TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: HANDBOOK FOR COUNSELORS AND
RESOURCE DIRECTORY FOR CALIFORNIA AGENCIES
A Project
Presented to the faculty of the Graduate and Professional Studies in Education
California State University, Sacramento
Submitted in partial satisfaction of
the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
in
Counseling
(Vocational Rehabilitation)
by
Shanna Welch
SPRING
2014
© 2014
Shanna Welch
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ii
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: HANDBOOK FOR COUNSELORS AND
RESOURCE DIRECTORY FOR CALIFORNIA AGENCIES
A Project
by
Shanna Welch
Approved by:
__________________________________, Committee Chair
Guy Deaner, Ph.D.
Date
iii
Student: Shanna Welch
I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University
format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to
be awarded for the project.
, Department Chair
Susan Heredia, Ph.D.
Date
Graduate and Professional Studies in Education
iv
Abstract
of
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: HANDBOOK FOR COUNSELORS AND
RESOURCE DIRECTORY FOR CALIFORNIA AGENCIES
by
Shanna Welch
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this project was to develop a handbook for professionals who
work with people who have a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and their families as well as
develop a comprehensive, California resource directory. The last time this sort of project
was done was in 2004, so a newer and updated version was clearly needed. The
handbook will serve to educate professionals regarding the unique conditions and
challenges of clients who have TBI as well as methods to help that individual get to
work. The community resource directory will serve as a repository of information for
professionals while providing assistance to individuals with TBI and their families.
Sources of Data
Sources of data for the development of this project included a review of related
literature in vocational rehabilitation counseling; traumatic and acquired brain injury
literature; journal articles, books, and internet sites detailing research and studies related
to TBI; and unpublished masters projects and theses. Information was updated and
assessed for relevance from Kristen Kunz's 2004 thesis, Traumatic Brain Injury: A
v
Handbook and Comprehensive Sacramento Area Community Resource Directory. Also
consulted were California and national organizations deemed relevant by this author to be
listed in the directory. The Traumatic Brain Injury Resource Directory (TBIRD): A
Guide to Northern California Resources for Individuals with Brain Injury, 6th edition
(2006); the Brain Injury Association of California Resources (2014); and the Community
Services Directory, 57th edition (City of Sacramento, 2011) were reviewed.
Conclusions Reached
TBI is so complex that one specialty cannot fulfill the counseling needs for these
clients. A handbook was developed to educate professionals regarding the unique
conditions and challenges of clients who have a TBI, and a California resource directory
was developed to serve as a repository of information for professionals and to provide
assistance to individuals with TBI and their families.
, Committee Chair
Guy Deaner, Ph.D.
Date
vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Production of this handbook and directory was accomplished under the direction
of Lynda Eaton of Mercy Hospital Outpatient Rehab Center and the Head Trauma
Support Project, Inc.; Eric J. Ratinoff and Taryn J. Smith of Kershaw, Cutter, & Ratinoff,
LLP; and Guy Deaner, advisor to Shanna Welch, and Professor at California State
University, Sacramento. Special thanks go to each of them for their encouragement,
direction, and support. Special thanks also goes to Tami Welch, mother of Shanna
Welch, for all of the hours she spent helping type up resources for the directory and for
checking the websites to ensure all the information was current and updated.
The printing and production of this directory is provided by Eric J. Ratinoff, Civil
Justice Attorney, and this assistance is very gratefully acknowledged.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................. vii
Chapter
1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1
Background of the Problem .....................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem .........................................................................................6
Definition of Terms..................................................................................................7
Limitations of the Project.......................................................................................13
Organization of the Project ....................................................................................14
2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .............................................................................15
Introduction ............................................................................................................15
Experiences of Care by Clients and Families ........................................................16
Access to Services..................................................................................................17
Outcome Results from Longitudinal Studies .........................................................25
Improvements in Services ......................................................................................31
Factors Leading to Successful Vocational Outcomes ............................................34
Summary ................................................................................................................44
3. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................47
4. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS..............................................................52
Summary ................................................................................................................52
viii
Recommendations ..................................................................................................53
Appendix A. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Handbook for Counselors .................................56
Appendix B. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive California Resource
Directory.....................................................................................................101
References ........................................................................................................................244
ix
1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Problem
The author became acquainted with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in 2011 when
she started graduate school. The author had studied psychology in the past and was
always fascinated by the brain and even more intrigued when hearing about TBI in her
“Medical Aspects” class. She studied TBI thoroughly including limitations and
vocational outcomes, and to this day she continues to learn. The author volunteers with
people with TBI at Mercy Outpatient Rehabilitation Center and helped plan the “Walk
For Brain Injury” in the past. This passion for those with brain injury is what started her
interest in this project.
According to Kolakowsky-Hayner (2010), TBI is a global health problem and one
of the leading causes of death and disability in the United States, especially among
persons under the age of 50. On average, the greatest number of TBIs occur in persons
between the ages of 16-35 (Kolakowsky-Hayner, 2010). In the United States, someone
receives a TBI every 23 seconds. Over one and a half million injuries occur per year,
with 290,000 severe enough for hospitalization, eight times the number of people
diagnosed with breast cancer and 34 times the number of new cases of HIV and AIDS
each year (Kolakowsky-Hayner, 2010). Persons with brain injury often experience many
different lasting functional problems. Although some problems are resolved relatively
early post-injury, deficits have been known to persist for nearly a decade or more
2
(Kolakowsky-Hayner, 2010). Due to such an extended recovery period, finding and
maintaining employment are ongoing problems for persons with brain injury. Research
suggests that returning to work after brain injury is limited to as little as one-third of the
brain-injured population (Kolakowsky-Hayner, 2010). Brain injury is not something that
should be ignored. Access to services and treatment for people with brain injury (BI) is
very important to have but not always easy to come by.
A study by O’Callaghan, McAlister, and Wilson (2010) indicated very few
participants reported receiving services in line with recommendations made in clinical
care guidelines. All the adults with TBI reported accessing acute care. However, their
access to care following this point dropped. Sixty-four percent of participants with TBI
reported receiving inpatient rehabilitation services. Participation increased slightly to
70% receiving outpatient rehabilitation, but only 25% of the participants with TBI stated
they were receiving therapy services at the time of the study and only 22% reported they
received ongoing monitoring. Over half the participants with TBI reported neither
receiving therapy nor ongoing monitoring at the time of the study (O’Callaghan et al.,
2010). In a different study, Leith, Phillips, and Sample’s (2004) objective was to learn
what the individuals in four focus groups (with persons with TBI and their families) in
South Carolina perceived their service needs to be and where they experienced service
gaps in the existing system of TBI services. Results of this qualitative study revealed an
overwhelming consensus regarding the need for: (a) An early, continuous, and
comprehensive service delivery system; (b) information and education; (c) formal and
3
informal advocacy; (d) resourcefulness in and empowerment of persons with TBI and
their families; and (e) human connectedness and social belonging. Effective strategies
were needed to link services into an ongoing continuum of TBI care, increase TBIspecific education and awareness, and foster social re-integration (Leith et al., 2004).
Shigaki, Hagglund, Clark, and Conforti (2002) focused on the ability of people
with SCI, TBI, and strokes to access health care under a Medicaid fee-for-service
reimbursement model in central Missouri. Results of this quantitative study were people
with SCI reported the most frequent difficulty accessing services (87%), followed by
persons with BI (79%), and stroke (65%). In a subgroup of respondents, 60% reported
failure to receive at least one service; 81% reported that access difficulties affected health
or daily routine. The researchers concluded that people with rehabilitation-related
disabilities may experience greater barriers to needed services than the larger population
of persons with disabilities (Shigaki et al., 2002). Regarding psychological services, 26%
of respondents who needed counseling and mental health services had difficulty
accessing them and 29% reported difficulty obtaining therapeutic services for cognitive
problems (Shigaki et al., 2002).
The study by Hart et al. (2010) developed a measure of the type, amount, and
location of post-placement interventions. Treatment was measured prospectively for six
months after job placement for 65 people with moderate to severe TBI, treated at five
TBI Model System centers. The sample was well educated, with 65% having attended at
least some college. The majority was not only employed at the time of injury but were
4
returning to pre-injury employers. People with TBI with more limited education and
employment history may be at higher risk of chronic unemployment post injury and may
also have difficulty accessing vocational services. Three-fourths of the sample group was
still working at the placement job after six months but, longitudinally, only 27% were
competitively employed at one year post-injury (Hart et al., 2010). Despite the stated
importance of vocational re-entry after TBI and the high need for vocational help
perceived by consumers, relatively few persons with TBI get help to find or maintain
employment (Hart et al., 2010). Previous work examining treatment components of
vocational rehabilitation within the Traumatic Brain Injury Model System (TBIMS)
network found much variation among centers, from no services at all to comprehensive
programs offering job readiness, job placement, and supported employment.
The quantitative study by Bounds, Schopp, Johnstone, Unger, and Goldman
(2003) evaluated the vocational outcomes of individuals who sought services from a state
Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) program. Given that all states provide VR services to
persons with TBI who experience vocational difficulties, the sample of persons with TBI
was determined to evaluate vocational outcomes for those with TBI, including gender
differences in these outcomes (Bounds et al., 2003). The findings indicated that a higher
percentage of men’s cases than women’s cases were rated as successful vocational
closures. In this study, 23.6% of the men found employment through Department of
Vocational Rehabilitation (DVR), while only 4.4% of the women did. It was also found
5
that women (73.9%) were more likely than men (56.4%) to have their case closed before
services were initiated (Bounds et al., 2003).
In another study, Horn, Yoels, and Bartolucci (2000) wanted to determine key
characteristics or factors associated with vocational rehabilitation participation during the
first year following discharge for persons with either traumatic brain injury (TBI), spinal
cord injury (SCI), intra-articular fracture (IAF), or burn injury (BURNS). Results
showed TBI patients lacking private insurance were 2.6 times more likely to participate
in vocational rehabilitation, while older SCI and TBI patients were about twice as likely
to participate in vocational rehabilitation (Horn et al., 2000). Those lacking valuable
socioeconomic resources, such as private insurance (for TBI) and social support systems
provided by marriage (for BURNS and IAF patients) were much more likely to be
referred to vocational rehabilitation. This was true for older SCI and TBI patients as
well. Lacking such resources, patients may be viewed by referral agents as less likely to
benefit from inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation (Horn et al., 2000).
This synthesis of research shows people with TBI often have trouble receiving
treatment in the short and long term, a problem that needs to be further addressed.
Although Mazurek et al. (2011) showed some improvements are starting in access to
services, there needs to be more education for patients and health-care professionals as
well as easier access. People with BI find it difficult to know how to get treatment and
navigate the health-care system, as well as even navigating websites with information.
During the Sacramento TBI Network meeting in May 2012, professionals specializing in
6
BI stated a need for a handbook specifically for Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors to
educate them on TBI so they could more accurately do their jobs and successfully place
their consumers in the workforce. A need also exists for a place such as one website
and/or a resource booklet with all the services available to them listed in one place,
making the services easy to find. This online resource directory is needed in all of
California versus just Sacramento because not every county or town has the services
needed by those with TBIs. If a client needs a specific surgery, for example, but the
client’s town does not have a surgeon who does the procedure, nearby counties can be
searched. The counselors of these individuals can utilize the directory, as well as those
with TBI. With more education and an easier way to access treatment and services,
greater steps can be taken toward getting people with TBI the treatment and placement
they need and deserve.
Statement of the Problem
The idea for this project came from a TBI Network Meeting in the Sacramento
area in May 2012, with about 30 or 40 professionals who specialize in BI. The needs for
a BI handbook for vocational counselors as well as a statewide resource guide were
expressed. The biggest problem was a lack of knowledge on the professionals’ parts as
well as lack of easy access to resources. In addition, there was not any existing resource
as comprehensive as this project. While searching the Internet, much time and digging
were required to even find sources for those affected by BI, let alone find them all in one
place.
7
The Brain Injury Association of California (BIACAL; 2013) is one of the better
places to find information on TBI, yet it still lacks the amount of resources that such a
large organization is expected to have. BIACL’s purpose is to provide information,
resources, education, advocacy and support for those affected by brain injury. The
mission is to “be the voice of brain injury, and to bring help, hope and healing to
thousands of Californians living with brain injury, their families, and the professionals
that serve them” (2014, para. 2). BIACAL’s goals and mission statement are very close
to the goals of this project. However, even BIACAL, one of the leading organizations for
BI, lacks information for their consumers. The website has information about BI,
including brain facts, California independent living centers, California regional centers,
and sources for veterans. The organization even has a TBI resource directory. However,
BIACAL’s resource directory is only for Northern California. This Master’s project
includes a resource directory for the entire state of California related to BI. Another
problem is that the last time a resource directory was done by a California State
University, Sacramento (CSUS) graduate student was in 2004, and it was only for the
Sacramento area. A definite need exists for an updated handbook and resource guide.
Definition of Terms
Atraumatic Brain Injury
A category of brain injury receiving less attention in the literature is atraumatic
causes of brain injury. Examples include arterial-venous malformations (blood
8
vessels with weaknesses present at birth) and infections in the brain, both of
which can result in cerebrovascular accident (Brodwin, Tellez, & Brodwin, 2009).
Acquired Brain Injury (ABI)
Acquired brain injury (ABI) is another name for Traumatic Brain Injury (Brain
Injury Association of California, 2013).
Brain Injury (BI)
A brain injury (versus traumatic brain injury) is caused by something inside the
body, not outside the body. An example of internal causes of brain injury include
cerebrovascular accident (stroke), an infection, or aneurisms (Brodwin et al.,
2009).
Closed Head Injury
In a closed head injury, the scull is not penetrated. Damage usually occurs when
the brain experiences rapid acceleration and deceleration because of a blow to the
head, such as in a motor vehicle accident or fall. Next, the brain stem turns and
twists on its axis causing localized or widespread damage to the brain. The brain
then rebounds and hits the opposite side of the skull (the “contre coup”).
Consequently, in closed head injury, damage often occurs to diffuse areas of the
brain. Swelling and bleeding, problems that frequently occur with open-head
injuries, also cause injury to various areas of the brain (Brodwin et al., 2009).
Deficits
A disadvantage, impairment, or handicap (Deficits, 2013).
9
Department of Rehabilitation (DOR)
The California Department of Rehabilitation works in partnership with consumers
and other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment,
independent living, and equality for individuals with disabilities (California
Department of Rehabilitation, 2013).
Glascow Coma Scale
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a tool medical professionals use to objectively
evaluate the degree to which a person is conscious or comatose. Also referred to
as the “Glasgow Coma Score,” it operates on a scale of “3” to “15,” in which
progressively higher scores indicate higher levels of consciousness. Immediately
after a head trauma, emergency doctors and nurses will use the GCS to assess a
patient’s condition. Others who use the GCS include intensive care staff, EMTs,
and chronic care professionals (Brainline.org, 2014).
Medicaid
A U.S. government program, financed by federal, state, and local funds, of
hospitalization and medical insurance for persons of all ages within certain
income limits (medicaid, 2013).
Medicare
A U.S. government program of hospitalization insurance and voluntary medical
insurance for persons ages 65 and over and for certain people with disabilities
under 65 (Medicare, 2013).
10
Neuropsychological Evaluation
Neuropsychological evaluation (NPE) is a testing method through which a
neuropsychologist can acquire data about a subject’s cognitive, motor, behavioral,
linguistic, and executive functioning. In the hands of a trained neuropsychologist,
these data can provide information leading to the diagnosis of a cognitive deficit
or to the confirmation of a diagnosis, as well as to the localization of organic
abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS). The data can also guide
effective treatment methods for the rehabilitation of impaired patients. NPE
provides insight into the psychological functioning of an individual, a capacity for
which modern imaging techniques have only limited ability. However, these tests
must be interpreted by a trained, experienced neuropsychologist to be of any
benefit to the patient. These tests are often coupled with information from clinical
reports, physical examination, and, increasingly, premorbid and postmorbid self
and relative reports. Alone, each neuropsychological test has strengths and
weaknesses in its validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. NPE is useful
for measuring many function categories, including the following: Intellectual
functioning, academic achievement, language processing, visual/special
procession, attention, concentration, verbal learning and memory, visual learning
and memory, executive functions, speed of processing, sensory-perceptual
functions, motor speed and strength, motivation/symptom validity, and
personality assessment (Medscape, 2013).
11
Open Head Injury
In an open head injury, verification of TBI is not difficult. The person’s brain
matter has been penetrated, such as by stabbing or gunshot. Skull fractures,
visible brain matter, and obvious bleeding indicate the trauma. Often, the patient
goes into a coma or a physician pharmacologically induces a coma immediately
following the trauma. The coma may last minutes, weeks, or months. This type
of head injury is more likely to damage a specific area of the brain. Additional
risks exist as well; some patients develop infections or need to have their lost
skull material replaced with artificial plates (Brodwin et al., 2009).
Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA)
The Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) oversees grant programs that
help individuals with physical or mental disabilities to obtain employment and
live more independently through the provision of such supports as counseling,
medical, and psychological services; job training; and other individualized
services. RSA’s major Title I formula rand program provides funds to state
vocational rehabilitation (VR) agencies to provide employment-related services
for individuals with disabilities, giving priority to individuals significantly
disabled (California Department of Education [CDE], 2013).
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
SCI causes profound changes in virtually all physical systems and functional
abilities. When the spinal cord is damaged, communication is disrupted between
12
the brain and parts of the body innervated at or below the lesion. The lesion may
be complete (no nerve fibers functioning below the level of injury) or incomplete
(one or more nerve fibers is secure). The cord need not be completely severed to
result in a complete injury; the nerve cells may be destroyed as a result of
pressure, bruising, or loss of blood supply, and if they die they do not have the
ability to regenerate. The amount of functional loss depends upon the level of
injury and on the neurological completeness of the injury. The public views the
inability to walk as the primary consequence of SCI. Although this ability is
undeniably important, SCI also affects such areas as arm and hand strength and
dexterity, bowel and bladder control, sexual function, temperature regulation,
susceptibility to infections, and even the ability to breathe (Brodwin et al., 2009).
Stroke
Stroke is a medical emergency characterized by the rapid loss of brain function
due either to interruption of its blood supply (ischemic stroke) or bleeding into the
brain from rupture of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Ischemic strokes
account for 80% and hemorrhagic strokes, 20%. Both forms result in reduction of
oxygen and nutrition to the brain, which leads to the symptoms of stroke and
possible brain damage (Brodwin et al., 2009).
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Traumatic brain injury involves sudden physical damage to the brain. TBIs are
caused by something outside the body. For example, TBIs may result from
13
vehicle collisions, falls, stabbings, gunshots, infections, tumors, and strokes.
Persons with TBI undergo such dramatic cognitive and personality changes that
they seem, both to themselves and to those closest to them, to be different people
than they were pre-injury (Brodwin et al., 2009).
Limitations of the Project
This project is for Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors who are supporting
clients with TBI, as well as for the client and their families. The project may briefly
touch on other injuries, as certain injuries and conditions can often go hand-in-hand with
head trauma, but the focus is always on the TBI, so it excludes other traumas. Although
the professional handbook can be applied in other areas, the handbook specifically targets
use by Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors, thus limiting the scope of the user
population. The resource guide in this project covers the entire state of California, but
not any other geographical region (i.e., the entire United States of America), so the
project is also limited by geography. Only those materials available up to May 2014
were used in this project, so it is also limited by time. The final limitation is author bias.
The author believes people with TBI can return to work. She also believes that access to
resources is not as easy as it should be. Information the author thought to be most
important and/or relevant to the problem and population was explored in the professional
handbook as well as in the California resource guide.
14
Organization of the Project
Chapter 2 offers a review of literature specifically related to this project. A look
at the dimensions of the problem is delineated as follows: Experiences of care by clients
and families, access to services, follow-up studies, and future hopes and possibilities.
Chapter 3 outlines the methodology used by the author to define and describe how this
resource guide and handbook appendixes were developed. Chapter 4 outlines the
summary and recommendations reached by the author. Appendix A is the Handbook for
Vocational Rehabilitation Counselors and Appendix B is the Community Resource
Directory. An extensive reference list completes the project.
15
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Introduction
According to Kolakowsky-Hayner (2010), TBI is a global health problem and one
of the leading causes of death and disability in the United States, especially among
persons under the age of 50. On average, the greatest number of TBIs occurs in persons
between the ages of 16 and 35. In the United States, someone receives a TBI every 23
seconds. Over one and a half million injuries occur per year, with 290,000 severe enough
for hospitalization. That is eight times the number of people diagnosed with breast
cancer and 34 times the number of new cases of HIV and AIDS each year (KolakowskyHayner, 2010). Unfortunately, people with TBI often have difficulty getting the help
they need. Persons with BI often experience many functional problems, and although
some are resolved relatively early post-injury, deficits have been known to persist for
nearly a decade or more. Kolakowsky-Hayner (2010) went on to say that due to such an
extended recovery period, finding and maintaining employment are ongoing problems for
persons with BI. Research suggests returning to work after brain injury is limited to as
little as one-third of the brain-injured population. Brain injury should not be ignored.
Access to services and treatment for people with BI is important but not always easy to
come by. This synthesis of research focuses on access to treatment and services for
people with TBI.
16
Experiences of Care by Clients and Families
O’Callaghan et al. (2010) investigated the continuation of care experienced by
adults and their significant others following a moderate to severe TBI in Victoria,
Australia. Their study presented the experiences of 202 Victorians admitted for acute
care following a moderate to severe TBI over a four-year period. The authors used mixed
methods and the study had two separate research stages. The first stage involved the
distribution of two statewide surveys; the first of these surveys targeted adults with
moderate to severe TBI of working age, and the second targeted a significant other of the
person with TBI. The second stage of the research involved 17 in-depth interviews
between the first author, an adult with TBI, and the significant other. Results of this
study indicated very few participants reported receiving services in line with
recommendations made in clinical care guidelines. O’Callaghan et al. (2010) went on to
say that all the adults with TBI reported accessing acute care. However, their access to
care following this point dropped. Sixty-four percent of the participants with TBI
reported receiving inpatient rehabilitation services. Participation increased slightly to
70% receiving outpatient rehabilitation. However, only 25% of the participants with TBI
stated they were receiving therapy services at the time of the study and only 22%
reported they received ongoing monitoring. Over half the participants with TBI reported
neither receiving therapy nor ongoing monitoring at the time of the study.
In a different study, Leith et al. (2004) aimed to learn what individuals in four
focus groups (with persons with TBI and their families) in South Carolina perceived their
17
service needs to be, and where they experienced service gaps in the existing system of
TBI services. Persons in the study had to be at least 15 years of age and either had or
lived with someone who had incurred a TBI within the last five years. A total of 21
persons with TBI and their family members participated in the focus group sessions,
ranging from mild to severe TBI. The results of the Leith et al. (2004) qualitative study
revealed an overwhelming consensus regarding the need for: (a) An early, continuous,
and comprehensive service delivery system; (b) information and education; (c) formal
and informal advocacy; (d) resourcefulness in and empowerment of persons with TBI and
their families; and (e) human connectedness and social belonging. Persons with TBI and
families in South Carolina experienced the service system as unorganized, uneducated,
unresponsive, and uncaring. Effective strategies were needed to link services into an
ongoing continuum of TBI care, increase TBI-specific education and awareness, and
foster social re-integration.
Access to Services
Shigaki et al. (2002) focused on the ability of people with SCI, TBI, and strokes
to access health care under a Medicaid fee-for-service reimbursement model in central
Missouri. On the basis of previous research, the authors anticipated this group would
experience substantial difficulties accessing healthcare services, including rehabilitation
and psychological services. Participants included 138 individuals with SCI, BI, or stroke
(Shigaki et al., 2002). The authors sent out a survey consisting of 115 items. Participants
were asked about their insurance coverage, hospital and emergency room use, self-
18
reported health status, history of medical conditions, usual source of health care,
healthcare services they needed during the past 12 months, difficulties accessing needed
services, and whether access difficulties affected their health (Shigaki et al., 2002).
According to the results of this quantitative study, people with SCI reported the
most frequent difficulty accessing services (87%), followed by persons with BI (79%),
and stroke (65%). In a subgroup of respondents, 60% reported failure to receive at least
one service; 81% reported access difficulties affected health or daily routine. The
researchers concluded people with rehabilitation-related disabilities may experience
greater barriers to needed services than the larger population of persons with disabilities.
Shigaki et al. (2002) went on to say that dental services were the most difficult to access,
with 82% of people who needed these services reporting having difficulty or being
unable to obtain them. Other services reported as difficult to obtain included personal
care attendant services (50%), medical supplies (47%), eyeglasses (3%), durable medical
equipment (31%), physical therapy (30%), specialist provider care (27%), occupational
therapy (20%), in-home nursing (20%), speech therapy (17%), care for minor health
problems (14%), and prescribed medications (13%). Regarding psychological services,
26% of respondents who needed counseling and mental health services had difficulty
accessing them, and 29% reported difficulty obtaining therapeutic services for cognitive
problems.
Shigaki et al. (2002) also found that when respondents reported difficulty or
inability to obtain needed healthcare services, follow-up occurred to help determine why
19
(Shigaki et al., 2002). For all respondents, the most frequently cited reason was the
provider did not take Medicaid, and Medicaid did not cover the service. Other reasons
varied somewhat but most frequently included that Medicaid did not approve enough
hours, they had problems finding personal care attendants to help when needed, there was
difficulty getting appointments and/or scheduling problems, they could not afford it, and
there were transportation problems.
Sligar and Zeng (2008) evaluated website accessibility of state vocational
rehabilitation (VR) agencies who communicate with potential consumers and the public
on a variety of topics (including their mission, available services, eligibility requirements,
office locations, and outcomes) through websites. These agencies must locate consumers
to serve, employers to hire their consumers, and vendors to provide services. State VR
agencies must provide accessible information for citizens, primarily persons with
disabilities. To examine the accessibility of VR websites for persons with disabilities,
Sligar and Zeng (2008) used the automated tool “Bobby” to evaluate 80 home pages.
They found that all 80 agencies had a working website, though 34 (43%) provided no
information about the site’s accessibility. Thirty-one provided other Web accessibility
information such as a disclaimer or link to a more accessible page, and seven (9%) of the
websites did not pass the Bobby evaluation.
The primary objective of a quantitative study by Kolakowsky-Hayner (2010) was
to examine racial disparity within the state-federal vocational rehabilitation system,
among clients with BI. The Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) collects data
20
annually on rehabilitation outcomes and services provided for every person who has
applied for or received VR services, and this information is put into what is called the
RSA 911 database. The authors examined the use of the RSA 911 database.
Specifically, the analyses were conducted to evaluate possible ethnic and racial
differences in the rate of acceptance for VR services and whether or not differences exist
with regard to entry into the system. The current investigation by Kolakowsky-Hayner
(2010) used part of Aday and Anderson’s (1974) framework for the “Study of Access” to
explain racial disparity among clients with BI within the vocational rehabilitation system,
with the goal of allowing for healthcare planners and policymakers to make better
decisions regarding progress and need. Based on this framework, the investigation
focused on the characteristics of the population at-risk portion of the model, and it
attended to the constructs of predisposition, enablement, and need.
To answer the research questions set forth in this investigation by KolakowskyHayner (2010), information regarding VR acceptance, reason for closure, and
predisposing and enabling characteristic variables were collected for analysis in this
design. The authors used an RSA database to obtain data. The design included statistical
procedure, using SPSS. Then the data were analyzed using a single Exhaustive Chisquared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) analysis (Kolakowsky-Hayner, 2010).
Participants in the study included a national sample of 18,304 people, with a primary or
secondary diagnosis of brain injury, who had applied for or received VR services through
the federal/state VR program. Participants included clients from 77 rehabilitation
21
agencies throughout the Federal Rehabilitation System. There were 66.4% males and
33.6% females (Kolakowsky-Hayner, 2010). Racial and ethnic backgrounds included
15,101 Whites (82.5%), 2,607 Blacks (14.2%), 305 American Indians and Alaskan
Natives (1.7%), and 280 Asian and Pacific Islanders (1.5%), with only 7.8% of
participants of Hispanic origin. The majority of the participants had never been married,
most had completed high school, and few had received special education.
Kolakowsky-Hayner (2010) found that overall, the average age for persons with
brain injury who were not accepted for rehabilitation services was greater than persons
accepted for these services, which might show a possible age bias. The acceptance rate
was about 85% for the overall sample. Acceptance rates were similar for males and
females. White and Asian or Pacific Islander clients had higher acceptance rates than
Black and American Indian or Alaskan Native applicants. Persons of Hispanic origin had
lower acceptance rates than non-Hispanic persons. Applicants who had received special
education services had higher acceptance rates than those who had completed schooling
through the regular education system, including those with less than a high school
education, a high school education, and greater than a high school education
(Kolakowsky-Hayner, 2010). The study also found that applicants with BI who were
widowed or never married had higher acceptance rates than those who were married,
divorced, or separated. Acceptance rates for persons with and without medical insurance
coverage at the time of application were similar, and applicants referred by private and
22
public educational institutions had higher acceptance rates than those referred by all other
sources.
Because approximately 75% of persons who incur TBIs are male, the majority of
the research today is focused on men. Given the limited research existing regarding
vocational outcomes for women with TBI, the quantitative study by Bounds et al. (2003)
evaluated the vocational outcomes of individuals who sought services from a state VR
program. Given that all states provide VR services to persons with TBI who experience
vocational difficulties, the sample of persons with TBI was determined to evaluate
vocational outcomes for those with TBI, including gender differences in these outcomes.
Each participant in the study by Bounds et al. (2003) was administered a standard
neuropsychological evaluation used as part of a statewide DOR protocol. This battery
consisted of many different instruments, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence and
Memory Scales, the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, and a measure of grip
strength. Information from DVR was obtained on each participant, including: (a)
services provided by DVR, (b) work status variables at the same time as referral, (c) work
status variables at the time the case was closed, and (d) the financial cost of the case to
DVR (Bounds et al., 2003). Participants were 78 individuals with TBI from Missouri who
were provided services by the Missouri DVR. Participants were included in the study
only if they qualified for DVR services based on either a primary or secondary diagnosis
of TBI as well as completed DVR services and having a closed case. Generally
consistent with national norms, 71% of the participants were male, and 29% were female.
23
Seventy-nine percent of the participants were Caucasian, 17% were African-American,
and 4% were of other ethnicity. Bounds et al. (2003) obtained information from the
Missouri DVR, including services provided by the DVR, work status variables at the time
of referral, work status variables at the time the case was closed, and the financial cost of
the case to DVR.
Male and female participants did not differ in level of education, age, or time
since injury, but women scored higher than men on measures of written language skills,
and men scored higher on strength and fine motor speed tests (Bounds et al., 2003). The
results were interesting in that they seemed to support stereotypical beliefs about
vocational roles for men and women. Specifically, the findings indicated that a higher
percentage of men’s cases than women’s cases were rated as successful vocational
closures. In this study, Bounds et al. (2003) found that 23.6% of the men found
employment through DVR, while only 4.4% of the women did. Also, women (73.9%)
were more likely than men (56.4%) to have their case closed before services were
initiated. These studies show age and racial disparity issues still exist while receiving
services. Another issue studied is the quality of continuing care.
Pickelsimer et al. (2007) aimed to assess unmet needs of persons with TBI one
year after hospital discharge, compare perceived needs with needs based on deficits
(unrecognized needs), determine major barriers to services, and evaluate the association
of needs with satisfaction with life. Participants were 1830 individuals with TBI aged 15
years and older. Results showed that around 35% of participants reported at least one
24
unmet need, 51% had unrecognized needs, and 47% reported at least one barrier to
receiving help. Receiving help significantly increased satisfaction with life. Pickelsimer
et al. (2007) also found that participants reported wanting to return to work, looking for
work, and needing help finding work. They also reported needing special equipment,
needing improved job skills, and needing information about services.
The state of Colorado has operated a TBI surveillance system for over a decade.
The original purpose of the system was to conduct ongoing, systematic data collection to
estimate the incidence of TBI in the state. However, researchers and prevention
specialists have also used the system to identify risk factors and high-risk groups to target
prevention efforts. The primary objective of Sample, Johns, Gabella, and Langlois
(2004) was to determine the feasibility of this surveillance system to link individuals to
information and services in their communities. The study used qualitative research
methods to gather information to evaluate the potential for linking persons from the
Colorado TBI Surveillance System to information about services in their home
communities. Phone interviews were conducted with agency representatives, and the
researchers conducted two focus groups with persons with TBI and family members, with
a total of 29 participants in each focus group. Sample et al. (2004) found that participants
saw many current problems with linking persons to services and with accessing care.
The participants supported using TBI surveillance data to link persons to information and
services, offered suggestions, discussed confidentiality and consent issues, described
possible cultural competence issues, and addressed cost feasibility (Sample et al., 2004).
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Overall, persons with TBI and their family members overwhelmingly supported using the
Colorado TBI Surveillance System to link persons to services, and they found it helpful.
One major concern, however, was how to link persons not included in the surveillance
data because their TBI had happened before the surveillance system was implemented or
because their injury had not resulted in hospitalization.
Outcome Results from Longitudinal Studies
According to Thornhill et al. (2000), more than 150,000 patients with head injury
are admitted to hospitals each year in the United Kingdom. The objective of their study
was to determine the frequency of disability in young people and adults admitted to
hospitals with a head injury and to estimate the annual incidence in the community. For a
year, Thornhill et al. (2000) and research staff frequently visited each hospital to identify
young people and adults (aged 14 years or more) admitted with head injury. Children
were not studied because services for their care are separate and assessment of outcome is
more difficult than with older subjects. The researchers successfully identified 99% of
the relevant cases, which was 2,995 young people and adults admitted to hospitals with a
head injury.
Data were extracted from case records to characterize the patient and the cause of
severity of injury on arrival at the hospital. The researchers provided written information
about their study to patients or relatives and obtained their consent for participation at the
time of admission, or as soon as possible after discharge, and at further contact at three
and six months. By using standard, structured questionnaires, Thornhill et al. (2000)
26
obtained information from the patients, relatives, or caregivers by telephone interview or
postal questionnaire one year after the injury. This was supplemented by personal
interviews when additional data were needed. The authors aimed to follow up with all
patients with severe head injuries, and they successfully followed up with 549 of the 769
patients selected. The characteristics of those followed up were closely representative of
the randomly selected group (Thornhill et al., 2000). Of the clients, fewer than half were
seen in hospitals after discharge, and only 28% were reported as having received input
from rehabilitation services. Only 15% of patients had contact with social work services.
The most common contact reported for disabled survivors was with their general
practitioner (91%), but only 54% of such contacts were related to head injury.
Another study by Horn et al. (2000) aimed to determine key characteristics or
factors associated with rehabilitation participation during the first year following
discharge for persons with either TBI, SCI, IAF, or BURNS. The study consisted of
1,311 individuals drawn from a larger longitudinal study. To be included in the study,
participants had to have sustained one or more of the four injuries being studied, had an
acute care length of stay of three or more days, had been residing in and injured in
Alabama, had been discharged alive from an acute care hospital between predetermined
days, had been at least 18 years of age or older when injured, and had been participating
in scheduled follow-up interviews 12 months after discharge from the acute care setting
(Horn et al., 2000). Medical records and longitudinal survey (telephone questionnaire)
27
data were collected for persons in the four injury groups and analyzed using hierarchical
logistic regression procedures for each domain of factors.
Horn et al. (2000) found that TBI patients lacking private insurance were 2.6
times more likely to participate in vocational rehabilitation, while older SCI and TBI
patients were about twice as likely to participate in vocational rehabilitation. Those who
lacked valuable socioeconomic resources, such as private insurance for TBI and social
support systems provided by marriage for BURNS and IAF patients, were much more
likely to be referred to vocational rehabilitation. This was true for older SCI and TBI
patients as well. Horn et al. (2000) stated that lacking such resources, patients may be
viewed by referral agents as less likely to benefit from inpatient or outpatient
rehabilitation. Persons are usually more likely to need VR services when they have not
been able to get full access to other services/treatment. In the study, a higher need for
VR was not necessarily a good thing.
The purpose of a study by Shigaki, Johnstone, and Schopp (2009) was to
determine outcomes for persons with TBI in terms of employment status, income, and
public assistance received at two years after injury. Participants were individuals
enrolled in the TBI Model Systems National Data Centre (TBIMS) program at the
University of Missouri. Eighty individuals initially enrolled in the study had two-year
follow-up TBIMS data. For the current sample, vehicular accidents were the leading
cause of TBI (61%), followed by falls (20%), acts of violence (6%), pedestrian accidents
(4%), being hit by falling objects (2%), and other vehicle accidents (2%). Regarding
28
injury severity, 23 participants had GCS data from the time of admission to the ER. At
baseline, 18% of the 49 participants reporting financial data received some type of public
support (Shigaki et al., 2009). At two years post-injury, data were available for 29 of the
original 49 participants. Of these, 38% reported receiving some type of public financial
support. Preliminary examination of differences suggests, however, that more males than
females were employed at baseline (71% vs. 55%), and total private income for men was
approximately twice the amount reported by women. Shigaki et al. (2009) also found
that 18% of both males and females reported receiving public assistance at baseline. At
two-year follow-up, only 35% of men reported being employed, suggesting a steep
decline in employment. In contrast, employment among women at the two-year mark
remained fairly stable (50%).
Shigaki et al. (2009) examined earned income as another indicator of successful
employment. At baseline, 78% of the respondents reported having earned income.
Additionally, 4% reported obtaining financial assistance from family, and 4% reported
income from other private sources. At two-year follow-up, data were available for 29 of
the original subjects. Forty-one percent reported having earned income. Fourteen
percent reported financial assistance from family, and 7% reported income from other
private sources (Shigaki et al., 2009). The authors also found that at the time of injury,
68% of participants were employed while at two-year follow-up, only 38% of
participants reported being employed. At two-year follow-up, individuals with TBI
reported higher levels of employment and earned income than was previously reported
29
for one-year post-injury but continued to experience declines relative to pre-injury
baseline. Unemployment was 12% at baseline, whereas unemployment was 25% at two
years post-injury.
The purpose of a study by Gary et al. (2010) was to examine racial and ethnic
differences in employment outcomes 10 years after TBI. The study found after
considering age at injury, pre-injury employment status, and cause of injury, the odds of
being competitively employed versus not being competitively employed at 10 years postinjury were 2.4 times greater for whites as compared to minorities (Gary et al., 2010).
The minority sample in the authors’ study, on average, appeared to be surrounded by
difficult circumstances, including limited education, limited social support, low
employment, and violence at time of injury. The TBI further undermined their potential
for employment. The authors also found employment outcome for the minority group
was worse than that for the white group, even though the injuries sustained by the
minority group were actually less severe, on average, than for the white group (Gary et
al., 2010). These findings are particularly disconcerting.
Gary et al. (2010) suggested the following recommendations to help rehabilitation
professionals target specific needs of minorities with TBI and address employment
disparities found. The first recommendation was rehabilitation professionals working
with clients following TBI need to be fully aware of inequities in employment outcomes
among minorities and whites as an important first step in addressing disparities (Gary et
al., 2010). The second recommendation is to increase recruitment of minorities into
30
rehabilitation fields. Recruitment strategies for minority students by allied health
programs should focus on early exposure to rehabilitation professions and effective
outreach through summer enrichment programs, pre-matriculation, establishment of
social networks, and collaboration with historically black colleges and universities and
minority organizations. The third recommendation is that rehabilitation professionals
should incorporate culturally appropriate strategies into treatment to ensure successful
employment outcomes after injury. It appears standard approaches to vocational
rehabilitation are unlikely to be as successful with minority populations (Gary et al.,
2010). Faith-based institutions, for example, have been an important network and
healthcare resource for African Americans. Hispanic culture places a huge emphasis on
the inclusion of family, extended family, and friends within their communities in their
care and recovery (Gary et al., 2010). Rehabilitation professionals must be willing to
include these support networks for job-seeking opportunities, survival skills, job
placement, and maintenance.
Attention needs to be given to social support for the injured person, to hopefully
generate positive social encounters. Initiating work activity with volunteer positions may
also be helpful in this population to develop necessary work skills that may not have
existed prior to the trauma (Gary et al., 2010). Skills such as timeliness, responsibility,
and appropriately interacting with supervisors and coworkers could be developed. Any
population with limited work skills prior to brain injury will have difficulty benefiting
from typical vocational rehabilitation interventions. The fourth and final
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recommendation by Gary et al. (2010) was that rehabilitation professionals should
provide assistance and guidance to minorities with TBI and employers once they are
placed in employment, both in early and later phases. VR counselors and other
specialists should be involved in their clients’ progress once placed in the VR system.
However after a certain amount of time (e.g., 90 days after job placement), the case will
be considered successful and closed as rehabilitated (Gary et al., 2010). Although
minorities with TBI can successfully return to employment, many have problems with
maintaining a job once employed one to four years post-injury. Thus, rehabilitation
professions should place extra efforts in developing long-term follow-up systems for
minority clients with TBI initially placed in employment and after their case has been
successfully closed (Gary et al., 2010).
Improvements in Services
The aim of Mazurek et al. (2011) was to examine potential geographic differences
among individuals with TBI and SCI in demographics, rehabilitation services/costs, and
outcomes at one-year follow-up. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (as cited in
Mazurek et al., 2011), roughly 20% of the population lives in rural areas. Furthermore,
rural residents of all ages have a higher rate of disability than do urban residents. Access
to health care and rehabilitation services is more difficult for rural residents with
disabilities than for their urban counterparts and, therefore, it is important to more fully
examine potential geographic differences among individuals with significant disabilities.
32
A total of 152 participants with TBI from the Missouri Model Spinal Cord Injury
System were enrolled at initial acute or rehabilitation hospitalization and followed by
Mazurek et al. (2011) for one year. Measures included demographics, rehabilitative
services/costs, functional independence measure, residency at discharge, and substance
use. Data from each participant were collected and entered into a database and
participants were enrolled within one year of injury. The battery included a wide range
of health and functional measures collected at baseline and then at regular follow-up
intervals. The current study examined data collected at the time of injury through oneyear follow-up. The centers used in the study provided access to a large rural catchment
area, offering a unique opportunity for geographic comparisons (Mazurek et al., 2011).
Few differences in demographics or rehabilitation services were found when comparing
rural and urban groups, and there were no differences in one-year outcomes measured.
The results suggest that, contrary to expectations, individuals with severe disabilities in
rural areas had not necessarily experienced worse outcomes than those in urban areas,
indicating potential improvements in access to services in rural areas (Mazurek et al.,
2011). Although a large majority of the current research showed access to treatment and
services continues to be difficult and unequal, it is encouraging to see some
improvements are being made, offering us hope for the future.
Ruff (2005) discussed advances achieved over the past two decades in
understanding mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Research during the 1980s was
focused more on severe TBI but during the 1990s, MTBI received quite a bit more
33
recognition. A significant advance in the diagnosis of MTBI was achieved when the
American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM) established diagnostic criteria
for MTBI. The ACRM moved beyond the previous notion that MTBI should only be
diagnosed if the patient had sustained definite loss of consciousness (LOC). Ruff (2005)
also discussed that prior to this, most neurologists diagnosed a concussion only if LOC
was observed. The ACRM definition, supported by ongoing research, led to the
acceptance that LOC is not essential for diagnosing an MTBI and that posttraumatic
amnesia (PTA) or neurological symptoms are sufficient to render a diagnosis.
The diagnostic criteria for MTBI established by the ACRM include any period of
loss of consciousness for up to 30 minutes (which must result from external forces to the
brain and not from drug-related or psychological reaction), any loss of memory for events
immediately before and after the accident for as much as 24 hours, any alteration of
mental state at the time of accident (dazed, disoriented, or confused), and focal
neurological deficit(s) that may or may not be transient (Ruff, 2005). One year after the
ACRM definition was published, the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Health (DSM-IV) included for the first time a set of criteria proposed for
studying concussions further. It introduced three levels of severity within the MTBI
spectrum. One level corresponds with the ACRM definition, one with the DSM-IV
definition, and the third level bridges the two (Ruff, 2005). Advances in understandings
such as these show that over the past two decades, knowledge has increased in
understanding MTBI and the level of treatment people with MTBI need.
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In another study, Scherer (2005) discussed how planning assistive technologies
and other supports for individuals with cognitive disabilities requires comprehensive and
individualized assessment of current goals, past experiences with the use of technologies,
and the person’s predisposition to the use of alternative or additional supports. In this
study, prior research identified the critical needs for an assessment process that would
identify what influences the successful use of assistive technology and other supports for
people with cognitive disabilities (Scherer, 2005). Results found that components of
successful support result from a good match of device and support features, user goals
and preferences, and environmental resources. As the number of assistive technology
options increase, individualized interventions for people with cognitive disabilities will
be easier to accomplish. Ruff (2005) also points out that the key to successful and
optimal use of these products will be an appropriate and comprehensive assessment of
consumer needs and preferences and the identification of additional accommodations and
supports. Technologies forced on consumers that do not fit with their preferences or
ways of doing things have a decreased probability of use. Moreover, technologies that
minimize interactions with others or set up barriers to social activities go unused. The
question today is no longer whether or not to incorporate technology into rehabilitation,
but how best to do it.
Factors Leading to Successful Vocational Outcomes
Previous research on vocational rehabilitation after TBI suggested coaching and
other services provided following job placement are particularly important for successful
35
work re-entry for people with TBI. Hart et al. (2010) developed a measure of the type,
amount, and location of post-placement interventions. Treatment was measured
prospectively for six months after job placement for 65 people with moderate to severe
TBI, treated at five TBI Model System (TBIMS) Centers. The sample was well
educated, with 65% having attended at least some college. The majority was not only
employed at the time of injury, but they were returning to pre-injury employers. People
with TBI with more limited education and employment history may be at higher risk of
chronic unemployment post injury, but may also have difficulty accessing vocational
services (Hart et al., 2010).
Despite the stated importance of vocational re-entry after TBI and the high need
for vocational help perceived by consumers, relatively few persons with TBI get help to
find or maintain employment. Hart et al. (2010) stated that services provided after job
placement are considered particularly crucial for people with TBI. This study measured
the treatment components considered important by job coaches and other staff involved
in vocational treatment of TBI, such as the development of cognitive compensatory
strategies and counseling on emotional issues. A surprising degree of variation in the
amount and types of interventions provided to study participants was found, and in the
locations where treatments were delivered. Hart et al. (2010) also found the centers
providing less intensive treatment (and less treatment at the workplace) also tended to
serve less impaired clients much closer in time to the injury, and mostly returned them to
pre-existing jobs rather than engaging in job development. Within centers, participants
36
who demonstrated worse cognitive speed prior to job placement tended to receive more
treatment overall, and more treatment in both cognitive and emotional/interpersonal
domains. For the average client, one center provided significantly more treatment days
than two other centers. These findings suggested substantial differences and
inconsistencies among the five TBIMS centers in the amount, types, and locations of
services provided after job placement. Three-fourths of the sample group was still
working at the placement job after six months but, longitudinally, only 27% were
competitively employed at one year post-injury (Hart et al., 2010).
In a study by Wrona (2010), administrative records from the Washington State
Department of Labor and Industries (DLI) data were used to describe medical
rehabilitation services and return to work (RTW) referrals for cases over five years. The
data represented official records for disability determination and referral for VR services.
In the State of Washington, the DLI is the single payer of workers’ compensation benefits
and has responsibility for the Washington State Industrial Insurance Fund. This state
fund was created as a part of the legislation providing workers’ compensation benefits
through employers in the state (Wrona, 2010). Medical impairment ratings by body part
and function are used in the determination of permanent disability benefits. A single
instance of TBI can include several bodily injuries, some of which may be permanent and
others, temporary. All these considerations are involved in the final determination of
disability benefits. Four mutually exclusive disability levels were used in reporting
results in the Wrona (2010) study – no disability, temporary disability, permanent
37
disability, and fatal. Disabilities, whether permanent or temporary, are apparent within a
week in 93% of cases. In this study, the median referral time was three months. There
are three distinct rehabilitation trajectories – inpatient only, 26.5%; outpatient only,
54.6%; both, 13.9% of referred cases. Surgical procedures were performed during 81%
of admissions. Only 48% of nonfatal TBI injuries included a medical rehabilitation
phase. Medical rehabilitation included occupational, physical, speech, recreational, and
functional evaluations. It was also found that most hospital stays for medical therapy
ended with routine discharges.
Referrals for vocational services occurred using both RTW and VR systems in
32% of referred cases, a very low number. Given the importance of medical
rehabilitation for all cases in model treatment programs, it is puzzling that only 48% of
the treatment cohort received such services. Employment rate after referral for VR by
workers’ compensation agencies was 65%. Wrona (2010) suggested that this high level
of successful rehabilitation in workers’ compensation may be, in part, because RTW
services like work hardening, work conditioning, and supported employment can be
included in vocational interventions as long as they are instrumental in achieving the goal
of the proposed intervention.
The purpose of a study by Soeker (2012) was to describe the methodology used to
develop the Model of Occupational Self Efficacy, an occupational therapy practice model
to facilitate returning to work after a BI. Occupational Self Efficacy is a process
facilitated by the occupational therapist, encouraging building inner strength in the
38
individual with the TBI. This process enables individuals with TBI to develop a strong
personal belief they can cope with various barriers or obstacles in their lives. They
realize their autonomy by initiating tasks independently and in turn improve their selfesteem and self-confidence (Soeker, 2012). The process ultimately enables the individual
with the BI to become a capable person through actively participating in tasks, which
enhances his or her sense of accomplishment and competence in occupational roles.
Soeker (2012) used the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health (ICF) as a framework for post-acute traumatically brain-injured patients. The
most prevalent problems affecting individuals with BI in the components of Body
Functions, and Activities and Participation were identified. Problems regarding body
function included deficits with temperament and personality functions, thought functions,
sensations associated with hearing, vestibular functions, and making decisions (insight
and initiation). Problems related to activities and participation restrictions included
limitations in undertaking remunerative employment, driving, looking after one’s health,
and participating in recreation and leisure activities.
Soeker (2012) also found that successful participation in the occupational role
such as the worker role will improve his or her self-efficacy beliefs and ultimate health
status. The brain-injured individual’s medical condition and impairments should
therefore be assessed and treated to facilitate participation in purposeful occupations.
Four themes emerged during the study reflecting the experiences of people returning to
work after a BI: (a) a sense of loss of former self, (b) uncertainty about the future, (c)
39
road to acceptance and believing in yourself, and (d) participation in occupation enabling
growth. The themes contributed to the central concept called Occupational Self Efficacy
that resulted in the development of the occupational therapy practice model (Soeker,
2012). This model was designed to be utilized in hospitals, rehabilitation agencies, work,
and home environments. The model is applicable to clients who suffered a TBI classified
as mild or moderate according to the GCS and can be generalized.
The authors found that multidisciplinary rehabilitation, work screening,
transparency with employer, gradual return to work, assessment of the clients work skills,
client involvement in rehabilitation, work assessment, ergonomic accessibility and
entrepreneurship, assessment of the client’s multiple work skills, individual and family
group support as a component of returning to work intervention, fostering selfdetermination, respectful interaction, and government support for the enhancement of
one’s worker skills helped enable persons with TBI to return to work. Barriers of
returning to work included delays in administration procedures and the disability grant
process, poor networking between health professional and employer, and employer
disrespect of employee’s rights to be accommodated in the workplace (Soeker, 2012).
Soeker, Rensburg, and Travill (2011) conducted a different study and pointed out
most brain injuries occur at the time when people are aiming for vocational goals and
acquiring the skills and values needed to achieve success. Poor return-to-work rates have
been reported, specifically for patients with severe TBI. This study investigated a
comprehensive neuro-rehabilitation programme (holistic cognitive program), which
40
consists of a post-acute intensive and interdisciplinary six-week rehabilitation program.
The holistic cognitive rehabilitation program is a typical program enabling individuals
with BI to gain employment. Its three phases are holistic intervention focusing on
general strategies to aid daily living, occupational trials in vocational placement, and
support for the maintenance of employment. Supported employment programs provide
assistance with job coaches, transportation, assistive technology, specialized job training,
and tailored supervision (Soeker et al., 2011). The authors investigated these
rehabilitation programs to determine if they enable clients to return to work.
Soeker et al. (2011) identified financial challenges and travel for services are of
concern. Easy access to treatment facilities and open communication between health
officials, employers, and individuals with BI positively contributed to the participants’
return to work. Assessments in the occupational therapy department assisted participants
in determining whether they had the cognitive, physical, and psychological capacity
needed to return to their previous or alternative job. Most of the participants in this study
highlighted that the expense of treatment facilities limited their ability to access
treatment. Soeker et al. (2011) also found that regarding VR programs, the participants
believed these programs should not only focus on the assessment of the client’s work
ability but also include the use of ergonomics when designing RTW programs. An
emphasis on improving the client’s entrepreneurship skills was also made, as this would
enable clients to create their own employment opportunities if they could not find a job.
41
Participants thought a support group would be extremely helpful when designing a
rehabilitation program.
In a study by Matheson (2010), 62 adults with BI were referred for a work
capacity evaluation. Developing a clear understanding of work-relevant functional
limitations in the cognitive, emotional, and executive functions is made difficult by the
common misperception that the intelligence quotient (IQ) is a good representation of
intelligence. Past research has found IQ scores to be unrelated to the size of brain lesions
and is considered an unreliable indicator of neuropathic determination. Thus, if one takes
IQ as an indicator of brain injury, the effects of the brain damage may be missed. A more
recent term for impairment of the brain’s ability to integrate and synthesize information
and experience resulting in functional limitations evidenced as behavioral disturbances is
“dysexecutive syndrome” (Matheson, 2010).
This study showed both executive dysfunction and IQ are related to severity of
TBI, but executive dysfunction and IQ are not related to each other. Both can be affected
by BI, but the effects are relatively independent. Matheson (2010) also identified four
components of executive dysfunction found among persons with work disability due to
TBI. The neuropsychological opinion in terms of the person’s ability to shift and refocus
attention and transition to other activities, plan and organize tasks, organize material for
tasks, and monitor task performance would certainly be helpful to rehabilitation
professionals. Adding an instrument such as the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive
Functioning (BRIEF) to a standard neuropsychological test battery would position the
42
neuropsychologist to provide improved direction to rehabilitation colleagues. The
authors also found that going beyond highly structured neuropsychological tests or selfreports to assess work disability is important.
Van Velzen et al. (2011) described factors experienced by adults with moderateto-severe acquired brain injury (ABI) as either limiting or facilitating during the process
of RTW to further improve the VR process. Their sample participants included people
with moderate to severe ABI admitted to and discharged from inpatient rehabilitation.
The groups were found at a Dutch Rehabilitation Center and there was a distinction
between the three groups of people with ABI: (a) people with nontraumatic ABI who
experience mainly physical problems, (b) people with nontraumatic ABI who experience
mainly cognitive problems, and (c) people with traumatic ABI who could have
experienced both physical and cognitive problems (Van Velzen et al., 2011).
From the interviews, it became clear that most participants experienced problems
during their process of RTW. Only one subject reported hardly any problems. The
factors mentioned were both internal (e.g., impairments of the upper or lower extremities)
and external to the participants (e.g.,, lack of knowledge and support from employers,
colleagues, and specialists) (Van Velzen et al., 2011). The most commonly mentioned
limiting factor was tiredness. Participants stated they were not working or were working
fewer hours and they needed a longer time to recover than before their injury because of
tiredness. In turn, tiredness should be taken into account during the process of RTW.
43
Cantor et al. (2008) aimed to examine the relationships between post-TBI fatigue
(PTBIF) and comorbid conditions, participation in activities, quality of life, and
demographic and injury variables. The participants consisted of 223 individuals with
mild to severe TBI and 85 non-injured individuals in the control group. The authors
found that fatigue was more severe and prevalent in individuals with TBI and more
severe among women. PTBIF has significant impact on well-being and quality of life
and cannot be accounted for by comorbid conditions alone, suggesting it is related to
brain injury itself. It appears to be unrelated to demographic and injury variables other
than gender. PTBIF does not limit the quantity and frequency of participation.
Van Velzen et al. (2011) found that another commonly mentioned limiting factor
was the incomplete and slow recovery of the results of ABI. In most people the results of
the ABI will always influence their working capacity. Not all participants were able to
mention more than one facilitating factor. However, one factor was mentioned by all
participants: the will to return to work. All participants stated they really wanted to
return to work. Even those who were not able to return to work almost three years postinjury were still hoping to return to work in the future. However, Van Velzen et al.
(2011) also found those who experienced a quick and more complete recovery did return
to work. Those for whom the recovery took a long time were less successful in returning
to work. Finally, the knowledge and support of the employer, colleagues, occupational
physician, and occupational specialist played an important role for most participants.
Those participants who returned to work more often reported the will of employer and
44
colleagues to cooperate and help during and after the process of RTW as facilitating.
Those who reported a lack of assistance from employer and colleagues were less likely to
return to work. It can be important to inform and coach employers and colleagues during
the process of vocational rehabilitation to make the process as successful as possible
(Van Velzen et al., 2011). All of the different aspects of ABI and recovery should be
kept in mind during the process of vocational rehabilitation to make the outcome as
successful as possible.
Summary
In summary, the literature reviewed confirms that due to an extended
recovery period, finding and maintaining employment is an ongoing problem for persons
with brain injury (BI). Access to services and treatment for people with BI is very
important to have, but not always easy to come by. It has been found that clients and
their families experience a lack of long-term inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation, as
well as trouble accessing health care services. It has been found that acceptance rates
into rehabilitation programs were higher for White and Pacific Islander clients, those who
have received special education services, those who were widowed or never married, and
for those referred by private and public educational institutions. Results showed that
traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients lacking private insurance were 2.6 times more likely
to participate in vocational rehabilitation, while older spinal cord injury (SCI) and TBI
patients were about twice as likely to participate in vocational rehabilitation. Those who
45
lack valuable socio-economic resources and social support systems also had a higher
chance of receiving these services.
Although gaining access to services is still difficult for those with TBI, there have
been some improvements as well. It has been found that individuals with severe
disabilities in rural areas had not necessarily experienced worse outcomes than those in
urban areas, indicating potential improvements in access to services in rural areas. A
significant advance in the diagnosis and understanding of TBI has also been achieved
over the past two decades, and technology will play a huge part in the future. As the
number of assistive technology options increase, individualized interventions for people
with cognitive disabilities will be easier to accomplish. The question today is no longer
whether or not to incorporate technology into rehabilitation, but how best to do it.
Research has shown which factors best lead to successful vocational outcomes
and which ones do not. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and
Health (ICF) has been used as a framework for post-acute traumatically brain-injured
patients. The most prevalent problems that affected individuals with brain injury were
found in body functions, and activities and participation. The brain-injured individual’s
medical condition and impairments should, therefore, be assessed and treated to facilitate
their participation in purposeful occupations. It was found that multidisciplinary
rehabilitation, work screening, transparency with employer, gradual return to work,
assessment of the client’s work skills, client involvement in rehabilitation, work
assessment, ergonomic accessibility and entrepreneurship, individual and family group
46
support as a component of returning to work intervention, fostering self-determination,
respectful interaction, and government support for the enhancement of one’s worker
skills helped enable persons with TBI to return to work. Barriers of returning to work
included delays in administration procedures and the disability grant process, poor
networking between health professional and employer, and employers disrespecting
employee rights to be accommodated in the workplace. The most common limiting
factor was tiredness. Participants stated they were not working or were working fewer
hours and they needed a longer time to recover than before their injury because of the
tiredness. Tiredness should therefore be taken into account during the process of return
to work. This literature review discussed experiences of care by clients and their
families, access to services, outcome results from longitudinal studies, improvements in
services, and factors that lead to successful vocational outcomes.
47
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
While volunteering at the Mercy Outpatient Rehabilitation Center (MORC) (also
known by the Department of Rehabilitation as ‘Mercy TBI’), the author had the
opportunity to work with speech therapists, neuropsychologists, physical therapists, and
occupational therapists. The neuro-rehabilitation team also met regularly with
Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) counselors, Alta California Regional Center
(ACRC) service coordinators, and other professionals in the rehabilitation field, and it
was there that the initial motivation for the project occurred. The author was able to learn
their approach of RTW for job seekers with TBI. During a TBI Network meeting in
February 2012, a need was expressed for a BI resource directory for the whole state of
California. Rehabilitation counselors as well as other professionals are expected to know
a great deal of information, yet are provided with few resources to help in this area (L.
Eaton, B. Westre, & E. Ratinoff, personal communication, February 16, 2012). They
also said that clients do not always have an easy time accessing the services they need.
After hearing this conversation, it became clear to the author that the BI
community/rehabilitation counselors need more resources and more information on TBI.
Furthermore, because it was stated counselors do not have enough time to attend
trainings, the author would have to find a convenient way to bring this information to
them.
48
In July 2012, the author began research for relevant materials for her project.
What she found was a great deal of written training, PowerPoint presentations, lectures,
printed manuals, peer-reviewed journal articles, thesis projects, and handouts related to
rehabilitation, BI, and RTW. The author realized the information collected as individual
materials would benefit rehabilitation counselors and clients; however, she wondered
how much more this information would help counselors if all the information was
compiled in one place, such as a directory and electronic resource website.
In an attempt to find out if such a resource existed, the author spoke to Lynda
Eaton, the Client Services Liaison at the Mercy Traumatic Brain Injury Program. Ms.
Eaton explained there was not one place to find a multitude of BI resources of which she
was aware, but such a resource, especially one that would save time and provide
additional resources to what she already had, would definitely be utilized. The author
also researched for such a resource. She did not come across one in her Internet search.
The closest the author saw was a resource directory done by the Brain Injury Association
of California; the resources were mainly in Northern California, and the directory was not
as comprehensive as the author of this project intended for her directory. She checked
the Brain Injury Association of California website which carries only TBI information
and resources for Northern California, showing the author a need for such a project.
In August 2012, while preparing for the literature review section of this project,
the author researched peer-reviewed journals, library resources, EBSCO host, ERIC
databases and a variety of Internet resources. Terms used to locate resources included
49
traumatic brain injury, employment, access to resources, vocational rehabilitation
counseling, counselors, brain injury, stroke, treatment, job placement, and Department of
Rehabilitation. In addition, the author maintained structure of her project by utilizing the
Vocational Rehabilitation Counseling Masters Project Handbook. In addition to
journals, some information was gathered through websites. Studies collected and
examined varied in perspectives. Not only did they report on the lack of access to BI
resources but they also reviewed the methods rehabilitation counselors have used to help
individuals with TBI get back into the workforce. By completing the literature review,
the author became knowledgeable and aware of the need for a handbook and electronic
resource website of TBI information.
In January 2013, the author met with DOR counselors in several different offices
or by telephone and inquired about what they felt was most needed while working with
people with TBI. The author observed the underlying theme in their responses as the lack
of accessibility to available resources and the wish to know more about TBI related to
what is needed to help the individual return to work. There is an obvious lack of
knowledge on the professional’s part and lack of resource accessibility. The author
decided a handbook for counselors would also be useful so rehabilitation professionals
will know everything they need to know about BI to help the person get back to work.
The author started working on the handbook by researching general information about
BI. She came across “Understanding Brain Injury: A Guide for the Family” by the Mayo
Clinic (2008). This manual explains the causes and types of brain injury, lists the
50
behavioral changes most common among people who sustain brain injuries, and offers
simple techniques to use to help them deal with possible changes. The author found this
very useful. She also searched the web and found a guide to starting a brain injury
support group. The author also utilized information from textbooks, the Brain Injury
Association of California, and the Job Accommodation Network (2013) to compile a
useful handbook for rehabilitation counselors.
Starting in April 2013, and continuing until the completion of this project, the
author began researching and compiling web sources for the research directory. The web
sources gained for the directory were collected through a variety of search engines. The
search engines most commonly used included google.com (www.google.com) and
Google Scholar (www.scholar.google.com). Bing (www.bing.com), Info.com
(www.info.com), and others were used to maintain a variety of search results. The author
searched to find the web sources that would be utilized in the directory, searching for
resources by county. The author found this task challenging due to the fact that many
sites and web sources view were not sufficient for what the author intended for this
project. On many occasions, the web source was missing information so the author had
to call the agencies to find out more. However, using the created criteria, the author was
able to ensure the web’s sources used were current, consistent to rehabilitation literature,
accessible, comprehensive, and, most importantly, useful for individuals with TBI and
professionals who will be utilizing the website.
51
Throughout the entirety of the project, the author periodically met with Taryn
Smith and Eric Ratinoff. Mr. Ratinoff is a brain injury lawyer who first expressed the
need for the California TBI resource directory and who is helping fund this project. The
author met with Ms. Smith and Mr. Ratinoff periodically to update them on the progress
of the project and discuss what other resources could be added to the directory.
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Chapter 4
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The purpose of this project was to develop a handbook for counselors and a
resource directory (with resources throughout California) for individuals with BI, their
family, and professionals who work with BI. Appendix A is the handbook for
rehabilitation counselors and Appendix B is the resource directory of brain injury
resources in California. Primary sources of information for Chapters 1 and 2 were
obtained through Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), a social service and
rehabilitation database located on the CSUS library’s website. This author also explored
Internet resources for statistics and data. The author also went to the CSUS library to
examine journal articles, such as articles from The Journal of Head Trauma
Rehabilitation.
After the author confirmed no other comprehensive California resource directory
or handbook for counselors currently being utilized, she began the process of locating
relevant materials and resources. Most materials were located through in-depth Internet
search. The author searched by county and used key words such as traumatic brain
injury, resources, and county. As resources from other counties came up, the author
made sure to save those as well. Many resources were not relevant to the author’s search,
so it took a long time to find adequate services. Information from some agencies was
collected through conversations by phone and by pulling resources in smaller, pre-
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existing directories. With all the data and resources collected, this author began
assembling the materials and resources for both the handbook and resource directory.
The handbook is intended to provide rehabilitation counselors and other
professionals the information they need to have more knowledge on BI and the methods
that help get a person with TBI back to work. The resource directory mainly is intended
for professionals helping people with BI, but it can be utilized by clients or anyone else
looking for resources for BI. This includes family members, doctors, counselors, and
caregivers. Rehabilitation counselors can utilize the resource directory to find services to
benefit them and/or the clients with whom they work. The author intends to eventually
add all the resources from the directory onto an electronic web site to ensure greater
accessibility. It is this author’s belief that the combination of the handbook, resource
directory, and electronic resource web site will be used as a tool to educate, network, gain
skills, and present current up-to-date information to individuals with BI and those helping
them.
Recommendations
It is recommended this Master’s Project be utilized as resources to assist
counselors throughout their daily professional practice and to help clients (individuals
with BI) find the services they need. This resource directory will save counselors and
other rehabilitation professional’s time because everything they need will be in one place,
and they will be able to avoid the hassle of web searching. Counselors will be able to use
the handbook to gain knowledge of skills and strategies needed in their daily work and
54
professional practice. In addition, the handbook and directory have the potential to
provide training to counselors and other professionals.
As previously mentioned, at the completion of the project, the directory and
handbook will be put onto a website. Because the rehabilitation literature is constantly
changing, it is recommended the website be maintained and updated on a regular and
ongoing basis. The effectiveness and utility of this resource for counselors are unknown,
as the handbook and directory have yet to be distributed amongst rehabilitation
professionals. Another recommendation is that an evaluation of the handbook and
resource directory be conducted by rehabilitation counselors to learn more about its
effectiveness and any improvements that can be made. The recommendation for the use
of this resource is, that once distributed to the community, it be presented to rehabilitation
counselors at their quarterly meetings. The hope is these resources will provide a
stepping stone toward more counselor awareness and knowledge of individuals with BI,
and how to provide them with the resources and help they need to get back to work. On a
larger scale, the researcher plans to distribute this resource to agencies such as the
Department of Rehabilitation, PRIDE Industries, and to Mercy’s brain injury program so
that all professionals, clients, and family members will have the opportunity to gain
access to a resource to increase continual awareness of TBI. Lastly, assistive aids for the
person with TBI might also be further explored in the future, as these areas are very
important to the reintegration of individuals with TBI into the community at large, and
will get better as technology continues to advance.
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APPENDICES
56
APPENDIX A
Traumatic Brain Injury: A Handbook
for Counselors
57
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 58
Part I: What is a Brain Injury? ....................................................................................................... 59
-- Structure and Function of the Human Brain .............................................................................. 59
-- Types and Causes of Brain Injury .............................................................................................. 59
-- Process of Brain Injury Recovery .............................................................................................. 61
Part II: Changes after a Brain Injury .............................................................................................. 63
-- Behavior, Memory and Thinking Problems After Brain Injury ................................................. 63
-- Communication Changes after Brain Injury .............................................................................. 67
-- Perceptual Changes after Brain Injury ....................................................................................... 69
-- Emotional Changes after Brain Injury........................................................................................ 71
-- Impact of Fatigue after Brain Injury........................................................................................... 73
-- Seizures after Brain Injury ......................................................................................................... 73
-- Driving after Brain Injury .......................................................................................................... 74
Part III: Life after a Brain Injury ................................................................................................... 76
-- Going Home ............................................................................................................................... 76
-- Relationships .............................................................................................................................. 76
-- Sexuality ..................................................................................................................................... 76
-- Returning to School .................................................................................................................... 77
-- Recreation and Leisure ............................................................................................................... 78
-- Use of Alcohol and Drugs .......................................................................................................... 78
-- Activity Restrictions ................................................................................................................... 79
Part IV: Returning to Work after a Brain Injury ............................................................................ 80
-- Factors Affecting Return to Work .............................................................................................. 80
-- Functional Limitations .............................................................................................................. 80
-- Rehabilitation Outcomes ............................................................................................................ 84
-- Factors Affecting Outcome ........................................................................................................ 84
-- Vocational Rehabilitation and Placement .................................................................................. 85
-- Ticket to Work ........................................................................................................................... 86
-- Accommodations ....................................................................................................................... 87
-- A Partnership Approach ............................................................................................................. 91
Part V: How to Start a Brain Injury Support Group ...................................................................... 92
-- What is a Support Group? .......................................................................................................... 92
-- Support Group Contact Log ....................................................................................................... 94
-- The First Meeting ....................................................................................................................... 96
-- How to Keep a Group Going...................................................................................................... 96
-- Basic Guidelines for Support Groups......................................................................................... 97
-- Brain Injury Support Group Questionnaire ................................................................................ 99
-- Future of the Group .................................................................................................................. 100
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INTRODUCTION
Thousands of people with brain injury enter the workforce each year. Returning to work is a goal
that drives most survivors of brain injury through the long and difficult rehabilitation process.
However, when they finally achieve this goal they often have difficulty adjusting to workplace
expectations. Brain injury is a life-altering event affecting virtually every area of a person’s life,
including work; yet merely simple adjustments in the work environment can help the person with
a brain injury be successful on the job.
The purpose of this handbook is to help rehabilitation counselors become more familiar with
traumatic brain injury (TBI) so they can successfully help people with brain injury return to work.
This handbook covers causes and types of brain injury, types of common changes among people
who sustain brain injuries, and offers simple techniques to help them deal with the possible
changes. Also, the handbook discusses how to start a brain injury support group. The handbook
concludes with accommodations for an employee with a brain injury. The effort put forth by
rehabilitation counselors can make a tremendous difference to clients with brain injuries and their
success in the workforce.
The information in this handbook was drawn from a variety of sources. The Traumatic Brain
Injury Survivors Network Development Project (www.tbisn.org), Mayo Clinic’s “Understanding
Brain Injury: A Guide for the Family”, the book Medical, Psychosocial, and Vocational Aspects
of Disability (Brodwin, Tellez, & Brodwin, 2009), the Brain Injury Association of California, and
the Job Accommodation Network (JAN; 2014) all contributed to the information provided in this
handbook.
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Part I: What is a Brain Injury?
Structure and Function of the Human Brain
The human brain is composed of billions of nerve cells, arranged in patterns working together to
control thought, emotion, behavior, movement, and sensation. Knowing something about the
brain’s structure and function is useful for a better understanding. The brain is divided into two
halves looking nearly the same but differing in many functions. These halves are called the
cerebral hemispheres and consist of right and left hemispheres. The hemispheres are further
divided into four separate areas called lobes.
For most people, the left half of the brain controls verbal functions, including language, thought,
and memory involving words. The right half controls nonverbal functions, including the
recognition of differences in visual patterns and designs, reading maps, and enjoying music. The
right hemisphere also is involved in expressing and understanding emotions.
Although each half of the brain has distinct functions, the two parts work closely together in a
special way to control body activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body,
and the right side of the brain may cause movement problems or weakness on the left side of the
body. Specific parts of the brain control specific functions. The effect of a brain injury is partially
determined by the injury’s location.
Types and Causes of Brain Injury
What causes a traumatic brain injury?
When an outside force strikes the head, damage to the brain and skull protecting the brain may
result. The outside force could be a blow to the head caused by an automobile accident or fall.
The initial response to this trauma may vary. The injured person may feel slightly dazed or may
lose consciousness for several minutes, hours, or even days. The strength of the outside force is
important in determining how serious the injury is to the skull and brain.
Direction of the outside force is also important in determining the extent of brain injury. When
the head is struck from the front, back, or sides, the brain is quickly thrust forward and then again
backward against the inside of the skull, causing localized brain damage in the area of the initial
impact, on the opposite side of the skull, or in both places. Bleeding may occur on both sides.
This type of injury is called a coup-contrecoup injury. Localized brain injury also can be caused
by a fracture of the skull, or when an object enters the head and damages brain tissue in its path.
When the head is struck at an angle and rotates, nerve cells in many areas of the brain can be
stretched simultaneously, leading to much more widespread damage. This is known as diffuse
axonal injury, which can occur without fracture or penetration of the skull. TBI can result in a
combination of both localized and diffuse damage to the brain.
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What are other causes of brain injury?
Not all brain injuries are a result of outside forces; therefore, not all brain injuries are TBIs. A
change in flow of blood within the brain can cause brain damage. A blocked or burst blood vessel
or lack of oxygen to the brain can damage brain cells. Swelling of brain tissue after such an
occurrence can result in further damage. Strokes, aneurysms, and tumors are examples of other
causes of brain injury.
Other causes of brain injury may include:
Acquired brain injury – Refers to medical conditions occurring in the brain (usually following
birth), changing its function. Such conditions include stroke, TBI, brain hemorrhage, tumor,
anoxia, and other non-degenerative diseases of the brain.
Aneurysm – Ballooning of a weakened wall of a vein, artery, or the heart
Anoxia – Lack of oxygen to brain tissue, damaging cells
Concussion – Temporary disturbance of brain function resulting from fall or blow jarring the brain
within the skull, also called mild TBI
Contusion – Injury on the brain’s surface, similar to a bruise
Edema – Swelling caused by more-than-normal fluid in brain tissue. With pressure buildup,
edema can also result in brain cell damage and blood flow interruption
Encephalitis – Potentially life-threatening infection or inflammation of the brain
Hematoma – Pooled blood inside the brain tissue or on its surface. With pressure buildup,
hematomas can result in brain cell damage and blood flow interruption
Hemorrhage – Profuse bleeding (internal or external) caused by damage to a blood vessel
Meningitis – Infection and inflammation of central nervous system affecting membranes and
cerebrospinal fluid surrounding brain and spinal cord
Skull fracture – Break in the skull (bone that covers brain)
Stroke – Interruption of blood flow to part of the brain caused by an artery blockage, hemorrhage,
or aneurysm. Decreased blood flow results in little or no oxygen reaching brain cells
Tumor – Abnormal growth or tissue appearing normal, but with no function. The tumor may be
malignant (cancerous) or benign (non-cancerous)
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Process of Brain Injury Recovery
Recovery may be measured in weeks, months, and years and slows with the passage of time. The
effects of brain injury often are long-lasting and recovery may be incomplete. Although some
people with severe brain injuries experience only mild long-term difficulties, others may require
care or special services for the rest of their lives.
In the first few weeks after a brain injury, swelling, bleeding, or changes in brain chemistry often
affect the function of healthy brain tissue. The injured person’s eyes may remain closed and the
person might not show signs of awareness. As swelling decreases and blood flow and brain
chemistry improve, brain function usually improves. With time, the person’s eyes may open,
sleep-wake cycles may begin, and the injured person may follow commands, respond to family
members, and speak. A period of confusion and disorientation often follows, during which the
person’s ability to pay attention and learn stops and agitation, nervousness, restlessness, or
frustration may appear. Sleeping patterns may be disrupted. Overreaction to stimulation and
physical aggression may result. This stage can be disturbing for family because the person
behaves uncharacteristically.
Inconsistent behavior is also common. Some days are better than others. A person may begin to
follow a command (lift your leg, squeeze my finger) and then not demonstrate this behavior again
for a time. This stage of recovery may last days or even weeks. However, once demonstrated, a
behavior usually reappears. In this stage of recovery, try not to become anxious about inconsistent
signs of progress. Ups and downs are normal. Family and friends can help by creating a calm,
quiet environment (for example, limiting the number of people in the person’s room, turning off
the television, and dimming the lights). In addition, ask questions of the clinical nurse specialist
and others on the healthcare team responsible for keeping you accurately informed. You are
encouraged to ask questions to stay abreast of your loved one’s progress.
What happens in the brain during the later stages of recovery is not clear, but some parts of the
recovery process are slowly beginning to be understood. Recovery from brain injury does not
mean replacement of destroyed brain tissue. There is no known way for the brain to create new
cells. However, many things can occur to help restore surviving brain tissue to its best possible
function. Although the total number of brain cells does not change, it is thought that surviving
brain tissue has the capacity to gradually learn how to carry on some of the functions of destroyed
cells.
Depending on the nature of the brain injury, some people only need regular follow-up
appointments with a healthcare provider. Others receive therapy, tests, and monitoring on an
outpatient basis. Still others begin treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) or a general hospital
unit and may be transferred later to a rehabilitation unit. After they leave the hospital, therapy as
an outpatient may continue. During the early weeks after injury, treatment focuses on stabilizing
the person’s physical condition, preventing complications such as pneumonia and blood clots, and
addressing medical issues such as removing blood or other fluid buildup to reduce swelling and
pressure in the brain.
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When the healthcare team determines the person with brain injury is ready, the rehabilitation
process can begin. Rehabilitation encourages the body’s natural healing process through:
-- Stimulation and enhancing physical and thinking abilities
-- Teaching new techniques to compensate for lost physical, thinking (cognitive) and behavioral
skills
As cognitive and physical abilities progress, the focus shifts to improving attention span and
mobility; coping with memory and thinking problems; and increasing strengthening, balance, and
range of motion exercises. Community outings to practice skills learned in the hospital may be
included. How much and what rehabilitation therapy the person with brain injury receives depend
on factors such as level of awareness, other injuries such as fractures, the need for rest, and the
ability to participate in therapy.
Key Points:
-- Recovery from a brain injury is a process that takes time
-- Various treatment options and coping strategies can help life gradually feel “normal” again
-- Most adults with brain injury progress through common recovery stages
-- Length and outcome of each stage cannot be predicted
-- During recovery, a person may shift back and forth between stages
-- Inconsistency is common
-- A broad range of therapy, testing, and other treatment options are available to help people after
brain injury
-- Treatment for brain injury is tailored to meet individual needs
-- Members of the healthcare team determine when the rehabilitation process will begin
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Part II: Changes after a Brain Injury
Behavior, Memory and Thinking Problems After Brain Injury
Brain injury can disturb:
-- Alertness and concentration
-- Self-awareness
-- Perception
-- Memory and learning
-- Reasoning, planning, and problem-solving
-- Speech and language
-- Motor control
-- Emotions
The following information will help familiarize the counselor with behavior, memory, and
thinking problems a person with brain injury may experience. Also included are specific
techniques a counselor can use to help the client participate more effectively and comfortably in
the work environment. Consistent and frequent repetition of the specific techniques listed will
increase the chance of success for the client. Also, the following describes the signs/symptoms of
clients and how the rehabilitation counselor can help with those symptoms.
Confusion
Signs:
-- Confuses times/tasks in schedule of activities
-- Confuses past and present events
-- Confabulates (makes up convincing stories to fill memory gaps; not intentional lying)
What to do:
-- Encourage use of a notebook to log events and encourage the client to refer to the notebook for
details of daily events
-- Gently remind client of correct details of past and present events
-- Confirm accurate information with other people
-- Arrange for consistency in routine tasks (such as using a calendar and notebook)
-- Limit changes in daily routine
-- Provide detailed explanations of even the most basic changes in policies or procedures
Difficulty Remembering
Signs:
-- Unable to remember tasks from day to day
-- Unable to remember new information
What to do:
-- Establish structured routine of daily tasks
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-- Encourage consistent use of memory aids such as calculators and notebooks to plan, record,
and check off tasks as completed
-- Encourage person to write down new information in memory notebook
-- When client finds a job, encourage co-workers also to write down any information they may
need to provide the person
-- Encourage review and rehearsal of memory notebook information frequently throughout the
day
-- Provide opportunities for repeated practice of new information
-- Try to pair new information with things the client can recall
-- Provide spoken cues as needed for recall and, if necessary, help fill in memory gaps
Attention Problems
Signs:
-- Short attention span
-- Distractibility
-- Difficulty attending to one or more things at one time
What to do:
-- Have client focus on one task at a time
-- Be sure you have client’s attention before beginning discussion or task
-- Decrease distractions when working with person (turn off noises).
-- Praise any improvement in length of attention to activity
-- Gently refocus person’s attention to details of activity as needed
-- Keep abrupt changes to minimum
-- Ask client to repeat information just heard to be sure the conversation was followed
Difficulty with Decision Making – Poor Judgment
Signs:
-- Hesitation with decisions
-- Inappropriate and potentially harmful decisions
-- Difficulty reasoning
-- Ineffective problem solving
What to do:
-- Encourage client to “stop and think.” Many people with brain injury benefit from a note or a
stop sign on the front of their notebook reminding them to “stop and think.”
-- Help client explore various options to problems
-- Have client write down possible options in his or her notebook
-- Discuss advantages/disadvantages of each option
-- Role play to prepare discussion for various situations
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Difficulty with Initiation
Signs:
-- Has trouble getting started
-- Appears disinterested or unmotivated
What to do:
-- Help client develop structured daily routine
-- Provide specific choices for daily tasks. “Would you like to do A or B?”
-- Simplify tasks, breaking them down into simple steps; have client complete one step at a time
-- Encourage use of a notebook or calendar and set specific deadlines for tasks to be completed
-- Praise individual when getting started without assistance
-- Establish time frame in which the client is expected to accomplish tasks
Difficulty Carrying Out a Plan of Action
Signs:
-- Lack of follow-through with task
-- Difficulty in planning sequence of tasks
-- Appears disorganized
What to do:
-- Begin with small, realistic projects
-- Include client in planning the activity
-- Provide clear and detailed explanation of activity before starting
-- Break down new or complex tasks into several easier steps
-- Have client write down sequence of steps for the task
-- Ask client to repeat the task to ensure understanding
-- Encourage client to refer to his or her plan, and check off each step and task as completed
-- Repeat and explain sequence of activities as needed.
-- Allow extra time for client to complete tasks
Difficulty with Self-Control – Impulsivity or Lack of Inhibition
Signs:
-- Acts or speaks without all the information or without considering consequences
-- Impulsiveness or poor judgment
-- Inappropriate comments to or about others
-- Gets stuck on one idea
What to do:
-- Limit client’s options
-- Suggest alternatives for behavior
-- Explain reasons for tasks
-- Be fair in expectations
-- Respond immediately to inappropriate ideas but maintain discussion’s original focus
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-- Encourage client to slow down and think through tasks and responses
-- Provide verbal and nonverbal feedback in supportive way for reassurance
-- If undesired behavior occurs, discuss consequences privately in calm and confident manner
-- Praise and reward desired behavior
Impaired Self-Awareness
Signs:
-- Lack of awareness of deficits and limitations
-- Inaccurate self-image/self-perception
What to do:
-- Anticipate lack of insight
-- Prompt accurate self-statements
-- Use feedback generously in a positive way.
-- Give realistic feedback as you observe client behavior
Difficulty with Social Situations
Signs:
-- Acting or speaking without all the information or without considering consequences
-- Difficulty taking turns
-- Socially inappropriate behavior or comments
-- Not always sensitive to social boundaries
What to do:
-- Provide clear expectations for desirable behavior
-- Treat client appropriately for his or her age
-- Plan and rehearse social interactions for the client to be familiar, predictable, and consistent
-- Establish verbal and nonverbal cues to signal client to “stop and think”
-- Encourage client to slow down and think through responses
-- Prompt client to consider consequences of his or her behavior
-- Provide positive feedback for appropriate behavior
-- Encourage a break in activity when frustration is evident
-- Respond immediately to inappropriate ideas but maintain discussion’s original focus
-- If undesired behavior occurs, address behavior and consequences privately in calm and
confident manner. Be objective, explaining the behavior, not the client, is inappropriate
-- Reassure and be fair in your expectations
Difficulty Controlling Emotions
Signs:
-- Mood swings ranging from anxious to sad to angry
-- Inappropriate laughing or crying
-- Lower tolerance for frustrating situations
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What to do:
-- Expect the unexpected
-- Remain model of calm assurance and confidence if emotional outburst occurs
-- Provide feedback in a gentle supportive manner after individual regains control
-- Avoid comparing past with present behaviors
-- Gently redirect behavior to different topic or activity
-- Use humor in positive and supportive manner
-- Recognize the client may use negative comments or refusal as means of control
-- Understand brain injury often prevents individual from feeling guilt or empathy
-- Recognize your own emotional reactions to person with brain injury
Communication Changes after a Brain Injury
A brain injury can affect the way the client communicates. Difficulties with communication can
be caused by many different factors, including changes in behavior and thinking skills, problem
solving, judgment, reasoning, awareness, memory loss, and self-awareness. Language ability and
speech may also be affected by brain injury. Through language, a client receives and expresses
ideas. Language is linked to cognition (thinking ability) and involves understanding, talking,
reading, and writing. Clients with brain injury may have changes in one or many of these areas,
affecting the way they communicate. The severity and combination of problems vary from one
person to the next.
Initiating Conversation
Signs:
-- Does not respond to another person’s conversation, questions, or comments
-- Does not start, or is slow to start conversations, ask questions, or make comments
-- Leaves long pauses
-- Has difficulty explaining what he or she means
What to do:
- Encourage individual to participate. “What do you think about that?”
-- Ask open-ended questions. “Tell me about
.”
-- Give client time to organize thoughts. The client may need extra time to respond to any request
or question
-- Give individual your full attention, allowing time for him or her to complete the thought
-- Rephrase what the client said, such as “Do you mean
?”
Following Conversation
Signs:
-- Has difficulty paying attention to what is said
-- Misinterprets what is said
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What to do:
-- Get client’s attention before speaking
-- Be clear and concise
-- Reduce distractions
-- Emphasize important information
-- Offer to repeat what was said
-- Ask him or her to look at you when speaking
-- Invite client to ask questions if he or she does not understand
Taking Turns in Conversation
Signs:
-- Talks non-stop, does not give listener turn to speak
-- Does not appear to adjust communication style or behavior to the situation
What to do:
-- Politely interrupt and ask client for chance to speak
-- Ask client to please keep it brief or tell client you would like to say something
Dealing with Topics
Signs:
-- Has hard time selecting topics for conversation
-- Has hard time keeping up when topics change
-- Introduces new topic abruptly
-- Does not always stay on topic
What to do:
-- Ask about client’s interests and opinions
-- Clarify new topics as they arise
-- Ask how his or her comment relates to topic. “Do you mean
-- Tell person you are confused or “getting lost” in conversation
?”
Intelligibility
Signs:
-- Slurred speech
--Speaks too loudly or softly, making it hard to understand message
-- Speaks too rapidly
What to do:
-- Tell client you did not understand common nonverbal cues
-- Establish and use consistent gestures or cues, such as cupping your hand to your ear as a
reminder to speak
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Nonverbal Communication
Signs:
-- Does not seem to understand common nonverbal cues
-- Stands too close or too far from conversational partner(s)
-- Uncomfortable number/type of physical contacts
-- Body language does not seem to match what is said
-- Facial expressions do not seem to match what is said
-- Distracting, repetitive, or excessive body movements
-- Poor eye contact
-- Stares at others during conversation
What to do:
-- Ask the client to maintain comfortable distance
-- Politely ask individual to modify physical contacts and explain physical contacts make you feel
uncomfortable
-- Tell client you are confused by difference in body language and spoken message
-- Ask client what he or she is feeling
-- Politely ask individual to stop distracting movements
Perceptual Changes after Brain Injury
Perception is the brain’s ability to gather and make sense of information. Perceptual changes may
cause people with brain injury not to realize what they feel, see or hear, even though their senses
of touch, sight, and hearing are fine. Perceptual changes may impair the ability to judge distance,
size, position, and speed of movement. Perceptual changes following brain injury can be
temporary or permanent. The following information is intended to help identify perceptual
changes and how to adapt to them.
Unilateral Neglect
Signs:
-- Bumps into objects on affected side
-- Turns head toward unaffected side
-- Ignores food on side of plate on affected side
-- Fails to dress affected side of body
-- Forgets to bathe or attend to other hygiene tasks on affected side
-- Applies makeup only to one side of the face
-- Jabs eye on affected side when putting on glasses
What to do:
-- Ask visitors to stand on affected side to encourage person to look toward affected side
-- Position bright objects on affected side, performing this “visual cueing” only when person is
alert and not tired
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Visual Field Cut
Signs:
-- Suddenly notices objects
-- Bumps into object on affected side
-- Turns head to unaffected side
-- Cannot see food on side of plate on affected side
-- Loses track of last location on page where the person was reading or writing
-- When reading, cuts words in half and cannot be understood
What to do:
-- Remind client to look around environment, especially on affected side
-- Position bright objects or favorite things to affected side and ask client to turn head until
objects are spotted
Apraxia
Signs:
-- Uses objects incorrectly, using toothbrush, for example, to comb hair or fork to eat soup
-- Fails to follow spoken directions due to inability to understand or do what is asked, not giving
“thumbs up” sign, for example, when asked
-- Puts clothes on backward, upside-down, or inside-out
What to do:
-- Stop client from continuing task the wrong way
-- Show client what to do by demonstrating position or movement
Spatial Relations
Signs:
-- Mistakes chair location when sitting down
-- Has difficulty finding items in cluttered room
-- Has trouble using fork or spoon to pick up food from plate
-- Misjudges distance, as in missing cup when pouring coffee
-- Misjudges space between steps when going up or down stairs
-- Reaches too far or not far enough for objects
-- Stands too close or too far away from others in social situations
What to do:
-- Limit clutter: keep home drawers organized and neat
-- Keep items used often in same location
-- Provide cues with words or pictures
-- Remind that handrails should be used when available
-- Encourage using both hands to feel objects
-- Provide gentile reminders, such as asking person to move when standing too close or too far
away
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Emotional Changes after Brain Injury
A brain injury can affect brain areas controlling emotions. Common emotional problems for a
person with brain injury and suggested ways to help are as follows.
Difficulty Controlling Emotions
Signs:
-- Mood swings ranging from anxious to sad to angry
-- Inappropriate laughing or crying
-- Lower tolerance for frustrating situations
What to do:
-- Expect the unexpected
-- Remain model of calm assurance and confidence if emotional outburst occurs
-- Take client to a quiet room or area for time to calm down and regain control
-- Provide feedback gently and supportively after person regains control
-- Avoid comparing past with present behaviors
-- Gently redirect behavior to different topic or activity
-- Recognize the client may use negative comments or refusal as means of control
-- Understand brain injury often prevents individual from feeling guilt or empathy
-- Recognize your emotional reactions to the client with brain injury
Intermittent Distress (comes and goes)
Signs:
-- Unhappiness and irritability
-- Cries easily
-- Responds angrily for no apparent reason
What to do:
-- Acknowledge feelings
-- Give client chance to talk about feelings
-- Listen and express desire to understand those feelings
-- Encourage behaviors that helped cope with stress in the past
Grief
Signs:
-- Tearfulness
-- Restless sleep
-- Change in appetite
What to do:
-- Remind client grief is healthy and normal response
-- Explain coming to terms with loss of some abilities may take time
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-- Offer whatever support you can provide
-- Seek guidance from member of health-care team
Depression
Feelings of sadness, frustration, and loss are common after a brain injury. Such feelings often
appear during the later stages of recovery, when confusion decreases and self-awareness
improves. If these feelings become overwhelming or interfere with recovery, the client may be
suffering from depression. It is important for counselors to understand these feelings. Depression
can arise as the person struggles to adjust to temporary or lasting disability caused by a brain
injury. Depression also may occur if the injury affected areas of the brain controlling emotions.
Being depressed is not a sign of weakness and is not anyone’s fault. Depression is an illness; one
cannot get over depression simply by wishing it away, using more willpower, or “toughing up.”
Depression after brain injury may result from biochemical and structural changes in the brain.
Fortunately, medication and other therapies can help most people who have depression.
These are symptoms of depression:
-- Persistent sadness
-- Irritability, moodiness
-- Anxiety
-- Loss of interest or pleasure in life
-- Neglect of personal responsibilities or personal care
-- Changes in eating habits or sleeping patterns
-- Fatigue, loss of energy, lack of motivation
-- Extreme mood changes
-- Feeling helpless, worthless, or hopeless
-- Physical symptoms such as headaches or chronic pain that do not improve
-- Withdrawal from others
-- Thoughts of death or suicide
Self-esteem
Self-esteem is a person’s assessment of self-worth and is often adversely affected by brain injury.
A problem may be more significant if the person with brain injury has had a mild to moderate
injury or a severe injury with good self-awareness. The more aware the person with brain injury
is, the more likely are changes in self-esteem.
What to do:
-- Focus on positives
-- Allow client to express feelings
-- When necessary, redirect conversation to positive or neutral thoughts
-- Express concern and desire to understand client’s feelings
-- Point out the client’s successes, even partial successes
-- Encourage as much independence as possible
-- Do not criticize
-- Give caring, realistic feedback
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-- Help client plan ahead to maximize opportunities for success
-- Choose activities and tasks the client can successfully complete
Impact of Fatigue after Brain Injury
How does fatigue impact employment?
An often-overlooked element of recovery from brain injury is fatigue, which may result from
brain injury itself and other injuries associated with brain injury. Because activities that once
were performed with little or no effort may now require great amounts of energy, a person with
brain injury may experience an overwhelming sense of tiredness. This fatigue may directly
impact work performance by making physical functioning, attention, concentration, memory, and
communication more difficult.
When a person with brain injury returns to work, knowing how much he or she should do and for
how long is difficult. Many individuals return to work with little understanding of how their brain
injury will affect work performance. They may try to return too quickly and take on too much
responsibility too soon. When this happens, despite dedicated effort, the client’s attempt may
prove unsuccessful. To provide the greatest chance for success, many employees return to their
former positions with medical restrictions, given to reduce fatigue and improve chances for a
successful return to work. Restrictions may include a temporary reduction in working hours and
workload. Often restrictions are accompanied by guidelines for gradually increasing work hours
and responsibilities.
In time, a client’s stamina and energy level likely will improve and work hours and
responsibilities may be increased. However, during this transitional time, employers and
employees often become frustrated with the gradual pace and shift in responsibility. It is
important to remember this is just one step in the recovery process for a person with brain injury.
A supportive work environment with open communication between employee and supervisor will
go a long way to promote healthy performance gains and reduce employment setbacks.
Seizures after Brain Injury
Post-traumatic epilepsy (seizures) is a medical condition that may occur after brain injury.
Seizures can be caused by a sudden, excessive, disorderly electrical discharge of brain cell
activity. The risk of ongoing seizures is related to the severity and characteristics of the injury.
The risk seems to be greatest in the first two years after brain injury and then gradually declines.
Up to 10% of people with TBI have ongoing seizures. The two types of seizures that may occur
after brain injury are generalized (grand mal, tonic/clonic) and partial (partial complex and simple
partial) seizures.
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Generalized Seizures
Grand mal, tonic/clonic seizures usually involve involuntary jerking or shaking of most or all four
limbs, unresponsiveness, and loss of bladder control. Most seizures are self-limited and last only
a few minutes. The person may cry out, stiffen and fall, have jerking movements, turn flushed or
blue, and have difficulty breathing. Try to remain calm and take the following steps:
1. Make sure the person is in a safe area and put something soft under the head if the person
has fallen
2. Loosen tight clothing such as necktie or belt and remove glasses
3. Clear away any hazardous objects nearby
4. Place person on his or her side keeping chin away from chest to allow drainage of saliva
from mouth
5. Do not force fingers or any object into person’s mouth
6. Do not restrain the person as you cannot stop the seizure
After the seizure, the person usually will be temporarily confused and drowsy. Do not offer any
food, drink or medication until the person is fully awake. Someone should stay with the person
until he or she has fully recovered. Check for a medical identification tag on a bracelet or
necklace. Until a set seizure-free interval has been maintained (usually six months to one year),
driving privileges are restricted by state law. During this time, extreme caution should be taken if
the employee will be working around heavy or dangerous equipment.
Partial Seizures
Partial complex seizures may involve loss of awareness, inappropriate verbal response,
purposeless movement, starting or repetitive chewing, swallowing, or lip-smacking motions.
Simple partial seizures are an involuntary jerking or shaking of one part of the body without loss
of consciousness. These may spread to other body parts and become generalized. Follow the same
procedures as above to handle this situation.
Medical assistance generally is not necessary when partial seizures occur except when one
seizure follows another in a continuous series or when a partial seizure develops into a
generalized seizure and the person is not recovering.
Driving after Brain Injury
A person with a brain injury may have physical, thinking, perceptual, or vision impairments, or
seizures making driving unsafe. Driving laws vary from state to state. In some cases, the person
with brain injury may be required to pass written and behind-the-wheel driving examinations
before resuming driving. The privilege of driving may be restricted or revoked temporarily, or in
some cases even permanently. Talk with your loved one’s health-care provider if you have
questions about his or her driving ability.
People with brain injury are responsible for their decision to drive and for any consequences that
may result. In addition, the same problems that make driving unsafe can also make other
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activities unsafe for individuals with brain injury. An example of another potentially unsafe
activity is operating power equipment.
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Part III: Life after a Brain Injury
Illness or injury to a client affects the whole family and those helping them, including
rehabilitation counselors. If the illness is chronic, family roles, routines, and responsibilities may
be interrupted or changed. Take a few minutes to identify how the roles in the client’s family
have changed. What new responsibilities has he or she added to their daily routine? How have the
changes affected the client’s life? It is important for counselors to consider changes in the client’s
life and how that will affect him or her. Family support and relationships play a huge role in the
client’s life after a brain injury.
Going Home
The process of rehabilitation begins in the hospital and continues at home. Outpatient therapy
usually lasts considerably longer than inpatient therapy. Members of the health-care team will
develop rehabilitation goals optimizing abilities of the person with brain injury. Having realistic
goals and expectations of you as a professional and the client with a brain injury is important
throughout the recovery process. Be available to help the client and family with adjustments to
life at home after a brain injury.
Relationships
The family of the client with a brain injury may need to provide, in addition to physical care,
companionship and emotional support for their loved one. Caregivers also may have many other
responsibilities, including employment outside the home and caring for the home and children.
Being a caregiver can be overwhelming, and suddenly being cared for can be hard for the client.
Rehabilitation counselors should be available as support during this transition.
Appropriate community-based social support can help lessen stress and loneliness for both
caregivers and client. Many community-based social support groups and centers for independent
living can help make connections with other people with similar concerns and needs, and
rehabilitation counselors can make referrals to these groups.
Sexuality
After a brain injury, the ability to appropriately express learned behaviors may be lost. The adult
with brain injury may not understand when it is appropriate to kiss, hug, and touch other people.
Talking about feelings with a member of the rehabilitation team or someone he or she trusts may
help the client. Although discussing sexual matters at first may feel uncomfortable, rehabilitation
team members are expected to counsel the client on these feelings. The goals of rehabilitation for
the person with brain injury include independence, self-reliance, and healthy personal
relationships. The ability to develop and maintain social relationships is one of the most
important measures of successful rehabilitation. Therefore, recognizing and discussing concerns
about love and sex are important. Rehabilitation counselors are one of many resources for support
in addressing sexual issues and concerns.
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Returning to School
For children and teenagers, returning to school is important for social and educational growth. At
school, in addition to learning, young people find friends and peer support and develop social
skills. School also provides a place to monitor children’s intellectual and social growth.
Sometimes the effects of a brain injury are not initially apparent in young children but become
more noticeable later when thinking and social demands increase at school. School systems have
special programs to help students with disabilities return to school. Most schools have trained
special educators. However, not all special educators are familiar with the needs of people with
brain injury.
In some states, a brain injury educational consultant is available through the Office of Special
Education. This consultant will help special educators in local schools to assess and provide
services to students with brain injuries. If someone who specializes in education after brain injury
is not available through the school system, members of the rehabilitation team often consult with
schools and help local educators develop an educational plan to meet the injured student’s
academic needs.
For those returning to high school and college, developing specific accommodations can help the
person with brain injury be successful in school. In most colleges, an office for students with
disabilities assists in assuring that teachers provide such accommodations.
Some common accommodations to assist learning are:
-- Extra time for tests to compensate for slowed thinking or information processing
--Tests given privately in distraction-free environment to accommodate difficulties with attention,
concentration, and increased distractibility
--Placement in classrooms with less noise and distractions
--Tape-recording lectures to compensate for attention, concentration and memory problems
--Access to teachers’ or peers’ class notes to compensate for difficulty in dividing attention
between listening to lecture and taking notes
--Assignments provided in writing to compensate for memory and concentration problems
--Providing a place to rest or take breaks to compensate for fatigue and increasing frustration
--Tutoring with peer or professional
In many cases, parents and family members become advocates who assure that the student with
brain injury receives the necessary services to successfully return to school. Parents and family
members also serve as go-betweens to make sure rehabilitation professionals and school
personnel meet to develop a plan for successful return to school. Members of the brain
rehabilitation team are prepared to assist parents and families in these efforts and to acquaint
them with resources available through the school system and state government.
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Recreation and Leisure
Participation in meaningful leisure experiences is essential to the recovery of the person with a
brain injury. Most people naturally select activities they enjoy and help them meet some basic
needs.
People with brain injuries may face barriers to experiencing this kind of fulfillment,
including:
-- Attitude (some people may not realize the importance of leisure activities)
-- Physical disability (they may no longer be able to enjoy the activities they once did)
-- Lack of cognitive skills (skills needed to participate in some activities such as attention,
concentration, initiation, planning, and problem solving may be impaired)
-- Interruption of social and /or language skills
-- Lack of knowledge (some may not know how to engage in certain leisure activities or how to
adapt them so they can participate)
Rehabilitation counselors and families can help by:
-- Helping the person identify leisure interests
-- Assisting with structuring time and daily schedules so leisure balances with necessary tasks and
activities
-- Planning ahead for recreation to keep life interesting
-- Investigating community resources (city parks/recreation departments, libraries, churches, and
other avenues for leisure options)
Through leisure, basic human needs are met, including:
-- Feeling good about themselves
-- Being part of a group
-- Experiencing success
-- Laughing and having fun (reducing stress)
-- Developing useful skills
-- Developing friendships
-- Strengthening social relationships
Use of Alcohol and Drugs
A brain injury can affect how people think and manage emotions. If a person with brain injury
drinks excessive alcohol, or uses illicit drugs or prescription drugs in excess, the substances can
further interfere with thought processes and result in serious damage to cells and nerves in the
brain. Consequently, the effects of brain injury worsen. Counselors and family members play an
important role in helping the person with a brain injury comply with physician recommendations
about using alcohol and drugs.
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To provide support, the client’s support team must:
-- Help motivate the person to lead an alcohol-free and drug-free lifestyle
-- Rehearse ways to avoid or react differently to such situations so that future abuse can be
prevented
Alcohol and drugs can trigger seizures and disturb:
-- Alertness and concentration
-- Self-awareness
-- Perception
-- Memory and learning
-- Reasoning, planning, and problem-solving
-- Judgment
-- Speech and language
-- Motor control
-- Emotions
-- Social interactions or social behavior
-- Motivation
Rehabilitation professionals strongly recommend that a person with brain injury avoid drugs or
medications if recommended by a physician, including alcohol and cigarettes. A rehabilitation
psychologist, social worker, or chemical dependency specialist can help assess whether a drug or
alcohol problem exists.
Activity Restrictions
For safety, the health-care team may recommend activity restrictions. Avoiding additional brain
injury is especially important. When to return to certain activities will depend on the health-care
provider’s recommendations and factors such as the person’s balance, strength, reaction time, and
judgment. The health-care provider may recommend the person not participate for a time in
contact sports such as football or hockey or other activities that risk another brain injury, such as
driving, using power equipment, climbing, rollerblading, downhill skiing, snowmobiling, or
riding a bicycle or horse.
For safety, be sure the person:
-- Follows activity restrictions specified by the healthcare provider
-- Is encouraged to wear a helmet if participating in sports or activities for which a helmet is
available
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Part IV: Returning to Work after Brain Injury
Can a person return to work after a brain injury? The answer depends on the person and the extent
of the injury. A brain injury can cause many changes in behavior, emotions, communication, and
thinking skills. Keeping a job may be difficult, even the same job held prior to the injury.
Regardless of whether the person with a brain injury returns to work, discovering how best to use
talents will make life more rewarding. Paid employment or volunteer or leisure activities may be
options. Work plays a major role in most people’s lives. Work provides a sense of achievement,
recognition, responsibility, financial independence, social interaction, and structure. Those who
return to work after brain injury are generally healthier and have a higher self-esteem than those
who do not.
Factors Affecting Return to Work
Returning to work after a brain injury depends on:
-- Availability of jobs
-- Health
-- Desire to work
-- Physical abilities
-- Ability to adjust to changes
-- Social and behavioral abilities such as control of behaviors and getting along with co-workers
-- Thinking and problem-solving abilities
-- Self-awareness of deficits and limitations
-- Vocational interests and capabilities
-- Willingness to receive further training
-- Willingness of employer to adapt the job or workplace to the injured person
Some state agencies can help people with disabilities reach their vocational goals, with a major
role played by the rehabilitation counselor. The agencies’ services may include physical and
vocational evaluations, training, help with assistive devices, transportation, and finding jobs. The
client works with the rehabilitation team to determine what employment is the best fit for him or
her. Returning to work after a brain injury can be challenging and rewarding. Interests, aptitudes,
and financial options must be considered. The rehabilitation team will make every effort to help
the injured person regain or develop the job skills needed.
Functional Limitations
The brain is such a crucial organ performing a wide variety of necessary functions, and injury to
the brain causes a host of deficits. No one survivor is likely to exhibit all the functional
limitations described below. Severity of injury and location of injury vary, as do resulting
cognitive deficits. Even the number of locations of injury and severity at those locations are not
necessarily determinative of functional outcome. Impairment of life processes related to deficits
also depends on the client’s personal lifestyle and career demands. The description of deficits
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below is helpful in understanding potential consequences of TBI; each client must be assessed for
the particular injuries and resulting deficits.
Physical – Balance difficulties, fatigue, pain, hemiparesis, uneven gait, ataxia, apraxia, decreased
motor speed, seizure disorders, sensory deficits
Cognitive – Impairments in attention/concentration, memory, visual or auditory perceptual
processing, verbal reasoning, critical thinking/logic, language, awareness
Psychosocial – Personality changes, emotional lability, flat affect, depression, substance abuse,
frustration intolerance, impulsivity/dis-inhibition, lack of initiative
Physical
Traumatic events such as automotive accidents and falls may result in physical impairments such
as immobility caused by bone fractures), unrelated to the brain. There also may be physical
consequences resulting directly from the brain injury, as described below:
Balance: Many people have difficulty with balance and coordination immediately following
injury. In some, dizziness and unsteadiness are permanent conditions. Special retraining programs
exist for these problems.
Fatigue: For several reasons, extreme mental and physical fatigue is common after TBI, as are
sleep disorders. It has been found that over half of patients with mild to severe TBI reported
insomnia symptoms. Tasks formerly easy may become far more mentally challenging and,
consequently, physically exhausting. Four hours of concentrated activity, for example, may
necessitate several hours of rest. Some persons are poor at judging their physical limitations and
struggle to gradually ease into school and work patterns without taking on too many
responsibilities.
Pain: Individuals with TBI frequently report headaches and may have sensitivity to pain. Those
with concussions often have neck and back pain and require ergonomically correct workstations
to reduce pain.
Hemiparesis: As each side of the body is controlled by the opposite side of the brain, injury to the
motor strip of one hemisphere affects movements on the opposite side of the body. For example,
the left side of the body may be paralyzed because the right hemisphere was injured. Although a
leg or arm may not itself be injured, the brain may not be able to control that leg or arm properly,
resulting in dysfunctions of movement.
Other Disorders of Movement: Any permanent impairment of movement caused by the inability
of the brain to control the extremities. The individual experiences impaired gait, ataxia (jerky
movements), apraxia (uncontrolled movements), muscle spasticity, tremors, and impaired small
motor control.
Decreased Motor Speed: Many people feel as though they are moving in slow motion. Their brain
signals travel at a slower pace; all tasks take longer. These individuals appear to have a few
seconds’ delay between when they decide to move and carry out the planned action.
Seizure Activity (Traumatic Epilepsy): Following TBI, recurrent seizures are possible (17% of all
cases). Most of those who experience seizures have their first seizure within 24 hours of injury.
Usually, seizures are controllable with anti-convulsive medication. For the rare individual,
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however, continuing seizures may provide the greatest obstacle to rehabilitation and, in some
cases, cognitive skills progressively decline after each seizure.
Cognitive
Repeated mild TBIs occurring over an extended period (i.e., months and even years) can result in
cumulative neurological and cognitive deficits, while repeated mild TBIs occurring within a short
period (i.e., hours, days or weeks) can be catastrophic or fetal. People with TBI are likely to need
assistance to perform activities of daily living. TBI can cause epilepsy and increases the risk for
conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other disorders affecting the
brain. Cognitive deficits are divided into some common classification that draws exclusively
upon a single, distinct skill. Almost every activity involves two or more of the cognitive skills
described below:
Attention/Concentration and Arousal: Some persons with TBI find it difficult to focus attention
and maintain attention on a task. Persons may have difficulty becoming sufficiently aroused (i.e.,
alert) to focus on a specific activity, and may have a shortened attention span for activities that
should capture their concentration. Some may be unable to shift mental tasks (alternation
attention) or follow multi-step directions. Many tasks involve divided attention, such as driving,
requiring a person to concentrate on steering while also obeying speed limits, monitoring other
drivers, and perhaps navigating a new route, all while listening to the radio and having a
conversation. Not surprisingly, driving is often impossible after TBI.
Memory: Television shows and movies about persons with TBI usually depict memory loss as the
chief cognitive deficit of TBI. These media depictions are misleading both in their narrow focus
on memory loss and their dramatizing the type of memory loss that occurs. While memory loss
among persons with TBI is common, the type of loss depicted in the media (where the person
awakens from a coma and needs to be informed about events that have occurred) is uncommon.
Retrospective amnesia (long-term memory loss), the inability to remember all that happened
before the injury, seldom occurs. Far more common is anterograde amnesia (short-term memory
loss). For example, many persons cannot remember new information, such as what they had for
breakfast that same morning. Individuals may have prospective amnesia (inability to remember
future plans). Some persons cannot keep track of their appointments, remember where to write
the appointments, and remember to look at the planning guide with regular frequency. Intensive
training may be necessary to establish what will become vital organizational habits.
Perception/Visual Processing: Some persons have problems with spatial orientation. They get lost
in a parking lot, going home or to work, or even in their own home environment. These
individuals can lose the ability to deal with smaller-scale spatial relations as well. For example,
they may find themselves unable to figure out which container is an appropriate size for storing
leftovers or may have difficulty wrapping gifts. They struggle with visual field cuts, in which a
large portion of their visual field is missing. Consequently, persons with TBI have to learn
techniques to take in whole fields of information.
Sensory Deficits: Other sensory deficits include visual processing difficulties (e.g., neglect of one
side of the visual field), photosensitivity (sensitivity to light), loss of hearing, and loss of the
senses of smell or taste.
Verbal Reasoning: Many persons have problems understanding conversations. They cannot
identify the main idea of written or spoken communication, distinguish relevant from irrelevant
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details, detect similarities and differences, or understand analogies. They struggle to organize
ideas, important papers, and their lives. Many have difficulty paying bills, even if sufficient funds
are available, because of organizational or comprehension difficulties.
Critical Thinking/Logic: One individual with TBI might declare an inability to return to work
despite having received a medical clearance. Another may attempt to return to work without
recognizing the presence of severe cognitive deficits. Judgment and the ability to process
information accurately with consistency and speed can be impaired. Inability to make decisions is
an additional area of impairment.
Language: It is common for persons with TBI to have communicative disturbances (aphasia),
which can take several forms. Individuals may have difficulty expressing thoughts (expressive
aphasia), such as having word-finding problems. One might say, “that thing you write with” to
communicate the word “pen.” Other speech problems stem from physical impairments including
unclear speech when the person has decreased control of the muscles in lips, tongue, and jaw or
because he or she has developed poor breathing patterns. The individual may produce excess
saliva that gets in the way of clear speech. Dysarthria, where motor function interferes with
correct formation of sounds, produces slurred speech, extremely difficult to understand. In
addition, some persons have problems understanding others (receptive aphasia). They have
difficulty understanding expressions or signs other people use or find they are unable to
understand meanings of words. For example, some cannot discern humor or anger from a
person’s tone of voice.
Unawareness: Anosognosia is failure to recognize one’s own impairment. Three factors have
been found to underlie lack of awareness of deficit following TBI: (a) diminished awareness of
deficits secondary to impaired cognition, especially memory and reasoning deficits; (b)
psychological reaction and denial of deficits; and (c) a relatively “pure” inability to recognize
areas of impaired functioning as a direct consequence of brain injury. Self-awareness is most
impaired for activities that have a significant cognitive and socioeconomic component, and is
least impaired for basic activities of daily living. Self-awareness improves significantly during the
first year after injury.
Psychosocial
Various psychological, behavioral, and emotional changes are common following TBI. The most
frequent Axis I diagnoses are major depression and select anxiety disorders. Rates of resolution
are similar for individuals regardless of their previous psychiatric histories. Major depression and
substance abuse disorders are more likely to be a result of TBI than anxiety disorders. These
conditions and others of a psychosocial nature are discussed below.
Personality Changes: TBI frequently exacerbates negative pre-injury personality characteristics.
Someone with a short temper now has angry emotional outbursts. One adult daughter said of her
father after his TBI, “He’s Dad, just more Dad.” A man who was formerly self-confident is now
annoyingly arrogant and critical of others. Conversely, family members often report that the shy
have become outgoing, and vice versa. A common complaint of family members after TBI is that
the survivor has become intensely egocentric. It may become impossible for a conversation to
occur without the survivor turning it into a conversation about self.
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Emotional Lability: Heightened emotional responses or reactions are common. Some feel unable
to control mood swings from moment to moment. They laugh or cry for no apparent reason and at
inappropriate times.
Flat Affect: Some survivors show complete lack of emotions. For example, they report a sense of
puzzlement they neither feel elation at happy times nor anxiety in stressful times. The individual
may have a rational awareness that emotion is warranted in a given situation yet be incapable of
feeling or expressing emotions.
Depression: Major depression is present in about 40% of individuals who were hospitalized for
TBI. TBI may be accompanied by loss of defining personality traits, career, status, income,
relationships, or feelings of competency. It is understandable that depression is a risk for any
person aware of all these losses. Persons with TBI have a high divorce rate, lose many of their
friends, and suffer family estrangements. They discover that, after the initial burst of rapid
rehabilitation gains following their awakening from coma, progress levels off. Some deficits are
temporary while others are permanent. Consequences of TBI have emotional costs not only for
the person injured but also for families. Persistent and high levels of emotional distress, including
depression and anxiety, have been documented in family members as well as the client.
Decreased Frustration Tolerance: After TBI, persons may become frustrated more easily than
before their injuries. They may realize particular tasks on which they are working seem
elementary. They could competently perform the activities before injury, yet post-injury they are
unable to perform them or with their former ease. They may have to depend on substantial
compensatory strategies to do many activities they once performed readily. Under either
circumstance, they behave inappropriately or aggressively. Some struggle with increased
irritability and impatience, have reduced tolerance to stress, and are inflexible.
Impulsivity/Disinhibition: We all have many thoughts each day we do not express, or urges on
which we do not act. The frontal lobes within the brain keep us from acting on these ideas.
Without this check system, people with TBI may ask inappropriate personal questions of coworkers, make inappropriate sexual advances, touch others inappropriately, act in an unsuitable
aggressive manner, or make prejudicial and racist remarks.
Lack of Initiative: Some individuals with brain injury lack initiative, even if they once possessed
it. This effect, like impulsivity/disinhibition, is common with frontal lobe injuries. Such persons
may be content to watch television all day and respond to most stimuli with apathy.
Other Emotional Responses: Sometimes TBI survivors experience sexual difficulties, denial of
disability, anxiety, agitation, anger, isolation, and dependence. They may be unable or unwilling
to assume responsibility for their actions
Rehabilitation Outcomes
It is difficult to know when an individual has reached maximum recovery and improvement.
Many physicians believe the outer limits for continued functional improvement are between six
months and one to two years following TBI. Nonetheless, cognitive retraining has produced
successes as long as 20 years post-injury. Findings indicate outcomes over the first five years
following discharge from inpatient rehabilitation programs are dynamic, with most improvements
seen during the first two years.
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Factors Affecting Outcome
A variety of factors affect outcome. Severity of injury is the strongest predictor of recovery.
Professionals working with TBI survivors measure severity of injury using several methods. First,
TBI experts use length of coma to predict outcomes. According to studies, the longer the coma,
the worse the outcome. Second, duration of post-traumatic amnesia is used to predict outcomes.
The longer it takes to start remembering daily events, the more negative the outcome.
Unfortunately, some people never regain ability to remember daily events.
Age correlates positively with outcomes. Among adults, the older a person is at time of injury, the
worse the outcome. Consequences of TBI worsen with age and severity of brain injury.
Researchers have determined that a higher pre-injury educational level correlates with better
outcomes. Most persons with TBI have difficulty learning new information but a good portion of
pre-injury knowledge and skills can be left intact. Persons well educated before injury frequently
need to learn new ways to organize and access their previous knowledge and cognitive skills. A
final predictor of good outcome is pre-injury work history. Those with poor work histories before
their injuries are likely to have even greater problems post-injury.
Vocational Rehabilitation and Placement
Outcomes after TBI vary widely. Some with TBI recover fully and return to their former routines.
Others are able to learn compensatory strategies and to perform modified versions of their former
routines; others retrain for new occupations. Still others require structured work settings or find
volunteer positions. Unfortunately, some return home to nonproductive lives.
For some with severe brain injuries, it seems clear a reasonable rehabilitation long-term goal is
supported employment or volunteer work designed to increase life activity. Others with TBI are
able to return to some form of work. Supported employment programs have been addressed, and
promoting the effective use of compensatory strategies at the job site for individuals with TBI
(through supported employment programs) has been shown to be effective. This approach has
three main components: (a) assessment of residual skills, (b) identification of potentially effective
compensatory strategies through situational assessment, and (c) incorporation of compensatory
strategies into on-the-job training. Self-awareness is essential for succeeding in employment.
Characteristics of supported employment able to promote a successful return to work include:
community placement and integration, competitive hiring and wages, zero exclusion policy,
holistic assessment, emphasis on choice and job matching, intervention after placement, coworker and employer education, long-term follow along, job completion guarantee, and intensive
ongoing analysis of program outcomes.
A number of projects over the last 20 years have shown that supported employment services can
make a dramatic difference for people with TBI to get and keep jobs. However, funding for
supported employment services is often not available, because many people in the U.S. do not
understand TBI. People fail to appreciate that TBI weakens people's skills and that, for the price
of relatively inexpensive supported employment services, people with TBI can be given the boost
they need to get work and contribute to society in ways that more than offset the cost of these
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services.
Because the disability is not visible and often misunderstood, the employer and the TBI survivor
must cooperate to work out appropriate accommodations. The employee may need written
instructions from the employer or may need to be assigned only one or a few tasks at a time. The
employer must know the employee’s strengths and limitations. For example, a mechanic may still
be able to diagnose what is wrong with an automotive engine by listening to it and observing its
functioning, even though the person can no longer reassemble the engine after diagnosing and
fixing the problem part. An attorney might be able to assist with legal strategizing, but unable to
remember what steps were taken or which forms were filed with the court. Persons who process
information slowly take longer to perform assigned tasks. Some employers can work around this
deficit but not if impulsivity makes accuracy poor. In turn, persons with TBI need to be trained to
work more slowly when accuracy is essential.
Individuals whose TBI has caused them to lose their inhibitions often struggle to return to work
successfully. Most jobs require working with others. Impulsive sexual remarks, racial slurs, and
low frustration tolerance are not the characteristics of those who succeed in most employment
contexts. While employers can usually work around many memory and other cognitive problems,
they are rarely willing to deal with obnoxious behavior. Job coaching helps in these situations.
Some persons with TBI require this type of support permanently to retain employment.
State Vocational Rehabilitation Services
Each state has an agency to help people with disabilities find work. These state Vocational
Rehabilitation (VR) services have different names in different states. All are funded in part by the
federal and state governments. People disabled by TBI are entitled to apply for VR. In California,
the California Department of Rehabilitation and the VA’s Vocational Rehabilitation and
Employment (VR&E) are the most common VRs used by individuals with brain injury. The first
obstacle clients must overcome in accessing state VR services is that the individuals must have
severe enough disabilities to require services. State VR agencies are required to serve people with
the most severe disabilities first. VR agencies may have order of selection criteria to make sure
they serve those with the most need. If a question about severity of disability interferes with
accessing VR services, evaluations by a rehabilitation specialist and neuropsychologist are
usually helpful in proving impairments resulting from BI are severe and extensive enough to meet
criteria for admission to VR services. Once they are qualified for services, VR counselors with
experience working with people with BI best serve people this population. Experienced
counselors know and use a number of special procedures critical for success in VR with people
with BI. The person with brain injury, their significant others, or other advocates will need to help
the VR counselor understand the special needs of people with brain injury.
Ticket to Work
The Ticket to Work and Self-Sufficiency Program is an employment program for people with
disabilities interested in going to work. The Ticket program is part of the Ticket to Work and
Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, legislation designed to remove many of the barriers
that previously influenced people’s decisions about going to work because of concerns over
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losing healthcare coverage. The Ticket to Work goal is to increase opportunities and choices for
Social Security disability beneficiaries to obtain employment, vocational rehabilitation (VR), and
other support services for employment. Under this program, the Social Security Administration
(SSA) provides disability beneficiaries with a Ticket for use to obtain employment services from
organizations called Employment Networks (ENs). The Ticket represents fees to an EN for
services. The Ticket program is flexible and voluntary. SSA beneficiaries are not mandated to
participate. In most cases, ENs can choose which services they want to provide, and to whom.
Beneficiaries receiving Tickets can contact one or more ENs to discuss services. Once an
agreement between beneficiary and EN is reached, the two work together to develop a plan to
help the beneficiary reach his or her employment goal. The beneficiary can assign the Ticket to
whatever agency he or she chooses.
Each state has a Benefits Planning, Assistance, and Outreach (BPAO) program that helps Social
Security beneficiaries with disabilities make informed choices about work. The BPAO programs
provide work incentives planning and assistance. Another offshoot of the Ticket program is a new
service, called Ticket to Hire, developed with the Department of Labor to help employers locate
and recruit skilled employment candidates with disabilities. Ticket to Hire is a free national
referral service for employers to recruit workers from the Ticket to Work program.
Accommodations
Employers are required by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to provide reasonable
accommodations to help any employee with a disability achieve vocational success. A job
accommodation is an adjustment or modification of a job, job site, or manner of performing a job.
The accommodation may help a person with disabilities to better perform essential job functions,
increase productivity, or be independent in completing tasks. This can be a simple and
inexpensive process. One such accommodation for a worker with a brain injury could be
providing the person with a notebook to write down important information to compensate for
memory deficits. The Job Accommodation Network (JAN) discusses accommodations and ADA
compliances for brain injuries. The following is information provided by JAN:
Are TBI disabilities under the ADA?
The ADA does not list medical conditions that constitute disabilities. Instead, the ADA has a
general definition of disability that each person must meet. Therefore, some people with TBIs
will have a disability under the ADA and some will not. A person has a disability if he/she has a
physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a record
of such an impairment, or is regarded as having an impairment.
Are employees (or applicants) with TBIs required to disclose their disability to their
employers?
No. Employees need only disclose their disability if/when they need an accommodation to
perform the essential functions of the job. Applicants never have to disclose a disability on a job
application or in the job interview unless they need an accommodation to assist them in the
application or interview process.
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Can an employer ask an employee with TBI to submit to a medical examination?
Yes, if the need for the medical examination is job-related and consistent with business necessity.
Pre-job offer medical examinations or inquiries are illegal under the ADA. People with brain
injuries (or any disability) do not have to submit to a medical exam or answer any medical
questions until after they have been conditionally offered a job.
Accommodating Employees with TBIs
People with TBIs may develop some of the limitations discussed below, but seldom develop all.
The degree of limitation will vary among individuals. Be aware not all people with TBIs will
need accommodations to perform their jobs and many others may only need a few. The following
is only a sample of possibilities available. Numerous other accommodation solutions may exist.
Questions to Consider:
1. What limitations is the employee with a TBI experiencing?
2. How do these limitations affect the employee and the employee’s job performance?
3. What specific job tasks are problematic as a result of these limitations?
4. What accommodations are available to reduce or eliminate these problems? Are all possible
resources being used to determine possible accommodations?
5. Has the employee with a TBI been consulted regarding possible accommodations?
6. Once accommodations are in place, would it be useful to meet with the employee with a TBI to
evaluate the effectiveness of the accommodations and to determine whether additional
accommodations are needed?
7. Do supervisory personnel and employees need training regarding TBIs?
Physical Limitations:
• Install ramps, handrails, and provide handicap parking spaces
• Install lever-style door handles
• Clear travel pathways of unnecessary equipment and furniture
Visual Problems:
•
•
•
•
•
Provide written information in large print
Change fluorescent lights to high-intensity white lights
Increase natural lighting
Provide a glare guard for computer monitors
Consult a vision specialist particularly with someone who has lost part of or all vision
Maintaining Stamina During the Workday:
• Permit flexible scheduling; allow longer or more frequent work breaks
• Provide additional time to learn new responsibilities
• Provide self-paced workload
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Provide backup coverage for when the employee needs to take breaks
Allow for time off for counseling
Allow for use of supportive employment and job coaches
Allow employee to work from home during part of the day
Provide for job-sharing opportunities
Allow part-time work schedules
Maintaining Concentration:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Reduce distractions in work area
Provide space enclosures or private office
Allow for use of white noise or environmental sound machines
Allow employee to play soothing music using cassette player and headset
Increase natural lighting or provide full spectrum lighting
Reduce clutter in employee’s work environment
Plan for uninterrupted work time
Divide large assignments into smaller tasks and steps
Restructure job to include only essential functions
Difficulty Staying Organized and Meeting Deadlines:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Make daily TO-DO lists and check items off as they are completed
Use several calendars to mark meetings and deadlines
Remind employee of important deadlines via memos or e-mail or weekly supervision
Use watch or pager with timer capability
Use electronic organizers
Divide large assignments into smaller tasks and steps
Assign a mentor to assist employee in determining goals and provide daily guidance
Schedule weekly meetings with supervisor, manager, or mentor to determine if goals are being
met
Memory Deficits:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Allow employee to tape-record meetings
Provide typewritten minutes of each meeting
Use notebooks, calendars, or sticky notes to record information for easy retrieval
Provide written as well as verbal instructions
Allow additional training time
Provide written checklists and use color-coding to help identify items
Post instructions close to frequently used equipment
Problem-Solving Deficits:
• Provide picture diagrams of problem-solving techniques, e.g., flow charts
• Restructure the job to include only essential functions
• Assign a supervisor, manager, or mentor when employee has questions
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Working Effectively with Supervisors:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Provide positive praise and reinforcement
Provide written job instructions
Write clear expectations of responsibilities and consequences of not meeting them
Allow for open communication with managers and supervisors
Establish written long-term and short-term goals
Develop strategies to deal with problems before they arise
Provide written work agreements
Develop a procedure to evaluate effectiveness of accommodation
Difficulty Handling Stress and Emotions:
•
•
•
•
•
Provide praise and positive reinforcement
Refer to counseling and employee assistance programs
Allow telephone calls during work hours to doctors and others for needed support
Provide sensitivity training to coworkers
Allow the employee to take a break as part of a stress management plan
Attendance Issues:
•
•
•
•
Provide flexible leave for health problems
Provide a self-paced workload and flexible hours
Allow employee to work from home
Provide part-time work schedule
Issues of Change:
• Recognize that a change in office environment or of supervisors may be difficult for a person
with a brain injury
• Maintain open channels of communication between the employee and new and old supervisor
to ensure an effective transition
• Provide weekly or monthly meetings with employee to discuss workplace issues and
production levels
Numerous products can be used to accommodate people with limitations. JAN's Searchable
Online Accommodation Resource (SOAR) at http://askjan.org/soar is designed to let users
explore various accommodation options. Many product vendor lists are accessible through this
system and, upon request, JAN provides the lists and many more that are unavailable on the Web
site. Contact JAN directly with any specific accommodation situations, or are looking for
products, need vendor information, or seek a referral.
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A Partnership Approach
Problems of thinking and behavior can emerge as a result of brain injury. It is important to
recognize and understand the source of these problems is the injury to specific parts of the brain.
After experiencing brain injury, a person may feel a loss of control in many aspects of life. This
person may feel inferior or unequal in work situations. When working with a person with a brain
injury, it is important to emphasize a partnership approach to negotiating thinking and behavior
problems. This means acting as partners in the decision-making process by working together to
determine how to solve a problem. The rehabilitation counselor and the client can work together
as partners by following these tips:
1. Prepare plan of action
-- The counselor should involve the person with brain injury in planning
-- Define responsibilities in writing
-- Use compensation tools such as calendars and notebooks through the planning phase
2. Keep it simple
-- Break the task into small steps. Clarify the responsibilities of both counselor and client,
and what is expected from each to complete tasks
-- Keep the environment free of distractions. In an office setting, counselor and client
should meet in a quiet room with phones turned off and free of interruptions
3. Use problem-solving format
-- Recognize there is a problem
-- Define the problem
-- Decide on possible solutions to the problem
-- Weigh advantages and disadvantages of each possible solution
-- Pick solution based on most effective methods for brain injury
-- Try solution
-- Evaluate success of the solution
-- Try another solution if the first is not working
4. Maintain open communication
-- Discuss performance and job expectations
-- Evaluate performance and provide gentle, realistic comments about behavior
-- Identify successes and address areas of concern or problems directly without delay
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Part V: How to Start a Brain Injury Support Group
The Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors Network Development Project. Project STAR at Charlotte
Institute of Rehabilitation, Tacoma Brain Injury Support Group and People First of Washington
(www.tbisn.org) developed a guide to start a local brain injury support group. The mission of the
Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors Network Development Project is to create groups for those with
TBIs. They are to credit for the following information on how to start a TBI support group.
What is a Support Group?
A support group offers the opportunity to share information and support one another in an
environment of empathy and understanding. Often the best solutions can be found from others in
like situations. Difficulties and emotions can be discussed freely without judgment and new
friendships can be forged. After an illness or injury, getting on with life is often not as simple as
one would imagine, especially if that injury or illness leaves the individual with lifelong
impairments. This is especially true with brain injury. Both the individual and family often
struggle to adjust to the life changes resulting from the brain injury. Getting information and
services can often be a maze of confusing and conflicting situations, which can lead to frustration.
Rehabilitation counselors can start a support group for their clients, to provide a much needed
service to the client with brain injury (www.tbisn.org).
It is not uncommon for friends to disengage and extended family to become less involved in dayto-day activities. The family and individual with the injury can become more and more isolated.
As social contacts dwindle, so does the opportunity to interact with others. Few outlets exist for
dealing with the emotional aspects of lifestyle changes created by the illness or injury. Questions
often remain unanswered, and the feeling of being alone in the situation intensifies. Individuals
often want education or would like to educate others about brain injury. Rehabilitation counselors
most often hold support groups at their place of work. Support group members can work together
to educate the community on brain injury issues (www.tbisn.org).
Does our community need a support group? If so, how do I start one?
The first step in forming a support group is to determine the need. A need is present when two or
more persons would benefit from sharing information and empathy. Almost everyone knows or
knows of someone who has sustained a brain injury. Ask friends and relatives if they know of
persons who may be interested. See if any clients would benefit from a support group. Once you
have compiled a list of people who may be interested in the support group, contact the persons
you have learned about or ask that they contact you. If even one other person expresses interest,
you have established a need.
With the need established, and the first few participants lined up, you are well on your way to
becoming an active support group and it is time to start putting the elements in place to make the
group a reality. It is important to remember that support groups vary from one to another. Each
group will form its own unique characteristics as it takes shape, so encourage others to offer ideas
and perspectives (www.tbisn.org).
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Finding a location for the support group meetings: Where do we look?
Finding a location for the group to meet is the next step in forming the support group. While
estimating what participation level your group will reach is impossible, it is best to assume that
participation will grow. Finding a location that will accommodate growth is important. Usually,
finding a facility or organization that will offer free meeting space is not difficult. Wheelchair
accessibility and being easy to locate are also important factors to consider. If the group is
facilitated by a rehabilitation counselor, Department of Rehabilitation or Veterans Affairs offices
are good locations for support groups (www.tbisn.org).
How do we let people know about the support group?
One of the most important steps in the process of starting a group is to identify ways to get the
information to those who may be interested. Following are some suggestions to help advertise
your support group. Contact other counselors and staff in the rehabilitation field to see if they
know people who would benefit from the support group, and have the counselor refer them. The
facilitator needs to decide if he or she wants the group to consist of only clients or have it open to
the public. If the counselor wants the group open to the public, professionals in the intent area
should be notified to start a support group. Professionals can include physicians, therapists,
nursing agencies, health and human service providers, and organizations. You can contact these
professionals by writing a letter and stating the intent to establish the support group, the purpose
of the group, and location of meetings, if that has been determined. Ask that they refer any
patients who may benefit from the group. Again, be sure to include complete contact information
(www.tbisn.org).
Organization is important at this stage. Create a list from all of the contacts you receive so when
the first meeting is scheduled you can contact those who expressed interest. Start a mailing and
phone contact list you can add to as you receive calls from those who are interested. The
following page presents a sample contact log. When a person who is interested in the group
contacts you, ask questions to help you understand any specific needs of the caller, such as what
meeting times would be best, special interest information and their needs. Make sure the contact
information is complete so you can contact them (www.tbisn.org).
Get your groups involved in the community. Do such things as food drives; helping the elderly
several times a year, and cleaning a park. Get other community groups to network with yours. Try
to have a web presence, as a lot of people find things through the web. An online social network
is a great way for people to connect. Be creative. One of the most important things to have a
fulfilling life is to be involved in meaningful activities, which is the most important benefit the
group facilitator offers in helping clients and their families build their life back or maintain their
life. Facilitators also help the client in finding a new job (www.tbisn.org).
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Support Group Contact Log
Name:
________________________________
Address:
______________________________
City/State: ______________ Zip: ________
Email:
________________________________
I would like to help organize the group:
Other information:
Name:
________________________________
Address:
______________________________
City/State: ______________ Zip: ________
Email:
________________________________
I would like to help organize the group:
Other information:
Name:
________________________________
Address:
______________________________
City/State: _______________Zip: ________
Email:
________________________________
I would like to help organize the group:
Other information:
Home phone: __________________________
Cell phone: ____________________________
Preferred meeting schedule:
Day: ______________ Time: _____________
Interest:
Special interest:
______________________________________
Home phone: __________________________
Cell phone: ____________________________
Preferred meeting schedule:
Day: ______________ Time: _____________
Interest:
Special interest:
______________________________________
Home phone: __________________________
Cell phone: ____________________________
Preferred meeting schedule:
Day: ______________ Time: _____________
Interest:
Special interest:
______________________________________
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Name:
________________________________
Address:
______________________________
City/State: ______________ Zip: ________
Email:
________________________________
I would like to help organize the group:
Other information:
Home phone: __________________________
Cell phone: ____________________________
Preferred meeting schedule:
Day: ______________ Time: _____________
Interest:
Special interest:
______________________________________
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The First Meeting
How should it be conducted?
The first meeting should be informational, allowing for introductions of the individuals who
attend and exploring participants’ needs. Note that a support group will be defined by the
dynamics of the individual members. As the organizer or facilitator, you will need to take notes
and listen carefully to ideas and issues discussed. This will help you steer future meetings toward
fulfilling those needs. Allow the group to develop naturally to meet the needs of the participants.
As primary organizer, be prepared to lead and facilitate the meeting (www.tbisn.org).
How to Keep a Group Going
The following tips are helpful when organizing the group:
--As people arrive, ask them to sign the sign-in sheet and introduce fist-time visitors to group
members. This will encourage conversation.
--Nametags should be used so that you will be able to address each person by name when talking
or making introductions. Nametags also encourage group members to become acquainted and
create a sense of belonging, essential in a support group.
--Have any handouts or materials prepared in advance of the meeting. They can be placed on each
seat in advance so early arrivals can review them. Note that you are drawing together strangers
and each person has a different comfort zone. Some will socialize immediately while others will
sit quietly and look through any available materials.
--Open the meeting by introducing yourself to the group, presenting a brief personal overview. It
is appropriate and necessary that you share openly and honestly whatever life situations led you
to start the group. This may serve as an icebreaker and make those in the group more comfortable
in sharing their stories. Group participants need to feel comfortable sharing their information with
each other. Ask that the information shared within the group be treated as private and
confidential. Some individuals will feel more comfortable sharing information if they understand
it will not be discussed outside the meeting.
--Ask each participant to briefly share his/her story with the group if they wish. Do not pressure
those who seem reluctant to share information, as they must be allowed to participate within their
own comfort zone.
--Ten to 15 minutes before the scheduled end time, start bringing the meeting to a close. Thank
the group for sharing, give your contact information to each person, and make sure everyone has
placed their contact information on the sign-in sheet. Give the group the date, time, and location
for the next meeting if one has been planned and remind them that the information on the sign-in
sheet will be used to notify people of the next meeting.
--Be prepared for some to become emotional. This may be the first opportunity some have had to
share their experiences after brain injury. Allow time for composure if individuals become
emotional and tearful. Available tissues are recommended. Each person should be given a chance
to speak. Allow others to empathize with the emotional participant and then guide the meeting
back to the agenda. After the first meeting it is not necessary for each group member to share
his/her story.
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--After those attending have shared their stories, start to develop group goals and establish what
the people who are present hope to gain from attending the group. This can be determined by a
combination of questionnaire and discussion. Many issues are similar, while some may have
unusual and specific needs. It is important to include all issues, even those applicable only to one
person. Inclusion makes a support group successful.
Basic Guidelines for Support Groups
Members provide each other with various types of help, usually nonprofessional and nonmaterial.
The help may take the form of providing and evaluating relevant information, relating personal
experiences, listening to and accepting others’ experiences, providing understanding, and
establishing social networks.
1. Confidentiality - Everything shared in the group is confidential, not to leave the room. The
group needs to develop this trust
2. Don't Give Advice - Group is to share feelings and experiences but not unsolicited advice
except in problem-solving exercise
3. Responsibility - All members share responsibility to make the group work; it is their group
and will always go the direction that each individual group decides
4. Acceptance - Group accepts members as they are and avoids making judgments
5. One Speaker at a Time - Groups are most beneficial when all participants have the
opportunity to share and discuss individual issues or concerns. Members must be mindful of
limited time and give each person enough time to speak without interruptions
6. Giving Attention - Members will give supportive attention to the person who is speaking and
avoid side conversations, unless the group is divided into smaller groups. Everyone must get a
voice and the group must respect each others’ opinions whether they agree with them or not
7. Avoid Interruptions – If interruption is necessary, return conversation to the person who was
speaking
8. Sharing - Sharing is encouraged, but not required. If someone says, “pass,” you move on, no
questions asked.
9. Questions - Group members have the right to ask questions and to refuse to answer
10. Try to be in the Present - Members try to be aware of their own feelings and talk about what
is present rather than what life was like in the past
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11. Discussion - Group does not discuss group members who are not present; exceptions would
be an emergency or a party for that person
12. Begin and End on Time - Meeting will begin and end on time, leaving time for socialization
at the end
13. Create Socialization Opportunities – Be creative and find out what your group wants to do
and do it; have fun in your communities
14. Community Involvement – Creating opportunities for survivors to give back to their
community is important
15. Advocacy – Each year your group chooses issues that are important and formally address
them with letters, emails, phone calls, and face-to-face with lawmakers
16. Educational Component - Based on what your group has voted on, seek paid and unpaid
professionals to bring them the specific information
17. Requirements to be an Officer – Must be a survivor of a brain injury. People without brain
injury can be on the board but cannot hold an officer position. Officers have veto power on any
vote. The officers must vote, and the vote is decided by the majority
Support groups can provide benefits and the following key results:










Emotional healing comes when people interact with other people
Sharing similar experiences helps members feel less alone and more ready to deal with
day-to-day issues
Encouragement comes from learning about how others conquered situations similar to
theirs
Contribution helps support group members feel meaningful
Education results from exposure to information and personal experiences in a group.
Socialization occurs when connections with people are made and confidence in social
skills develops when appropriate interaction occurs in support groups.
Self-expression, as emotions are experienced and released, creates greater understanding
of oneself
Confidence-building results as members take responsibility for the work of the group and
see progress with plans they made
Safety, in the environment of a confidential, supportive, nonjudgmental group, allows for
honest disclosure and sharing common difficulties
Sense of growth occurs as long-term members see new participants and reminisce about
where they began and how far they came in their personal journey
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Brain Injury Support Group Questionnaire
Name: (optional) _______________________ Phone number: ______________
Address: _________________________ City/State: ______________ Zip:_ __
u feel are the most frustrating things that you are currently dealing with?
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. Do you feel services for individuals with brain injury are adequate?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3. Are you and your family getting the services you need?
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
4. What do you hope to gain from participating in a support group?
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
5. What type of speakers or other information would most benefit you?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
6. Do you feel that the time and location of the meeting is convenient?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
7. Would you be interested in helping lead the group or helping with future meetings
and events?
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Comments:
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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Future of the Group
If you put the basics of this guide into action, you now have a functioning support group within
your community. As your efforts reach others and your group grows, it is important to remember
the principal reason for the support group. A support group offers the opportunity to share
information and support one another in an environment of empathy and understanding. The best
solutions to problems can often be found from others in like situations. Difficulties and emotions
can be discussed freely without judgment and new friendships can be forged (www.tbisn.org).
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APPENDIX B
Traumatic Brain Injury: A Comprehensive
California Resource Directory
102
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 104
County Name
Page
Alameda County .......................................................................................................................... 105
Alpine County .............................................................................................................................. 113
Amador County............................................................................................................................ 113
Butte County ................................................................................................................................ 113
Calaveras County ......................................................................................................................... 115
Colusa County.............................................................................................................................. 115
Contra Costa County .................................................................................................................... 116
Del Norte County ......................................................................................................................... 120
El Dorado County ........................................................................................................................ 121
Fresno County .............................................................................................................................. 122
Glenn County ............................................................................................................................... 125
Humboldt County ........................................................................................................................ 126
Imperial County ........................................................................................................................... 128
Inyo County ................................................................................................................................. 129
Kern County ................................................................................................................................. 129
Kings County ............................................................................................................................... 131
Lake County ................................................................................................................................. 131
Lassen County.............................................................................................................................. 132
Los Angeles County..................................................................................................................... 133
Madera County ............................................................................................................................ 144
Marin County ............................................................................................................................... 144
Mariposa County.......................................................................................................................... 147
Mendocino County....................................................................................................................... 147
Merced County ............................................................................................................................ 149
Modoc County ............................................................................................................................. 150
Mono County ............................................................................................................................... 151
Monterey County ......................................................................................................................... 151
Napa County ................................................................................................................................ 153
Nevada County ............................................................................................................................ 155
Orange County ............................................................................................................................. 156
Placer County ............................................................................................................................... 161
Plumas County ............................................................................................................................. 163
Riverside County ......................................................................................................................... 165
Sacramento County ...................................................................................................................... 167
San Benito County ....................................................................................................................... 172
103
San Bernardino County ................................................................................................................ 173
San Diego County ........................................................................................................................ 176
San Francisco County .................................................................................................................. 180
San Joaquin County ..................................................................................................................... 185
San Luis Obispo County .............................................................................................................. 186
San Mateo County ....................................................................................................................... 188
Santa Barbara County .................................................................................................................. 191
Santa Clara County ...................................................................................................................... 194
Santa Cruz County ....................................................................................................................... 204
Shasta County .............................................................................................................................. 206
Sierra County ............................................................................................................................... 208
Siskiyou County ........................................................................................................................... 209
Solano County.............................................................................................................................. 210
Sonoma County............................................................................................................................ 213
Stanislaus County ........................................................................................................................ 215
Sutter County ............................................................................................................................... 216
Tehama County ............................................................................................................................ 217
Trinity County.............................................................................................................................. 218
Tulare County .............................................................................................................................. 219
Tuolumne County ........................................................................................................................ 220
Ventura County ............................................................................................................................ 221
Yolo County ................................................................................................................................. 224
Yuba County ................................................................................................................................ 225
Additional Resources ................................................................................................................... 226
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INTRODUCTION
The author chose to do a traumatic brain injury (TBI) resource directory for the entire state of
California because a directory has yet to be done that covers this much area. The author chose to
separate resources by county so the reader can first look for services in the area in which they
live. Then if what they need is not in their county, readers can look at nearby counties to find the
resources they need. This is done in the hope that individuals with TBI get the help they need to
live independent and fulfilling lives.
Resources from this directory, as well as other useful information about TBI, will be available on
a website after the completion of this project. The website will be continuously updated with
more resources in order for counselors and those with TBI to have up to date information at all
times. To access this website, please visit www.braininjurysupportcenter.com.
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Alameda
Access Ability Medical Equipment and Supplies
5627 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 324
Pleasanton, CA 94588
Phone: (925) 225-1121
Access Ability Medical Equipment and Supplies offers a full-service facility with various kinds
of adaptive equipment for use by people with disabilities including scooter lifts and carriers, hand
controls, vehicle platform lifts, and other driving aids.
Access Options, Inc.
41545 Albrae Street
Fremont, CA 95438
Phone: (408) 734-5438
http://www.accessoptions.com
Access Options is dedicated to increasing mobility for persons with disabilities by improving
access in several areas. They provide a wide range of services to eliminate architectural and
transportation barriers.
AC Transit
1600 Franklin Street
Oakland, CA 94612
Phone: (510) 891-4706
http://www.actransit.org
AC Transit provides wheelchair accessible bus services throughout Alameda. East Bay
Paratransit provides services for people with disabilities who are unable to use the regular bus
services throughout Alameda County. Dial 511and then say “AC Transit” to speak with a person
about route information including time points, destinations, or trip planning.
Alta Bates Summit Medical Center – Brain Injury Life Skills Support Group
2001 Dwight Way
Berkeley, CA 94704
Phone: (510) 204-4411
http://www.altabatessummit.org/community/braininjury.html
The Brain Injury Life Skills Program provides post-acute services for individuals with brain
injury (and their caregivers) to make adjustments in their interpersonal relationships, job
performance, and academic achievement. The program is comprised of three groups – two for
brain injury and one for caregivers and family.
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Bay Area Outreach & Recreation
3075 Adeline Street, Suite 155
Berkeley, CA 94703
Phone: (510) 849-4663
http://www.borp.org
Bay Area Outreach & Recreation (BORP) is a non-profit organization working to improve the
health, independence, and social integration of people with physical disabilities through sports,
fitness, and recreation programs. Programs include adaptive cycling, adventures and outings,
adult wheelchair basketball, a fitness studio, power soccer, veterans’ outreach, and youth sports.
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
P.O. Box 12688
Oakland, CA 94604
http://www.bart.gov
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) provides transportation services for the general public
throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. BART trains run through Alameda County, Contra
Costa County, San Francisco County, and San Mateo County. BART also offers a rider’s guide
with information on access for people with disabilities.
Berkeley Commission on Disability
1901 Hearst Avenue
Berkeley, CA 94704
Phone: (510) 981-6346
http://www.cityofberkeley.info/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=11374
The Berkeley Commission on Disability’s goal is to actively promote the total integration and
participation of persons with disabilities into all areas of economic, political, and community life.
Membership shall be made up primarily of persons who have disabilities. Meetings are held at
the North Berkeley Senior Center.
Berkeley Paratransit Services
1901 Hearst Avenue
Berkeley, CA 94704
Phone: (510) 981-7269
http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/ContentDisplay.aspx?id=3992
Berkeley Paratransit Services assists persons with disabilities and those 70 years of age or over by
providing four programs that enhance their access to different transportation services. The four
programs are Taxi Scrip Program, Wheelchair-Van Program, East Bay Paratransit Tickets, and
Medical Return Trip Improvement Program.
Center for Accessible Technology
3075 Adeline Street, Suite 220
Berkeley, CA 94703
Phone: (510) 841-3224
http://www.CFORAT.org
The Center for Accessible Technology (CforAT) provides access to computers and technology
for people with disabilities. They do this so children with disabilities can succeed in school, so
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adults with disabilities can find (and keep) jobs, and so all people with disabilities can use the
Internet and email and benefit from the digital revolution. CforAT also provides businessconsulting services to corporations, libraries, and government entities. They provide assistance
on creating accessible websites and have users with disabilities test products and services.
Center for Independent Living (Berkeley)
3075 Adeline Street, Suite 100
Berkeley, CA 94703
Phone: (510) 841-4776
http://www.cilberkeley.org/index.html
The Center for Independent Living (CIL) provides services, support, and advocacy to enhance the
rights and abilities of people with disabilities to actively participate in their communities and to
live self-determined lives. Programs at CIL include the four core services of Independent Living
Centers identified by CIL consumers as important to their increasing independence: Peer
Counseling, Systems Change, Independent Living Skills Training, and Information and Referral.
Additional services include Assistive Technology consultation and training, employment
services, and youth services. Please call for information on the CIL location in Oakland.
Chabot College – Disabled Student Resource Center
25555 Hesperian Boulevard
Hayward, CA 94545
Phone: (510) 723-6725
http://www.chabotcollege.edu/dsrc/
The Disabled Student Resource Center (DSRC) at Chabot College serves the needs of students
with a variety of disabilities including physical, communicative, psychological, and/or learning
disabilities. The counseling staff provides academic, career, personal, and crisis counseling and
assists students with successful transition to and beyond college. They provide academic
assessment, Student Educational Plans, and referrals for diagnostic evaluations (which help meet
Department of Rehabilitation requirements). The DSPS staff also assists with academic
accommodations based on individual student needs (such as additional testing time for students
with disabilities), community resources (such as special transportation services), and has a High
Tech Center that includes adaptive computer equipment.
Ciddio-Morris Associates, Inc.
1611 Telegraph Avenue, Suite 808
Oakland, CA 94612
Phone: (510) 208-7100
http://www.ciddiomorris.com
Ciddio-Morris Associates is a leading provider of vocationally related services. They strive to
provide the most efficient and effective services to their customers, being aware of costs.
Services include expert witness services, return to work services (disability management
services), essential function job analyses, vocational assessment, planning and counseling for
persons with barriers to employment, career counseling, assessment, outplacement services, and
job placement assistance.
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College of Alameda – Programs and Services for Students with Disabilities
555 Ralph Appezzato Memorial Parkway Avenue
Alameda, CA 94501
Phone: (510) 748-2326
http://alameda.peralta.edu/dsps
Programs and Services for Students with Disabilities (DSPS) offers academic advising,
counseling, diagnostic testing, access to assistive technology, and other academic
accommodations. It is important to meet with a DSPS counselor each semester to review
progress and arrange for classroom accommodations.
Community Resources for Independent Living (Fremont)
39155 Liberty Street, Suite A100
Fremont, CA 94538
Phone: (510) 794-5735
http://crilhayward.org/
Community Resources for Independent Living (CRIL) is a disability resource organization
that advocates and provides resources for people with disabilities to improve lives and
make communities fully accessible. CRIL offers independent living services at no charge
to persons with disabilities living in Alameda County. To become a CRIL consumer, an
individual must have a disability or functional limitation and be able to benefit from
independent-living services. CRIL is also a resource for disability awareness education
and training, advocacy, and technical advice. Please call for information on CRIL
locations in Hayward and Livermore.
Department of Rehabilitation (Greater East Bay District)
1485 Civic Court, Suite 1100
Concord, CA 94520
Phone: (925) 602-3953
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Please call for DOR locations in Berkeley,
Fremont, and Oakland.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life's challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
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Eden Medical Center Stroke & Brain Injury Rehabilitation
20103 Lake Chabot Rd.
Castro Valley, CA
Phone: (510) 889-5064
http://www.edenmedicalcenter.org/pmr.html
Through an array of inpatient and outpatient services, Eden Medical Center assists patients in
achieving the highest level of rehabilitation possible. Eden Medical Center’s Rehabilitation
Services is committed to restoring function to patients with problems ranging from simple
mobility issues to complex cognitive concerns. Eden Hospital holds a Stroke Support Group the
fourth Tuesday of the month at 7pm. It is held in the Castro Valley Room. If interested in the
support group, contact Sylvia Dawson CCC, (510) 880-5064 ext. 525.
Frank D. Penney Personal Injury Lawyer
1300 Clay Street, Suite 600
Oakland, CA 94612
Phone: (510) 962-4610
http://www.oakland-personal-injury.com/oakland-lawyer.aspx
The Law Offices of Frank D. Penney were established with one vision in mind: Providing justice
for personal injury victims and their loved ones. This firm has over a decade’s worth of
experience in personal injury law and aims to improve the lives of clients.
Head Injury Law
180 Grand Avenue, Suite 935
Oakland, CA 94612
Phone: (510) 272-0657
http://www.headinjurylaw.com
Harvey Hyman refers clients to the right lawyer: a lawyer who devotes his or her legal career to
helping survivors of TBI win justice and fair compensation in court against the wrongdoer who
injured them. He refers clients at no charge and makes sure they are matched with the perfect
lawyer for their case.
Laney College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
900 Fallon Street
Oakland, CA 94607
Phone: (510) 464-3428
http://www.laney.edu/wp/dsps/
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) determines and provides required academic
accommodations for students with disabilities. Use of services is voluntary and is offered to
assist students with disabilities who are attending Laney College. New students please call the
Disability Resource Center (DRC) to make an intake appointment.
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Las Positas College – Disability Resource Center (DRC)
3000 Campus Hill Drive
Livermore, CA 94550
Phone: (925) 424-1550
http://www.lospositascollege.edu/DSPS
Las Positas College is committed to excellence and accessibility for all students. The DRC offers
academic and personal support for students with physical, communication, learning, and
psychological disabilities. Their goal is to encourage students to become independent and
assertive participants in their own educational process. Accessibility in classes, facilities, and all
services is their ultimate objective.
Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority (WHEELS)
1362 Rutan Court, Suite 100
Livermore, CA 94551
Phone: (925) 455-7500 (General Information)
(925) 455-7510 (Paratransit Dial-A-Ride)
http://www.wheelsbus.com
WHEELS provides accessible transportation services to the general public and to people with
disabilities for the communities of Dublin, Livermore, and Pleasanton.
Merritt College – Disabled Services Program
12500 Campus Drive
Oakland, CA 94619
Phone: (510) 436-2429
http://www.merritt.edu/wp/dsp
The Disabled Services Program aims to provide equal access services that will empower students
with disabilities to be successful at Merritt College. They provide accommodations based on the
functional limitations of the disability in the academic setting while empowering students with
disability self-management and self-advocacy. They create a level playing field in the classroom
so students have the opportunity to demonstrate their abilities and not focus on the disability.
Mobility Systems
1010 Carleton Street
Berkeley, CA 94710
Phone: (510) 540-0295
http://www.mobilitysystems.com
Mobility Systems provides van conversions, installation of hand controls, van lifts, a chair topper
for wheelchairs to be stored on top of a vehicle, scooter lifts, ramps for easy access to and from
vehicles, and wheelchair restraints.
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Ohlone College – Disabled Students Program & Services
43600 Mission Boulevard
Fremont, CA 94539
Phone: (510) 979-7401
http://www.ohlone.edu/org.dsps/
The Ohlone College Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) are designed to open the
doors to educational and occupational opportunities for students with disabilities. Their primary
purpose is to provide an opportunity for all individuals to maximize their educational experience.
Ohlone College encourages students with disabilities to participate (within the limits of their
disabilities) in the same activities and courses as other students. Services are provided to meet
the unique needs of students and help them achieve a successful college career.
Pacific Brain & Spine Medical Group, Inc.
20055 Lake Chabot Road, Suite 110
Castro Valley, CA 94546
Phone: (510) 886-3138
http://www.pacbrain.com/
Pacific Brain and Spine (PacBrain) is a Neurosurgery practice in Northern California with over
28 years of total experience in treating diseases of the brain, spine, and central nervous system.
They are committed to achieving the best possible outcome for patients by providing personal
attention and compassionate care coupled with skilled diagnosis and advanced treatment using the
latest technologies. Please call for information on the PacBrain location in Oakland.
Services for Brain Injury
1440 Broadway, Suite 280
Oakland, CA 94612
Phone: (408) 434-2277
http://www.sbicares.org
Services for Brain Injury (SBI) is the only organization of its kind in the Bay Area providing
comprehensive rehabilitation (all under one roof) for people with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) or
acquired brain injuries (ABI). SBI’s services range from post-acute programs, personal and
social readjustment, vocational immersion and job placement, and supported employment
including a job coach at the work site. At the heart of all SBI’s programming is an emphasis on
comprehensive cognitive rehabilitation provided through a unique continuum of services. SBI’s
Rehabilitation Program is designed for people with brain injuries to relearn skills lost due to
injury or illness; reintegrate from hospital to home to community; and provide support, respite,
and resources for families and friends. It is part of a unique continuum of programming
individualized for the person with a brain injury to account for his/her social needs and recovery
goals. SBI’s vocational services address barriers facing people with brain injuries as they work
toward increased independence and gainful employment.
Stroke Support Group: Support Group for Individuals with Stroke
2500 Mowry Avenue, Suite 224
Fremont, CA 94538
Contact Doug at (510) 745-6525 for more information.
The Stroke Support Group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who meet
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regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their
everyday lives.
The East Bay Brain Injury Support Group
5366 College Avenue
Oakland, CA 94611
Contact Dr. Pamela Paradowski at (510) 433-9955 for more information.
http://www.braininjuryconnection.org
The East Bay Brain Injury Support Group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers
who meet regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in
their everyday lives.
Through the Looking Glass
3075 Adeline Street, Suite 120
Berkeley, CA 94703
Phone: (510) 848-1112
http://www.lookingglass.org
Through the Looking Glass (TLG) is a nationally recognized center for research, training, and
services for families in which a child, parent, or grandparent has a disability. They aim to create,
demonstrate, and encourage early intervention services for families with a parent or child who has
a disability and integrate expertise derived from personal experience and disability culture.
Veterans Administration Medical Center
3801 Miranda Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Phone: (650) 493-5000 ext. 62201
http://www.paloalto.va.gov/
The Veterans Administration (VA) Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit (BIRU) provides
comprehensive screening, evaluation, and treatment for veterans with traumatic brain injury.
Their Polytrauma Support Clinic Team provides and coordinates interdisciplinary rehabilitation
services for veterans. Any veteran entitled to benefits (discharged from military service under
other than dishonorable conditions) and medically stable is eligible for admission into the
Polytrauma System of Care. The patient must have sustained multiple physical, cognitive, and/or
emotional injuries secondary to trauma.
**For more brain injury resources near Alameda County, please see Contra Costa County, San
Francisco County, San Joaquin County, San Mateo County, Santa Clara County, and Stanislaus
County.**
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Alpine
Brain Injury Lawyers in Alpine County
http://lawyers.findlaw.com/lawyer/practicestatecounty/brain-injury/california/alpine
This lawyer directory is the largest online directory of attorneys. Browse more than one million
listings covering everything from criminal defense to personal injury to estate planning. Detailed
law firm profiles have information like the firm’s area of law, office location, office hours, and
payment options. Attorney profiles include the biography, education and training, and client
recommendations of an attorney to help employers decide who to hire. Use the contact form on
the profiles to connect with an Alpine County attorney.
**For more brain injury resources near Alpine County, please see Amador County, Calaveras
County, El Dorado County, Mono County, and Tuolumne County.**
Amador
Amador County Behavioral Health
10877 Conductor Boulevard, Suite 300
Sutter Creek, CA 95685
Phone: (209) 223-6412
http://www.bestmentalhealthfacilities.com
Amador County Behavioral Health provides details on treatment centers and facilities so
individuals can get needed testing and help from psychiatrists, counselors, and therapists.
**For more brain injury resources near Amador County, please see Alpine County, Calaveras
County, El Dorado County, Sacramento County, and San Joaquin County.**
Butte
Butte College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
3536 Butte Campus Drive
Oroville, CA 95965
Phone: (530) 895-2455
http://www.butte.edu
The Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) provides required academic
accommodations for students with disabilities. DSPS provides support services, specialized
instruction, and educational accommodations to students with disabilities so they can participate
as fully in college as their non-disabled peers. The accommodations provided to a student depend
on an individual student's disability and how that disability affects their access to the education
process.
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Department of Rehabilitation (Chico Branch)
470 Rio Lindo Avenue, Suite 4
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 895-5507
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life's challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Enloe Hospital Head Injury Support Project
W. 5th Avenue & The Esplande
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 345-5799
Enloe Hospital’s support group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who meet
regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their
everyday lives.
Independent Living Services of Northern California
1161 East Avenue
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 893-8527
http://ilsnc.org/index.html
Independent Living Services of Northern California (ILSNC) is a nonprofit organization helping
community members with disabilities achieve and/or maintain their optimal level of self-reliance
and independence. ILSNC provides support services (e.g., information, housing assistance, and
provider referrals) and eliminates barriers to increase opportunities for participation in the
community. ILSNC also works to ensure provision of needed services, identified by persons with
disabilities and other community members, while supporting consumers’ rights to live
independently.
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Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with a brain/neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support, assistance,
and community connections to help local caregivers.
**For more brain injury resources near Butte County, please see Colusa County, Glenn County,
Plumas County, Sierra County, Sutter County, Tehama County, and Yuba County.**
Calaveras
**Sorry, there are no brain injury resources in Calaveras County. For brain injury resources near
Calaveras County, please see Alpine County, Amador County, San Joaquin County, Stanislaus
County, and Tuolumne County.**
Colusa
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life's challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Foundation Resources for Equality and Employment for the Disabled
154 Hughes Road, Suite 1
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Phone: (530) 272-1732
http://www.freed.org
Foundation Resources for Equality and Employment for the Disabled’s (FREED) mission is to
eliminate barriers for people with disabilities through programs that promote independent living
and effect systems change while honoring dignity and self-determination. FREED has a number
of programs focusing on the issues that arise with aging and disabilities. They work with clients
to figure out what they need and get connected. FREED provides services to residents of five
county areas comprised of Nevada, Sierra, Yuba, Sutter, and Colusa Counties.
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Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with a brain/neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support, assistance,
and community connections to help local caregivers.
**For more brain injury resources near Colusa County, please see Butte County, Glenn County,
Lake County, Sutter County, and Yolo County.**
Contra Costa
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
P.O. Box 12688
Oakland, CA 94604
http://www.bart.gov
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) provides transportation services for the general public
throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. BART trains run through Alameda County, Contra
Costa County, San Francisco County, and San Mateo County. BART also offers a rider’s guide
with information on access for people with disabilities.
Brain Tumor Support Group
3276 McNutt Avenue
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
Contact Judy Blazin at (925) 933-0107 for more information.
The Brain Tumor Support Group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who
meet regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their
everyday lives.
County Connection
2477 Arnold Industrial Way
Concord, CA 94520
Phone: (925) 676-1976
http://www.cccta.org/wb
County Connection provides fixed-route and paratransit bus service throughout the communities
of Concord, Pleasant Hill, Martinez, Walnut Creek, Clayton, Lafayette, Orinda, Moraga,
Danville, and San Ramon as well as unincorporated communities in Central Contra Costa
County.
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Contra Costa College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
2600 Mission Bell Drive
San Pablo, CA 94806
Phone: (510) 235-7800 Ext 220
http://www.contracosta.edu/studentservices/DSPS/Shared%20Documents/default.aspx
The mission of Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) at Contra Costa College is to
provide support services, specialized instruction, and educational accommodations to students
with disabilities so they can participate as fully and benefit as equitably from the college
experience as their non-disabled peers.
Department of Rehabilitation (Greater East Bay District)
1485 Civic Court, Suite 1100
Concord, CA 94520
Phone: (925) 602-3953
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Please call for DOR locations in Antioch and
Richmond.
Diablo Valley College – Disability Support Services
321 Golf Cart Road
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 685-1230 ext. 2364
http://www.dvc.edu/org/departments/dss/
Disability Support Services (DSS) is designed to ensure students with disabilities have equal
access to all the educational offerings at Diablo Valley College. They facilitate equal opportunity
through the provision of appropriate support services, curriculum, instruction, and adaptive
technology.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life's challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Head Injury Support Group
7777 Norris Canyon
San Ramon, CA 94583
Contact JoAnn Swift at (925) 443-4366 for more information.
The Head Injury Support Group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who meet
regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their
everyday lives.
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Independent Living Resources
3200 Clayton Road
Concord, CA 94519
Phone: (925) 363-7293
http://www.ilr.org
Independent Living Resources (ILR) promotes the philosophy of independent living by creating
opportunities, encouraging choices, advancing equal access, and furthering the level of
independence for all people with disabilities. Please call for ILR locations in Antioch and
Concord.
John Muir Health Neurosciences Institute
1601 Ygnacio Valley Road
Walnut Creek, CA 94598
Phone: (925) 941-5050
http://www.johnmuirhealth.com/index.php/neurosciences1.html
John Muir Health is a leader in the diagnosis and treatment of brain and spine disorders. John
Muir Health's multidisciplinary approach serves the medical, surgical, and rehabilitation needs of
patients with neurological diseases and injuries. The neurosciences staff includes neurologists,
neurosurgeons, neuroradiologists, rehabilitation medicine physicians, neuropsychologists, nurses,
and allied health professionals who are dedicated to a program of care meeting the specific needs
of each individual patient. John Muir offers advanced techniques and technology to diagnose and
treat neurological disorders of the brain and spine. The comprehensive programs available
include treatment for cerebrovascular diseases (e.g., stroke, aneurysms), brain and spinal cord
tumors, dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease), spine diseases, and neurological disorders. A
typical outpatient program may include assistance with activities of daily living, speech therapy,
activities to improve control and muscle balance, an exercise program, gait and balance
retraining, activities to improve cognitive impairments, education regarding the disease and
disease process, and goal setting involving both the client and family members. Please call for
John Muir Health Outpatient Centers in Brentwood, Walnut Creek, Concord, and Pleasant Hill.
Los Medanos College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
2700 East Leland Road
Pittsburg, CA 94565
Phone: (925) 439-2181 Ext. 3133
http://www.losmedanos.edu/dsps/default.asp
Los Medanos College’s Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) provides specialized
classes and support services to students with disabilities to allow them to fully participate in and
benefit from courses at the college. Classes include reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, and
computer skills. Services and accommodations include but are not limited to priority registration,
alternative testing, adaptive computer technology, sign language interpreters, textbooks recorded
onto an audio file, and braille.
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Mt. Diablo Memory Center – Sport Concussion Program
1940 Tice Valley Boulevard, Suite C
Walnut Creek, CA 94595
Phone: (925) 988-0569
http://www.sportconcussion.com/
The Sport Concussion Program provides pre-injury baseline testing and post-injury care as well
as management to hundreds of athletes in the Bay Area. The mission of this program is to
provide comprehensive concussion injury management through education, neuropsychological
evaluation, academic support, and return-to-play consultation. Through proper treatment and
management of concussion injuries, this program aims to significantly reduce recovery time,
minimize risk for post-injury complications, and return the athlete to play when they are ready.
New Lift Support Group
981 N. Broadway
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
Phone: (925) 947-4466
The New Lift Support Group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who meet
regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their
everyday lives.
Stroke Support Group of Contra Costa
Phone: (925) 689-2464
Contact: Ernette at ernette5712@sbcglobal.net
The Stroke Support Group of Contra Costa is for individuals with brain injury and their
caregivers who meet regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting
them in their everyday lives.
Pacific Brain & Spine Medical Group, Inc.
1320 El Capitan, Suite 300
Danville, CA 94526
Phone: (925) 884-2360
http://www.pacbrain.com/index.html
Pacific Brain and Spine is a Neurosurgery practice in Northern California with over 28 years of
total experience treating diseases of the brain, spine, and central nervous system. They are
committed to achieving the best possible outcome for our patients by providing personal attention
and compassionate care coupled with skilled diagnosis and advanced treatment using the latest
technologies.
**For more brain injury resources near Contra Costa County, please see Alameda County,
Sacramento County, San Joaquin County, and Solano County.**
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Del Norte
Department of Rehabilitation (Crescent City Branch)
286 M Street
Crescent City, CA 95531
Phone: (701) 464-8347
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life's challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Redwood Caregiver Resource Center
141 Stony Circle, Suite 200
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 542-0282
http://www.redwoodcrc.org
The Redwood Caregiver Resource Center (CRC) provides services to family caregivers
throughout the Redwood Empire, including the counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino,
Lake, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano. Redwood CRC is part of a statewide system of 11 nonprofit
Caregiver Resource Centers (CRCs) offering support and assistance to caregivers of adults with
brain impairments through education, research, services, and advocacy.
**For more brain injury resources near Del Norte County, please see Humboldt County and
Siskiyou County.**
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El Dorado
Department of Rehabilitation (Placerville Branch)
1166 Broadway, Suite S
Placerville, CA 95667
Phone: (530) 626-0900
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Department of Rehabilitation (South Lake Tahoe Branch)
2489 Lake Tahoe Boulevard, Suite 4
South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150
Phone: (530) 541-3226
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
El Dorado Center (Folsom Lake College) – Disabled Students Programs & Services
6699 Campus Drive
Placerville, CA 95667
Phone: (530) 642-5644
http://www.flc.losrios.edu/student-services/student-aid/dsps
Folsom Lake College welcomes diverse students, including those with a variety of disabilities.
Services are provided to students with physical, psychological, and learning disabilities through
the Folsom Lake College’s Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS). The Program’s
philosophy is to assist students with disabilities in becoming successful and independent learners
who achieve their full potential and become actively engaged in the campus community.
Lake Tahoe Community College – Disability Resource Center
One College Drive
South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150
Phone: (530) 541-4660
http://ltcc.edu/web/current-students/disability-resource-center
Lake Tahoe Community College (LTCC) provides individualized support services for students
with disabilities. Individualized support services include academic advisement, assessment for
learning disabilities, disability-related counseling, equipment loan, interpreters, learning aids,
liaison with campus faculty and staff, linkage with university disability programs, note-taking
assistance, referrals to on-campus and community agencies, registration assistance, test-taking
accommodations, and tutorial services.
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Placerville Mobility Support Group
512 Main Street.
Placerville, CA 95667
Contact Lynn Murray at (530) 295-7260 for more information
The goal of this support group is to foster improved physical, mental, and emotional health for
those who have mobility impairments. The group meets at the Main Street Round Table Pizza.
PRIDE Industries (Placerville Branch)
681 Main Street, Suite 114
Placerville, CA 95667
Phone: (530) 621-0469
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment.
**For more brain injury resources near El Dorado County, please see Alpine County, Amador
County, Placer County, and Sacramento County.**
Fresno
Brain Injury Support Group for Survivors & Families
2823 Fresno Street
Fresno, CA 93710
Contact Jeff DiMarco at (559) 779-6919 for more information.
The Brain Injury Support Group for Survivors & Families is for individuals with brain injury and
their caregivers who meet regularly to support each other by discussing common problems
affecting them in their everyday lives.
Center for Independent Living – Fresno
3475 W. Shaw, Suite 101
Fresno, CA 93721
Phone: (559) 276-6777
http://www.cil-fresno.org/
The Center for Independent Living (Fresno) is a consumer based organization that empowers
people with disabilities to make informed choices and be in control of their lives through a
flexible range of services and opportunities.
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Department of Rehabilitation (San Joaquin Valley Branch)
2550 Mariposa Mall, Room 2000
Fresno, CA 93721
Phone: (559) 445-6011
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Driving Specialties Ltd.
2563 N. Fordhan Avenue
Fresno, CA 93727
Phone: (559) 291-2563
http://www.drivingspecialties.com
Serving the San Joaquin Valley, Driving Specialties Ltd. helps people with mobility limitations
and their families and friends realize the freedom and independence of accessible transportation.
They sell and maintain a complete range of products including full sized and minivan
conversions, raised roofs and raised doors, hand controls, electronic gas and brake systems, and
wheelchair and scooter lifts. They also offer a wide range of steering, braking, and secondarycontrol systems.
Fresno Area Express
3590 North Blackstone
Fresno, CA 93706
Phone: (559) 621-7433
http://www.fresno.gov/DiscoverFresno/PublicTransportation/default.htm
Fresno Area Express (FAX) offers 16 fixed-route bus lines and Handy Ride Paratransit Service
(559-443-5650) is available for use by people with disabilities. FAX is operated by the city of
Fresno as a public service to all citizens and visitors of Fresno.
Fresno City College – Disabled Students Program & Services
1101 E. University Avenue
Fresno, CA 93741
Phone: (559) 442-8237
http://www.fresnocitycollege.com/index.aspx?page=2404
Disabled Students Program & Services (DSPS) provides instruction and services to students with
disabilities to increase access to college programs. Students with acquired brain injuries, learning
disabilities, hearing impairments, visual impairments, psychological disabilities, mobility
disabilities, and chronic health conditions may qualify for services. Services include specialized
instruction, adaptive equipment, job placement, mobility assistance, interpreting, note taking,
textbooks on tape, testing accommodations, educational counseling and planning, priority
registration, and specialized tutoring.
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Fresno County Rural Transit Agency
2035 Tulare Street, Suite 201
Fresno, CA 93706
Phone: (559) 233-6789
http://www.ruraltransit.org
The Fresno County Rural Transit Agency (FCRTA) provides transportation services within rural
incorporated areas of Fresno County to the general public, the elderly, and people with
disabilities. Passenger fares are subsidized to allow reasonable costs and encourage frequent
trips. Fares for service within a community are $0.35 per one-way trip for the elderly, the
disabled, and children.
Stroke Support Group
2823 Fresno Street
Fresno, CA 93710
Contact Sheila at (559)-459-6255 for more information.
The Stroke Support Group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who meet
regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their
everyday lives. It meets the third Tuesday of every month 6:00pm-7:30pm.
Reedley College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
995 North Reed Avenue
Reedley, CA 93654
Phone: (559) 638-3641
http://www.reedleycollege.edu/index.aspx?page=260
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) provides specialized services and
accommodations for students with disabilities so they can reach their maximum potential while
achieving their educational goals. Staff specialists interact with all areas of the campus to
eliminate physical, academic, and attitudinal barriers. DSPS takes a personal interest in meeting
the special needs of students with disabilities.
Resources for Independence, Central Valley
3008 North Fresno Street
Fresno, CA 93703
Phone: (559) 221-2330
http://www.ricv.org/
Resources for Independence, Central Valley (RICV) encourages people with disabilities to be in
control of their lives and live more independently through a diverse range of choices and
opportunities. RICV educates the community on accessibility issues to ensure a proper support
system for the individual.
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West Hills Community College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
300 Cherry Lane
Coalinga, CA 93210
Phone: (559) 925-3346
http://www.westhillscollege.com/coalinga/students/student_programs/dsps/index.asp
West Hills College has given special attention to removing physical barriers on campus and
providing support services to students with disabilities. Disabled Students Program & Services
(DSPS) provides special assistance to students with disabilities through individualized help and
counseling. DSPS is committed to providing students with support enabling them to reach their
academic goals.
**For more brain injury resources near Fresno County, please see Kings County, Madera County,
Merced County, San Benito County, and Tulare County.**
Glenn
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Independent Living Services of Northern California
1161 East Avenue
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 893-8527
http://www.ilsnc.org/index.html
Independent Living Services of Northern California (ILSNC) is a nonprofit organization helping
community members with disabilities achieve and/or maintain their optimal level of self-reliance
and independence. ILSNC provides support services (e.g., information, housing assistance, and
provider referrals) and eliminates barriers to increase opportunities for participation in the
community. ILSNC also works to ensure provision of needed services, identified by persons with
disabilities and other community members, while supporting consumers’ rights to live
independently.
Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
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adults with a brain/neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support, assistance,
and community connections to help local caregivers.
**For more brain injury resources near Glenn County, please see Butte County, Colusa County,
Lake County, Mendocino County, and Tehama County.**
Humboldt
College of the Redwoods – Disabled Students Services
7351 Tompkins Hill Road
Eureka, CA 95501
http://www.redwoods.edu/District/dsps/index.asp
College of the Redwoods puts student success first by providing outstanding developmental,
career technical, and transfer education. The College continually assesses student learning and
institutional performance to improve upon the programs and services offered.
Department of Rehabilitation (Eureka Branch)
1330 Bayshore Way, Suite 1001
Eureka, CA 95501
Phone: (707) 445-6300
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Eureka Day Support Group
2740 Timber Ridge Lane
Eureka, CA 95501
Phone: (707) 443-4875
Sponsored by the Humboldt Coalition for TBI, this support group is for individuals with brain
injury and their caregivers who meet regularly (at the Timber Ridge Assisted Living Center) to
support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their everyday lives.
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Making Headway Center for Brain Injury Recovery
305 O Street
Eureka, CA 95540
Phone: (707) 442-7668
http://www.mhwcenter.org
Making Headway offers specialized programs to people who have brain injuries. Their programs
create opportunities for self-determination and self-sufficiency through outreach, education, and
prevention. Daily life-skills classes and counseling help people adjust to changes in their lives
and relationships. Making Headway Center for Brain Injury Recovery offers the following
services: information and referral, service coordination, supported living, community
reintegration, vocational support, education, outreach, psychotherapy, support groups, and
therapeutic recreational activities.
Redwood Caregiver Resource Center
141 Stony Circle, Suite 200
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 542-0282
http://www.redwoodcrc.org
The Redwood Caregiver Resource Center (CRC) provides services to family caregivers
throughout the Redwood Empire, including the counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino,
Lake, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano. Redwood CRC is part of a statewide system of 11 nonprofit
Caregiver Resource Centers (CRCs) offering support and assistance to caregivers of adults with
brain impairments through education, research, services, and advocacy.
Tri-County Independent Living, Inc.
2822 Harris Street
Eureka, CA 95503
Phone: (707) 455-8404
http://www.tilinet.org/
Tri-County Independent Living, Inc. (TILI) is a consumer controlled, community-based
organization designed and operated within a local community by and for people with disabilities.
They offer a wide variety of services to members of the community – free of charge. They offer
independent-living skills training, housing assistance, peer support, and personal assistant
services.
**For more brain injury resources near Humboldt County, please see Del Norte County,
Mendocino County, Siskiyou County, and Trinity County.**
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Imperial
Access to Independence
400 Mary Avenue, Suite D
Calexico, CA 92231
Phone: (760) 768-2044
http://www.accesstoindependence.org/
Access to Independence is a Center for Independent Living (CIL) that provides services to people
with disabilities to maximize their independence and integrate them into their communities.
Their advocacy programs typically take the form of information, education, and referral (working
with their consumers to teach independent-living skills, assessing which resources will be of
further assistance, and giving consumers the tools they need to move forward as their own
advocate).
Department of Rehabilitation (El Centro Branch)
1214 State Street
El Centro, CA 92243
Phone: (760) 353-1350
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Imperial Valley College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
380 E. Aten Road
Imperial, CA 92251
Phone: (760) 355-6313
http://www.imperial.edu/students/dsps
Disabled Student Programs & Services is designed to provide supportive services to students with
disabilities, including those with brain injuries. The program provides priority registration,
counseling, class scheduling, mobility assistance, interpreting, alternate text production, adaptive
physical education, special parking, and health and wellness assessments.
Southern Caregiver Resource Center
3675 Ruffin Road, Suite 230
San Diego, CA 92123
Phone: (858) 268-4432
http://www.caregivercenter.org
Southern Caregiver Resource Center (SCRC) is a nonprofit organization that provides free
support services for family caregivers caring for adults with chronic and/or disabling conditions.
They provide referrals, consultations, resources, counseling, and respite services to caregivers of
adults with brain injuries. Call for an updated list of support groups in your area.
**For more brain injury resources near Imperial County, please see Riverside County and San
Diego County.**
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Inyo
Inland Caregiver Resource Center
1420 East Cooley Drive, Suite 100
Colton, CA 92324
Phone: (909) 514-1404
http://www.inlandcaregivers.com
Inland Caregiver Resource Center (ICRC) is part of a statewide system of Caregiver Resource
Centers with grant support from the California Department of Mental Health. Inland Caregiver
Resource Center is a good place to start if you are looking for help in taking care of a loved one
with a brain impairing condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, Parkinson’s disease,
Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS), or traumatic
brain injury. They provide counseling, education, training, family consultation, care planning,
and referrals when needed.
**For more brain injury resources near Inyo County, please see Fresno County, Kern County,
Mono County, San Bernardino County, and Tulare County.**
Kern
Bakersfield Community College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
1801 Panorama Drive
Bakersfield, CA 93305
Phone: (661) 395-4011
http://www.bakersfieldcollege.edu/student/dsps/
The purpose of Disabled Student Programs & Services is to ensure access to the college and its
programs and to provide accommodations and support services for students with disabilities. The
program provides services for students with physical disabilities (including temporary
disabilities), psychological disabilities, learning disabilities, speech and language disorders,
students who are blind or have visual impairments, students who are deaf or hard of hearing, and
students with health limitations. The special services include counseling, registration assistance,
learning disabilities assessment, tutoring, mobility assistance, sign language interpreter and reader
services, special classes, alternative testing arrangements, and note-taking assistance. Special
equipment includes tape recorders, materials in alternate formats (braille, large print, tape), and
assistive computer technology.
Centre for Neuro Skills (Bakersfield)
2658 Mt. Vernon Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93306
Phone: (800) 922-4994
http://www.neuroskills.com
The Centre for Neuro Skills (CNS) has post-acute medical treatment, therapeutic rehabilitation,
and disease management services with specially trained staff for individuals recovering from
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acquired brain injury. Their cost-effective, patient-centered programs maximize treatment effect,
learning generalization, and stability of recovery in real-world settings. The goal is to facilitate
skill acquisition and help each patient resume a normal rhythm of living. The Brain Injury
Programs and Services include post-acute inpatient rehabilitation, neurobehavioral rehabilitation,
outpatient and day treatment, assisted living, multicultural programs, family education,
community reintegration, and home evaluations.
Cerro Coso Community College – Disabled Student Program & Services
3000 College Heights Boulevard
Ridgecrest, CA 93555
Phone: (760) 384-6250
http://www.cerrocoso.edu/specialservices/programs/dsps.htm
The Disabled Student Program & Services (DSPS) provides access and support to students with
disabilities. They function as a resource to Cerro Coso Community College faculty in offering
students equity and excellence in education, maximizing each student’s educational potential
while helping him or her develop and maintain independence.
Department of Rehabilitation (Bakersfield Branch)
4925 Commerce Drive, Suite 150
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Phone: (661) 395-2525
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Department of Rehabilitation (Ridgecrest Branch)
1400 N. Norma Street, Suite 105
Ridgecrest, CA 93555
Phone: (760) 446-2523
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Independent Living Center of Kern County
5251 Office Park Drive
Bakersfield, CA 93309
Phone: (661) 325-1063 or (800) 529-9541
http://www.ilcofkerncounty.org/
The mission of the Independent Living Center of Kern County (ILCKC) is to empower people
with disabilities to grow creatively, professionally, and personally as well as educate the
community about disability related issues. It is the vision of ILCKC to promote positive change
in society, leading to the integration and acceptance of persons with disabilities within the
community.
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Taft College – Disabled Students Program & Services
29 Emmons Park Drive
Taft, CA 93268
Phone: (661) 763-7769
http://www.taftcollege.edu.tcwp/dsps/
The Disabled Students Program & Services (DSPS) provides support services, specialized
instruction, and educational accommodations to students with disabilities so they can participate
as fully and benefit as equitably from the college experience as their non-disabled peers. An
educational contract is developed for each student that links goals, curriculum program, and
academic accommodations to his/her specific disability-related educational limitation.
**For more brain injury resources near Kern County, please see Inyo County, Kings County, Los
Angeles County, San Luis Obispo County, Santa Barbara County, Tulare County, and Ventura
County.**
Kings
**Sorry, there are no brain injury resources in Kings County. For brain injury resources near
Kings County, please see Fresno County, Kern County, San Luis Obispo County, and Tulare
County.**
Lake
Department of Rehabilitation (Lakeport Branch)
55 1st Street
Lakeport, CA 95453
Phone: (707) 263-3797
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
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Lake Transit Authority
Phone: (707) 263-3334
http://www.laketransit.org
Lake Transit Authority (LTA) provides public transit services throughout Lake County and
operates connecting routes to intercity and regional bus services in Napa and Mendocino
counties.
Redwood Caregiver Resource Center
141 Stony Circle, Suite 200
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 542-0282
http://www.redwoodcrc.org
The Redwood Caregiver Resource Center (CRC) provides services to family caregivers
throughout the Redwood Empire, including the counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino,
Lake, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano. Redwood CRC is part of a statewide system of 11 nonprofit
Caregiver Resource Centers (CRCs) offering support and assistance to caregivers of adults with
brain impairments through education, research, services, and advocacy.
**For more brain injury resources near Lake County, please see Colusa County, Glenn County,
Mendocino County, Napa County, Sonoma County, and Yolo County.**
Lassen
Department of Rehabilitation (Susanville Branch)
170 B Russell Avenue
Susanville, CA 96130
Phone: (530) 257-6073
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life's challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
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Independent Living Services of Northern California
1161 East Avenue
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 893-8527
http://www.ilsnc.org/index.html
Independent Living Services of Northern California (ILSNC) is a nonprofit organization helping
community members with disabilities to achieve and/or maintain their optimal level of selfreliance and independence. ILSNC provides support services (e.g., information, housing
assistance, and provider referrals) and eliminates barriers to increase opportunities for
participation in the community. ILSNC also works to ensure provision of needed services,
identified by persons with disabilities and other community members, while supporting
consumers’ rights to live independently.
Lassen Community College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
P.O. Box 3000/Highway 139
Susanville, CA 96130
Phone: (530) 251-8895
http://www.lassencollege.edu/admissions/student-services/dsps
Disabled Student Programs & Services assists students who have any qualifying type of disabling
condition. Services are available for students who have mobility, visual, hearing, speech, brain
injury, and psychological disabilities. The services assist students in obtaining their educational,
vocational, and employment goals. They have three special programs to serve students: High
Tech Center, Learning Disabilities Lab, and Adaptive Physical Education.
Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with brain and neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support,
assistance, and community connections to help local caregivers.
**For more brain injury resources near Lassen County, please see Modoc County, Plumas
County, Shasta County, and Tehama County.**
Los Angeles
Antelope Valley College – Office for Students with Disabilities
3041 West Avenue K
Lancaster, CA 93536
Phone: (661) 722-6360
http://www.avc.edu/studentservices/ssd/#.UyFR3DkTHzI
The Office for Students with Disabilities (OSD) program provides support services, specialized
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instruction, and educational accommodations to students with disabilities so they can participate
as fully and benefit as equitably from the college experience as their non-disabled peers. A
Student Educational Contract (SEC) is developed for each student, linking students’ goals,
curriculum program, and academic accommodations to his/her specific disability related
educational limitation. The OSD encourages students to be as independent and self-reliant as
possible. They work closely with each student to assess their needs and provide accommodations
directly addressing a student’s functional limitations (as a result of their disability).
Betty Clooney Center for Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury
4439 1/2 E. Village Road
Long Beach, CA 90808
Phone: (562) 938-9005
http://www.bcftbi.org/
The Betty Clooney Center (BCC) serves the needs of persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
The center addresses the needs of survivors with cognitive disabilities caused by traumatic brain
injury, strokes, aneurisms, brain tumors, brain cancer, and brain damage from trauma. The BCC
offers TBI case management, vocational rehabilitation, information and referral, supported living,
and TBI support groups.
Casa Colina Centers for Rehabilitation – Transitional Living Center
255 East Bonita Avenue
Pomona, CA 91767
Phone: (909) 596-7733
http://www.casacolina.org
Casa Colina is a CARF-accredited brain injury residential program. They provide individuals the
opportunity to maximize medical recovery and rehabilitation potential efficiently in an
environment recognizing their uniqueness, dignity, and self-esteem. The center offers inpatient
care, outpatient care, transitional care, and long-term residential care. They also have programs
for patients diagnosed with brain injury, stroke, spinal cord injury, and orthopedic injury.
Centre for Neuro Skills (Los Angeles)
16542 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 500
Encino, CA 91436
http://www.neuroskills.com
The Centre for Neuro Skills (CNS) has post-acute medical treatment, therapeutic rehabilitation,
and disease management services with specially trained staff for individuals recovering from
acquired brain injury. Their cost-effective, patient-centered programs maximize treatment effect,
learning generalization, and stability of recovery in real-world settings. The goal is to facilitate
skill acquisition and help each patient resume a normal rhythm of living. The Brain Injury
Programs and Services include post-acute inpatient rehabilitation, neurobehavioral rehabilitation,
outpatient and day treatment, assisted living, multicultural programs, family education,
community reintegration, and home evaluations.
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Cerritos College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
11110 Alondra Boulevard
Norwalk, CA 90650
Phone: (562) 860-2451
http://www.cms.cerritos.edu/dsps/
Students with limitations due to a disability may receive support services and instruction from
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS). The mission of DSPS is to assess, address, and
provide reasonable accommodative service and referrals to students with disabilities, enabling
them to equally access and fully participate to the best of their abilities in curricular activities at
Cerritos College.
Citizens Advisory Commission on Disabilities
Phone: (562) 570-6803
http://www.longbeach.gov/hr/ada/cacod.asp
The purpose of Citizens Advisory Commission on Disabilities (CACOD) is to advise the Mayor
and City Council of Long Beach on the concerns and issues affecting people with disabilities in
the community. CACOD serves anyone with a disability that substantially limits functioning in
one or more major life activities or any person who has a record of such impairment. A life
activity is defined as any mental or physical function or activity that creates a substantial barrier
to such things as employment, housing, transportation, recreation, or health services.
Citrus College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
1000 West Foothill Boulevard
Glendora, CA 91741
Phone: (626) 914-8675
http://www.citruscollege.edu/stdntsrv/dsps/Pages/default.aspx
Citrus College is committed to providing students with disabilities an accessible educational
environment allowing each student the opportunity to reach his/her academic goals and
participate in a full range of campus programs and activities. They provide support services to
compensate disability-related educational limitations. Such support services are essential
components of the educational program because they help disabled students realize their
educational potential in mainstreamed academic programs.
College of the Canyons – Disabled Students Programs & Services
26455 Rockwell Canyon Rd.
Santa Clarita, CA 91355
Phone: (661) 259-7800
http://www.canyons.edu/Offices/DSPS/Pages/default.aspx
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) assists students with disabilities meet their
educational needs. They offer priority registration, tutors in certain subjects, assistive computer
technology, counseling, test-taking accommodations, deaf/hearing impaired interpreters, and
alternate media.
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Communities Actively Living Independent and Free
634 South Spring Street, 2nd Floor
Los Angeles, CA 90014
Phone: (213) 627-0477
http://www.califilc.webs.com/
The mission of Communities Actively Living Independent and Free (CALIF) is to achieve greater
input, participation and control over policies and services especially those for people with
disabilities. They address discrimination wherever it exists, encourage meaningful participation
of persons with disabilities in mainstream activities that enhance the positive image and
experience of disability, and provide the disability community with the following core services:
housing advocacy, individual and benefits advocacy, personal assistance services advocacy,
information and referral, peer counseling, independent-living skills training, and assistive
technology.
Department of Rehabilitation (Greater Los Angeles District Office)
3333 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 200
Los Angeles, CA 90010
Phone: (213) 736-3904
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for DOR locations in City of Commerce,
Culver City, East Los Angeles, and Norwalk.
Department of Rehabilitation (Los Angeles County South Bay District Office)
4300 Long Beach Boulevard, Suite 200
Long Beach, CA 90807
Phone: (562) 422-8325
http://www.rehab.cahwnet.gov/
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for DOR locations in Long Beach, Bell,
Inglewood, Lawndale, Compton, and Gardena.
Department of Rehabilitation (Orange/San Gabriel District Office)
222 S. Harbor Boulevard, Suite 300
Anaheim, CA 92805
Phone: (714) 991-0800
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for DOR locations in El Monte and West
Covina.
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Department of Rehabilitation (Van Nuys/Foothill District Office)
5900 Sepulveda Boulevard, Suite 240
Van Nuys, CA 91411
Phone: (818) 901-5024
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Please call for DOR locations in Glendale, Santa
Clarita, and Canoga Park. Call for DOR locations in Lancaster, Santa Clarita, Canoga Park,
Glendale, and Pasadena.
Disabled Resources Center, Inc.
2750 East Spring Street, Suite 100
Long Beach, CA 90806
Phone: (562) 427-1000
http://www.drcinc.org/
Disabled Resources Center, Inc. (DRC) aims to empower people with disabilities to live
independently in the community and make their own decisions about their lives. The DRC
provides assistive technology, benefits advocacy, employment services, group orientations,
housing funding, independent living, personal assistance, and workshops.
East Los Angeles College – Disabled Student Program & Services
1301 Avenida Cesar Chavez
Monterey Park, CA 91754
Phone: (323) 265-8650
http://www.elac.edu/studentservices/dsps/index.htm
Disabled Student Program & Services (DSPS) provides educational support for eligible students
with disabilities in the achievement of their academic and vocational goals. Assistance such as
note takers, disabled parking, special tutoring, audio CD and E-Text for the blind, mobility aids,
and equipment loans are available for students with disabilities. In addition, special-learning
skills classes and computers are available to enhance DSPS students’ classroom success.
El Camino College – Special Resource Center
16007 Crenshaw Boulevard
Torrance, CA 90506
Phone: (310) 660-3295
http://www.elcamino.edu/academics/src/
El Camino College established a special program to assist students with disabilities in their
pursuit of a postsecondary education. The purpose of the program is to assist students with
disabilities in performing on an equal basis with non-disabled students in an integrated campus
setting. Upon completion of one or more Educational Development courses and/or Special
Resource Center (SRC) services, a student will be able to show competency to apply requisite
student skills in the integrated campus community.
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Glendale College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
1500 North Verdugo Road
Glendale, CA 91208
Phone: (818) 240-1000 Ext. 5905
http://www.glendale.edu
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) mission is to ensure students with disabilities are
all given equal opportunity to earn a quality education at Glendale Community College. Services
and accommodations include academic and personal counseling, disability assessment, adapted
computer technology and instruction, academic support and instruction, alternate media, adapted
physical education, interpreter and note-taking services, information and assistance to faculty,
mobility assistance, and collaboration with the Department of Rehabilitation.
Independent Living Center of Southern California (Lancaster Branch)
1505 West Avenue J, Suite 102
Lancaster, CA 93534
Phone: (661) 942-9726
http://www.ilcsc.org/
The Independent Living Center of Southern California (ILCSC) is dedicated to providing services
that offer the opportunity to seek an individual course towards independence while educating the
community. ILCSC services include emergency services, housing assistance, advocacy,
information and referral, peer support, assistive technology, benefits assistance, vocational
training, independent-living skills, job placement/coaching, transition, transportation, and
horticulture classes. Call for the ILCSC location in Van Nuys.
LA Dot Transit Services
201 North Los Angeles Street, Suite 18B
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Phone: (323) 808-2273
http://www.ladottransit.com
LA Dot Transit Services (LADOT) is a leader in the planning, design, construction, and
operations of transportation systems in the City of Los Angeles and partners with sister agencies
to improve transportation service and infrastructure in the city and the region. The LADOT site
provides real-time arrival information for the Downtown DASH and selected Community DASH
routes. To see a listing of routes, click one of the links to visit the live map or live arrival times
from your desktop computer.
Long Beach Memorial Medical Center – Stroke Receiving Center
2801 Atlantic Avenue
Long Beach, CA 90806
Phone: (561) 933-8832
http://www.memorialcare.org
Long Beach Memorial is a dedicated Stroke Receiving Center for Los Angeles County providing
patients with advanced treatment options and a highly trained stroke team, making fast response
times and positive outcomes a reality. The MemorialCare Stroke Center is certified as a Primary
Stroke Center by the Joint Commission, which seeks to improve the safety and quality of care
provided to the public. The Joint Commission certifies that approved programs like the
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MemorialCare Stroke Center at Long Beach Memorial follow national standards and guidelines
to improve outcomes for patients.
Los Angeles City College – Office of Special Services
855 North Vermont Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90029
Phone: (323) 953-4000 Ext. 2270
http://www.lacitycollege.edu/services/oss/index.html
The Office of Special Services’ (OSS) mission is to facilitate equal access for students with
disabilities, allowing full participation in educational programs, services, and campus activities
through appropriate and reasonable accommodations. They provide support services such as
note-taking assistance, interpretive services, test-taking assistance, alternative media, and more.
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority – LA Metro
Phone: (213) 922-2000
http://www.metro.net
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro) is unique among the nation’s
transportation agencies. It serves as a transportation planner, coordinator, designer, builder, and
operator for one of the country’s largest, most populous counties. Metro aims to provide a safe,
clean, and reliable transportation system to the general public and people with disabilities.
Los Angeles Harbor College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
1111 Figueroa Place
Wilmington, CA 90744
Phone: (310) 233-4000
http://www.lahc.edu
Students with disabilities are encouraged to visit the Disabled Students Program & Services
(DSPS) office. Services include assisting with Department of Rehabilitation, classroom
accommodations for students with physical challenges, diagnostic assessment for learning
disabilities eligibility, learning strategies/study-skills classes, liaison with recordings for the blind
and dyslexic (books on tape), program planning and counseling, registration assistance, special
accommodations for those with profound hearing loss/ visual impairments, special parking
permits, as well as test proctoring and related accommodations.
Los Angeles Mission College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
13356 Eldridge Avenue
Sylmar, CA 91342
Phone: (818) 364-7734
http://www.lamission.edu/dsps
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) at Los Angeles Mission College is a support
system enabling students to fully participate in the college's regular programs and activities.
They provide a variety of services from academic and vocational support to assistance with
Financial Aid. All services are individualized according to specific needs. They do not replace
regular programs but, rather, accommodate students’ special requirements. The program is
dedicated to meeting the educational, occupational, and personal needs of disabled individuals.
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Los Angeles Pierce College – Special Services
6201 Winnetka Avenue
Woodland Hills, CA 91371
Phone: (818) 719-6430
http://www.piercecollege.edu/offices/special_services/
Special Services at Los Angeles Pierce College is a support system enabling students with
disabilities to fully participate in the college’s regular programs and activities. They provide a
variety of services from academic and vocational support to assistance with Financial Aid. All
services are individualized according to specific needs. They do not replace regular programs
but, rather, accommodate students’ special requirements. The program is dedicated to meeting
the educational, occupational, and personal needs of disabled individuals.
Los Angeles Southwest College – Disabled Students Program & Services
1600 West Imperial Highway
Los Angeles, CA 90047
Phone: (323) 241-5279
http://www.lasc.edu/dsps/index.html
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) at Los Angeles Southwest College is a support
system enabling students to fully participate in the college’s regular programs and activities.
They provide a variety of services from academic and vocational support to assistance with
Financial Aid. All services are individualized according to specific needs. They do not replace
regular programs but, rather, accommodate students’ special requirements. The program is
dedicated to meeting the educational, occupational, and personal needs of disabled individuals.
Los Angeles Valley College – Services for Students with Disabilities
5800 Fulton Avenue
Van Nuys, CA 91401
Phone: (818) 947-2681
http://www.lavc.edu/ssd
Services for Students with Disabilities (SSD) provides support services, specialized instruction,
and educational accommodations to students with disabilities so they can participate as fully and
benefit as equitably from the college experience as their non-disabled peers. A Student
Educational Contract (SEC) is developed for each student, linking that student’s goals,
curriculum program, and academic accommodations to his/her specific disability-related
educational limitation.
Long Beach City College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
4901 East Carson Street
Long Beach, CA 90808
Phone: (562) 938-4558
http://www.dsps.lbcc.edu
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) at Long Beach City College is a support system
enabling students to fully participate in the college’s regular programs and activities. They
provide a variety of services from academic and vocational support to assistance with Financial
Aid. All services are individualized according to specific needs. They do not replace regular
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programs but, rather, accommodate students’ special requirements. The program is dedicated to
meeting the educational, occupational, and personal needs of disabled individuals.
Mt. San Antonio College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
1100 North Grand Avenue
Walnut, CA 91789
Phone: (909) 274-4290
http://www.mtsac.edu/dsps
The mission of the Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) is equal access. They expect
students will enjoy full and equal access to any facility, class, program, service, or activity on
campus. Students’ primary mission in attending college should be to receive a good education.
With that in mind, DSPS is there to assist students pursuing their education at Mt. San Antonio
College.
Northridge Hospital Medical Center, Center for Rehabilitation Medicine – Acute Brain
Injury Program
18300 Roscoe Boulevard
Northridge, CA 91328
Phone: (818) 885-8500
http://www.northridgehospital.org/Medical_Services/Rehabilitation_Medicine_Center_for/index.
htm
The Center for Rehabilitation Medicine (CRM) is a full-service rehabilitation program suited to
treat patients who have suffered catastrophic or debilitating injury or illness. Since Northridge
Hospital is a designated Adult & Pediatric Trauma Center, they often treat rehabilitation patients
from the point of injury. CRM helps patients regain abilities and control of their lives. They
offer treatment for all major disabling conditions including spinal cord injury, brain injury, stroke,
multiple traumas, amputation, neurological disorders, arthritis, and orthopedic problems. Special
programs for spinal cord injury, brain injury, stroke, and multiple traumas are offered by the
center. The goal of the rehabilitation program is to deliver exceptional patient care to maximize
each individual’s skills and independence.
Pasadena City College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
1570 East Colorado Boulevard
Pasadena, CA 91106
Phone: (626) 585-7127
http://www.pasadena.edu/studentservices/dsps/
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) at Pasadena City College is a support system
enabling students to fully participate in the college’s regular programs and activities. They
provide a variety of services from academic and vocational support to assistance with Financial
Aid. All services are individualized according to specific needs. They do not replace regular
programs but, rather, accommodate students’ special requirements. The program is dedicated to
meeting the educational, occupational, and personal needs of disabled individuals.
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Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center
7601 East Imperial Highway
Downey, CA 90242
Phone: (562) 401-7111
http://www.rancho.org/
Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center provides care after traumatic illness or injury.
They are a life support whether during recovery, rehabilitation, or reintegration back to living and
loving life. The center offers rehabilitation for stroke, brain injury, spinal injury, pediatrics,
orthopedic injury, and amputees.
Rio Hondo College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
3600 Workman Mill Road
Whittier, CA 90601
Phone: (562) 908-3420
http://www.riohondo.edu/dsps/index.htm
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) at Rio Hondo College is a support system
enabling students to fully participate in the college’s regular programs and activities. They
provide a variety of services from academic and vocational support to assistance with Financial
Aid. All services are individualized according to specific needs. They do not replace regular
programs but, rather, accommodate students’ special requirements. The program is dedicated to
meeting the educational, occupational, and personal needs of disabled individuals.
Santa Monica College – Disability Resources
1900 Pico Boulevard
Santa Monica, CA 90405
Phone: (310) 434-4000
http://www.smc.edu/StudentServices/DisabilityResources/Pages/default.asp
Santa Monica College makes every effort to make its campus fully accessible to students with
disabilities. The Center for Students with Disabilities offers guidance and counseling on
admissions requirements and procedures as well as a number of special programs to help students
with their academic, vocational, and career planning goals. In addition, the center offers
accommodations such as tutoring, specialized equipment, and test proctoring for eligible students.
Services Center for Independent Living (Claremont Branch)
107 Spring Street
Claremont, CA 91711
Phone: (909) 621-6722
http://www.scil-ilc.org/
Services Center for Independent Living (SCIL) works with people with disabilities in Los
Angeles County. Services include self-advocacy training, assistive technology, housing
information, independent-living skills training, peer counseling, personal care assistance, and
information and referrals for a variety of timely topics. Call for the SCIL location in West
Covina.
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Southern California Rehabilitation Services
7830 Quill Drive, Suite D
Downey, CA 90242
Phone: (562) 862-6531
http://www.scrs-ilc.org
The mission of Southern California Rehabilitation Services (SCRS) is to empower persons with
disabilities to achieve their personalized goals through community education and individualized
services that provide the knowledge, skills, and confidence building to maximize their quality of
life. Such goals may be accomplished by providing individuals with information, referrals, direct
supportive services, and/or specialized training so they may realize their full potential.
Sports Concussion Institute
5230 Pacific Concourse Drive, Suite 300
Los Angeles, CA 90045
Phone: (310) 643-9595
http://www.concussiontreatment.com/
In the case of a known or suspected concussion or an acquired brain injury, patients at the Sports
Concussion Institute are assessed and treated by licensed neuropsychologists, board certified
physicians, and certified athletic trainers. These individuals have extensive experience in the
field of traumatic brain injury and concussion diagnosis, management, and community education.
Depending on the nature of the injury and the client’s evaluation needs, the assessment may take
anything from one hour (involving an interview and neurocognitive screen) to multiple hours
spanning several days (more typical in cases when the injury was more severe or experienced
further back in time, which requires longer-term treatment, accommodations, or rehabilitation).
Regardless of the type of injury, their primary goal is to return the athlete back to play, school,
work, and life as quickly and safely as possible.
Westside Center for Independent Living
12901 Venice Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90066
Phone: (310) 390-3611
http://www.wcil.org/
The Westside Center for Independent Living (WCIL) is dedicated to assisting persons with
disabilities and seniors in achieving and maintaining independent lives. Such goals are
accomplished with support services and training programs provided by their peers. Independent
Living promotes self-determination, community living, full participation in community life, and
access to the same opportunities and resources available to people without disabilities. WCIL’s
consumers are a diverse group of people of all ages and from all ethnic, cultural, and
socioeconomic backgrounds. They work together with persons living with any type of disability
including, but not limited to, the following: developmental, hearing, learning, mobility, physical,
psychiatric, substance abuse, traumatic brain injury, and visual disabilities.
**For more brain injury resources near Los Angeles County, please see Kern County, Orange
County, San Bernardino County, and Ventura County.**
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Madera
**Sorry, there are no brain injury resources in Madera County. For brain injury resources near
Madera County, please see Fresno County, Mariposa County, Merced County, and Mono
County.**
Marin
Brain Injury Network of the Bay Area
1132 Magnolia Avenue
Larkspur, CA 94939
http://www.binba.org/
The Brain Injury Network of the Bay Area (BINBA) primarily serves traumatic brain injury
survivors; today, over 30% of those served are stroke survivors and their families. BINBA is
unique as its focus is on providing a coordinated network approach to post-acute brain injury
rehabilitation. Post-acute rehabilitation is very important and BINBA provides long-term,
affordable rehabilitation services.
College of Marin – Disabled Students Programs & Services
885 College Avenue
Kentfield, CA 94904
Phone: (415) 485-9621
http://www.marin.edu/DSPS/index.html
The philosophy of Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) is to ensure an accessible and
welcoming environment for individuals with disabilities. DSPS at College of Marin provides
equal access to education to students with a wide range of permanent and temporary disabilities
including learning disabilities; chronic health conditions; psychological disabilities; acquired
brain injuries; and mobility, vision, and hearing impairments.
Department of Rehabilitation (Novato Branch)
75 Rowland Way, Suite 370
Novato, CA 94945
Phone: (415) 893-7702
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
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Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Head Injury Support Group
1144 Magnolia Avenue
Larkspur, CA 94939
Contact: Margaret Tilden (415) 461-6771
The Head Injury Support Group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who meet
regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their
everyday lives.
James C. Wilson, Ph.D.
712 D Street, Suite N
San Rafael, CA 94901
Phone: (415) 485-1939
Email: jameswil@ix.netcom.com
James C. Wilson is a psychotherapist. Psychotherapists are trained in neuropsychology and offer
neuropsychological assessment, which can be very helpful in both demonstrating that brain
damage occurred (and that the person has deficits from the TBI) and in evaluating cognitive
strengths and weaknesses so plans can be made for compensation.
Kentfield Rehabilitation Hospital
1125 Sir Francis Drake Boulevard
Kentfield, CA 94904
Phone: (415) 456-9680
http://www.kentfieldrehab.com
Kentfield Hospital’s Brain Injury Program is renowned throughout California and beyond. Dr.
Doherty is a board certified Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Doctor (Physiatrist) who
specializes in the care and management of traumatic and non-trauma related brain injuries.
Additionally, the Spinal Cord Injury Program provides exceptional medical care for patients with
traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries. The multidisciplinary-team approaches of
Kentfield’s rehabilitation programs provide the depth of expertise needed to achieve superior
outcomes.
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Marin Center for Independent Living
710 Fourth Street
San Rafael, CA 94901
Phone: (415) 459-6245
http://www.marincil.org/
The mission of Marin Center for Independent Living is to assist persons with all types of
disabilities to achieve their maximum level of sustainable independence as contributing,
responsible, and equal participants in society. They offer a wide array of services to improve the
client’s independence.
Marin County Support Group
710 Fourth Street
San Rafael, CA 94903
Contact Larry at (415) 459-6245 for more information.
The Marin County Support Group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who
meet regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their
everyday lives.
Marin Brain Injury Network of the Bay Area
1132 Magnolia Avenue
Larkspur, CA 94939
Phone: (415) 461-6771
http://www.mbin.org
The Marin Brain Injury Network of the Bay Area is a community re-entry program for adults
with acquired brain injury. Services and programs include structured therapeutic day treatment,
acquired brain injury survivor education and support group, caregiver support group,
individualized therapeutic computer programs, neuropsychological assessments, psychotherapy,
art therapy, occupational therapy, resource referral service, a concussion information website, and
community presentations.
West Coast Post-Trauma Retreat
4460-16 Redwood Highway, Suite 362
San Rafael, CA 94903
Phone: (415) 721-9789
http://www.wcpr2001.org/index.html
The West Coast Post-Trauma Retreat (WCPR) program is for first responders whose lives have
been impacted by their work experience. It is a residential treatment facility and provides an
educational experience designed to help current and retired first responders recognize the signs
and symptoms of work-related stress, including post-traumatic stress disorder, in themselves and
in others.
**For more brain injury resources near Marin County, please see Contra Costa County, Napa
County, San Francisco County, and Sonoma County.**
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Mariposa
Mari-Go, Mariposa County Transit
Phone: (209) 966-5315
http://www.ca-mariposacounty.civicplus.com/index.aspx?NID=422
Mari-Go, Mariposa County Transit is a general public Dial-A-Ride, curb-to-curb service with
designated route areas. Vehicle operation hours are Monday through Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm,
except on holidays. Riders must call in advance to schedule rides. All buses are equipped with a
lift and tie-down straps for people who use wheelchairs.
**For brain injury resources near Mariposa County, please see Madera County, Merced County,
Mono County, and Tuolumne County.**
Mendocino
Community Resources for Independence (Mendocino Lake Branch)
1040 North State Street, Suite E
Ukiah, CA 95482
Phone: (707) 463-8875
Community Resources for Independence (CRI) was established to advance the rights of persons
with disabilities for equal justice, access, opportunity, and participation in the community.
Department of Rehabilitation (Ukiah Branch)
625 Kings Court, Suite A
Ukiah, CA 95482
Phone: (707) 463-4791
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Disability Services and Legal Center
1000 Hensley Creek Road
Ukiah, CA 95482
Phone: (707) 468-3000
http://www.disabilityserviceandlegal.org/
Disability Services and Legal Center (DSLC) is a resource center (one of California’s 28 Centers
for Independent Living) promoting Independent Living through education, community
partnerships, and advocacy.
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Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Lake Transit
Phone: (707) 263-3334
http://www.laketransit.org
Lake Transit Authority (LTA) provides public transit services throughout Lake County and
operates connecting routes to intercity and regional bus services in Napa and Mendocino
counties.
Mendocino College – Disability Resource Center
P.O. Box 3000
Ukiah, CA 95482
Phone: (707) 468-3031
http://www.mendocino.edu/tc/pg/2112/disability_resource_center.html
The Disability Resource Center (DRC) offers counseling and instructional support services to
disabled Mendocino College students. Some of the disabilities they work with are hearing loss,
vision loss, learning disabilities, depression, psychological problems, mobility impairments, and
brain injury. DRC encourages student autonomy, independence, responsibility, and equal
educational opportunity.
Redwood Caregiver Resource Center
141 Stony Circle, Suite 200
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 542-0282
http://www.redwoodcrc.org
The Redwood Caregiver Resource Center (CRC) provides services to family caregivers
throughout the Redwood Empire, including the counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino,
Lake, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano. Redwood CRC is part of a statewide system of 11 nonprofit
Caregiver Resource Centers (CRCs) offering support and assistance to caregivers of adults with
brain impairments through education, research, services, and advocacy.
**For more brain injury resources near Mendocino County, please see Glenn County, Humboldt
County, Lake County, Sonoma County, Tehama County, and Trinity County.**
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Merced
Department of Rehabilitation (Merced Branch)
464 E. Yosemite Avenue, Suite A
Merced, CA 95340
Phone: (290) 726-6529
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Merced College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
3600 M Street
Merced, CA 95348
Phone: (209) 384-6155
http://www.mccd.edu/dss
The Disabled Student Programs & Services’ (DSPS) purpose is to reduce the impact of a
disability on the individual’s ability to fully participate in their chosen educational process.
DSPS at Merced College makes a wide array of educational opportunities available to its
students. The goal of DSPS is to optimize learning based on the potential of the individual, not to
therapeutically remedy the disability. All disabled students are part of the college’s mainstream
programs and services. While DSPS staff provides a supportive and individualized approach to
the provision of services, students are encouraged to be independent and are expected to be
responsible.
Merced County Transit
715 Martin Luther King Jr. Way
Merced, CA 95340
Phone: (209) 384-3111
http://www.web.co.merced.ca.us/pubwrks/transport
Merced County Transit provides transportation services for the general public and people with
disabilities. It operates Dial-A-Ride service for the elderly, people with disabilities, and also to
the general public when there is no bus route near their home.
Merced Transit Authority, “The Bus”
369 W. 18th Street
Merced, CA 95340
Phone: Paratransit (209) 384-3111
The Merced Transit Authority provides transportation services for the general public and people
with disabilities throughout Merced County. The website provides bus routes and schedules for
the general public as well as those with disabilities.
**For more brain injury resources near Merced County, please see Fresno County, Madera
County, Mariposa County, San Benito County, Santa Clara County, Stanislaus County, and
Tuolumne County.**
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Modoc
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Independent Living Services of Northern California
1161 East Avenue
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 893-8527
http://www.ilsnc.org/index.html
Independent Living Services of Northern California (ILSNC) is a nonprofit organization helping
community members with disabilities to achieve and/or maintain their optimal level of selfreliance and independence. ILSNC provides support services (e.g., information, housing
assistance, and provider referrals) and eliminates barriers to increase opportunities for
participation in the community. ILSNC also works to ensure provision of needed services,
identified by persons with disabilities and other community members, while supporting
consumers’ rights to live independently.
Modoc Employment Center One Stop Office
221 North Main Street
Alturas, CA 96101
Phone: (530) 233-5730
http://www.rehab.cahwnet.gov/
The Modoc Employment Center One Stop Office works in partnership with consumers and other
stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living, and
equality for individuals with disabilities.
Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with brain and neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support,
assistance, and community connections to help local caregivers.
**For more brain injury resources near Modoc County, please see Lassen County, Shasta County,
and Siskiyou County.**
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Mono
Inland Caregiver Resource Center
1420 East Cooley Drive, Suite 100
Colton, CA 92324
Phone: (909) 514-1404
http://www.inlandcaregivers.com
Inland Caregiver Resource Center (ICRC) is a non-profit corporation and is part of a statewide
system of Caregiver Resource Centers with grant support from the California Department of
Mental Health. Inland Caregiver Resource Center is a good place to start if you are looking for
help in taking care of a frail, dependent older adult or a loved one with a brain impairing
condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease,
multiple sclerosis (MS), or traumatic brain injury. They provide counseling, education, training,
family consultation, care planning, and referrals when needed.
**For more brain injury resources near Mono County, please see Alpine County, Inyo County,
Fresno County, Madera County, Mariposa County, and Tuolumne County.**
Monterey
Central Coast Center for Independent Living
318 Cayuga Street, Suite 208
Salinas, CA 93901
Phone: (831) 757-2968
http://www.cccil.org/
Central Coast Center for Independent Living (CCCIL) promotes the independence of people with
disabilities by supporting their equal and full participation in life. CCCIL provides advocacy;
education; and support to people with disabilities, their families, and the community. CCCIL
provides the following services to persons with disabilities who live in the counties of Santa
Cruz, Monterey, and San Benito: information and referral, individual and systems change
advocacy, benefits counseling, housing assistance, personal assistance services, peer support,
independent-living skills training, and assistive technology.
Department of Rehabilitation (Salinas Branch)
928 E. Blanco Road, Suite 280
Salinas, CA 93901
Phone: (831) 769-8066
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
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Hartnell College – Department of Supportive Programs & Services
411 Central Avenue
Salinas, CA 93901
Phone: (831) 755-6760
http://www.hartnell.edu/students/dsps
Hartnell College offers supportive services and instruction for students with disabilities through
the Department of Supportive Programs & Services (DSPS). To facilitate student success in
academics and personal development, they provide services, instruction, and accommodations
such as academic, career and personal counseling, assessment for learning disabilities, classroom
accommodations, educational planning, note takers, and American Sign Language interpreters.
Monterey County Brain Injury Peer Support Group
Harden Foundation
1636 Ercia Street, Salinas, CA 93901
Contact Irene Garcia at (831) 757-2968 ext.12 for more information.
The Monterey County Brain Injury Peer Support Group meets the second and fourth Thursday of
every month 3:30pm-5:00pm.
Monterey Peninsula College – Supportive Services Program
980 Fremont Street
Monterey, CA 93940
Phone: (831) 646-4070
http://www.mpc.edu/studentservices/dsps/Pages/default.aspx
The overall goal of the Supportive Services Program (SSP) is independence and maximum
integration of students with disabilities. Services and/or instruction should lead to successful
participation in the general college curriculum, vocational preparation, and enhanced potential for
achieving personal/social goals. Services or instruction are provided in the most integrated
setting possible and are directly related to the functional limitations of the student’s disability.
Monterey-Salinas Transit
One Ryan Ranch Road
Monterey, CA 93940
Phone: (831) 899-255
http://www.mst.org
Monterey-Salinas Transit (MST) provides bus service to the greater Monterey and Salinas areas.
Their goal is to provide residents and visitors with high-quality transit service. MST offers an
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Program to provide people with disabilities (who are
unable to ride regular bus services) with curbside-to-curbside service. Reservations must be
made by 5pm the day before the ride is needed and can be made up to two weeks prior to the day
the ride is needed.
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Transportation Agency for Monterey County
55-B Plaza Circle
Salinas, CA 93901
Phone: (831) 775-0903
http://www.tamcmonterey.org
The Transportation Agency for Monterey County (TAMC) aims to develop and maintain a
multimodal transportation system that enhances mobility, safety, access, and activities in
Monterey County. TAMC offers an Elderly and Disabled Transportation Program to assist those
individuals with their transportation needs.
**For more brain injury resources near Monterey County, please see Fresno County, Kern
County, Kings County, San Benito County, San Luis Obispo, Santa Clara County, and Santa Cruz
County.**
Napa
Community Resources for Independence: Napa Branch
1040 Main Street, Suite 208
Napa, CA 94559
Phone: (707) 258-0270
Community Resources for Independence’s (CRI) purpose is to assist in making a better life
possible for those disabilities and to create opportunities for people with disabilities to live
independently. CRI provides an array of services to best meet individual needs and maximize
choice.
Department of Rehabilitation (Napa Branch)
1250 Main Street, Suite 200
Napa, CA 94559
Phone: (707) 253-4924
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Disability Services & Legal Center
1040 Main Street, Suite 208
Napa, CA 94559
Phone: (707) 528-2745
http://www.disabilityserviceandlegal.org/
Disability Services & Legal Center (DSLC) operates as a non-profit organization dedicated to
enhancing lives and advancing the rights of people with disabilities in Sonoma, Napa, Lake, and
Mendocino counties in California. Most of their services are free, but legal fees are contingent
upon winning the case. DSLC also offers Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) consulting to
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businesses and organizations. Services are available by appointment or at Monday orientation.
Call for more information.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life's challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
Napa Valley College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
2277 Napa Vallejo Hwy
Napa, CA 94558
Phone: (707) 253-3080
http://www.napavalley.edu/studentservices/dsps/Pages/default.aspx
The mission of Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) is to provide assistance and
support to students with verified disabilities so they can succeed in Napa Valley College’s many
programs and services. DSPS serves all people with disabilities and have specialized knowledge
in learning disabilities, mobility disabilities, acquired brain injury, deaf and hard of hearing, and
visual disabilities.
Redwood Caregiver Resource Center
141 Stony Circle, Suite 200
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 542-0282
http://www.redwoodcrc.org
The Redwood Caregiver Resource Center (CRC) provides services to family caregivers
throughout the Redwood Empire, including the counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino,
Lake, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano. Redwood CRC is part of a statewide system of 11 nonprofit
Caregiver Resource Centers (CRCs) offering support and assistance to caregivers of adults with
brain impairments through education, research, services, and advocacy.
**For more brain injury resources near Napa County, please see Colusa County, Lake County,
Marin County, Solano County, Sonoma County, and Yolo County.**
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Nevada
Department of Rehabilitation (Grass Valley Branch)
380 Sierra College Drive, Suite 220
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Phone: (530) 477-2600
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Dignity Health Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital
155 Glasson Way, Building 3, Suite 220
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Phone: (530) 274-6170
http://www.snmh.org/Medical_Services/Rehabilitation/index.htm
Sierra Nevada Memorial Hospital (SNMH) offers a wide range of outpatient rehabilitation
services in the community. Services include neurological rehabilitation (speech, occupational,
and physical therapy), fall prevention, balance and gait retraining, hand therapy, cognitive
retraining, vestibular rehabilitation, community access, swallow retraining, and balance and
strengthening classes.
Foundation Resources for Equality and Employment for the Disabled
154 Hughes Road, Suite 1
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Phone: (530) 272-1732
http://www.freed.org
The mission of Foundation Resources for Equality and Employment for the Disabled (FREED) is
to eliminate barriers for people with disabilities through programs that promote independent
living and effect systems change while honoring dignity and self-determination. FREED has a
number of programs focusing on issues that arise with aging and disabilities. FREED works with
clients to figure out what they need and helps them get connected.
PRIDE Industries (Grass Valley Branch)
12451 Loma Rica Drive
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Phone: (530) 477-1832
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training, and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment.
**For more brain injury resources near Nevada County, please see Placer County, Sacramento
County, Sierra County, Sutter County, and Yuba County.**
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Orange
Coastline Community College – Acquired Brain Injury Program
11460 Warner Avenue
Fountain Valley, CA 92708
Phone: (714) 546-7600
http://www.coastline.edu/students-with-disabilities/acquired-brain-injury/
Coastline’s Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) Program is a demanding one-year educational program
designed to provide structured cognitive retraining for adults who have sustained a brain injury
due to traumatic (such as a motor vehicle accident or fall) or non-traumatic (such as a non-agerelated stroke, brain tumor, or infection) injuries. Coastline’s ABI Program has developed a
unique curriculum to address these special needs. The ABI Program emphasizes cognitive
retraining, socialization, and career development to promote individual responsibility and
independence. Students in the program learn strategies to compensate for deficits in verbal skills,
memory, figural skills, critical thinking, attention, and organization. With a strong focus on
emotional adjustment to brain injury and appropriate psycho-social skills, the program teaches
students to apply these skills to practical, real-life home and work environments. Coastline’s ABI
Program also offers neuro-educational assessment, counseling for students and families, and
planning for the future.
Cypress College – Disabled Students Program & Services
9200 Valley View Street
Cypress, CA 90630
Phone: (714) 484-7104
http://www.cypresscollege.edu/services/dsps
The Cypress College Disabled Students Program & Services (DSPS) provides services to eligible
students that are individualized to meet each student’s needs. DSPS students are eligible to use
the High Tech Computer Lab; be enrolled in special classes; receive priority registration; receive
academic, vocational, and personal counseling; and receive assistance in connecting with other
programs and resources.
Dayle McIntosh Disability Resource Center (Garden Grove)
13272 Garden Grove Boulevard
Garden Grove, CA 92843
Phone: (714) 621-3300
http://www.daylemc.org/
The Dayle McIntosh Disability Resource Center (DMC) is an Independent Living Center. DMC
provides people with disabilities knowledge, support, skills, and tools to live richer, fuller, and
more independent lives. They aim to advance the empowerment, equality, integration, and full
participation of people with disabilities in the community. Call for information on DMC
locations in Laguna Hills.
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Department of Rehabilitation (Laguna Hills Branch)
24012 Calle De La Plata, Suite 220
Laguna Hills CA 92653
Phone: (949) 598-7942
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Department of Rehabilitation (Santa Ana Branch)
2002 East McFadden Avenue, Suite 100
Santa Ana, CA 92705
Phone: (714) 662-6030
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Southern California
1570 E. 17th Street
Santa Ana, CA 92705
Phone: (714) 834-1111
http://www.easterseals.com/southerncal/
Easter Seals provides exceptional services, education, outreach, and advocacy so people with
disabilities can live, learn, work, and play in their communities. Easter Seals offers services for
autism, children, adults, seniors, military and veterans, employment and training, medical
rehabilitation, and for recreation.
Fullerton College – Disability Support Services
321 East Chapman Avenue
Fullerton, CA 92832
Phone: (714) 992-7270
http://www.dsp.fullcoll.edu/
Disability Support Services (DSS) at Fullerton College integrates students with disabilities into
the mainstream of Fullerton College’s programs and services. DSS is committed to providing
support services and/or educational accommodations to qualified students with disabilities,
ensuring access and equal opportunity so students with disabilities may pursue their educational
goals.
Golden West College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
15744 Goldenwest Street
Huntington Beach, CA 92647
Phone: (714) 895-8721
http://www.goldenwestcollege.edu/ace
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The mission of Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) is to ensure all students with
disabilities have equal access to educational opportunities at Golden West College so they can
participate freely and actively in all facets of campus life.
High Hopes Head Injury Program
2953 Edinger Avenue
Tustin, CA 92780
Phone: (949) 733-0044
http://www.highhopes.ws/
The High Hopes Head Injury Program is dedicated to the rehabilitation and retraining of those
who have been devastated by traumatic head injuries. High Hopes offers scholarship assistance
for many students who would otherwise be unable to afford their programs. High Hopes has
difficult financial problems as it is the lowest costing program of its kind in the nation. In
addition, High Hopes offers scholarship assistance for many students who would otherwise
unable to afford a program. As the cost of providing the program is not covered by student
tuition income, High Hopes is only able to offer such assistance through fund raising by direct
donations and events like the annual Eric Marienthal and Friends Benefit Concert.
Irvine Valley College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
5500 Irvine Center Drive
Irvine, CA 92720
Phone: (949) 451-5243
http://www.ivc.edu/student/dsps/Pages/default.aspx
Irvine Valley College’s Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) embraces the philosophy
of total integration of programs and students with disabilities into the community college system.
The program was created with the goal that all educational courses and services would focus on
promoting student integration. The college has successfully integrated all special instructional
courses into curriculum.
Mission Hospital Regional Medical Center – Brain Injury Center
27700 Medical Center Road
Mission Viejo, CA 92691
Phone: (949) 364-1400
http://www.mission4health.com/Our-Services/Brain-Injury-Center.aspx
The Mission Hospital Brain Injury Center treats all types of head injuries, including concussion
and traumatically injured neurologic patients. The Center works with a team of physicians;
nurses; and physical, occupational, and speech therapists to create treatment and re-entry plans.
Orange Caregiver Resource Center
130 W. Bastanchury Road
Fullerton, CA 92835
Phone: (714) 446-5030
http://www.caregiveroc.org
The Caregiver Resource Center (CRC) is for families coping with the physical, emotional, and
financial responsibilities of caregiving. By providing families with individualized supportive
services, CRC stands apart as the only Orange County agency focusing specifically on the needs
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of caregivers who are coping with a loved one’s chronic illness. Services include family
consultation, assessment, care planning, counseling, referrals for resources, psycho-educational
seminars, respite planning, and community education.
Orange Coast College – Special Programs and Services
2701 Fairview Road
Costa Mesa, CA 92628
Phone: (714) 432-5807
http://www.orangecoastcollege.edu/student_services/special_services/Pages/default.aspx
Special Programs and Services (SPS) provide support services for students with disabilities.
Students with physical, learning, and psychological disabilities choose Orange Coast College for
its accessible campus and the many services available through SPS. SPS offers programs and
services so students with disabilities can equally access educational activities while at college.
Orange County Transportation Authority
550 S. Main Street
Orange, CA 92863
Phone: (714) 560-6282
http://www.octa.net
Orange County Transit Authority (OCTA) is Orange County’s primary transportation agency.
OCTA was formed by consolidating seven separate transportation agencies including bus, rail,
freeways, express lanes, bikes, and ride sharing. OCTA’s vision is to create an integrated and
balanced transportation system supporting the diverse travel needs and reflecting the character of
Orange County.
Saddleback College – Special Services Program
28000 Marguerite Parkway
Mission Viejo, CA 92692
Phone: (949) 582-4566
http://www.saddleback.edu/dsps
The Special Services Program provides support services, specialized instruction, and authorizes
educational accommodations for students with disabilities so they can fully participate and
equitably benefit in their college experience. A Student Educational Contract (SEC) is developed
with each student. The SEC links students’ goals, curriculum, programs, and academic
accommodations. Services may include accommodated testing, assessment of learning
disabilities, specialized counseling, interpreter services for students who are deaf, alternate media,
access to adapted computers and software, priority registration, and specialized instruction.
Santa Ana College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
1530 W. 17th Street
Santa Ana, CA 92706
Phone: (714) 564-6000
http://www.sac.edu/studentservices/dsps
The mission of Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) is to provide equal access to
educational opportunities for students with disabilities. Through the utilization of specialized
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instructional programs and disability related services, DSPS encourages independence and assists
students in attaining their educational, personal, and vocational goals.
Santiago Canyon College – Disabled Students Program & Services
8045 E. Chapman Avenue
Orange, CA 92869
Phone: (714) 628-4860
http://www.sccollege.edu/StudentServices/DSPS
Disabled Students Program & Services (DSPS) provides instructional support services and
academic accommodations to students with verifiable disabilities attending college. Program
services are designed to ensure students have an equal opportunity to participate and succeed in
college programs, services, and activities. Available services include priority registration,
registration assistance, academic advisement, test-taking accommodations, learning disabilities
assessment, assistive technology, note-taking assistance, and sign language interpreters.
Sports Concussion Institute
2400 E. Katella Avenue, Suite 450
Anaheim, CA 92806
Phone: (657) 224-9681
http://www.concussiontreatment.com/
In the case of a known or suspected concussion or an acquired brain injury, patients at the Sports
Concussion Institute are assessed and treated by licensed neuropsychologists, board certified
physicians, and certified athletic trainers. These individuals have extensive experience in the
field of traumatic brain injury and concussion diagnosis, management, and community education.
Depending on the nature of the injury and the client’s evaluation needs, the assessment may take
anything from one hour (involving an interview and neurocognitive screen) to multiple hours
spanning several days (more typical in cases when the injury was more severe or experienced
further back in time and requires longer-term treatment, accommodations, or rehabilitation).
Regardless of the type of injury, their primary goal is to return the athlete back to play, school,
work, and life as quickly and safely as possible.
St. Joseph Health Mission Hospital
27700 Medical Center Road
Mission Viejo, CA 92691
Phone: (949) 364-1400
http://www.stjhs.org
The Mission Hospital Brain Injury Center has the capabilities and training to treat a full spectrum
of head injuries, including traumatically injured neurologic patients. The Traumatic Brain Injury
Program was one of the first in the nation to use brain oxygen monitors to better gauge and
amend treatments. By advancing their practices and adopting state-of-the-art techniques, the
Center boasts a 70% positive outcome in the most severe traumatic brain injuries. Mission’s TBI
program treats concussions just as seriously as severe brain injuries. The signs and symptoms of
a concussion can be subtle but the effects can result in lifetime disabilities if not treated properly,
so they want to ensure the person gets the best treatment possible.
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St. Jude’s Brain Injury Network
130 W. Bastanchury Road
Fullerton, CA 92835
Phone: (714) 446-5626
http://www.tbioc.org
The purpose of the St. Jude Brain Injury Network is to demonstrate the effectiveness of a service
approach assisting persons with a traumatic brain injury to attain access into gainful employment,
community reintegration programs, and affordable housing.
St. Jude’s Continuing Rehabilitation Center – Stroke Program
2767 East Imperial Highway
Brea, CA 92821
Phone: (714) 578-8720
http://www.stjudemedicalcenter.org/Our-Services/Stroke.aspx
St. Jude Medical Center Inpatient Rehabilitation Program is widely regarded as one of the best in
the country, and it is accredited by the Joint Commission and the Commission on Accreditation of
Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF). Strokes can happen at any age and the ways to treat them are as
unique as the people affected. St. Jude has comprehensive programs to meet the specific needs of
individuals who have experienced a stroke.
Winways Post-Acute Rehabilitation for Brain Injury
7732 East Santiago Canyon Road
Orange, CA 92869
Phone: (714) 771-5276
http://www.winwaysrehab.com/winways/
Winways at Orange County offers personalized programs to meet the needs of individuals with
traumatic brain injury, stroke, aneurysm, post-concussive syndrome, or other neurological
disorders.
**For more brain injury resources near Orange County, please see Los Angeles County,
Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and San Diego County.**
Placer
Department of Rehabilitation (Auburn Branch)
11641 Blocker Drive, Suite 125
Auburn, CA 95603
Phone: (530) 823-4040
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
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Department of Rehabilitation (Roseville Branch)
151 N. Sunrise Avenue, Suite 601
Roseville, CA 95661
Phone: (916) 774-4400
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Placer County Transit (PCT)
Phone: (530) 885-BUSS
http://www.placer.ca.gov/Departments/Works/Transit/PCT
PCT provides a safe and direct means of transportation service for western Placer County
residents. They are committed to providing comprehensive and reliable transit service and want
passengers to enjoy a comfortable and pleasant ride aboard their buses.
Placer Independent Resources Services, Inc.
11768 Atwood Road., Suite 29
Auburn, CA 95603
Phone: (530) 885-6100
http://www.pirs.org/
Placer Independent Resource Services, Inc. (PIRS) is a non-profit independent living center.
Their mission is to advocate, empower, educate, and provide services for people with disabilities
that enable them to control their alternatives for independent living.
PRIDE Industries (Auburn Branch)
13080 Earhart Avenue
Auburn, CA 95603
Phone: (530) 888-0331
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training, and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment.
PRIDE Industries (Roseville Headquarters)
10030 Foothills Boulevard
Roseville, CA 95747
Phone: (916) 788-2100
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training, and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment.
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Sierra College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
5000 Rocklin Road
Rocklin, CA 95677
Phone: (916) 781-0598
http://www.sierracollege.edu/student-services/specialized-programs/disabled-students/index.php
Sierra College’s Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) assists students with disabilities
in performing on an equal basis with students without disabilities in an integrated campus setting.
Services and accommodations for students include priority registration, disability counseling,
academic counseling, test-taking accommodations, vocational counseling, class accommodations,
and assistive technology.
Sutter Rehabilitation Institute – Traumatic Brain Injury Program
6 Medical Plaza
Roseville, CA 95747
Phone: (916) 878-2588
http://www.sutterroseville.org/rehab/programs/brain/
Sutter’s brain injury specialty unit is designed to meet the special behavioral and physical needs
of patients who have suffered traumatic and non-traumatic brain injuries. There are 10 private
rooms designed to meet the unique needs of brain injury patients. The unit is self-contained with
a gym, dining/recreation area, and speech therapy in the unit. Patients can progress to the larger
general populated areas as they are able to tolerate more and more stimulation.
Sutter Rehabilitation Institute Brain Injury Support Group
6 Medical Plaza
Roseville, CA 95747
Phone: (916) 878-2573
The Sutter Rehabilitation Institute Brain Injury Support Group is for individuals with brain injury
and their caregivers who meet regularly to support each other by discussing common problems
affecting them in their everyday lives.
**For more brain injury resources near Placer County, please see El Dorado County, Nevada
County, Sacramento County, Sutter County, and Yuba County.**
Plumas
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
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Feather River College – Disabled Students Program & Services
570 Golden Eagle Avenue
Quincy, CA 95971
Phone: (530) 283-0202
http://www.frc.edu/studentservices/
The mission of Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) is to provide equal access to
educational opportunities for students with disabilities. Through the utilization of specialized
instructional programs and disability related services, DSPS encourages and fosters independence
and assists students in attaining their educational, personal, and vocational goals.
Independent Living Services of Northern California
1161 East Avenue
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 893-8527
http://www.ilsnc.org/index.html
Independent Living Services of Northern California (ILSNC) helps community members with
disabilities achieve and/or maintain their optimal level of self-reliance and independence. ILSNC
provides support services (e.g., information, housing assistance, and provider referrals) and
eliminates barriers to increase opportunities for participation in the community. ILSNC also
works to ensure provision of needed services, identified by persons with disabilities and other
community members, while supporting consumers’ rights to live independently.
Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with brain and neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support,
assistance, and community connections to help local caregivers.
Plumas Transit Systems
711 East Main Street
Quincy, CA 95971
Phone: (530) 283-2538
http://www.plumastransit.com/default.html
Plumas County Transit is dedicated to ensuring accessible transportation. Route deviation
services are provided to people with disabilities who are unable to travel to and from fixed-route
bus stops. Such services are offered throughout their entire fixed-route service area. All vehicles
are equipped with hydraulic lifts and are designed to accommodate wheelchair users.
**For more brain injury resources near Plumas County, please see Butte County, Lassen County,
Sierra County, Shasta County, Tehama County, and Yuba County.**
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Riverside
College of the Desert – Disabled Students Program & Services
43-500 Monterey Avenue
Palm Desert, CA 92260
Phone: (760) 773-2534
http://www.collegeofthedesert.edu/students/dsps/Pages/default.aspx
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) at College of the Desert is committed to
providing students with disabilities equal access to a community college education. Through the
utilization of specialized instructional programs and disability related services, DSPS encourages
and fosters independence and assists students in attaining their educational and vocational goals.
Community Access Center
1310 Oak Valley Parkway
Beaumont, CA 92223
Phone: (951) 769-8539
http://www.ilcac.org/
The mission of Community Access Center (CAC) is to empower persons with disabilities to
control their own lives; create an accessible community; and advocate for achieving complete
social, economic, and political integration. They implement this vision by providing information,
supportive services, and independent-living skills training. The primary purpose of CAC is to
empower consumers with disabilities by providing services and information to support them in
making choices that will positively affect their independence. CAC also has locations in Palm
Desert, Riverside, and Indio. Please call for more information.
Department of Rehabilitation (Inland Empire District Office)
3130 Chicago Avenue
Riverside, CA 92507
Phone: (951) 782-6650
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for DOR locations in Blythe, Palm Desert, and
Temecula.
Inland Caregiver Resource Center
1420 East Cooley Drive, Suite 100
Colton, CA 92324
Phone: (909) 514-1404
http://www.inlandcaregivers.com
Inland Caregiver Resource Center (ICRC) is part of a statewide system of Caregiver Resource
Centers with grant support from the California Department of Mental Health. ICRC is a good
place to start if you are looking for help in taking care of a loved one with a brain impairing
condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple
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sclerosis (MS), or traumatic brain injury. They provide counseling, education, training, family
consultation, care planning, and referrals when needed.
Mt. San Jacinto College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
1499 North State Street
San Jacinto, CA 92583
Phone: (909) 487-6752 Ext. 1440
http://www.msjc.edu/dsps
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) assists students with disabilities gain maximum
access to college curriculum and programs while attaining their academic, vocational, and
personal goals. Students may be referred to DSPS by instructors, counselors, community
agencies, high schools, a parent, or by self-referral. They are eligible for appropriate and
reasonable accommodations and support services upon completion of an application, verification
of the disability, and an intake interview.
Palo Verde College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
1 College Drive
Blythe, CA 92225
Phone: (760) 922-6168
http://www.paloverde.edu/current-students/dsps.aspx
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) is designed to assist students with disabilities.
Services are offered to help students circumvent their functional limitations and become active,
productive members of the college community. The program emphasizes independence and selfreliance while providing the support necessary for individuals to achieve their goals.
Riverside City College- Disabled Student Programs & Services
4800 Magnolia Avenue
Riverside, CA 92506
Phone: (951) 222-8060
http://www.rcc.edu/services/disablestudents/Pages/_dsps_home.aspx
Riverside City College’s Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) provides support
services and accommodations. Their office provides support for students with brain injuries;
students with psychological, medical, mobility, and learning disabilities; and students who are
deaf/hard of hearing. DSPS also wants to ensure that veterans who are coping with injuries
(psychological, physical, sensory, or cognitive) are aware of the resources available to minimize
their stress and facilitate their timely attainment of educational and career goals.
Stroke Recovery Center
2800 East Alejo Road
Palm Springs, CA 92262
Phone: (760) 323-7676
http://www.strokerecoverycenter.org
The mission of the Stroke Recovery Center (SRC) is to provide comprehensive therapeutic
experiences to improve the health and functional deficits of stroke and traumatic brain injury
(TBI) patients by educating and inspiring each person to continue the journey of physical
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recovery. The rehabilitation program allows stroke and TBI survivors to participate in
individualized and group therapies in a safe and supportive environment.
**For more brain injury resources near Riverside County, please see Imperial County, Orange
County, San Bernardino County, and San Diego County.**
Sacramento
Access Leisure & Paralympic Sport Sacramento Club
915 I Street, Fifth Floor
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 808-3809
http://www.accessleisuresac.org/
Access Leisure is a program of the City of Sacramento Department of Parks and Recreation.
Access Leisure provides sports, residential camping, and outdoor education as well as social and
fitness programs for children, teens, and adults with disabilities. The Paralympic Sport
Sacramento Club program is a formal partner with the United States Olympic Committee’s
Paralympic Division.
American River College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
4700 College Oak Drive
Sacramento, CA 95841
Phone: (916) 484-8382
http://www.arc.losrios.edu/Support_Services/DSPS.htm
The goal of Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) is to promote equal access to
programs and facilities at American River College, thereby ensuring students with disabilities
experience the opportunity to fully participate in campus activities. The philosophy of DSPS is to
encourage maximum independence and empowerment through a successful educational
experience.
American River College Traumatic and Acquired Brain Injury Support Group (TABIS)
4700 College Oak Drive
Sacramento, CA 95841
Phone: (916) 484-8382
Barbara Westre is a dedicated Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) Counselor who
developed a support group addressesing the needs and supporting the methods of students who
have traumatic and acquired brain injury. The group often has guest speakers and offers a good
place to learn of community resources for TBI. Call for more information on the support group.
Bond Driving School – Adaptive Training
3333 Balmoral Drive
Sacramento, CA 95821
Phone: (916) 485-5779
http://www.bonddrivingschool.com
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Bond Driving School offers specialized adaptive driving instruction using the vehicle owned by
the person with the disability. The school specializes in hand control evaluations and training.
They assess clients’ mobility and include a detailed report to help him or her obtain the hand
control devices tailored specifically for their needs. It is Bond Driving School’s aspiration to help
people with disabilities regain independence by guiding the individual every step of the way from
evaluation to the installation to the training on the newly equipped vehicle.
Cosumnes River College – Disability Support Programs & Services
8401 Center Parkway
Sacramento, CA 95823
Phone: (916) 691-7275
http://www.crc.losrios.edu/Student_Services/DSPS.htm
Disability Support Programs & Services (DSPS) provides equal educational opportunities for
students with disabilities. Students are encouraged to lead active and independent lives by
participating in all college programs. Counseling, support services, and academic
accommodations are provided to students who are eligible for the program.
Department of Rehabilitation (Northern Sierra District Office)
721 Capital Mall
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 558-5300
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for more DOR locations in Sacramento and
Fair Oaks.
Disabled Sports USA of Northern California
6060 Sunrise Vista Drive, Suite 2540
Citrus Heights, CA 95610
Phone: (916) 722-6447
http://www.dsusafw.org
Disabled Sports USA Far West leads the way in adaptive sports and recreation for people with
disabilities. Disabled Sports has continued its rehabilitation orientation and remains dedicated to
the belief that sports are a vital part of the process in which disabled individuals gain selfconfidence, mobility, and greater independence. Their programs promote education,
socialization, and employment; they instill in participants the knowledge that it's not their
disabilities but their abilities that count.
Easter Seals Superior California
3205 Hurley Way
Sacramento, CA 95864
Phone: (916) 485-6711
http://www.myeasterseals.org
Easter Seals Superior California is dedicated to empowering people with disabilities by offering a
wide range of services and leadership opportunities designed to encourage maximum
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independence. Adults with disabilities looking for meaningful employment find training and
career opportunities through Easter Seals job training and employment services. Easter Seals
staff’s focus is to teach individuals vocational skills and appropriate work behaviors. Instruction,
training, and supervision are provided in small groups and on a one-to-one basis.
Easter Seals Minimal Brain Injury Support Group
3205 Hurley Way
Sacramento, CA 95864
Phone: (916) 568-6660
The Easter Seals Minimal Brain Injury Support Group is hosted by Easter Seals and is for
individuals with brain injury who meet regularly to support each other by discussing common
problems affecting them in their everyday lives. Please call for more information.
Folsom Lake College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
10 College Parkway
Folsom, CA 95630
Phone: (916) 608-6500
http://www.flc.losrios.edu/student-services/student-aid/dsps
Folsom Lake College (FLC) welcomes diverse students, including those with a variety of
disabilities. Services are provided to students with physical, psychological, and learning
disabilities through the FLC’s Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS). The program’s
philosophy is to assist students with disabilities in becoming successful and independent learners
who achieve their full potential and become actively engaged in the campus community.
Head Trauma Support Project
2500 Marconi Ave.
Sacramento, CA 95821
Phone: (916) 568-6660
http://www.headtraumasacramento.org
The Head Trauma Support Project (HTSP) is dedicated to providing resources for survivors of
brain injury, their family and friends, caregivers, and medical and rehabilitation professionals.
HTSP’s goal is to promote better understanding and provide treatment and quality of life for
those with traumatic brain injuries. HTSP’s Survivor Group meets weekly and offers support for
those recovering from brain injuries through camaraderie, social interaction, and special
activities. HTSP also sponsors a weekly Family-Caregiver Support Group addressing the special
challenges of caring for a loved one with TBI.
Kershaw, Cutter & Ratinoff, LLP – Traumatic Brain Injury Lawyer and Resource Center
401 Watt Avenue
Sacramento, CA 95864
Phone: (916) 448-9800
http://www.kcrlegal.com/brain-injury-resource-center.aspx
Kershaw, Cutter, & Ratinoff (KCR) Northern California Brain Injury Lawyers represent injured
people and businesses throughout the nation and are passionate about getting great results for
their clients. Their lawyers are known for victories in cases involving serious personal injuries,
automobile and motorcycle accidents, insurance bad faith, brain and spinal cord injuries,
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dangerous drugs, defective mobile devices, wage and hour claims, class action lawsuits,
consumer fraud, product liability, false claims, medical malpractice, elder abuse, asbestos
injuries, and complex litigation. Eric J. Ratinoff is a partner in the firm who has a passion for
those with brain injuries. In 2013, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the California
Brain Injury Association (BIACAL). The Traumatic Brain Injury Resource Center has a
multitude of information and resources on TBI and other types of brain injuries.
Mercy General Hospital Acute Rehabilitation Program – Neurological Institute of Northern
California
4001 J Street
Sacramento, CA 95819
https://www.hospitals.dignityhealth.org/sacramento/Pages/services/neurology/NeuroRehabilitation.aspx
Mercy General Hospital’s Acute Neurological Rehabilitation Program provides intensive
rehabilitation services to help patients develop the skills needed to return to a life of
independence. The neurological rehabilitation team works with patients to set goals and develop
an individual treatment program to help them learn self-advocacy, responsibility, and selfmanagement. Mercy’s Neurological Rehabilitation program is one of only four California
demonstration projects for rehabilitative treatment of traumatic brain injury. About 60% of the
patients served on the unit have sustained either an acquired or traumatic brain injury.
Mercy Outpatient Rehabilitation Center – Return to Work Program
7777 Greenback Lane, Suite 110
Citrus Heights, CA 95610
Phone: (916) 453-7944
https://www.hospitals.dignityhealth.org/sacramento/Pages/services/rehabilitation/OutpatientRehabilitation-Center.aspx
Mercy strives to provide rehabilitative care in an environment that encourages recovery,
independence, and a positive sense of wellbeing. Their rehabilitation team works with patients to
set goals and develop an individualized treatment programs to help them learn self-advocacy,
responsibility, and self-management. The Mercy Outpatient Rehabilitation Center (MORC) has a
specialized Traumatic Brain Injury Program and a neuro team who have extensive experience
working with TBI. MORC works hand in hand with the California Department of Rehabilitation
to assess individuals with brain injury to see how they are currently functioning and assess their
readiness to return to work.
PRIDE Industries (Sacramento Branch)
1281 National Drive
Sacramento, CA 95834
Phone: (916) 649-9499
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training, and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment. Call for more
PRIDE locations in Sacramento, North Highlands, and Fair Oaks.
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Regional Transit- Sacramento
1225 R Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 321-2877
http://www.sacrt.com
Sacramento Regional Transit (SacRT) is a bus and light rail service in Sacramento County.
SacRT connects to other bus systems in Folsom and Placer County and is for the general public
and for people with disabilities.
Resources for Independent Living
420 I Street, Suite 3
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 446-3074
http://www.ril-sacramento.org/
Resources for Independent Living (RIL) aims to promote the socioeconomic independence of
persons with disabilities by providing independent living services and advocacy. Services
include information, referrals, advocacy, independent living skills, assistive technology, peer
counseling, personal assistance services, and housing.
Sacramento Area Brain Tumor Support Group
4860 Y Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Contact: Karen Smith (916) 734-6511
The Brain Tumor Support Group offers emotional support and educational programs to patients
with brain tumors, their families, and their friends. The group meets the first Thursday of the
month at 6:30pm.
Sacramento City College – Disabled Resource Center
3835 Freeport Blvd.
Sacramento, CA 95822
Phone: (916) 558-2087
http://www.web.scc.losrios.edu/disabilitiescenter/
The Disability Resource Center (DRC) of Sacramento City College (SCC) provides educational
opportunities and access to students with disabilities who intend to take classes at SCC. A variety
of services are available at the DRC that give students with disabilities the opportunity to fully
participate in all aspects of college programs and activities through appropriate and reasonable
accommodations.
Sacramento Regional Transit District
P.O. Box 2110
Sacramento, CA 95812
Phone: (916) 321-2849
http://www.sacrt.com
The Sacramento Regional Transit District (RT) operates 67 bus routes in the Sacramento area.
RT’s entire bus and light rail system is accessible to people with disabilities, and RT also
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provides a door-to-door transportation service for Sacramento area residents who are unable to
use fixed-route service. RT provides this service through a contract with Paratransit, Inc.
Sacramento Van Conversions & Mobility
5821 Florin Perkins Road
Sacramento, CA 95828
Phone: (916) 381-8267
http://www.sacvans.com
Sacramento Van Conversions provides transportation and mobility alternatives for people with
disabilities. They provide mobility vans and mobility services of the highest quality standards
while adhering to the safest industry transportation standards. Trained technicians can help
consumers find the right product to suit their mobility needs. They sell new and used wheelchair
accessible vans, power chairs, scooters, and lifts; they also offer repairs and service.
South County Transit
1117 Camellia Way
Galt, CA 95632
Phone: (209) 745-3052
http://www.sctlink.com
South County Transit provides Dial-A-Ride and fixed-route services to Galt and unincorporated
areas of South Sacramento County for people with disabilities and the general public.
Statewide Independent Living Centers (SILC)
1600 K Street, Suite 100
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 445-5627
Centers for Independent Living (CILs) provide services to maximize the independence of
individuals with disabilities and the accessibility of the communities in which they live. CILs
provide several core services including advocacy, independent-living skills training, information
and referral, and peer counseling.
**For more brain injury resources near Sacramento County, please see Amador County, Contra
Costa County, El Dorado County, Placer County, San Joaquin County, Solano County, Sutter
County, and Yolo County.**
San Benito
Central Coast Center for Independent Living
1111 San Felipe Road, Suite 107
Hollister, CA 95023
Phone: (831) 636-5196
http://www.cccil.org/
Central Coast Center for Independent Living (CCCIL) promotes the independence of people with
disabilities by supporting their equal and full participation in life. CCCIL provides advocacy;
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education; and support to people with disabilities, their families, and the community. They
provide the following services: information and referral, individual and systems change
advocacy, benefits counseling, housing assistance, personal assistance services, peer support,
independent-living skills training, and assistive technology.
Del Mar Caregiver Resource Center
40 Central Avenue
Salinas, CA 93901
Phone: (831) 424-4359
http://www.delmarcaregiver.org
The Del Mar Caregiver Resource Center helps family caregivers care for their loved ones and
themselves. They offer services for family caregivers of adults living with a brain impairment
such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, dementia, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease,
multiple sclerosis, mild cognitive impairment, brain tumors, brain injury, and other conditions
that may cause memory loss or confusion. They offer services for care planning, counseling and
support groups, workshops and training, legal and financial consultation, and respite care.
**For more brain injury resources near San Benito County, please see Fresno County, Merced
County, Monterey County, and Santa Clara County.**
San Bernardino
Barstow College – Office of Student Support
2700 Barstow Road
Barstow, CA 92311
Phone: (760) 252-2411 ext. 7225
http://www.barstow.edu/StudentServices/DSPS/
The ACCESS program for students with disabilities strives to remove barriers that may prevent a
student from succeeding in a classroom or college environment. They provide reasonable
accommodations geared toward an individual’s disability without changing the fundamental
elements of the course. The program works with all people with disabilities including those with
brain injuries.
Chaffey College – Disability Programs and Services
5885 Haven Avenue
Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91701
Phone: (909) 652-6379
http://www.chaffey.edu/DPS/index.shtml
Chaffey College Disability Programs and Services (DPS) provides individuals with disabilities
the opportunity to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills for increased self-actualization and
independence; this allows students an equal opportunity to the same quality education as any
other student. Such skills may also be used to gain a college degree or for vocational
development leading to employment.
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Crafton Hills College – Disabled Student Services
11711 Sand Canyon Road
Yucaipa, CA 92399
Phone: (909) 389-3325
http://www.craftonhills.edu/Current_Students/Disabled_Student_Services
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) provides support services, specialized equipment,
and educational accommodations to students with disabilities so they can fully participate and
benefit from the college experience. To qualify for support services, one must be enrolled at
Crafton, have a disability, and must have the ability to benefit from support.
Department of Rehabilitation (Inland Empire District Office)
3130 Chicago Avenue
Riverside, CA 92507
Phone: (951) 782-6650
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for DOR locations in San Bernardino, Ontario,
and Victorville.
Head Injury & Trauma Spinal Support Group (HITSS)
11406 Loma Linda Drive, Room 129A
Loma Linda, CA 92354
Phone: (800) 986-4487
http://www.teampossabilities.org
PossAbilities is a free community outreach program developed by the Loma Linda University
Medical Center East Campus. Its goal is to offer individuals with disabilities a sense of
community. They also provide activities and practical help to integrate them back into life, once
again giving them the opportunity to be valuable members of our communities.
Inland Caregiver Resource Center
1420 East Cooley Drive, Suite 100
Colton, CA 92324
Phone: (909) 514-1404
http://www.inlandcaregivers.com
Inland Caregiver Resource Center (ICRC) is a non-profit corporation and is part of a statewide
system of Caregiver Resource Centers with grant support from the California Department of
Mental Health. ICRC is a good place to start if you are looking for help in taking care of a loved
one with a brain impairing condition such as Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, Parkinson’s disease,
Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), or traumatic brain injury. They provide
counseling, education, training, family consultation, care planning, and referrals when needed.
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Rolling Start, Inc. (San Bernardino Branch)
570 West Fourth Street
San Bernardino, CA 92401
Phone: (909) 884-2129
http://www.RollingStart.org
Rolling Start, Inc. (RSI), a resource center for independent living, provides the general public
with some information that will lead to a clearer understanding of a Center for Independent
Living (CIL). Services include information and referral, independent living skills, advocacy, peer
advising, housing, personal assistants, assistive technology, and transition services. Call for
information on the Victorville RSI location.
San Bernardino Valley College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
701 South Mt. Vernon Avenue
San Bernardino, CA 92410
Phone: (909) 384-4443
http://www.valleycollege.edu/student-services/specialized-counseling-services/disability-services
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) is committed to providing students with
disabilities an accessible educational environment allowing each student the opportunity to reach
his/her academic goals and participate in campus programs and activities. DSPS provides support
services to accommodate for disability-related educational limitations. Such support services are
essential components of the educational program because they help disabled students realize their
educational potential in mainstream academic programs.
Victor Valley College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
18422 Bear Valley Road
Victorville, CA 92392
Phone: (760) 245-4271
http://www.vvc.edu/offices/disabled_student_program_services/
Victor Valley College Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) gives individuals with
disabilities the opportunity to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills for increased selfactualization and independence. Such skills may also be used to gain a college degree or for
vocational development leading to employment. DSPS has been designed to respond to the
individual needs of students with disabilities eligible for services, allowing students equal
opportunity to the same quality education as any other student.
**For more brain injury resources near San Bernardino County, please see Inyo County, Kern
County, Los Angeles County, Orange County, and Riverside County.**
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San Diego
Access to Independence (San Diego Branch)
8885 Rio San Diego Drive, Suite 131
San Diego, CA 92108
Phone: (619) 293-3500
http://www.accesstoindependence.org/
At Access to Independence (a2i), advocacy programs take the form of information, education,
and referral. They work with consumers to teach independent-living skills, assess which
resources will be of further assistance, and give consumers the tools they need to move forward
as their own advocate. Employment services work with each client to assess employment
qualifications and begin the job-development process. Clients are given opportunities to assess
their employment needs, create and perfect resumes, work on job applications, and practice
interview skills. Call for information on the a2i location in Vista, CA.
Alpine Physical Therapy & Wellness Center (Alpine)
2549 Alpine Boulevard
Alpine, CA 91901
Phone: (619) 445-3168
http://www.aptwc.com
Alpine Physical Therapy & Wellness (APTW) is dedicated to providing the best physical therapy,
medical services coordination, and health for their clients. There is treatment for
orthopedic/sports injuries, post-surgical conditions including total joint replacement, stroke, brain
injury, spinal cord injury, balance disorders, geriatric exercise guidance, manual therapy and joint
mobilization techniques, work related and cumulative trauma injuries, back injuries, and wellness
programs. Call for information on the APTW location in Julian, CA.
Cuyamaca College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
900 Rancho San Diego Parkway
El Cajon, CA 92019
Phone: (619) 660-4239
http://www.cuyamaca.edu/dsps/
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) assists students with disabilities by determining
and providing appropriate academic accommodations related to their disabilities so they can
achieve their educational goals. DSPS facilitates inclusive and sustainable learning environments
and increases success for students with disabilities through innovative support services.
Department of Rehabilitation (San Diego District Office)
7575 Metropolitan Drive, Suite 107
San Diego, CA 92108
Phone: (619) 767-2100
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
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and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for DOR locations in La Mesa, San Marcos,
and Chula Vista.
Grossmont College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
8800 Grossmont College Drive
El Cajon, CA 92020
Phone: (619) 644-7000
http://www.grossmont.edu/dsps/
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) at Grossmont College was established to
accommodate the academic needs of students with disabilities. DSPS offers eligible students
access to a variety of specialized support services and assistive equipment. Such services are
intended to accommodate students with disabilities in regular college programs and activities.
Learning Services: Specialists in Brain Injury Care
2335 Bear Valley Parkway
Escondido, CA 92027
http://www.learningservices.com/
Learning Services understands the serious challenges facing people who have sustained a brain
injury; they help families navigate the complicated process of treatment, recovery, and
rehabilitation. The acquired brain injury (ABI) rehabilitation programs take place within a
residential environment, designed to deliver comprehensive therapy in a real-world setting.
Specific programs include post-acute neuro-rehabilitation, neurobehavioral rehabilitation, day
treatment, and supported living. Such programs provide therapeutic environments and
functional-based treatment designed to meet the individual needs of residents.
Mira Costa College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
1 Bernard Drive
Oceanside, CA 92056
Phone: (760) 795-6658
http://www.miracosta.edu/studentservices/dsps/
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) assists students with disabilities by providing
appropriate academic accommodations related to their disabilities so they can achieve their
educational goals. DSPS facilitates inclusive and sustainable learning environments and
increases opportunities for access and success for students with disabilities through innovative
support services.
Palomar College – Disability Resource Center
1140 West Mission Road
San Marcos, CA 92069
Phone: (760) 744-1150 ext. 2375
http://www.palomar.edu/drc
The Disability Resource Center (DRC) is a department within the division of Student Services.
DRC staff is available to facilitate services for students with various documented disabilities, and
it offers a variety of services and equipment for student use. The goal of DRC is to create an
environment encouraging students to function effectively, enabling students to participate in
regular college curriculum.
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San Diego Brain Injury Foundation
P.O. Box 84601
San Diego, CA 92138
Phone: (619) 294-6541
http://www.sdbif.org
The San Diego Brain Injury Foundation (SDBIF) was founded as a resource for people with brain
injuries in San Diego County to provide information, support, education, and community
awareness. The mission of SDBIF is to improve the quality of life for brain injury survivors and
their families living in San Diego County.
San Diego City College – Disability Support Programs & Services
1313 Park Boulevard
San Diego, CA 92101
Phone: (619) 388-3513
http://www.sdcity.edu/CollegeServices/StudentSupportResources/DSPSDisabilitySupportProgra
msandServices.aspx
Disability Support Programs & Services (DSPS) provides services and courses to support
students with disabilities in the achievement of their academic and vocational goals. The
instructional component promotes equal participation in mainstream academic programs through
preparatory and skill maintenance courses and offers courses for personal growth.
San Diego Mesa College – Disability Support Programs & Services
7250 Mesa College Drive
San Diego, CA 92111
Phone: (619) 388-2780
http://www.sdmesa.edu/students/services/dsps/
The Disability Support Programs & Services (DSPS) at Mesa College aims to accommodate the
academic needs of students with disabilities. DSPS offers eligible students access to a variety of
specialized support services and assistive equipment intended to assist college students with
disabilities in successfully participating in regular college programs and activities.
San Diego Miramar College – Disability Support Programs & Services
10440 Black Mountain Road
San Diego, CA 92126
Phone: (619) 388-7800
http://www.sdmiramar.edu/students/dsps
Disability Support Programs & Services (DSPS) at Miramar College offers a variety of services
for students with disabilities including those with learning disabilities; impairments in vision,
hearing, and mobility; psychiatric conditions; acquired brain injuries; and other medical
disabilities. A Student Education Plan is developed for each student based on their academic and
vocational goals, strengths, and limitations.
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San Diego Metropolitan Transit System
Phone: (619) 557-4555
http://www.sdmts.com/
The Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) provides bus and rail services directly or by contract
with private operators. MTS coordinates all its services and determines the routing, stops,
frequencies, and hours of operation. There are 93 fixed bus routes and Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) complementary paratransit service (MTS Access). Fixed-route bus
services include local, urban, express, premium express, and rural routes.
Southwestern College – Disability Support Services
900 Otay Lakes Road
Chula Vista, CA 91910
Phone: (619) 482-6512
http://www.swccd.edu/index.aspx?page=336
The mission of Disability Support Services (DSS) is to develop an inclusive, accessible, and
sustainable educational environment at Southwestern College that promotes student success
through innovative accommodations; programs; trainings; and partnerships with students,
educators, and the community. Accommodations and services include academic advising,
counseling, registration assistance, test proctoring, sign language interpreting, personaldevelopment classes, academic accommodations, and use of the High Tech Center.
Southern Caregiver Resource Center
3675 Ruffin Road, Suite 230
San Diego, CA 92123
Phone: (858) 268-4432
http://www.caregivercenter.org
The Southern Caregiver Resource Center (SCRC) provides free support services for family
caregivers caring for adults with chronic and/or disabling conditions. They provide referrals,
consultations, resources, counseling, and respite services to caregivers of adults with brain
injuries. Call for an updated list of support groups in your area.
Veterans Administration San Diego Health Care
3350 La Jolla Village Drive
San Diego, CA 92161
Phone: (858) 552-8585
http://www.sandiego.va.gov/services/Traumatic_Brain_Injury.asp
The Veterans Administration (VA) San Diego Healthcare System provides comprehensive
screening, evaluation, and treatment for Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury. Their Polytrauma
Support Clinic Team provides and coordinates interdisciplinary rehabilitation services for
Veterans. Any Veteran entitled to benefits (discharged from military service under other than
dishonorable conditions) and medically stable is eligible for admission into the Polytrauma
System of Care. The patient must have sustained multiple physical, cognitive, and/or emotional
injuries secondary to trauma.
**For more brain injury resources near San Diego County, please see Imperial County, Orange
County, and Riverside County.**
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San Francisco
Abramson Smith Waldsmith LLP – Brain Injury & Spinal Cord Injury Lawyer
44 Montgomery Street, Suite 3340
San Francisco, CA 94104
Phone: (415) 421-7995
http://www.aswllp.com/CM/Custom/TOCTraumaticBrainInjuryOverview.asp
The brain injury attorneys at Abramson Smith Waldsmith, LLP work closely with clients and
their families to ensure their medical condition has been thoroughly assessed and they are
receiving appropriate care. This law firm goes the extra mile to ensure clients receive full and
fair compensation. They are known for their use of cutting-edge technology to demonstrate the
injury and explain how it has affected their clients.
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
P.O. Box 12688
Oakland, CA 94604
http://www.bart.gov
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) provides transportation services for the general public
throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. BART trains run through Alameda County, Contra
Costa County, San Francisco County, and San Mateo County. BART also offers a rider’s guide
with information on access for people with disabilities.
Bracamontes & Vlasak: A Professional Law Coorporation – Brain Injury Accident
Lawyers
220 Montgomery Street, Suite 870
San Francisco, CA 94104
Phone: (415) 906-3146
http://www.bvlawsf.com/Personal-Injury/Brain-Injuries.shtml
Bracamontes & Vlasak (BV Law) has success in aggressively litigating pediatric brain injury,
anoxic brain injury, and neurotoxic brain injury cases. Whether a person or company is
responsible for the brain damage or traumatic brain injury suffered is something that needs to be
determined on a case-by-case basis. Initial consultations are free. The vast majority of cases are
taken on a contingency fee basis, meaning they do not get paid unless the client recovers.
Brainstorm
207 Skyline Boulevard
San Francisco, CA 94132
Phone: (415) 213-8558
http://www.prrcsf.org/index.php/services-and-support/traumatic-aquired-brain-injury/brainstorm
Brainstorm is a unique, social recreation and community integration program serving adults who
have an acquired or traumatic brain injury. A diverse selection of classes are provided to assist
participants in the process of developing or relearning valuable skills needed to function as
independently as possible in the community.
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California Pacific Regional Rehabilitation Center
Castro Street & Duboce Street
San Francisco, CA 94114
Phone: (415) 600-5393
http://www.cpmc.org/services/rehabcenter/
As part of Sutter Health, Regional Rehabilitation services at California Pacific Medical Center
(CPMC) features some of the top-rated rehabilitation physicians in the San Francisco Bay Area
and Northern California. They provide personalized patient care using the most advanced acute
rehabilitation and outpatient rehabilitation therapy available. Services include rehabilitation for
brain injury, stroke, spinal cord injury, congenital deformity, amputation, major multiple traumas,
hip fractures, burns, neurological disorders, arthritis, pulmonary, transplant, cardiac, oncology,
and general medicine.
CalTrain
1250 San Carlos Avenue
P.O. Box 3006
San Carlos, CA 94070
Phone: (800) 660-4287
http://www.caltrain.com
CalTrain provides train service between San Francisco and Gilroy and has routes in San
Francisco County, San Mateo County, and Santa Clara County. CalTrain is a proof-of-purchase
system. Passengers must have a valid ticket before boarding the train and must show their ticket
to a conductor or fare inspector upon request. Tickets are not sold on the train.
Centre for Neuro Skills – San Francisco
2200 Powell Street, Suite 120
Emeryville, CA 94608
http://www.neuroskills.com
The Centre for Neuro Skills (CNS) has post-acute medical treatment, therapeutic rehabilitation,
and disease management services with specially trained staff for individuals recovering from
acquired brain injury. Their cost-effective, patient-centered programs maximize treatment effect,
learning generalization, and stability of recovery in real-world settings. The goal is to facilitate
skill acquisition and help each patient resume a normal rhythm of living. The brain injury
programs and services include post-acute inpatient rehabilitation, neurobehavioral rehabilitation,
outpatient and day treatment, assisted living, multicultural programs, family education,
community reintegration, and home evaluations.
Choulos Choulos & Wyle – San Francisco Brain Injury Attorney
425 California Street
San Francisco, CA 94104
Phone: (415) 951-6231
http://www.ccwlawyers.com/Serious-Injuries/Brain-Injury.shtml
Choulos Choulos & Wyle have extensive experience in the area of catastrophic personal injuries,
including brain injuries. Their California brain injury lawyers also have extensive experience
handling cases involving brain injuries to infants and children. Traumatic brain injuries
dramatically affect the lives of brain-injured people and their families. In many cases, these
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injuries leave individuals permanently disabled or in need of months and sometimes years of
rehabilitation and therapy. Their TBI attorneys want to make sure injured clients (and their
families) have the resources they need to deal with these drastic changes. They handle brain
injury cases in the San Francisco Bay Area and throughout California including San Francisco,
Oakland, Sacramento, San Jose, and other communities.
City College of San Francisco – Disabled Students Programs and Services
50 Phelen Avenue, Room 323
San Francisco, CA 94112
Phone: (415) 452-5481
http://www.ccsf.edu/NEW/en/student-services/student-counseling/dsps/about.html
The City College of San Francisco (CCSF) Disabled Students Programs and Services (DSPS) is a
partnership between students and DSPS staff. The staff consists of faculty members, counselors,
disability specialists, technology and media specialists, instructional assistants, interpreters, and
office staff. Counselors help students identify their academic and career goals and develop
appropriate accommodations for them to succeed.
Concussion and Brain Injury Program
1500 Owens Street
San Francisco, CA 94158
Phone: (415) 353-1915
http://www.ucsfhealth.org
The Bay Area Concussion and Brain Injury Program at UCSF is the region’s premier center for
evaluating and treating head injuries in athletes. Their team includes experts from specialties
such as sports medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation, neuropsychology, neuroradiology,
neurology, and neurosurgery. With this combined expertise, the program can evaluate, diagnose,
and manage virtually any sports concussion and help athletes safely recover and return to sports.
Department of Rehabilitation (San Francisco District Office)
301 Howard Street, Suite 700
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415) 904-7100
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living.
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Family Member Support Group (Parents and Caregivers)
207 Skyline Boulevard
San Francisco, CA 94132
Phone: (415) 213-8558
The Family Member Support Group is meant for the parents and caregivers of those with chronic
and/or disabling conditions since it is important for caregivers to have someone to talk to who is
going through similar situations. Contact Terry Twitchell for more information.
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway & Transportation District
1011 Andersen Drive
San Rafael, CA 94901
http://www.goldengate.org
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District provide transportation to the general
public and to people with disabilities through the Golden Gate Transit and Golden Gate Ferry
public transit systems. All transportation services are accessible to people with disabilities.
Independent Living Resource Center of San Francisco
649 Mission Street, 3rd Floor
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415) 543-6222
http://www.ilrcsf.org/
Independent Living Resource Center of San Francisco (ILRC-SF) is a group of professionals and
volunteers who are passionate about supporting and empowering people with disabilities to lead
meaningful, independent lives and to actively participate in their communities. They work
collaboratively with individuals to help them determine what services and programs are right for
them. They provide information and referrals related to assistive technology, housing,
employment, eligibility for benefits, and free peer counseling.
Muni (San Francisco Railway)
949 Presidio Avenue #150A
San Francisco, CA 94115
Phone: (415) 923-6142
http://www.sfmta.com/
Muni provides transportation services around the San Francisco area to the general public and to
people with disabilities. Almost all bus lines are accessible to wheelchairs, and there are
paratransit services for people with disabilities who are unable to use bus and light rail services.
Ron Ruff, Ph.D. – S.F. Neuropsychological Services
909 Hyde Street, Suite 620
San Francisco, CA 94109
Phone: (415) 771-7833
http://www.ronruff.com
Dr. Ruff is a clinical neuropsychologist and rehabilitation psychologist who specializes in
working with patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI). The focus of his research
and clinical work in neuropsychology has been assessing and treating the cognitive and
psychological changes that occur with neurological illness. He has developed and published
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several tests addressing specific functions often compromised in patients with TBI. The
therapeutic model includes evaluating not only the patient’s cognitive strengths and weaknesses
but also their emotional status. He also integrates the caregivers’ and community’s role into the
patient’s rehabilitation. Dr. Ruff built a support network for his patients and their families by
founding the San Diego Brain Injury Foundation, which remains a successful organization.
San Francisco General Hospital BASIC Support Group
1001 Potrero Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94110
Phone: (415) 437-3035
http://www.bcftbi.org/tbi-resources/support-groups-details.asp?5
The San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center (SFGH) is recognized as one of the
nation’s top hospitals with inpatient, outpatient, emergency, diagnostic, and psychiatric services
for adults and children. They host a TBI support group called BASIC for individuals with brain
injury and their caregivers so they have people to turn to who have similar experiences.
San Francisco Traumatic Brain Injury Network
207 Skyline Boulevard
San Francisco, CA 94132
Phone: (415) 213-8558
http://www.prrcsf.org/index.php/services-and-support/traumatic-aquired-brain-injury/traumaticbrain-injury-network
The San Francisco Traumatic Brain Injury Network (SF TBI) is a collaborative project between
the Pomeroy Recreation and Rehabilitation Center, the Department of Rehabilitation, and St.
Mary’s Medical Center. SF TBI’s primary goal is to empower adults with a TBI to utilize
existing programs to return to the community and achieve optimal independence.
Scarlett Law Group
536 Pacific Avenue
San Francisco, CA 94133
Phone: (415) 352-6264
http://www.scarlettlawgroup.com
Randall H. Scarlett is a board member and executive committee member of the Brain Injury
Association of California. He is also a past chair and current board member of the Traumatic
Brain Injury Litigation Section of the American Association for Justice. He has dedicated much
of his professional and personal time to the services of those sustaining TBI.
**For more brain injury resources near San Francisco County, please see Marin County and San
Mateo County.**
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San Joaquin
Altamont Corridor Express (ACE)
949 East Channel Street
Stockton, CA 95202
Phone: (209) 944-6220
http://www.acerail.com
Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) provides weekday commuter train service between the San
Joaquin Valley and the Santa Clara Valley. For individuals with disabilities, trains are wheelchair
accessible.
Department of Rehabilitation (Stockton Branch)
1507 East March Lane, Suite A
Stockton, CA 95210
Phone: (209) 473-5900
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Disability Resource Agency for Independent Living (DRAIL)
501 West Weber Avenue, Suite 200-A
Stockton, CA 95203
Phone: (209) 477-6342
http://www.drail.org/
Disability Resource Agency for Independent Living (DRAIL) works to ensure a life of possibility
is a reality for the members in their community living with a disability. They want to enable
clients to live independently, and they do so by supporting clients with technology and helping
clients get connected to resources and services improving quality of life.
San Joaquin Delta College – Disabled Support Programs & Services
5151 Pacific Avenue
Stockton, CA 95207
Phone: (209) 954-5330
http://www.deltacollege.edu/dept/dsps/index.html
Disabled Support Programs & Services (DSPS) empowers students with disabilities to achieve
their goals and become contributing members of society by eliminating barriers and facilitating
services for students to become accountable, self-reliant, responsible, and capable. The primary
purpose of DSPS is to provide access and support to students in academic programs. Staff assists
students with academic accommodations and services authorized by DSPS counselors.
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San Joaquin General Hospital Rehabilitation Center
500 West Hospital Road
French Camp, CA 95231
Phone: (209) 468-6280
http://www.sjphysicalmedicine.com
The Rehabilitation Center at San Joaquin General Hospital provides comprehensive inpatient
rehabilitation for patients. Individualized intensive rehabilitation therapy programs provide
patients the opportunity for maximum achievable recovery and independence.
San Joaquin Regional Transit District
1533 East Lindsay Street
Stockton, CA 95205
Phone: (209) 943-1111
http://www.sj-smart.com
San Joaquin Regional Transit District (SJRTD) provides transportation services to the general
public and people with disabilities. They offer bus routes between cities and commuter service
for those traveling long distances. SJRTD also operates Dial-A-Ride paratransit services for use
by people with disabilities who are unable to use regular services.
**For more brain injury resources near San Joaquin County, please see Amador County,
Calaveras County, Contra Costa County, Sacramento County, Santa Clara County, and Stanislaus
County.**
San Luis Obispo
Cuesta College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
Highway 1
San Luis Obispo, CA 93403
Phone: (805) 546-3148
http://www.cuesta.edu/student/servs_classes/dsps/
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) at Cuesta College aims for the full participation of
students with disabilities in all aspects of their education. DSPS advocates and facilitates equal
educational opportunities through appropriate support services, instruction, policies, and funding
allocations. DSPS works to eliminate discrimination against students with disabilities and to
promote their independence, growth, productivity, and equality. Their goal is to provide
academic accommodations and other services to assist students in achieving their academic goals.
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Department of Rehabilitation (San Luis Obispo Branch)
3220 S. Higuera Street, Suite 102
San Luis Obispo, CA 93401
Phone: (805) 549-3361
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Independent Living Resource Center, Inc.
7425 El Camino Real, Suite R
Atascadero, CA 92422
Phone: (805) 462-1162
http://www.ilrc-trico.org/
All services at the Independent Living Resource Center (ILRC) are a combined effort of the
consumers and the staff. They work to provide information about the array of choices available
and assist consumers in following the path they want. Importantly, the ILRC strives to ensure all
disabled veterans have access to the best and most up to date support services available. Through
the ILRC Veterans Outreach Program, a vast array of community-based services and support
exists to serve those who have served their country. Disabilities including post-traumatic stress
disorder, traumatic brain injury, and many others can come about as a result of military service.
ILRC aims to help these disabled veterans.
Sierra Vista Regional Medical Center
1010 Murray Avenue
San Luis Obispo, CA 93405
Phone: (805) 546-7600
http://www.sierravistaregional.com
The Rehabilitation Services Department of Sierra Vista Hospital provides a comprehensive
multidisciplinary team approach designed to help inpatients reach their full potential. Their team
of physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech language pathologists work together
with the patient, family, and medical team to meet realistic and meaningful goals of recovery.
Goals are specific to each individual. Therapy can range from brief consultation for minor
injuries to long-term intervention for more severe disabilities.
**For more brain injury resources near San Luis Obispo County, please see Kern County, Kings
County, Monterey County, and Santa Barbara County.**
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San Mateo
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
P.O. Box 12688
Oakland, CA 94604
http://www.bart.gov
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) provides transportation services for the general public
throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. BART trains run through Alameda County, Contra
Costa County, San Francisco County, and San Mateo County. BART also offers a rider’s guide
with information on access for people with disabilities.
CalTrain
1250 San Carlos Avenue
P.O. Box 3006
San Carlos, CA 94070
Phone: (800) 660-4287
http://www.caltrain.com
CalTrain provides train service between San Francisco and Gilroy and has routes in San
Francisco County, San Mateo County, and Santa Clara County. CalTrain is a proof-of-purchase
system. Passengers must have a valid ticket before boarding the train and must show their ticket
to a conductor or fare inspector upon request. Tickets are not sold on the train.
Canada College – Disability Resource Center
4200 Farm Hill Boulevard
Redwood City, CA 94061
Phone: (650) 306-3259
http://www.canadacollege.edu/disabilityresourcecenter/index.php
Canada College provides students with disabilities academic support and reasonable
accommodations through the Disability Resource Center (DRC). Services are provided to
students with a wide range of disabilities and are determined on the basis of supporting medical,
psychological, or learning disability documentation.
Center for Independence of Individuals with Disabilities
1515 South El Camino Real, Suite 400
San Mateo, CA 94402
Phone: (650) 645-1780
http://www.CIDSanMateo.org/
Center for Independence of Individuals with Disabilities (CIID) provides support services,
community awareness, and advocacy to promote full and equal community integration for people
with disabilities in San Mateo County. Programs include assistive technology, work-incentive
planning assistance, counseling and peer support, home modification services, independent-living
planning and support, information and referral, advocacy, and Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) consulting and training.
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College of San Mateo – Disabled Students Programs & Services
1700 W. Hillsdale Boulevard
San Mateo, CA 94402
Phone: (650) 574-6438
http://www.collegeofsanmateo.edu/dsps
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) provides support services and accommodations
to students with disabilities. Accommodations and services include academic advising,
counseling, registration assistance, test proctoring, sign language interpreting, personaldevelopment classes, academic accommodations, and use of the High Tech Center.
Community Gatepath
1764 Marco Polo Way
Burlingame, CA 94010
Phone: (650) 697-8924
http://www.communitygatepath.org
Community Gatepath has been “Turning Disabilities into Possibilities” by helping children and
adults with disabilities achieve personal goals and live full and productive lives in school, the
community, home, and the workplace. Gatepath places individuals in jobs and supports even
more through their job-coaching services. Their success is a result of strong community
partnerships with local and national businesses as well as community-based organizations.
Community Gatepath also offers the STEPAHEAD Support Group for Families and Caregivers;
this support group is for individuals with brain injury and their caregivers who meet regularly to
support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their everyday lives.
Department of Rehabilitation (San Francisco District Office)
301 Howard Street, Suite 700
San Francisco, CA 94105
Phone: (415) 904-7100
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for DOR offices in San Mateo, Menlo Park,
San Bruno, and Foster City.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Services
enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals, and gain
greater independence for everyday living.
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Mills-Peninsula Health Center
100 South San Mateo Drive
San Mateo, CA 94401
Phone: (650) 696-4300
http://www.mills-peninsula.org
Mills-Peninsula Stroke Center offers a wide range of inpatient and outpatient rehabilitative
programs and services to help patients improve their quality of life by reducing pain and restoring
function. Mills-Peninsula was first in San Mateo County to earn accreditation as a Primary
Stroke Center by The Joint Commission. Staff includes a trained stroke treatment team that
provides prompt diagnosis and treatment, including the most advanced medications to dissolve
clots. Experienced neurologists and other clinical experts lead the team. Mills-Peninsula
provides risk assessment as well as acute care high priority emergency services.
Pacifica Post-Acute Rehab
385 Esplanade Avenue
Pacifica, CA 94044
Phone: (650) 993-5576
http://www.pacificarehab.com
Pacifica Post-Acute Rehab is a skilled nursing facility. Their rehabilitation team is committed to
providing outstanding results and excellent quality of care. Patients are empowered through
individualized programs to reach goals of increased independence. Patients’ families are also
encouraged to participate in therapy sessions. They offer physical therapy, occupational therapy,
and speech therapy for people with illness or injuries.
San Mateo County Transit District
1250 San Carlos Avenue
P.O. Box 3006
San Carlos, CA 94070
Phone: (800) 660-4287
http://www.samtrans.org
San Mateo County Transit District (SamTrans) provides bus services throughout San Mateo
County and into parts of San Francisco and Palo Alto. It is accessible to the general public and to
people who use a wheelchair. SamTrans also operates Redi-Wheels and Redi-Coast paratransit
transportation for those people with disabilities who cannot use the regular bus service.
Skyline College – Disability Resource Center
3300 College Drive
San Bruno, CA 94066
Phone: (650) 738-4280
http://www.skylinecollege.edu/disabilityresoures/
Skyline College’s Disability Resource Center (DRC) offers services to students with disabilities.
Services include but are not limited to ASL interpreting, registration assistance, extended time on
placement tests, adaptive physical education classes, Assistive Technology classes, note taking,
equipment loans, textbooks and tests/exams in alternate formats, and referral services.
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Veterans Administration Medical Center
3801 Miranda Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Phone: (650) 493-5000 ext. 62201
http://www.paloalto.va.gov/
The Veterans Administration (VA) Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit (BIRU) provides
comprehensive screening, evaluation, and treatment for veterans with traumatic brain injury.
Their Polytrauma Support Clinic Team provides and coordinates interdisciplinary rehabilitation
services for Veterans. Any veteran entitled to benefits (discharged from military service under
other than dishonorable conditions) and medically stable is eligible for admission into the
Polytrauma System of Care. The patient must have sustained multiple physical, cognitive, and/or
emotional injuries secondary to trauma.
**For more brain injury resources near San Mateo County, please see Alameda County, San
Francisco County, Santa Clara County, and Santa Cruz County.**
Santa Barbara
Allan Hancock College – Learning Assistance Program
800 South College Drive
Santa Maria, CA 93454
Phone: (805) 922-6966 ext. 3380
http://www.hancockcollege.edu/lap/index.php
The Learning Assistance Program (LAP) at Allan Hancock College is committed to providing
equal opportunity and access to students with disabilities through reasonable accommodations,
instruction, assessment, counseling, and advocacy. Their purpose is to support students by
providing a variety of direct support services, specialized instruction, and advocacy.
Coast Caregiver Resource Center (CCRC)
5350 Hollister Avenue, Suite C
Santa Barbara, CA 93111
http://ventura.networkofcare.org/mh/services/agency.aspx?pid=CoastCaregiverResourceCenterC
CRC_211_2_0
Coast Caregiver Resource Center (CCRC) assists families and caregivers in caring for their brain
injured adults at home. Information, referrals, support groups, and counseling are available as
well as a comprehensive library on brain impairments. Legal consultation and in-home and outof-home respite care available to families caring for an adult whose brain impairment occurred
after the age of 18 and is not receiving Medi-Cal.
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Department of Rehabilitation (Santa Barbara District)
509 East Montecito Street, Suite 101
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Phone: (805) 560-8130
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for more information on the Santa Maria DOR.
Independent Living Resource Center, Inc. (Santa Maria)
327 East Plaza Drive, Suite 3A
Santa Maria, CA 93454
Phone: (805) 925-0015
http://www.ilrc-trico.org/
All services at the Independent Living Resource Center (ILRC) are a combined effort of the
consumers and the staff. They work to provide information about the array of choices available
and assist consumers in following the path they want. Importantly, the ILRC strives to ensure all
disabled veterans have access to the best and most up to date support services available. Through
the ILRC Veterans Outreach Program, a vast array of community-based services and support
exists to serve those who have served their country. Disabilities served include post-traumatic
stress disorder, traumatic brain injury, and many others. Please call for information on the ILRC
location in Santa Barbara, CA.
Insight Neuropsychology
3063 Orleans Lane
Oxnard, CA 93036
Phone: (805) 988-6197
http://www.insightneuropsychology.com/
Insight Neuropsychology specializes in personalized neuropsychological assessment and
treatment services to assist clients in promoting their cognitive health. Insight’s goal is to help
clients learn about how their brains are functioning since insight is the first step in learning how
to improve mental functions. Insight provides comprehensive evaluations of brain injury
including mild traumatic brain injury and concussions. They also evaluate memory loss,
cognitive impairment, dementia, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD).
Jodi House: Brain Injury Support Center
625 State Street
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Phone: (805) 563-2882
http://www.jodihouse.org
Jodi House empowers people with brain injuries and their families to reconnect, rebuild, and
move forward together within the community. The day program works with members to
encourage their physical, cognitive, and behavioral rehabilitation. Classes such as Tai Chi, yoga,
and dance help promote physical balance and strength while classes such as brain work out,
memory, and communication skills promote cognitive function and memory improvement.
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Through one-on-one help and support groups, Jodi House is able to aid clients in their emotional
recovery.
Law Offices of Robert S. Patterson
33 West Mission Street
Santa Barbara, CA 93101
Phone: (888) 479-4589
http://www.robertpattersonlaw.com
Robert Patterson is a Head and Brain Injury Attorney who understands how devastating and life
changing traumatic brain and head injuries can be. That is why, when these injuries are caused
by the negligence of someone else, he works hard to secure full compensation for his clients. The
lawyer provides clients with the research, case preparation, and trial skills of a large firm along
with the compassion and individual attention of a small firm.
Santa Barbara City College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
721 Cliff Drive
Santa Barbara, CA 93109
Phone: (805) 965-0581 ext. 2364
http://www.sbcc.edu/dsps/index.php
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) provides educational support services and
reasonable accommodations for students with disabilities who are enrolled in courses at SBCC.
Services include but are not limited to American Sign Language (ASL) interpretation, registration
assistance, extended time on placement tests, lockers, adaptive physical education classes,
assistive technology classes, note taking, equipment loans, textbooks and tests/exams in alternate
formats, and referral services.
Solutions at Santa Barbara
1135 North Patterson Avenue
Santa Barbara, CA 93111
Phone: (805) 683-1995
http://solutionsatsantabarbara.com/
Solutions at Santa Barbara offers highly personalized, comprehensive post-acute rehabilitation
programs to meet the needs of individuals with traumatic brain injury, stroke, aneurysm, postconcussive syndrome, or other neurological disorders.
**For more brain injury resources near Santa Barbara County, please see Kern County, San Luis
Obispo County, and Ventura County.**
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Santa Clara
Abilities United
525 East Charleston Road
Palo Alto, CA 94306
Phone: (650) 494-0550
http://www.abilitiesunited.org
Abilities United (formerly Community Association for Rehabilitation) supports children and
adults with disabilities, their families, and the community while creating a culture in which all
members of society are included and appreciated for their distinctive contributions. Abilities
United provides a lifetime of services to individuals with developmental and physical disabilities.
Although they primarily serve people with developmental disabilities and their families, people
with other types of disabilities can benefit from services as well.
Able People Foundation
552A Valley Way
Milpitas, CA 95035
Phone: (408) 263-8000
http://www.ableproject.org/
Able People Foundation addresses the growing need of low-income seniors and individuals with
disabilities, especially those with physical limitations. They help people locate mobility and
assistive devices.
Alfred Scopp, Ph.D.
515 South Drive, Suite 15
Mountain View, CA 94040
Phone: (650) 961-9430
http://www.healthgrades.com/provider/alfred-scopp-3h4f3
Alfred Scopp is a psychotherapist. Psychotherapists are trained in neuropsychology and offer
neuropsychological assessment, which can be very helpful both in demonstrating that brain
damage occurred (and that the person has deficits from the TBI), and evaluate cognitive strengths
and weaknesses so compensation strategies can be determined.
Almaden Health & Rehabilitation Center
2065 Los Gatos-Almaden Road
San Jose, CA 95124
Phone: (408) 377-9275
http://www.marinerhealthcare.com
Almaden Health & Rehabilitation Center is committed to providing compassionate and
comprehensive care for the clients served. Throughout their network of 21 skilled nursing
facilities located in California, they provide 24-hour care ranging from short-term rehabilitation
therapy to quality long-term restorative nursing care.
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Back on Track to Success – Rehabilitation Research Center
751 South Bascom Avenue
San Jose, CA 95128
Phone: (408) 885-2397
http://www.tbi-sci.org/call.html
Back on Track to Success is a community-based mentoring program at Santa Clara Valley
Medical Center focused on helping teens and young adults with disabilities get a job or go to
college. It is a one-on-one mentoring program where mentors are trained to connect participants
with the appropriate community resources and support they need to be successful.
Bay Area Transit
http://www.bayareatransit.net/
San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is a largest airport in the Bay Area. Airport shuttles
are located on the upper level (Departures), on the outer curb, in the loading island. Outside of
this time frame, the shuttles are still there but you are on your own. If you have chartered the
van, you will be directed to terminal courtyard. All courtyards are located on the lower level
(Arrivals) along with taxis and scheduled buses.
Bracamontes & Vlasak: A Professional Law Corporation – Brain Injury Accident Lawyers
1400 Coleman Avenue, Suite F13
Santa Clara, CA 95050
Phone: (415) 906-3146
http://www.bvlawsf.com/Personal-Injury/Brain-Injuries.shtml
Bracamontes & Vlasak (BV Law) has success in aggressively litigating brain injury, anoxic brain
injury, and neurotoxic brain injury cases. Their website teaches the client about brain injury and
the importance of having a good lawyer.
CalTrain
1250 San Carlos Avenue
P.O. Box 3006
San Carlos, CA 94070
Phone: (800) 660-4287
http://www.caltrain.com
CalTrain provides train service between San Francisco and Gilroy and has routes in San
Francisco County, San Mateo County, and Santa Clara County. CalTrain is a proof-of-purchase
system. Passengers must have a valid ticket before boarding the train and must show their ticket
to a conductor or fare inspector upon request. Tickets are not sold on the train.
De Anza College – Disability Support Programs & Services
21250 Stevens Creek Boulevard
Cupertino, CA 95014
Phone: (408) 864-8407
http://www.deanza.edu/dsps/
The Disability Support Programs & Services (DSPS) includes four campus programs offering a
comprehensive array of accommodations, special classes, and support services. They aim to
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ensure access to the college’s curriculum, facilities, and programs to promote student success in
realized individual and vocational goals.
Department of Rehabilitation (San Jose District Office)
100 Paseo de San Antonio, Room 324
San Jose, CA 95113
Phone: (408) 277-1355
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities. Call for more DOR locations in San Jose and
Gilroy.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area provides innovative therapy, training, education, and support services to
individuals from birth through young adulthood living with disabilities. Easter Seals Bay Area
helps individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals, and gain
greater independence for everyday living.
Evergreen Valley College – Disabilities Support Program
3095 Yerba Buena Road
San Jose, CA 95135
Phone: (408) 270-6447
http://www.evc.edu/current-students/support-programs
The Disabilities Support Program (DSP) provides support services and instructional programs for
students with disabilities attending Evergreen Valley College. The program promotes student
independence and works to make campus classes, facilities, and services accessible to students
with disabilities.
Foothill College – Reach Program
4000 Middlefield Road
Palo Alto, CA 94303
Phone: (650) 949-6960
http://www.foothill.edu/drc/reach.php
The Foothill College Community Education REACH Program (located at the Middlefield
Campus) is designed to provide the essential link between outpatient rehabilitation and full
community reintegration for adults recovering from stroke and acquired brain injuries. With the
assistance of the coordinator, students participate in individual goal setting. Classes are tailored
to allow each student to reach their maximum physical, emotional, and social potential and to
achieve the highest level of independence.
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Gavilan College – Disability Resource Center
5055 Santa Teresa Boulevard
Gilroy, CA 95020
Phone: (408) 848-4800
http://www.gavilan.edu/drc/
Gavilan College’s Disability Resource Center cultivates learning and personal growth in students
of all backgrounds and abilities through innovative practices in both traditional and emerging
learning environments. Transfer pathways, career and technical education, developmental
education, and support services prepare students for success in a dynamic and multicultural
world.
Gentiva – Rehab Without Walls
4030 Moorpark Avenue, Suite 251
San Jose, CA 95117
Phone: (408) 556-0420
http://www.gentiva.com
Gentiva’s Rehab Without Walls post-acute rehabilitation provides home health and hospice
services to those they serve. Clinical services include skilled nursing; physical, occupational, and
speech therapy; cardiac and pulmonary care; neurorehabilitation; wound care; pain management;
medication management; patient education to promote self-management; and treatment for
balance problems that can lead to fall risks
Gilroy Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center
8170 Murray Avenue
Gilroy, CA 95020
Phone: (408) 842-9311
http://www.gilroyhealthcare.com
Gilroy Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center (GHC) is Gilroy’s premiere skilled nursing and
rehabilitation facility. With 132 beds, GHC provides therapy, rehab, and nursing for residents all
over the Bay Area.
Housing for Independent People
481 Valley Way
Milpitas, CA 95035
Phone: (408) 941-1850
http://www.housingscc.org
Housing for Independent People (HIP) is a collaborative provider of housing for people with
special needs. HIP serves very low-income people with developmental disabilities, brain injuries,
psychiatric disabilities, people with HIV/AIDS, and the elderly.
Janoff Law Group – San Jose Brain Injury Lawyer
111West Saint John Street, Suite 1040
San Jose, CA 95113
Phone: (408) 286-2300
http://www.janofflaw.com/Personal-Injury/Catastrophic-Injuries/Brain-Injuries.shtml
With traumatic brain injury (TBI), it is necessary to map out a clear road to recovery, involving
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doctors and other providers familiar with the latest medical insights into brain injury care. Janoff
Law Group takes a special interest in catastrophic injuries because the need for compensation is
so much greater. Attorney Jeffrey Janoff seeks maximum compensation to pay for clients’ longterm medical expenses and to compensate for the inability to earn again. They also include the
clients’ families’ pain and suffering in legal claims.
Learning Services: Specialists in Brain Injury Care
10855 DeBruin Way
Gilroy, CA 95020
http://www.learningservices.com/
Learning Services understands the serious challenges facing people who have sustained a brain
injury and they help families navigate the complicated process of treatment, recovery, and
rehabilitation. The acquired brain injury (ABI) rehabilitation programs take place within a
residential environment, designed to deliver comprehensive therapy in a real-world setting.
Specific programs include post-acute neuro-rehabilitation, neurobehavioral rehabilitation, day
treatment, and supported living. Such programs provide therapeutic environments and functional
based treatment designed to meet the individual needs of residents.
Los Altos Sub-Acute and Rehabilitation Center
809 Fremont Avenue
Los Altos, CA 94024
Phone: (650) 941-5255
http://www.losaltossubacute.com
Los Altos Sub-Acute & Rehabilitation Center (LASRC) is dedicated to providing quality health
to those in need. Their purpose is to provide patients with positive rehabilitative therapy and
exceptional nursing care. They also aim to help individuals achieve their highest possible
functioning level and to assist them in returning home whenever practical. LASRC uses the latest
technology and techniques to ensure all residents reach their highest functional potential.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Support Group
3369 Union Avenue
San Jose, CA 95124
Contact: Robert Medel (408) 885-2397
The Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Support Group is for individuals with brain injuries and their
caregivers who meet regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting
them in their everyday lives. It meets the second and fourth Tuesday of every month from
6:30pm-8:00pm at the Camden Community Center.
Mission College – Disability Support Programs & Services
3000 Mission College Blvd.
Santa Clara, CA 95054
Phone: (408) 855-5085
http://www.missioncollege.edu/depts/dsps/index.html
The goal of Disability Support Programs & Services (DSPS) is to support college students with
disabilities in entering campus life, its programs, and its activities. They emphasize educational
achievement as well as retention and success in both higher education and career goals.
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Reasonable accommodations are provided to minimize the effects of disabilities and maximize
potential success within Mission College courses. DSPS does testing to determine what level of
class is appropriate, and they offer some basic classes for people just recovering from TBI.
Mountain View Healthcare Center
2530 Solace Place
Mountain View, CA 94040
Phone: (650) 961-6161
http://www.mvhealthcare.com
Mountain View Healthcare Center (MVHC) is a premier skilled nursing and rehabilitation facility
in the Bay Area. MVHC emphasizes the team approach to comprehensive treatment, enabling
staff to give residents the best quality care available. MVHC’s goal is to create a home-like
environment and to help each resident realize their individual preferences.
North Valley Job Training Consortium
505 W. Olive Avenue, Suite 550
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
Phone: (408) 730-7232
http://www.novapic.org
North Valley Job Training Consortium (NOVA) Private Industry Council is a federally funded
employment and training agency administered by the City of Sunnyvale. NOVA serves
companies needing recruitment and outplacement assistance, displaced workers desiring
retraining or job searching, and workers with special needs.
Outreach Paratransit
926 Rock Avenue, Suite 10
San Jose, CA 95131
Phone: (408) 436-2865
http://www.outreach1.org
Outreach Paratransit provides pre-scheduled door-to-door transportation for people with limited
mobility by taxi, accessible van, and/or escort.
Pheonix Data Center
http://www.phoenixdatacenter.org
The Pheonix Data Center is a searchable directory of service providers in Santa Clara County
with links to agency and provider websites. Information is listed from a consumer perspective
with clear descriptions of the services provided. Categories include meals, groceries, shelter,
healthcare, legal, transportation, and seniors.
Regional Medical Center of San Jose
225 North Jackson Avenue
San Jose, CA 95116
Phone: (408) 259-5000
http://www.regionalmedicalsanjose.com/
Regional Medical Center’s (RMC) Comprehensive Stroke Center treats and cares for patients at
elevated risk for stroke. The center also increases education and awareness of stroke symptoms
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to both healthcare professionals and the community. Inpatient and outpatient neurorehabilitation
programs are designed to help patients regain physical and speech function and adapt to their new
lifestyles with optimum capabilities. RMC’s neurological services diagnose and treat disorders of
the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves and muscles. Commonly treated neurological
diseases include stroke, epilepsy, sleep disorders, headache and related pain syndromes, and
infections of the nervous system involving nerves and/or muscles.
San Jose City College – Disabilities Support Program & Services
2100 Moorpark Avenue
San Jose, CA 95128
Phone: (408) 288-3746
http://www.sjcc.edu/current-students/support-programs/dsp-s
Disabilities Support Program & Services (DSPS) provides support services to students with
disabilities at San Jose City College. Services may include accommodations, alternate media
services, counseling, learning disability services, equipment loans, note takers, sign language
interpreters, test-taking accommodations, and use of computers for tests.
San Jose State University Kay Armstead Center for Communication Disorders
One Washington Square
San Jose, CA 95192
Phone: (408) 924-3688
http://www.sjsu.edu/cds/clinic
The Kay Armstead Center for Communication Disorders (KACCD) provides clinical services in
speech, language and hearing evaluations, treatments, and consultations. They are qualified to
diagnose and treat disorders in the areas of articulation, phonology, language, stuttering, voice,
hearing, oral motor, cognition, and social aspects of communication. Services are provided at no
charge to registered SJSU students and at a competitive cost to all others. Most sessions are one
or two 50-minute visits per week.
San Jose Veterans Center
278 North Second Street
San Jose, CA 95112
Phone: (408) 993-0729
http://www.va.gov/directory/guide/facility.asp?ID=5469
The San Jose Veterans Center provides readjustment counseling services and psychotherapy for
veterans. Veterans Affairs (VA) operates the nation’s largest health care system with hospitals,
clinics, community-living centers, readjustment-counseling centers, and other facilities.
Santa Clara County Transportation Agency (VTA)
3331 North First Street
San Jose, CA 95134
Phone: (408) 321-2300
http://www.vta.org
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) is an independent special district providing
sustainable, accessible, community-focused transportation options that are innovative,
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environmentally responsible, and promote the vitality of their region. Services are available to
the general public as well as for people with disabilities.
Santa Clara Valley Medical Center – Brain Injury Rehabilitation Research Center
751 South Bascom Avenue
San Jose, CA 95128
Phone: (408) 885-5000
http://www.scvmc.org
The Rehabilitation Research Center for TBI & SCI (at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center)
consists of a brain injury unit, a rehabilitation trauma unit, and a spinal cord injury unit. The
Brain Injury Unit is a 40-bed unit with patients who may have sustained head injuries, strokes, or
other neuromuscular disorders as well as medical-surgical conditions requiring rehabilitation. A
comprehensive brain injury program including post-discharge community support is offered. The
environment in this unit offers several unique challenges to the professional nurses.
Senior Housing Solutions
512 Valley Way
Milpitas, CA 95126
Phone: (408) 645-5962
The Senior Housing Solutions’ program can be an excellent housing alternative for people with
TBI. They match seniors who want to share their home with people seeking a place to live.
Services include counseling the involved people on the process of living interdependently. They
ask all parties for references and tell both parties about each other. They encourage and can
supply roommate agreements and provide monthly follow-ups.
Services for Brain Injury
60 Daggett Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
Phone: (408) 434-2277
http://www.sbicares.org
Services for Brain Injury (SBI) provides comprehensive rehabilitation all under one roof for
people with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) or acquired brain injuries (ABI), including veterans.
SBI’s services range from post-acute programs to vocational immersion and job placement, with
supported employment including a job coach at the work site. An emphasis on comprehensive
cognitive rehabilitation provided through a unique continuum of services is at the heart of all of
SBI’s programming. SBI’s Rehabilitation Program is designed for people with brain injuries to
relearn skills lost due to injury or illness; reintegrate from hospital to home to community; and
provide support, respite, and resources for families and friends. It is part of a unique continuum
of programming individualized for the person with a brain injury to account for his/her social
needs and recovery goals. It includes all rehabilitative therapies and interactive programming to
build skills and modify behavior. SBI’s Vocational Services address the barriers people with
brain injuries face as they work toward increased independence and gainful employment.
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Services for Brain Injury Touchstones Support Group
60 Daggett Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
Phone: Steve Gutierrez (209) 914-8064
Touchstones Support Group is for TBI survivors, family members, caregivers, or anyone
interested in TBI awareness. It meets every Wednesday from 5:30pm-7:30pm.
Silicon Valley Independent Living Center (Gilroy)
7800 Arroyo Circle, Suite A
Gilroy, CA 95020
Phone: (408) 846-1480
http://www.svilc.org/
Silicon Valley Independent Living Center (SVILC) provides information and referrals regarding
available, accessible housing options and a computer list of available housing. They offer
personal assistant recruitment and referrals, training in the management of personal assistants,
advocacy and legal services, information and referrals regarding available and accessible housing,
counseling, individual and group support, independent living skills, vocational services,
residential training program, and equipment rental and loans. Personal assistants are people who
are paid to help people with disabilities (including those with TBI) take care of their basic needs
(e.g., dressing, bathing, and perhaps getting things in order). SVILC refers prescreened and
trained Personal Care Attendants (PCAs) to people who need them. Please call for information
on the SVILC location in San Jose, CA.
Skills Plus
1840 Benton Street
Santa Clara, CA 95050
Phone: (408) 983-2100
http://www.skillsplusprogram.org
Skills Plus provides skills based classes for people who have a need for further therapy after a
stroke. They help people regain functional, social, cognitive, and physical skills. Clients work
hard to improve their functional skills, such as learning to walk and being able to communicate
with loved ones. It is mastering these basic skills that allows the stroke survivor to live at home
and continue to be part of their family.
Sub-Acute Saratoga Hospital
13425 Sousa Lane
Saratoga, CA 95070
Phone: (408) 378-8875
http://www.subacutesaratoga.com
Sub-Acute Saratoga Hospital serves people up to 21 years of age. They service children with
genetic disorders, spinal cord injuries, developmental delay, congenital anomalies, cardiac
conditions, premature birth, failure to thrive, feeding disorders, seizure disorders, respiratory
insufficiency, traumatic brain injury, and encephalopathy.
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Talking Heads – Rehabilitation Research Center
751 Bascom Avenue
San Jose, CA 95128
Contact: (408) 793-6430
http://www.tbimatters.org
The Talking Heads’ brain injury newsletter, distributed by the Santa Clara Valley Medical
Center, addresses many areas of interest for people with TBI and their families. It also includes a
calendar listing of local TBI meetings and events.
Transitions Rehabilitation Group
7101 Monterey Street
Gilroy, CA 95020
Phone: (408) 842-6868
Transitions Rehabilitation Group offers speech, occupational, and physical therapy as well as the
services of clinical social workers, registered nurses, physiatry (specializing in physical medicine
and rehabilitation), and neurology. Their services include cognitive retraining, computer assisted
therapy, and community resource referrals.
United Way of Silicon Valley
1400 Parkmoor Avenue, Suite 250
San Jose, CA 95126
Phone: (408) 345-4300
http://www.uwsv.org
United Way provides community resources to help families and individuals fully engage in
increasing their self-sufficiency, educational achievement, and opportunity for success. Over 600
community resources can be accessed through this agency.
Vasona Creek Healthcare
16412 Los Gatos Boulevard
Los Gatos, CA 95032
Phone: (408) 356-2191
http://www.vasonacreekhealthcare.com
Vasona Creek Healthcare (VCH) provides skilled nursing and rehabilitation services to patients
so they may become as independent as possible. The main goal of VCH is to help patients reach
their maximum potential in a caring and supportive environment.
VCI Mobility Works
3155 Williamsburg Drive
San Jose, CA 95117
Phone: (888) 463-5715
http://www.vanconinc.com/
The evaluations of the VCI Mobility Works (formerly Adaptive Driving Aid) are based out of the
home of the client and, when appropriate, with the clients’ own car. Adaptive Driving Aid
provides training for drivers and can install adaptive equipment as well. Prospective clients must
have a driver’s license or temporary permit. It serves all areas in Central and Northern California
with an emphasis on San Francisco and Monterey Bay areas.
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Veterans Administration Medical Center
3801 Miranda Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Phone: (650) 493-5000 ext. 62201
http://www.paloalto.va.gov/
The Veterans Administration (VA) Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit (BIRU) provides
comprehensive screening, evaluation, and treatment for veterans with traumatic brain injury.
Their Polytrauma Support Clinic Team provides and coordinates interdisciplinary rehabilitation
services for veterans. Any veteran entitled to benefits (discharged from military service under
other than dishonorable conditions) and medically stable is eligible for admission into the
Polytrauma System of Care. The patient must have sustained multiple physical, cognitive, and/or
emotional injuries secondary to trauma.
West Valley College – Disability & Educational Support Program
14000 Fruitdale Avenue
Saratoga, CA 95070
Phone: (408) 741-2010
http://www.westvalley.edu/services/academic-success/desp/index.html
Disability & Educational Support Program (DESP) assists students with disabilities affecting
their education to achieve their educational goals. DESP provides a variety of services and
specialized courses designed to ensure access to all campus programs, services, and facilities and
to facilitate maximum student independence and success.
**For more brain injury resources near Santa Clara County, please see Alameda County, Merced
County, Monterey County, San Benito County, San Mateo County, Santa Cruz County, and
Stanislaus County.**
Santa Cruz
Access Options, Inc. - Equipment Installers
109 Lee Road, Suite D
Watsonville, CA 95076
Phone: (831) 722-6804
http://www.accessoptions.com
Access Options is dedicated to increasing mobility for persons with disabilities by improving
access in several areas. They provide a wide range of services to eliminate architectural and
transportation barriers.
Brain Injury Peer Support Group
1350 41st Ave, Suite 101
Capitola, CA 95010
Phone: (831) 578-2861
The Brain Injury Peer Support Group (held at the Department of Rehabilitation) is for individuals
with brain injuries and their caregivers who meet regularly to support each other by discussing
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common problems affecting them in their everyday lives. Please contact Alisa Sutherland for
more information.
Cabrillo College – Disabled Students Program & Services
6500 Soquel Drive
Aptos, CA 95003
Phone: (831) 479-6379
http://www.cabrillo.edu/services/dsps/
The Disabled Students Program & Services (DSPS) offers a variety of support services helping
students with disabilities be independent and ensuring their educational success at Cabrillo
College. Services include but are not limited to ASL interpreting, registration assistance,
extended time on placement tests, lockers, adaptive physical education classes, Assistive
Technology classes, note taking, equipment loans, textbooks and tests/exams in alternate formats,
and referral services.
Cabrillo College Stroke & Disability Learning Center
501 Upper Park Road
Santa Cruz, CA 95065
Phone: (831) 425-0622
http://www.strokecenter.com
The Stroke and Disability Learning Center (SDLC) provides an educational program for adults
who have survived a stroke or are living with disabling conditions. The SDLC is a unique
program at Cabrillo College that starts where medical rehabilitation leaves off. The goal of the
SDLC is to support independence and promote maximum function for adults adapting to
functional losses. Students participate in small-group instruction in mobility and fitness, speech,
communication, and counseling support.
Central Coast Center for Independent Living (Capitola Branch)
1350 41st Avenue, Suite 101
Capitola, CA 95010
Phone: (831) 462-8720
http://www.cccil.org/
Central Coast Center for Independent Living (CCCIL) promotes the independence of people with
disabilities by supporting their equal and full participation in life. CCCIL provides advocacy;
education; and support to people with disabilities, their families, and the community. CCCIL
provides the following services: information and referral, individual and systems change
advocacy, benefits counseling, housing assistance, personal assistance services, peer support,
independent-living skills training, and assistive technology. Call for information on the CCCIL
location in Watsonville, CA.
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Department of Rehabilitation (Capitola Branch)
1350 41st Avenue, Suite 101
Capitola, CA 95010
Phone: (831) 465-7100
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Central California
9010 Soquel Drive, Suite 1
Aptos, CA 95003
Phone: (831) 684-2166
http://www.centralcal.easterseals.com/
Easter Seals Central California provides innovative therapy, training, education, and support
services to individuals from birth through young adulthood living with disabilities. Easter Seals
Bay Area helps them address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals, and gain greater
independence in everyday living.
Santa Cruz METRO Transit
2880 Research Park Drive, Suite 160
Soquel, CA 95073
Phone: (831) 425-4664
http://www.scmtd.com
Santa Cruz METRO’s top priority is to provide safe and reliable access to the community.
METRO operates a fleet of safe, clean, modern, and accessible large buses, small buses, and
minivans to connect riders to multiple destinations. All METRO fixed-route buses and ParaCruz
vehicles are accessible to anyone needing use of a ramp or lift to board a METRO vehicle.
**For more brain injury resources near Santa Cruz County, please see Monterey County, San
Mateo County, and Santa Clara County.**
Shasta
Brain Injury Guidance Group (BIGG)
2100 Market Street
Redding, CA 96001
Contact: Harold Lord (530) 222-1806
The Brain Injury Guidance Group (BIGG) is for individuals with brain injuries who meet
regularly to support each other by discussing common problems affecting them in their everyday
lives. BIGG meets the third Thursday of the month at 5:30pm.
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Department of Rehabilitation (Redding Branch)
1900 Churn Creek Road, Suite 100
Redding, CA 96002
Phone: (530) 224-4708
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Services enable
individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals, and gain greater
independence for everyday living.
Independent Living Services of Northern California
169 Hartnell Avenue, Suite 128
Redding, CA 96002
Phone: (530) 242-8550
http://www.ilsnc.org/index.html
Independent Living Services of Northern California (ILSNC) is a nonprofit organization helping
people with disabilities achieve and/or maintain their optimal level of self-reliance and
independence. ILSNC provides support services (e.g., information, housing assistance, and
provider referrals) and eliminates barriers to increase opportunities for participation in the
community. ILSNC also works to ensure clients get the services they need while supporting
consumers’ rights to live independently.
Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with brain and neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support,
assistance, and community connections to help local caregivers.
Shasta College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
11555 North Old Oregon Trail
Redding, CA 96049
Phone: (530) 225-3973
http://www.shastacollege.edu/Student%20Services/DSPS/pages/447.aspx
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) is a program for students with disabilities. The
program is available to students attending either the main Shasta College campus or the extended
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education locations throughout the district. DSPS works with students to evaluate the educational
impact of their disability and authorize reasonable accommodations and services.
The Rose Center Physical Therapy
3278 Bechelli Lane
Redding, CA 96002
Phone: (530) 223-9474
http://www.therosecenter.com
The Rose Center is a private outpatient therapy practice dedicated to quality patient care through
use of evidence-based treatment. It was founded with the mission of providing cutting-edge and
specialty therapy to the greater Redding area. As a leader and innovator in the rehabilitation
field, their clinic offers an array of services, expertise, advocacy, and partnerships that promote
quality of life, independence, and community integration for individuals with physical injuries
and/or disabilities as well as their families and care providers.
**For more brain injury resources near Shasta County, please see Lassen County, Modoc County,
Plumas County, Siskiyou County, Tehama County, and Trinity County.**
Sierra
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living. Easter Seals Bay Area serves Sierra County.
Foundation Resources for Equality and Employment for the Disabled (FREED)
154 Hughes Road, Suite 1
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Phone: (530) 272-1732
http://www.freed.org
FREED’s mission is to eliminate barriers for people with disabilities through programs promoting
independent living and effecting systems change while honoring dignity and self-determination.
FREED has a number of programs focusing on the issues that arise with aging and disabilities.
They work with clients to figure out what they need and to get connected. FREED serves
multiple counties, including Sierra County.
**For more brain injury resources near Sierra County, please see Butte County, Nevada County,
Plumas County, and Yuba County.**
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Siskiyou
College of the Siskiyous – Disabled Students Programs & Services
800 College Avenue
Weed, CA 96094
Phone: (530) 938-5297
http://www.siskiyous.edu
The Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) is the campus office responsible for
determining and providing required academic accommodations for students with disabilities.
DSPS provides support services, specialized instruction, and educational accommodations to
students with disabilities so they can fully participate and benefit from college.
Department of Rehabilitation (Yreka Branch)
500 North Main Street
Yreka, CA 96097
Phone: (530) 842-1662
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center/Mt. Shasta
914 Pine Street
Mt. Shasta, CA 96067
Phone: (530) 926-6111
http://www.mercymtshasta.org/Medical_Services/204331
The goal of physical, speech, and occupational therapies at Dignity Health Mercy Medical
Center/Mt. Shasta is to improve and/or restore a patient’s highest level of functioning after a
stroke or other injury to the brain. Therapy services can help alleviate pain; bring back optimal
motion, strength, and coordination; find creative ways to overcome movement disabilities; and
improve the thinking tasks important to daily life including use of memory, reasoning, and
problem-solving skills. Mercy also helps individuals with disabilities return to the job safely and
quickly with rehabilitation and work conditioning programs and helps athletes return to their
sports by using state-of-the-art sports rehabilitation.
Easter Seals Disability Services
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living. Easter Seals Bay Area serves many counties,
including Siskiyou County.
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Independent Living Services of Northern California
1161 East Avenue
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 893-8527
http://www.ilsnc.org/index.html
Independent Living Services of Northern California (ILSNC) is a nonprofit organization helping
people with disabilities to achieve and/or maintain their optimal level of self-reliance and
independence. ILSNC provides support services (e.g., information, housing assistance, and
provider referrals) and eliminates barriers to increase opportunities for participation in the
community. ILSNC also works to ensure provision of needed services, identified by persons with
disabilities and other community members, while supporting consumers’ rights to live
independently.
Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with brain and neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support,
assistance, and community connections to help local caregivers. Passages Caregiver Resource
Center serves multiple counties, including Siskiyou County.
**For more brain injury resources near Siskiyou County, please see Del Norte County, Humboldt
County, Modoc County, Shasta County, and Trinity County.**
Solano
Department of Rehabilitation (Fairfield Branch)
450 Chadbourne Road, Suite A
Fairfield, CA 94534
Phone: (707) 428-2080
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Driving Specialties Ltd.
215 Commercial Street
Vallejo, CA 94589
Phone: (707) 553-1515
http://www.drivingspecialties.com
Driving Specialties Ltd. aims to help people with mobility limitations have the freedom and
independence of accessible transportation. Driving Specialties provides a comprehensive list of
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mobility services. They sell and maintain a complete range of products including van
conversions; raised roofs and raised doors; hand controls; electronic gas and brake systems;
wheelchair and scooter lifts; and a wide range of steering, braking, and secondary control
systems.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living. Easter Seals serves multiple counties,
including Solano County.
Independent Living Resources
470 Chadbourne Road, Suite B
Fairfield, CA 94534
Phone:(707) 435-8174
http://www.ilrscc.org/
Independent Living Resources (ILR) is dedicated to helping people with any type of disability
live normal, independent lives. Through education empowerment and advocacy, ILR strives to
fully incorporate those with disabilities into the community and eliminate institutional, social, and
attitudinal barriers that hinder progress.
Jed Sussman, Ph.D.
4466 Block Avenue, Suite H
Pleasanton, CA 94566
Phone: (925) 600-8199
Jed Sussman is a psychotherapist. Psychotherapists are trained in neuropsychology and offer
neuropsychological assessment, which can be very helpful in both demonstrating that brain
damage occurred and that the person has deficits from the TBI, all while evaluating cognitive
strengths and weaknesses so compensation strategies can be made.
Kaiser Foundation Rehabilitation Center
975 Sereno Drive
Vallejo, CA 94589
Phone: (707) 651-1044
http://www.permanente.net/homepage/kaiser/pages/d14029-top.html
Kaiser’s rehabilitation program is designed to help clients treat the impairments and disabling
conditions caused by a brain injury so he or she can return to normal daily activities to the
greatest extent possible. Kaiser wants to prevent and treat medical complications and enhance
function and quality of life of those with brain injuries.
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NCS Brain Injury Rehabilitation
450 S Porter Road, Suite A
Dixon, CA 95620
Phone: (707) 678-7394
NCS Brain Injury Rehabilitation is a clinic based in Dixon serving patients throughout Solano
County and the Sacramento area. It offers services in neurological therapy as well as
occupational and speech therapy. For more information on NCS Brain Injury Rehabilitation, or
to schedule an appointment, please call the listed number.
PRIDE Industries Foundation (Fairfield Branch)
2339 Courage Drive, Suite D
Fairfield, CA 94533
Phone: (707) 399-3601
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training, and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment.
Redwood Caregiver Resource Center
141 Stony Circle, Suite 200
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 542-0282
http://www.redwoodcrc.org
The Redwood Caregiver Resource Center (CRC) provides services to family caregivers
throughout the Redwood Empire, including the counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino,
Lake, Sonoma, Napa, and Solano. Redwood CRC is part of a statewide system of 11 nonprofit
Caregiver Resource Centers (CRCs) offering support and assistance to caregivers of adults with
brain impairments through education, research, services, and advocacy. Redwood Caregiver
Resource Center serves multiple counties, including Solano County.
Solano Community College – Disability Services Program
4000 Suisun Valley Road
Suisun, CA 94585
Phone: (707) 864-7000 ext. 249
http://www.solano.edu/dsp/
The Disability Services Program (DSP) at Solano Community College empowers students with
disabilities for success, provides services to minimize the limiting effects of disability, advocates
for the needs and rights of students with disabilities, and creates a level playing field in classes.
**For more brain injury resources near Solano County, please see Contra Costa County, Marin
County, Napa County, Sacramento County, and Yolo County.**
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Sonoma
Accessible Mobility Center
2975 Dutton Avenue
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
Phone: (707) 575-6997
http://www.adaptabilityca.com
Accessible Mobility Center’s mission is to provide expert sales and service in the fields of
wheelchair vans and other accessibility products. They offer installation services for new and
used wheelchair accessible vans, Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) compliant vans,
wheelchair and scooter lifts, driving controls, restraint systems, and other vehicle modifications.
Canine Companions for Independence
P.O. Box 446
Santa Rosa, CA 95402
Phone: (707) 577-1700
http://www.caninecompanions.org
Canine Companions is an organization enhancing the lives of people with disabilities by
providing highly trained assistance dogs and ongoing support to ensure quality partnerships.
Department of Rehabilitation (Redwood Empire District)
50 D Street, Suite 425
Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Phone: (707) 576-2233
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Disability Services and Legal Center
521 Mendocino Avenue
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 528-2745
http://www.disabilityserviceandlegal.org/
Disability Services and Legal Center (DSLC) operates as a non-profit organization dedicated to
enhancing the lives and advancing the rights of people with disabilities in Sonoma, Napa, Lake
and Mendocino counties in California.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
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and gain greater independence for everyday living. Easter Seals Bay Area serves many counties,
including Sonoma County.
Neuropsychological Associates
1260 North Dutton Avenue, Suite 225
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 526-5424
http://www.neuropsychologicalassociates.org/
Neuropsychological Associates provides a variety of neuropsychological and forensic
evaluations, consulting services, psychotherapy, and comprehensive case management for clients
who may experience a broad range of emotional, behavioral, and brain related issues.
Redwood Caregiver Resource Center
141 Stony Circle, Suite 200
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 542-0282
http://www.redwoodcrc.org
The mission of Redwood Caregiver Resource Center (CRC) is to help families and communities
master the challenges of caring for adults with brain disorders. The goal is accomplished through
programs and services addressing the emotional, physical, and financial needs of family
caregivers. CRC also provides information and assistance to families and caregivers of adults
with brain impairments due to injury or disease as well as to the caregivers of the frail elderly.
Santa Rosa CityBus
100 Santa Rosa Avenue
Santa Rosa, CA 95402
Phone: (707) 543-3333
http://www.ci.santa-rosa.ca.us/default.aspx?PageId=156
Santa Rosa CityBus provides transportation to the general public within the city of Santa Rosa
and is wheelchair accessible. The city of Santa Rosa uses MV Transportation to provide
paratransit services to those people with disabilities who are unable to use CityBus.
Santa Rosa Junior College – Disability Resources Department and Acquired Brain Injury
Program
1501 Mendocino Avenue
Santa Rosa, CA 95401
Phone: (707) 527-4906
http://www.online.santarosa.edu/presentation/?4928
The Disability Resources Department at Santa Rosa Junior College provides people with
disabilities equal access to a community college education through specialized instruction,
disability related support services, and advocacy activities. The Acquired Brain Injury Program
at Santa Rosa Junior College provides services to individuals with diagnoses including traumatic
brain injury, stroke, brain tumor, and other brain-related illnesses. Services include academic
accommodations, academic advising, instruction in disability management, early registration,
specialized classes, and access to assistive technology.
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Sonoma County Transit
355 West Robles Avenue
Santa Rosa, CA 95407
Phone: (707) 576-7433
http://www.sctransit.com
Sonoma County Transit (SCT) provides transportation to the general public and to people with
disabilities throughout Sonoma County. SCT is wheelchair accessible and provides paratransit
services for people with disabilities who are unable to use the regular transit services.
**For more brain injury resources near Sonoma County, please see Lake County, Marin County,
Mendocino County, and Napa County.**
Stanislaus
Department of Rehabilitation (Modesto Branch)
1209 Woodrow Avenue, Suite B1
Modesto, CA 95350
Phone: (209) 576-6220
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Disability Resource Agency for Independent Living (DRAIL)
920 12th Street
Modesto, CA 95354
Phone: (209) 521-7260
http://www.drail.org/
Disability Resource Agency for Independent Living (DRAIL) works to ensure a life filled with
possibility and independence is a reality for members of the community living with a disability.
DRAIL supports clients with technology and helps them get connected to resources and services
optimizing clients’ quality of life.
Modesto Area Express (MAX) – City of Modesto Transit Division
P.O. Box 642
Modesto, CA 95353
Phone: (209) 577-5295
http://www.modestoareaexpress.com
Modesto Area Express (MAX) provides transportation services (as well as service to connect to
ACE and BART trains) to the general public and people with disabilities living in the Modesto
area. Buses are wheelchair accessible, and MAX also provides specialized Dial-A-Ride
transportation services for people with disabilities.
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Modesto Junior College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
435 College Avenue
Modesto, CA 95350
Phone: (209) 575-6225
http://www.mjc.edu/studentservices/disability/
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) provides provides people with disabilities
(including brain injuries) equal access to a community college education through specialized
instruction, disability related support services, and advocacy activities.
PRIDE Industries Foundation (Modesto Branch)
1215 7th Street
Modesto, CA 95354
Phone: (209) 596-2676
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training, and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment.
Stanislaus Regional Transit (StaRT)
1010 10th Street, Suite 4200
Modesto, CA 95354
Phone: (800) 262-1516
http://www.srt.org
StaRT provides transportation services for residents and visitors of Stanislaus County, including
people with disabilities.
**For more brain injury resources near Stanislaus County, please see Alameda County, Calaveras
County, Mariposa County, Merced County, San Joaquin County, and Santa Clara County.**
Sutter
Department of Rehabilitation (Yuba City Branch)
1237-B Live Oak Boulevard
Yuba City, CA 95991
Phone: (530) 822-4591
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
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Foundation Resources for Equality and Employment for the Disabled (FREED)
154 Hughes Road, Suite 1
Grass Valley, CA 95945
Phone: (530) 272-1732
http://www.freed.org
FREED’s mission is to eliminate barriers for people with disabilities through programs promoting
independent living and effecting systems change while honoring dignity and self-determination.
FREED has a number of programs focusing on the issues that arise with aging and disabilities.
They work with clients to figure out what they need and to get connected. FREED serves
multiple counties, including Sutter County.
PRIDE Industries Foundation (Yuba City Branch)
950 Tharp Road, Suite 601
Yuba City, CA 95993
Phone: (530) 755-1736
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training, and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment.
**For more brain injury resources near Sutter County, please see Butte County, Colusa County,
Placer County, Sacramento County, Yolo County, and Yuba County.**
Tehama
Department of Rehabilitation (Red Bluff Branch)
705 Pine Street
Red Bluff, CA 96080
Phone: (530) 529-4270
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living. Easter Seals serves multiple counties,
including Tehama County.
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Independent Living Services of Northern California
1161 East Avenue
Chico, CA 95926
Phone: (530) 893-8527
http://www.ilsnc.org/index.html
Independent Living Services of Northern California (ILSNC) is a nonprofit organization helping
community members with disabilities achieve and/or maintain their optimal level of self-reliance
and independence. ILSNC provides support services (e.g., information, housing assistance, and
provider referrals) and eliminates barriers to increase opportunities for participation in the
community. ILSNC also works to ensure provision of needed services, identified by persons with
disabilities and other community members, while supporting consumers’ rights to live
independently. ILSNC serves multiple counties, including Tehama County.
Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with a brain/neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support, assistance,
and community connections to help local caregivers. ILSNC serves multiple counties, including
Tehama County.
**For more brain injury resources near Tehama County, please see Butte County, Glenn County,
Mendocino County, Plumas County, Shasta County, and Trinity County.**
Trinity
Easter Seals Disability Services: Bay Area
391 Taylor Boulevard, Suite 250
Pleasant Hill, CA 94523
Phone: (925) 849-8999
http://www.easterseals.com/bayarea/
Easter Seals Bay Area helps individuals and families with disabilities live better lives. Their
services enable individuals with disabilities to address life’s challenges, achieve personal goals,
and gain greater independence for everyday living. Easter Seals serves multiple counties,
including Trinity County.
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Passages Caregiver Resource Center
2491 Carmichael Drive, Suite 400
Chico, CA 95928
Phone: (530) 898-5925
http://www.passagescenter.org/caregivers/
Passages Caregiver Resource Center offers services for family caregivers who provide care to
adults with a brain/neurological impairment. The staff provides information, support, assistance,
and community connections to help local caregivers. Passages serves multiple counties,
including Trinity County.
**For more brain injury resources near Trinity County, please see Humboldt County, Mendocino
County, Shasta County, Siskiyou County, and Tehama County.**
Tulare
Center for Independent Living – Visalia
121 E Main Street, Suite 101
Visalia, CA 93291
Phone: (559) 622-9276
http://www.cil-fresno.org/
The Center for Independent Living (Visalia) is a consumer based organization empowering
people with disabilities through a flexible range of services and opportunities to make informed
choices and be in control of their lives.
College of the Sequoias – Disability Resource Center
915 South Mooney Boulevard
Visalia, CA 93277
Phone: (559) 730-3805
http://www.cos.edu/StudentServices/StudentSupportServices/DRC/Pages/DRC%20Home.aspx
The Disability Resource Center (DRC) assists students in maximizing their potential and
preparing for a productive life after college. DRC services are individualized to aid each
student’s independence, productivity, and self-esteem. Services are provided to enhance
students’ access to and success in all classes and activities offered in college.
Department of Rehabilitation (Visalia Branch)
4930 West Kaweah Court, Suite 100
Visalia, CA 93277
Phone: (559) 735-3838
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
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Porterville College – Disability Resource Center
100 East College Avenue
Porterville, CA 93527
Phone: (559) 791-2281
http://www.portervillecollege.edu/student-services/DRC/index.html
The mission of the Porterville College Disability Resource Center (DRC) is to facilitate learning,
promote independence, and encourage life-long learning for students with disabilities. The goal
of the DRC is to provide students the opportunity to succeed through a student-centered approach
focused on providing equal access. DRC also provides accommodations assisting students in
reaching their true potential.
Resources for Independence (Central Valley)
2606 Valley Oak Drive
Visalia, CA 93291
Contact: Nachi Kinsel (559) 622-9276
http://www.ricv.org/
Resources for Independence (Central Valley) (RICV) encourage people with disabilities to be in
control of their lives and live more independently through a diverse range of choices and
opportunities. Services include assistive technology, high school transitions, job development,
communication access, housing resources, information/referral, peer support, and systems change
advocacy.
**For more brain injury resources near Tulare County, please see Fresno County, Inyo County,
Kern County, and King County.**
Tuolumne
Columbia College – Disabled Student Programs & Services
11600 Columbia College Drive
Sonora, CA 95370
Phone: (209) 588-5134
http://www.columbia.yosemite.edu/dsps/
Disabled Student Programs & Services (DSPS) provides academic support for those with
disabilities. Services include individual assessment review/evaluation, individualized learning
strategies to remediate or compensate for basic skill deficits, test facilitation, and other in-class
accommodations as needed. Tutoring may be offered by specially trained staff and students for
general educational and vocational college coursework.
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Department of Rehabilitation (Sonora Branch)
19900 Cedar Road North
Sonora, CA 95370
Phone: (209) 536-2988
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Disability Resource Agency for Independent Living (DRAIL)
67 Linoberg Street, Suite A
Sonora, CA 95370
Phone: (209) 532-0963
http://www.drail.org/
Disability Resource Agency for Independent Living (DRAIL) works to ensure a life filled with
possibility and independence is a reality for the members of the community living with a
disability. DRAIL supports clients with technology and helps them get connected to resources
and services optimizing clients’ quality of life.
**For more brain injury resources near Tuolumne County, please see Alpine County, Calaveras
County, Madera County, Mariposa County, Merced County, Mono County, and Stanislaus
County.**
Ventura
Brain Injury Center of Ventura County
3687 E. Las Posas, Building H
Camarillo, CA 93011
Phone: (805) 482-1312
http://www.braininjurycenter.org/
The Brain Injury Center of Ventura County aims to help brain injury survivors and their families
living in Ventura County. Their objectives are to identify the on-going needs of the brain injury
survivor; ensure access to appropriate community health and social services; and to provide
specialized caregiver support, training, and information to assist brain injury survivors in
remaining as independent as is reasonably and realistically possible. In addition, they
enthusiastically engage brain injury survivors in problem-solving issues through supportive
coaching and education techniques. They provide support for family members when their loved
one is in initial intensive stages of hospitalization. During this time, they refer families to peers
who have experienced this type of trauma.
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Brain Injury Specialists
1746 S Victoria Avenue, Suite F
Ventura, CA 93003
Phone: (805) 643-0123
http://www.braininjspecialists.com
Brain Injury Specialists is comprised of neurorehabilitation experts and offers final steps in the
continuum of care on the road to wellness (following a catastrophic neurological event). Services
include speech/cognitive therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, family/caregiver
education and training, and return to work/job coaching.
Department of Rehabilitation (Oxnard-Ventura Branch)
1701 Pacific Avenue, Suite 120
Oxnard, CA 93033
Phone: (805) 385-2400
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Department of Rehabilitation (Thousand Oaks Branch)
101 Hodencamp Road, Suite 212
Thousand Oaks, CA 91360
Phone: (805) 371-6279
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
Independent Living Resource Center (ILRC-Ventura County)
1802 Eastman Avenue, Suite 112
Ventura, CA 93003
Phone: (805) 650-5993
http://www.ilrc-trico.org/home.html
The mission of the Independent Living Resource Center, Inc. (ILRC) is to promote independent
living and full access for individuals with disabilities through advocacy, education, and action in
our communities.
Life After Brain Injury
1918 Erringer Road
Simi Valley, CA 93065
Phone: (805) 493-5555
http://www.lifeafterbraininjury.org
Life After Brain Injury (LABI) is a place where survivors are encouraged to participate, belong,
and grow. LABI is an independent-living-based organization and provides free support services
to the brain injured community in and around Ventura County, CA.
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Moorpark College – ACCESS
7075 Campus Road
Moorpark, CA 93021
Phone: (805) 378-1461
http://www.moorparkcollege.edu/services_for_students/access/index.shtml
Accessibility Coordination Center & Educational Support Services (ACCESS) coordinates
services and accommodations needed by eligible students to ensure full accessibility to the
campus and curriculum is achieved. The accommodations and services required are individually
determined by the student and the ACCESS Specialist. Some available services include
specialized classes, alternative text, assistive equipment, note takers, test-taking accommodations,
and registration assistance.
Oxnard College – Educational Assistance Center
4000 South Rose Avenue
Oxnard, CA 93033
Phone: (805) 986-5830
http://www.oxnardcollege.edu/departments/student_services/educational_assistance_center/index
.shtml
The Educational Assistance Center (EAC) works with students with disabilities to develop
educational plans/contracts in line with their goals for educational development and employment.
Such plans, as well as the courses required to meet them and the accommodations needed to
neutralize the disabilities, are reviewed each semester with an EAC counselor.
Ventura College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
4667 Telegraph Road
Ventura, CA 93003
Phone: (805) 654-6300
http://www.venturacollege.edu/departments/student_services/dsps_eac/index.shtml
Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) promotes the educational and vocational
potential of students with disabilities by supporting each student’s integration into the mainstream
of college life. Students with learning disabilities; mobility, visual, hearing, speech, or
psychological impairments; acquired brain injuries; seizure disorders; and other disabilities are
eligible for support services needed to fully participate in the educational process.
**For more brain injury resources near Ventura County, please see Kern County, Los Angeles
County, and San Luis Obispo County.**
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Yolo
Department of Rehabilitation (Woodland Branch)
1100 Main Street, Suite 340
Woodland, CA 95695
Phone: (530) 668-6824
http://www.dor.ca.gov
The California Department of Rehabilitation (DOR) works in partnership with consumers and
other stakeholders to provide services and advocacy resulting in employment, independent living,
and equality for individuals with disabilities.
PRIDE Industries Foundation (Woodland Branch)
327 College Street, Suite 210
Woodland, CA 95695
Phone: (530) 666-3475
http://www.prideindustries.com/
PRIDE provides the support, training, and opportunity necessary to help people with disabilities
overcome obstacles and find meaningful employment. PRIDE aims to be the premiere employer
of people with disabilities, the vendor of choice in the markets they serve, and the recognized
leader in meeting the needs of individuals in overcoming barriers to employment.
Woodland Community College- Disabled Students Programs & Services
2300 E. Gibson Road
Woodland CA 95776
Phone: (530) 661-5797
http://www.wcc.yccd.edu/
The Woodland Community College Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) is designed
to provide access to educational opportunities for students with disabilities. Their main objective
is to provide an opportunity for all individuals to gain maximum benefit from their educational
experience. Woodland Community College encourages students with disabilities to participate
within the limits of their disabilities in the same activities and courses as other students.
**For more brain injury resources near Yolo County, please see Colusa County, Lake County,
Napa County, Sacramento County, Solano County, and Sutter County.**
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Yuba
Foundation Resources for Equality and Employment for the Disabled (FREED)
508 J Street
Marysville, CA 95901
Phone: (530) 742-4474
http://www.freed.org
FREED’s mission is to eliminate barriers for people with disabilities through programs promoting
independent living and effecting systems change while honoring dignity and self-determination.
FREED has a number of programs focusing on the issues that arise with aging and disabilities.
They work with clients to figure out what they need to get connected.
Rideout Rehabilitation Services
725 4th Street
Marysville, CA 95901
Phone: (530) 749-4529
http://www.frhg.org
Rideout Rehabilitation Services (RRS) is made up of physical, occupational, and speech
therapists. RRS provides a wide spectrum of highly specialized rehabilitation services to ensure
complete coverage for the needs of the whole community. Services range from inpatient to
outpatient rehabilitation. The physical therapy team has developed a comprehensive treatment
program for stroke and neurological rehabilitation, swallowing evaluation and retraining,
cognitive retraining, back care, orthopedic injuries, sports injury, and post-surgical care.
Yuba College – Disabled Students Programs & Services
2088 North Beale Road
Marysville, CA 95901
Phone: (530) 741-6795
http://www.yccd.edu
The goals of Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS) are to equip students with tools to
successfully navigate their college education, assist them in understanding their disability
(including strengths and weaknesses), and teach students to communicate their needs to others
regarding the services they need to achieve their goals.
**For more brain injury resources near Yuba County, please see Butte County, Nevada County,
Placer County, Plumas County, Sierra County, and Sutter County.**
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ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
The following brain injury resources are not listed by county but are general resources beneficial
to anyone in California. Many of the following resources are professional associations related to
brain injury while others simply have useful information. The reader would benefit by exploring
these websites.
American Brain Tumor Association
2720 River Road, Suite 146
Des Plaines, IL 60018
Phone: (800) 886-2282
http://www.abta.org/
The mission of the American Brain Tumor Association (ABTA) is to advance the understanding
and treatment of brain tumors with the goals of improving, extending, and ultimately saving the
lives of those impacted by a brain tumor diagnosis. ABTA accomplishes these goals through
interactions with brain tumor patients and their families, collaborations with allied groups and
organizations, and the funding of brain tumor research.
American Stroke Association
7272 Greenville Avenue
Dallas, TX 75231
http://www.strokeassociation.org/STROKEORG/
The American Stroke Association is dedicated to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to save
lives from stroke: America’s number four killer and a leading cause of serious disability. They
fund scientific research, help people better understand and avoid stroke, encourage government
support, guide healthcare professionals, and provide information to enhance the quality of life for
stroke survivors.
American Veterans with Brain Injury
4960 Highway 90, Box #173
Pace, FL 32571
http://www.avbi.org/
American Veterans with Brain Injury (AVBI) is an organization offering support to the families
of American service members and veterans who have sustained brain injuries through a webbased peer-support network and information. AVBI provides medical alert dog tags and identity
cards in a small carrying case, and AVBI members have access to web-based exercise programs
to improve brain health and cognitive performance. Such programs encourage self-improvement
and recovery of service members and veterans who have sustained a brain injury. There are
many other programs and supports for those with brain injury through AVBI.
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Aphasia Center of California
200 Grand Avenue
Oakland, CA 94602
Phone: (510) 336-0112
http://www.aphasiacenter.org
Aphasia is a loss or reduction of language (i.e., speaking, understanding, reading, and/or writing)
following brain damage, typically as a result of a stroke. The Aphasia Center of California
provides high quality treatment programs enhancing communication skills, quality of life, and
overall wellbeing for those affected by aphasia. They offer clients a community of people who
support and understand one another while providing stories of hope and success.
Beach Center on Disability – The University of Kansas
1200 Sunnyside Avenue
Lawrence, KS 66045
Phone: (785) 864-7600
http://www.beachcenter.org
The Beach Center on Disability is a multidisciplinary research and training center committed to
making a significant and sustainable positive difference in the quality of life of individuals and
families affected by disability and the professionals who support them.
Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Resource Center
Phone: (877) 216-6020
http://www.brainandspinalcord.org/
Sponsored by Newsome Melton LLP., BrainandSpinalCord.org is a resource for brain and spinal
cord injury survivors and their families to learn more information about medical conditions,
rehabilitation, and legal options.
Brain Injury Association of America (BIAA)
1608 Spring Hill Road, Suite 110
Vienna, VA 22182
Phone: (703) 761-0750
http://www.biausa.org/
The Brain Injury Association of America (BIAA) is the leading national organization serving and
representing individuals, families, and professionals who are touched by traumatic brain injury
(TBI). The BIAA provides information, education, and support to assist the 5.3 million
Americans currently living with traumatic brain injury and their families. It is dedicated to
improving the quality of life of people with brain injuries and their families as well as promoting
prevention of brain injury. The website offers information, education, advocacy, support, and
prevention. The BIAA consists of 42 state associations, 200 chapters, and over 800 support
groups across the U.S.
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Brain Injury Association of California (BIACAL)
2658 Mt. Vernon Avenue
Bakersfield, CA 93306
Phone: (661) 872-4903
http://www.biacal.org
The Brain Injury Association of California (BIACAL) is a non-profit membership organization
providing information, resources, education, advocacy, and support for those affected by brain
injury. It is also the country’s oldest and largest nationwide brain injury advocacy organization.
Through advocacy, they bring help, hope, and healing to millions of individuals living with brain
injury, their families, and the professionals who serve them. For a list of BIACAL’s brain injury
resources, please visit http://biacal.org/brain-injury-resources-california.htm.
Brain Injury Coalition
P.O. Box 3497
Chico, CA 95927
http://www.braininjurycoalition.info/index_files/Page415.htm
The Brain Injury Coalition is an advocacy and educational organization dedicated to promoting
brain injury awareness and creating opportunities for individuals with brain injury, their
caregivers, and families.
Brain Injury.com
Phone: (866) 882-7246
http://www.braininjury.com/
Brain Injury.com is the largest collection of medical and legal information about brain injury on
the web. The website provides a nationwide network of legal services to serve those with cases
involving brain injury, and they provide cutting edge information for those in need.
Brain Injury Information NETwork
http://www.tbinet.org/
The Brain Injury Information NETwork (TBINET) was started by a small group of caregivers
who had loved ones with various types of brain injuries. TBINET is dedicated to helping people
find information on ABI/TBI.
Brain Injury Law Group
212 Whitetail Run Lane
Sheboygan, WI 54923
Phone: (800) 992-9447
http://www.tbilaw.com
The Brain Injury Law Group is a community of trial lawyers across the U.S. serving the rights of
persons with TBI. The website provides a number of services to assist survivors of TBI in
locating a lawyer specializing in brain injury in the state where they were injured. The website
also features articles, information, and graphics about TBI.
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Brain Injury Network
707 Hahman Drive, #9276
Santa Rosa, CA 95405
Phone: (707) 544-4323
http://www.braininjurynetwork.org/
The Brain Injury Network (BIN) is the first international and U.S.A. national advocacy
organization operated by people with brain injuries. BIN is a worldwide organization promoting
ABI survivor advocacy, citizen action, and brain injury legal rights. BIN provides advocacy,
awareness, education, information sharing, networking, peer support, policy, referral, and social
community.
Brain Injury News and Information Blog
427 Bedford Road, Suite 260
Pleasantville, NY 10570
http://www.braininjury.blogs.com/
The Brain Injury News and Information Blog’s mission is to improve the quality of life for
persons with brain injuries, their spouses, and family members. They believe the best cure for a
brain injury is prevention, and they represent clients with compassion to see that justice is done.
Brain Injury Research Center of Mount Sinai
5 East 98th Street, B-15
New York, NY 10029
Phone: (888) 241-5152
http://www.icahn.mssm.edu/research/centers/brain-injury-research-center-of-mount-sinai
The Brain Injury Research Center of Mount Sinai (BIRC-MS) conducts cutting-edge research,
with a primary focus on addressing the challenges of living with TBI. In several recent studies,
they evaluated the effectiveness of interventions on the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral
functioning of people with brain injuries. Their research has greatly expanded the knowledge
base with respect to long-term challenges faced by people with TBI as well as approaches to
leading better lives after injury.
Brainline
2275 South Quincy Street
Arlington, VA 22206
http://www.brainline.org/
Brainline offers information and resources about preventing, treating, and living with TBI. It
serves those whose lives have been affected by TBI, including people with brain injury, their
families, professionals in the field, and anyone else in a position to help prevent the toll of TBI.
Brain Train
8343 Currant Way
Parker, CO 80134
http://www.brain-train.com
Brain Train provides cognitive retraining software available for purchase. Volume 1, Basic
Cognitive Skills, contains 55 computer programs designed to assist in remediating cognitive and
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behavioral deficits. Volume 2, Vocational Readiness, consists of 15 programs designed to
provide a bridge between cognitive rehabilitation and retraining.
Brain Trauma Foundation
250 Greenwich Street
New York, NY 10007
http://www.braintrauma.org/
The Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) dedicated its mission to improving TBI patient outcomes
worldwide by developing best practice guidelines, conducting clinical research, and educating
medical professionals and consumers. BTF continues to conduct clinical research to provide
solutions and raise public awareness and understanding about concussions and TBI. By
educating healthcare professionals on the immediate care for coma patients, BTF estimates
thousands of lives could be saved each year in the U.S.
California Association of Health Facilities (CAHF)
2201 K Street
Sacramento, CA 95853-7004
Phone: (916) 441-6400
http://www.cahf.org
California Association of Health Facilities (CAHF) is a professional organization that represents
long-term care providers; publishes information about acute care; and provides nursing and
physical, occupational, and speech therapy. They publish a brochure, Information About Acute
Care in a Nursing Facility, which discusses acute care facilities and what to expect from these
facilities.
California Department of Veteran Affairs
1227 O Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (800) 324-5966
http://www.calvet.ca.gov
California Department of Veteran Affairs aims to help veterans learn about the state and federal
benefits to which they are entitled. Benefits could compensate veterans for a service-connected
disability, allow them to begin or resume college education, help them care for their health, assist
them in training for or finding employment, and help them buy a home.
California Foundation for Independent Living Centers
1234 H Street, Suite 100
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 325-1690
http://www.cfilc.org
The California Foundation for Independent Living Centers (CFILC) provides a comprehensive
list of independent living centers in California. They work in collaboration with the AT Network,
Disability Organizing Network, Disabled and Proud, California Assistive Technology Reuse
Coalition, and Disability Action Coalition.
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Caregiver Action Network
2000 M Street NW, Suite 400
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 772-5050
http://www.caregiveraction.org
The mission of the Caregiver Action Network (CAN) is to promote resourcefulness and respect
for the more than 65 million family caregivers across the country. CAN serves a broad spectrum
of family caregivers ranging from the parents of children with special needs to the families and
friends of wounded soldiers.
Center for Neuro Skills TBI Resource Guide
http://www.neuroskills.com/
The TBI Resource Guide from the Center for Neuro Skills (CNS) is a main source of information,
services, and products relating to traumatic brain injury, brain injury recovery, and post-acute
rehabilitation. New on the website are an online drugstore and a virtual tour of the CNS brain
injury rehab facilities.
Charles Maddock Foundation
http://www.charlesmaddockfoundation.org/
The Charles Maddock Foundation (CMF) supports research in the fields of neurology and
neurosurgery to enhance medical knowledge and improve treatments for those with brain injuries.
The primary purpose of CMF is to help educate physicians on the most efficient methods of
dealing with brain injury and to serve as a resource of knowledge and support for those who have
a traumatic brain injury.
Database on Traumatic Brain Injury Educational Resources
1333 Moursund Street
Houston, TX 77030
Phone: (713) 797-7105
http://www.braininjuryresearch.org
This TBI community database contains information about videos and non-published materials
such as pamphlets, booklets, and manuals developed around the country including a wide variety
of topics.
Deaf and Disabled Telecommunications Program
Phone: (800) 854-7784
http://www.ddtp.cpuc.ca.gov/homepage.aspx
The California Telephone Access Program distributes telecommunications equipment and
services for individuals who have functional limitations in hearing, vision, mobility, speech,
and/or interpretation of information. A person with a speech disability can use Speech-to-Speech
(STS) to make telephone calls using his or her own voice or voice synthesizer. STS operators
serve as “voicers” for users with speech disabilities who have difficulty being understood over the
phone. There is no charge to use this service. You only pay for the price of the call. The service
also works in reverse, so anyone may use STS to initiate a call to a person with a speech
disability.
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Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC)
1335 East-West Highway, Suite 6-100
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Phone: (800) 870-9244
http://www.dvbic.org/
The Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC) serves active duty military, their
dependents, and veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI) through state-of-the-art medical care,
innovative clinical research initiatives, and educational programs.
Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury
2345 Crystal Drive, Suite 120
Arlington, Virginia 22202
Phone: (800) 510-7897
http://www.dcoe.health.mil/default.aspx
Defense Centers of Excellence (DCOE) leads a collaborative effort toward optimizing
psychological health and traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment for the Department of Defense.
The DCOE establishes quality standards for clinical care, education and training, prevention,
community outreach, and program excellence.
Disability Rights California
1831 K Street
Sacramento, CA 95811
Phone: (916) 504-5800
http://www.disabilityrightsca.org/
Disability Rights California works to bring about fairness and justice for people with disabilities.
To reach those goals of fairness and justice, they may file lawsuits on behalf of individuals or
groups, investigate charges of abuse and neglect, build peer/self-advocacy groups, forge
community partnerships, advocate for change in regulations, and provide information to those
who may not know about their rights. Disability Rights California has locations in Sacramento,
Oakland, Fresno, Los Angeles, and San Diego.
Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund
2212 6th Street
Berkeley, CA 94710
Phone: (510) 644-2555
http://www.dredf.org
The Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund (DREDF) is a leading national civil rights law
and policy center directed by individuals with disabilities and parents who have children with
disabilities. DREDF’s mission is to advance the rights of people with disabilities through legal
advocacy, training, education, public policy, and legislative development.
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Disabled and Alone: Life Services for the Handicapped, Inc.
352 Park Avenue South
New York, NY 10010
Phone: (212) 532-6740
http://www.disabledandalone.org
Disabled and Alone/Life Services for the Handicapped, Inc. (Life Services) believes no person
should have to live life in loneliness and isolation because of a disability. Life Services is a nonprofit organization established to help families plan for and implement changes taking place after
the death of a caregiver.
Employment Development Department (EDD)
722 Capital Mall
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 653-0707
http://www.edd.ca.gov
The Employment Development Department (EDD) is one of the largest state departments with
employees at hundreds of service locations throughout the state, and they have connected millions
of job seekers and employers in an effort to build the economy of the Golden State. They offer a
wage replacement program for non-work related injuries (i.e., disability).
Epilepsy Foundation of Northern California
155 Montgomery Street, Suite 309
San Francisco, CA 94104
Phone: (415) 677-4011
http://www.epilepsynorcal.org
The Epilepsy Foundation of Northern California is a charitable organization leading the fight to
stop seizures, find a cure, and overcome the challenges created by epilepsy. They direct
information, resources, and support toward Northern Californians living with epilepsy.
Epilepsy Foundation of America
8301 Professional Place
Landover, MD 20785
Phone: (800) 332-1000
http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org
The Epilepsy Foundation of America is the national voluntary health agency dedicated solely to
the welfare of the people with epilepsy in the U.S. The mission of the Epilepsy Foundation is to
stop seizures, find a cure, and overcome the challenges created by epilepsy through efforts
including education, advocacy, and research.
Fair Employment and Housing Commission
2218 Kausen Drive, Suite 100
Elk Grove, CA 95758
Phone: (916) 478-7251
http://www.dfeh.ca.gov/
The Fair Employment Housing Commission (FEH) receives and investigates discrimination
complaints in its five district offices throughout California. FEH handles employment, housing,
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public accommodations, hate-violence cases, and systemic discrimination cases statewide. In
addition, there are three legal offices that prosecute cases. The FEH routinely provides technical
assistance to employers, business establishments, and housing providers regarding their
responsibilities under the law.
Family Caregiver Alliance
785 Market Street, Suite 750
San Francisco, CA 94103
Phone: (415) 434-3388
http://www.caregiver.org
Family Caregiver Alliance (FCA) is a public voice for caregivers. Their information, education,
services, research, and advocacy support and sustain the important work of families caring for
loved ones with chronic, disabling health conditions nationwide.
Friends of Californians with Disabilities
http://www.disabilityemployment.org
Friends of Californians with Disabilities, Inc., is a leader in developing statewide and national
partnerships to increase employment and independent-living opportunities for people with
disabilities. They played a major leadership role in the partnership that created such innovative,
nationally acclaimed projects as the California Youth Leadership Forum for Students with
Disabilities (YLF), the Media Access Office and Awards, and the “Windmills” Disability
Awareness Diversity Training Program.
Greyhound Bus
Phone: (800) 752-4841
http://www.greyhound.com
Greyhound is the nation’s primary bus company; it travels all over California and from Canada to
the south side of the Mexican border. Greyhound has services for customers with disabilities;
please call for more information.
International Brain Injury Association
http://www.internationalbrain.org/
The International Brain Injury Association is dedicated to the development and support of
multidisciplinary medical and clinical professionals, advocates, policymakers, consumers, and
others who work to improve outcomes and opportunities for persons with brain injuries.
Job Accommodation Network (JAN)
P.O. Box 6080
Morgantown, WV 26506
Phone: (800) 526-7234
http://askjan.org/
The Job Accommodation Network (JAN) is the leading source of free, expert, and confidential
guidance on workplace accommodations and disability employment issues. Working toward
practical solutions benefiting both employer and employee, JAN helps people with disabilities
enhance their employability and shows employers how to capitalize on the value and talent
people with disabilities add to the workplace.
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Job Seeking Skills for People with Disabilities: A Guide to Success
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/ERIC-ED466056/pdf/ERIC-ED466056.pdf
The Job Seeking Skills Guide is a handbook for service providers to use as a counseling tool or
for individuals with disabilities to use on their own. It provides an overview of the careerplanning process, including considerations for the applicant with a disability.
Limited Examination and Application Program (LEAP)
801 Capital Mall
Sacramento, CA 95814
Phone: (916) 445-0538 ext. 300
https://www.jobs.ca.gov/Job/Leap
The State Personnel Board’s Limited Examination and Application Program (LEAP) helps
persons with disabilities secure state jobs. Department of Rehabilitation counselors can certify
clients, help them fill out the application, and help clients with the examination and hiring
process.
Medicare Information
Phone: (800) 633-4227
Call for more information on eligibility information. Medicare pays for doctors, ambulance trips,
and X-rays but will not pay for dentists, hearing aids, or glasses (except for cataracts and eye
exams). Medicare also pays for preventative care such as mammograms and prenatal care.
NAMI Veterans Resource Center
3803 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 100
Arlington, VA 22203
Phone: (703) 524-7600
http://www.nami.org/
The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Veterans Resource Center provides resources
for veterans and active duty military members as well as their families, friends, and advocates on
topics related to mental health such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), health benefits and
eligibility, and traumatic brain injury (TBI).
National Association of State Head Injury Administrators
P.O. Box 878
Waitsfield, VT 05673
Phone: (802) 498-3349
http://www.nashia.org/
The National Association of State Head Injury Administrators assists state governments in
promoting partnerships and building systems to meet the needs of individuals with brain injuries
and their families. They also deal with brain injury policy, programs, and service resources for
state employees and others interested in state government.
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National Brain Tumor Society
22 Battery Street, Suite 612
San Francisco, CA 94111
Phone: (800) 934-CURE
http://www.braintumor.org
The National Brain Tumor Society is committed to finding better treatments, and ultimately a
cure, for people living with a brain tumor today and anyone who will be diagnosed tomorrow;
this requires effecting change in the system at all levels. The website also has a directory of brain
tumor related support groups.
National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities
P.O. Box 1492
Washington, DC 20013
Phone: (800) 695-0285
http://www.nichcy.org
The National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities is devoted to providing
information on disabilities for families, educators, and other professionals. Special focus is on
children and youth (birth to age 22). Services include personal responses to specific questions,
publications, and referrals to other disability organizations.
National Easter Seal Society
230 West Monroe, Suite 1800
Chicago, IL 60606
Phone: (312) 726-6200
http://www.easterseals.com
Easter Seals provides educational evaluation services, technological assistance, speech and
language therapy, vocational evaluation, occupational therapy and training, psychosocial
evaluation and counseling, and recreational and social services for people with disabilities. Call
or visit the website for the Easter Seals office near you.
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
P.O. Box 5801
Bethesda, MD 20824
Phone: (800) 352-9424
http://www.ninds.nih.gov
The mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke is to seek fundamental
knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of
neurological disease.
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National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) – Office of Special
Education and Rehabilitative Services
400 Maryland Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20202
Phone: (202) 245-7316
http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/nidrr/
The National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) funds research in the
field of rehabilitation. They have an emphasis on employment outcomes, health and function,
technology for access and function, independent living and community integration, associated
disability research areas, knowledge dissemination and utilization, Americans with Disabilities
Act (ADA) technical assistance projects, and capacity building for rehabilitation research and
training.
National Intrepid Center of Excellence
4860 South Palmer Road
Bethesda, MD 20889-5649
Phone: (301) 319-3600
http://www.nicoe.capmed.mil/About%20Us/SitePages/Home.aspx
The mission of the National Intrepid Center of Excellence (NICoE) is to be a leader in advancing
TBI and psychological health treatment, research, and education. Their overarching mission is
accomplished through three primary categories of activity: research, clinical, and education.
National Organization on Disability
910 Sixteenth Street, NW, Suite 600
Washington, DC 20006
Phone: (202) 293-5960
http://www.nod.org
The National Organization on Disability (NOD) promotes the full participation of people with
disabilities in all aspects of life. Today, NOD focuses on increasing employment opportunities
for the 79% of working-age Americans with disabilities who are not employed.
National Rehabilitation Association
633 South Washington Street
Alexandria, VA 22314
Phone: (703) 836-0850
http://www.nationalrehab.org
The National Rehabilitation Association (NRA) is a member organization promoting ethical and
state-of-the-art practice in rehabilitation with the goal of personal and economic independence for
persons with disabilities.
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National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC)
4200 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 202
Lanham, MD 20706
Phone: (301) 459-4263
http://www.naric.com
The National Rehabilitation Information Center is funded by the National Institute on Disability
and Research (NIDRR); it serves anyone, professional or client, interested in disability and
rehabilitation. NIDRR provides 60,000 disability-related records regarding literature,
organizations, timely information, and research.
National Resource Center for Traumatic Brain Injury – Department of Physical Medicine
and Rehabilitation
P.O. Box 980542
Richmond, VA 93298
Phone: (804) 828-9055
http://www.neuro.pmr.vcu.edu
The National Resource Center for Traumatic Brain Injury (NRCTBI) is produced by the Virginia
Commonwealth University. The website includes guides for survivors about families, friends,
and caregivers; living and working productively; and rehabilitation providers. NRCTBI provides
TBI frequently asked questions (FAQ’s) and a directory of experts.
National Resource Directory
https://www.nrd.gov/
The National Resource Directory provides access to services and resources at the national, state,
and local levels that support recovery, rehabilitation, and community reintegration. Such
resources are specifically for wounded warriors, service members, veterans, and the family and
caregivers who support them.
NeuroRestorative
Phone: (800) 743-6802
http://www.neurorestorative.com/
As a pioneer in post-acute services, NeuroRestorative sets the pace for community-based care for
people with brain injuries and has evolved into a nationally recognized center of excellence in
treating post-acute neurological trauma.
Neurotrauma Law Nexus
http://www.neurolaw.com/
The Neurotrauma Law Nexus is provided as a resource for people with brain injury (BI) and
spinal cord injury (SCI), family members, health care providers, social workers, and all other
interested individuals whose lives and experiences are affected by BI, SCI, or other complex
neurological events. The site is an information resource for understanding the legal system’s
involvement in brain and spinal cord injury cases. The website discusses the role of the
neurolawyer, understanding brain and spinal cord injury, medico-legal issues, and provides a
glossary of terms. It is provided through the Law Offices of Fick & May.
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North American Brain Injury Society
http://www.nabis.org/
The North American Brain Injury Society was created specifically to address the needs of
multidisciplinary professionals dedicated to brain injury, provide education programs, offer
scientific updates, and provide a platform for communication and professional exchange. NABIS
welcomes the opportunity to work with other brain injury groups to address the key issues for
professionals in North America.
Parrot Software/Brain Train
http://www.parrotsoftware.com
Parrot Software provides treatment for aphasia and brain injury by providing tools for
communication, memory, attention, speech, and cognition.
Pediatric Brain Injury Foundation
http://www.pedsbif.org/
The Pediatric Brain Injury Foundation provides knowledge and support to families and caregivers
of children with brain injury, and they advocate for those children.
Planning and Execution Assistant Trainer (PEAT)
650 Castro Street, Suite 120-197
Mountain View, CA 94041
Phone: (888) 224-7328
http://www.brainaid.com
Planning and Execution Assistant Trainer (PEAT) is an Android smartphone or tablet application
that provides cueing and scheduling assistance for individuals with memory, attention, and
cognitive disorders. PEAT users include patients with traumatic brain injury; stroke; hypoxia;
and neurodegenerative conditions including autism, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s disease,
and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Project Hired
1270 Franklin Square
Santa Clara, CA 95050
http://www.projecthired.org
Project Hired (Helping Industry Recruit Employees with Disabilities) assists individuals with
disabilities in securing jobs appropriate for their qualifications and career goals. They also
maintain a range of services for job placement and career development.
Social Security Disability Resource Center
http://www.ssdrc.com/
The Social Security Disability Resource Center informs readers about how the Social Security
Disability and SSI Disability process works from start to finish. Such information includes what
to expect before, during, and after a disability application has been processed; common mistakes
that need to be avoided; and what to do and how to react in specific situations (for example,
receiving notices of denial, obtaining the status of the claim at different points, providing needed
evidence, and undergoing a disability interview with a Social Security Claims Representative).
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Stiggy’s Dogs
http://www.stiggysdogs.org/
Stiggy’s Dogs is a non-profit organization dedicated to the support of military veterans suffering
from post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. They offer another way to heal
through psychiatric therapy dogs. The dogs are rescued and trained specifically for each veteran.
By uniting these military heroes and dogs, they are “Rescuing One to Rescue Another.”
The American Association of People with Disabilities
http://www.aapd.com/
The American Association of People with Disabilities is the nation’s largest disability rights
organization. They promote equal opportunity, economic power, independent living, and
political participation for people with disabilities. Members (including people with disabilities
and their family, friends, and supporters) represent a powerful force for change.
The American Occupational Therapy Association
4720 Montgomery Lane
P.O. Box 31220
Bethesda, MD 20824
Phone: (301) 652-6611
http://www.aota.org
The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) is the national professional association
established to represent the interests and concerns of occupational therapy practitioners and
students of occupational therapy and is dedicated to improving the quality of occupational
therapy services.
The Brain Aneurysm Foundation
269 Hanover Street
Hanover, MA 02339
Phone: (781) 826-5556
http://www.bafound.org/
The Brain Aneurysm Foundation provides support and educational materials to the medical
community, survivors, family members, friends, and the general public regarding the facts,
treatment options, and recovery process for brain aneurysms. With the help of the medical
community, they remain steadfast and earnest in the pursuit of brain aneurysm research that can
directly benefit those affected.
The Brain Injury Recovery Network
840 Central Avenue
Carlisle, OH 45005
Phone: (877) 810-2100
http://www.tbirecovery.org/
The Brain Injury Recovery Network is dedicated to helping victims and families of brain and
other serious injuries. They do not give medical advice or suggest particular treatments for those
with brain injuries. Instead, they try to inform readers of some of the possible options so they can
weigh those options with the specifics of the situation and participate with the medical team to
make the best decisions they can at the time.
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The Brain Tumor Foundation for Children
6065 Roswell Road NE, Suite 505
Atlanta, GA 30328
Phone: (770) 458-5554
http://www.braintumorkids.org/
The mission of the Brain Tumor Foundation for Children is to provide financial assistance, social
support, and information for families of children with brain and spinal cord tumors. They fund
research projects that improve treatment options and search for a cure as well as raise public
awareness of the disease and advocate on behalf of children who are affected.
The Cal State University: Working for California
http://www.calstate.edu/search_find/campus.shtml
On this website is a list of all 23 California State University colleges. Many students with
disabilities attend these schools successfully. For extra support while attending these schools,
search for a specific campus’ Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS).
The Center for Outcome Measurement in Brain Injury (COMBI)
http://www.tbims.org/combi
The Center for Outcome Measurement in Brain Injury (COMBI) is an online resource for
individuals needing detailed information regarding outcome and assessment measures for brain
injuries. The COMBI is a collaborative project of 13 brain-injury centers across the United
States, covering detailed information on 26 different instruments.
The Journey Home – Center of Excellence for Medical Multimedia
Security Drive, Building 8110
USAFA, CO 80840
http://www.traumaticbraininjuryatoz.org/
The Journey Home provides an informative and sensitive exploration of traumatic brain injury
(TBI), including information for patients, family members, and caregivers. Topics include types
and symptoms of brain injury, TBI treatment and recovery, and helpful insights about the
potential long-term effects of brain injury.
The National Spinal Cord Injury Association (NSCIA)
75-20 Astoria Boulevard
Jackson Heights, NY 11370
Phone: (718) 803-3782
http://www.spinalcord.org/
The mission of the National Spinal Cord Injury Association is to improve the quality of life of all
people living with a spinal cord injury. They provide active-lifestyle information, peer support,
and advocacy to empower individuals to achieve their highest potential in all facets of life.
TIRR Foundation
http://www.tirrfoundation.org/
The TIRR Foundation seeks to improve the recovery, health, and quality of life for people who
have sustained a spinal cord or brain injury by funding innovative research to find a cure and by
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fostering programs advancing rehabilitative medicine. TIRR Foundation is advancing medical
science, improving care, and enhancing lives.
Traumatic Brain Injury National Data Center
http://www.tbindc.org
The Traumatic Brain Injury National Data Center includes an introduction and links to the model
systems, publications, current research, and a Facts and Figures newsletter. The Traumatic Brain
Injury Model System (TBIMS) program was created to demonstrate the benefits of a coordinated
system of neurotrauma and rehabilitation care and to conduct innovative research on all aspects of
care for those who sustain traumatic brain injuries. Each center systematically collects important
data about each individual included and sends this information to the TBI National Data Center.
Traumatic Brain Injury Resource Directory (TBIRD)
http://www.tbi-sci.org/tbird
The Traumatic Brain Injury Resource Directory (TBIRD) is an online directory of resources
intended for use by persons with traumatic brain injuries in Northern California. It is produced
by the Rehabilitation Research Center at Santa Clara Valley Medical Center and funded by the
National Institute of Disability and Rehabilitation Research and Firedoll foundation.
Traumatic Brain Injury Support Groups
http://www.bcftbi.org/tbi-resources/support-groups.asp
The Betty Clooney Center lists traumatic brain injury support groups throughout the entire state
of California, as well as some in other states. They also list Internet TBI support groups. Support
groups help people with brain injury and/or their caregivers and family interact with others who
share similar experiences.
Traumatic Brain Injury Survival Guide
http://www.tbiguide.com
The Traumatic Brain Injury Survival Guide is an online TBI survival guidebook written by Glen
Johnson, Ph.D. and clinical neuropsychologist from Michigan. Easy to read chapters include
common indicators of a head injury, understanding how the brain works, coping with common
problems, dealing with doctors, emotional stages of recovery, and returning to school.
United States Brain Injury Alliance
http://www.usbia.org/
The mission of the United States Brain Injury Alliance is to engage the community in preventing
brain injury and improving lives. They value integrity, excellence, and impact to make a
difference for those with brain injuries.
University of California
http://www.admission.universityofcalifornia.edu/campuses/
On this website is a list of all nine University of California colleges. Many students with
disabilities attend these schools successfully. For extra support while attending these schools,
search for a specific campus’ Disabled Students Programs & Services (DSPS).
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U.S. Department of Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) TBI Program
http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/2012/03/t20120319a.html
HRSA’s Traumatic Brain Injury Program was established to ensure individuals with TBI and
their families have access to appropriate, adequate care to support recovery, maximize
independence, and promote reintegration. The Traumatic Brain Injury Grant Program funds the
development and implementation of statewide systems ensuring access to comprehensive and
coordinated TBI services including transitional services, rehabilitation, education, employment,
and long-term community support.
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs – Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (VR&E)
http://www.va.gov
Veterans may receive help with job training, employment accommodations, resume development,
and job-seeking skills coaching. Other services may be provided to assist veterans in starting
their own businesses or offering independent-living services for those who are severely disabled
and unable to work in traditional employment.
World Institute on Disability (WID)
3075 Adeline Street, Suite 280
Berkeley, CA 94703
Phone: (510) 225-6400
http://www.wid.org
The World Institute on Disability (WID) eliminates barriers to full social integration and
increases employment, economic security, and health care for persons with disabilities. WID
creates innovative programs and tools, conducts research and training, and provides technical
assistance.
While You are Waiting
http://www.waiting.com
While You are Waiting is the work of those whose lives have been changed by brain injury. The
website is directed to individuals waiting while someone is in a coma. It provides information
about brain injury, the ICU guide, grief process and testimonials, frequently asked questions
about prognosis, legal issues, what to expect at discharge, support, and resources.
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