865-69
82.8
95.8
72.6
75.5
1870-74
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1875-79
105.5
109.5
120.8
111.4
1880-84
123.4
126.6
160.6
170.4
1885-89
129.5
130.3
194.9
214.9
1890-94
144.2
151.5
240.6
266.4
1895-99
167.4
167.8
306.4
314.2
1900-04
181.1
176.1
354.3
445.7
1905-09
201.1
206.2
437.4
570.0
1910-13
219.5
250.2
539.5
674.9
* Excluding construction, but including building materials.
Source:
W. Arthur Lewis, Growth and Fluctuations, 1870 - 1913 (London, 1978), pp. 248-50,
269, 271, 273.