PROPOSAL FOR THE INSTITUTION OF VDIM 352
VETERINARY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
I. IDENTIFYING AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION
A. Course Catalogue Description
1. Course number:
VDIM 352
2. Course Title:
Veterinary Echocardiography
3. Course Description: Application of diagnostic ultrasound for cardiovascular diseases
and disorders of animals
4. Prerequisite:
VSUR 154 or COI
5. Semesters offered: 2nd semester
5. Course credit:
3 units
6. Number of hours:
5 hours a week (2 class, 3 lab)
7. Course goal:
For the student to apply ultrasonography in the diagnosis of
cardiovascular diseases and disorders of animals.
B. Rationale
Diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and disorders of animals has always posed difficulty
for veterinarians. Reliance upon history, clinical signs, laboratory examinations and even
radiography has often led to incorrect diagnosis. Many of these cardiovascular disorders are
diagnosed during necropsy. Recently, however, the use of diagnostic ultrasound for
examination of the heart and vessels, i.e. echocardiography, has become popular because
of ultrasonography’s ability to characterize internal architecture of the heart and blood
vessels. Currently, no veterinary school in the Philippines has been offering a course in
echocardiography. This course, therefore, aims equip the students on the application of
ultrasonography for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and disorders in animals.
C. Course Outline
1. Specific Course Objectives: Upon completion of the course, the student should be
able to:
a. Discuss B-mode and M-mode echocardiographic procedures.
b. Describe the ultrasound features of the heart and surrounding blood vessels in
animals;
c. Apply ultrasonography for examination and measurement of the heart and
surrounding blood vessels in animals; and
d. Interpret ultrasonograms for diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and disorders of
animals.
2. Course Content:
Lecture Topics
1. Equipment and guidelines for echocardiography
1.1. Ultrasound machine
1.2. Guidelines
2. B-mode echocardiographic examination
2.1 Patient preparation
2.2 Patient positioning
2.3 Transducer selection
2.4 Two-dimensional images
2.5 Imaging controls
3. M-mode echocardiographic and Doppler examinations
No. of hours
2
6
6
3.1 M-mode echocardiography
3.2 Color-flow Doppler
3.3 Spectral Doppler
3.4 Tissue Doppler imaging
4. Evaluation of size, function and hemodynamics
4.1. Measurement and assessment of two-dimensional images
4.2. Measurement and assessment of M-mode images
4.3. Measurement and assessment of Doppler images
5. Echocardiographic measurements in different species
5.1. Equine
5.2. Bovine
5.3. Canine
5.4 Feline
5.5 Miscellaneous species
6. Echocardiography of valvular diseases
6.1. Mitral regurgitation
6.2. Aortic regurgitation
6.3. Tricuspid regurgitation
6.4 Pulmonary regurgitation
6.5 Endocarditis
7. Echocardiography of myocardial diseases
7.1. Cardiomyopathy
7.2. Outflow obstruction
7.3. Moderator bands
7.4 Myocardial infarction
7.5 Myocardial contusion
8. Echocardiography of pericardial disease, effusions and masses
8.1. Pericardial effusion
8.2. Pericardial disease
8.3 Pericardial cysts
9. Echocardiography of congenital shunts and AV valve dysplasia
9.1. Ventricular septal defect
9.2. Patent ductus arteriosus
9.3 Aorticopulmonary window
9.4 Right to left shunting
9.5 Atrial septal defect
9.6 Atrio-ventricular valve dysplasia
10. Echocardiography of stenotic lesions
10.1. Outflow obstructions
10.2 Inflow obstructions
10.3 Tetralogy of Fallot
Examinations
TOTAL
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
32
Laboratory:
Exercise No.
1
2
Title
Equipment and guidelines for ultrasonography
B-mode echocardiographic examination in large
animals
No. of Meetings
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
B-mode echocardiographic examination in small
animals
M-mode echocardiographic examination in large
animals
M-mode echocardiographic examination in small
animals
Measurement and assessment of two-dimensional
images in large animals
Measurement and assessment of two-dimensional
images in small animals
Measurement and assessment of M-mode images
in large animals
Measurement and assessment of M-mode images
in large animals
Echocardiography of cardiovascular diseases in
large animals
Echocardiography of cardiovascular diseases in
small animals
Examination
TOTAL
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
16
3. Course requirements:
Examinations, Quizzes, Exercises and Case Report
4. References
Books
Barr F. 1990. Diagnostic ultrasound in the dog and cat. London: Blackwell Scientific
Publications.
Boon JA. 2011. Veterinary Echocardiography (2nd ed.). West Sussex, UK: WileyBlackwell Publsihing.
Bushong SC and Archer BR. 1991. Diagnostic Ultrasound: Physics, Biology and
Instrumentation. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
Farrow CS. 2003. Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging in the Dog and Cat. St. Louis,
Missouri: Mosby, Inc.
Fleischer AC and James AE. 1989. Diagnostic Sonography: Principles and Clinical
Applications. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
Kealy JK and McAllister H. 2000. Diagnostic Radiology and Ultrasonography of the
Dog and Cat, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
Kienle RD and Thomas WP. 1995a. Echocardiography. In: Nyland TG and Mattoon
JS. 1995. Veterinary Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.
Kienle RD and Thomas WP. 1995b. Equine Echocardiography. In: Nyland TG and
Mattoon JS. 1995. Veterinary Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: W. B.
Saunders Co.
Lamb CR. 1994. Diagnostic Imaging of the Dog and Cat. England: Mosby-Year
Book Europe Limited.
Lutz H and Meudt R. 1984. Manual of Ultrasound. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Mannion P. 2006. Diagnostic Ultrasound in Small Animal Practice. Blackwell
Publishing Company.
Morgan JP. 1993. Techniques of Veterinary Radiography. 5th ed. Ames: Iowa State
University Press.
Nyland TG and Mattoon JS. 1995. Veterinary Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia:
W.B. Saunders Company.
Thrall DE. 1994. Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:
W.B. Saunders Company.
Journals
American Journal of Veterinary Research
Equine Veterinary Journal
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine
The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research
The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science
Veterinary Diagnostic Ultrasound
Veterinary Radiology
Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound
II. ANALYTICAL INFORMATION
A. Instructional Model
1. Teaching Method:
Type of session
Preferred
class size
Lecture (relay)
5-10
Laboratory
5-10
Staff
required
3
1
No. of hours per
week
2
3
No. of credits
2. Mode of Delivery: Lecture and Laboratory
B. Special or Additional Resources and Personnel Requirements
1. Special Facilities: Existing
2. Library and other learning resources: Existing
3. Special staff competencies required: None
4. Names of staff qualified to teach part(s) of the course:
From the College of Veterinary Medicine
Jezie A. Acorda, PhD Large Animal Surgery
Rio John T. Ducusin, PhD Ruminant Medicine
Eduardo B. Torres, PhD Theriogenology
Conrado A. Valdez, PhD Theriogenology
From other units in the University
College of Agriculture:
Antonio A. Rayos, PhD Theriogenology
Jose Arceo N. Bautista, PhD Theriogenology
C. Relation to Other Courses:
1. Offered by the Department
a. Course replaced by this course: None
b. Prerequisite course: VSUR 154
c. Course for which this course is a prerequisite: None
d. Course containing similar content: VSUR 154 (10%), VSUR 254 (10%)
2. Offered by Other Departments: None
D. Size and Source of Enrollment
1. Department majors: 3-5
2. Majors in other departments, curricula, or college: 3-5
2
1
3. Anticipated enrollment in first and second years of offering: 12-20
E. Estimated Funds Required by the Institution of this Course:
1. Salaries: None
2. Supplies and materials: Php10,000
Books and journals (PHP 10,000)
3. Equipments: Existing
F. Proposed Laboratory fee: Php: 3,800
Breakdown of laboratory fees (for 5-6 students):
Item
Quantity & Unit cost
Cost (PhP)
Tissue paper
PHP 100/pack x 5 packs
500
Ultrasound gel
PHP 1000/gallon x 2 gallons 2,000
Thermal paper
PHP 1000/roll x 5 rolls
5,000
Shaving blade
PHP 15/pc. x 100 pcs =
1,500
Rental fee” or depreciation cost of PHP 200/hr x 45 hrs
9,000
the ultrasound machine
Miscellaneous supplies (soap,
1,000
brush, etc.)
Total
19,000
PhP 19,000/5 students ;PhP 3,800