1
Appendix A
Online Supplementary Materials
2
Supplemental Table 1
Domains Identified in Focus Group Discussions, with Representative Items from each Domain
Knowledge Cluster
1. Our daily life in the U.S. is affected by other cultures.
I am interested in knowing where foods I consume or products I buy come from.
My life is interconnected with the lives of people from other countries.
2. Recognizing White privilege.
For two babies born with the same potential, in the U.S. today, in general it is still more
difficult for a child of color to succeed than a White child.
The U.S. has a long way to go before everyone is truly treated equally.
3. Knowing that you don’t know AND wanting to fix this deficit. Valuing cultural
knowledge and seeking it out.
Most Americans would be better off if they knew more about the cultures of other countries.
A truly good education requires knowing how to communicate with someone from another
culture.
Skills Cluster
4. Skills for communicating and connecting.
I am willing to listen to minority people tell about their experience without judging them.
I really don’t know how to go about making friends with someone from a different culture.
5. Monitoring one’s own behavior so as not to be offensive.
I openly discuss our differences and similarities with people from other cultural backgrounds.
If someone I know well takes a different stand than mine on a question of culture or values, it would
be important for me to understand why she/he thinks that way.
6. Empathic feelings.
I can relate to the frustration that some people feel about having fewer opportunities due to
their racial or ethnic backgrounds.
It is difficult for me to relate to stories in which people talk about racial or ethnic
discrimination they experience in their day to day lives.
7. Supportive action, prompted by empathy.
When I hear people make racist jokes, I tell them I am offended even though they are not
referring to my racial or ethnic group.
3
I don’t care if people make racist statements against other racial or ethnic groups.
8. Re-thinking our pre-assumptions.
I recognize that the media often portrays people based on racial or ethnic stereotypes.
I am aware of institutional barriers (e.g., restricted opportunities for job promotion) that
discriminate against racial or ethnic groups other than my own.
Attitudes Cluster
9. American culture is the best culture, the “normative” cultural, others are inferior.
I think American culture is the best culture.
When in America, minorities should make an effort to merge into American culture.
10. Openness to new experiences.
I am interested in participating in various cultural activities on campus.
I would like to have dinner at someone's house who is from a different culture.
11. Differences make me feel disgusted, I dislike differences.
Seeing people from different cultures makes me feel somewhat disgusted.
I find other religions somewhat repulsive.
12. American English is the best language, others accents are “incorrect” English.
People who talk with an accent should work harder to speak proper English.
I feel irritated when people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds speak their language
around me.
13. We do not lose our own identity when we learn about others.
I am afraid that new cultural experiences might risk losing my own identity.
I welcome the possibility that getting to know another culture might have a deep positive
influence on me.
14. Resentment of “special privileges” available to minorities.
Minorities get in to school easier and some get away with minimal effort.
I do not understand why minority people need their own TV channels.
15. Colorblind attitudes.
Racism is mostly a thing of the past.
When I look at someone I see the person, not her/his race.
4
Supplemental Table 2
Pattern Matrix of Item Loadings, Principle Axis Extraction, Oblique Rotation.
Underline indicates item loading > .33 on this factor
Bold indicates loading on all other factors at least .15 less than primary factor.
*Indicates an item not included because of high cross-loadings.
M = item generated for this project
S = item from the original Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (Wang, et al. 2003).
1
2
3
Factor
4
5
6
Factor 1 (25 items)
M62
M22
M27
M65
M50
M02
M31
M61
M07
M12
M06
M44
M73
M84
M77
M38
M08
M81
M40
M24
M59
S09
M43
M53
M91
M52
M57
S13
M78
M41
M96
M58
.810
.789
.787
.734
.705
.692
.651
.638
.631
.597
.591
.586
.582
.551
.549
.543
.530
.528
.506
.503
.499
.480*
.473
.467*
.462*
.460
.448
.411*
.408*
-.403
-.380*
.341
-.110
-.050
-.057
-.049
-.061
-.054
-.043
-.072
-.156
-.016
-.100
-.038
-.074
.005
-.154
-.134
.053
.091
-.094
.046
-.038
.084
-.115
.093
.031
.058
.043
.014
-.207
.084
.293
-.114
-.049
-.079
-.041
.073
.066
.071
.027
.230
-.278
.099
.056
-.128
.134
-.175
.182
.014
-.095
.209
.196
.018
.009
-.115
-.097
.126
.327
.280
.104
.096
-.322
.008
-.258
-.093
-.039
-.050
.055
.118
-.084
.099
-.198
-.010
-.145
-.189
.172
-.224
.034
-.245
-.005
-.187
-.015
.083
-.004
-.369
.086
-.336
-.037
-.353
.147
.088
.216
-.090
.244
-.198
-.084
-.186
-.107
-.093
-.094
-.011
-.035
-.049
.004
-.053
-.073
.033
.108
.106
.064
.029
.065
.078
.000
.160
.112
-.019
.159
-.015
.192
.051
.083
.077
.197
-.048
.114
.131
.101
.140
-.059
-.021
-.085
-.104
-.006
-.070
-.039
-.087
-.053
-.049
-.123
-.002
-.035
-.105
-.095
.018
-.089
-.033
.078
.003
.049
-.121
-.051
.014
-.017
-.130
-.075
-.322
-.143
.182
.096
-.201
5
M37
M68
M82
M56
.338*
-.330*
.274
.221
-.167
.254
.057
.063
-.018
-.096
.095
.145
.007
-.138
-.073
.013
.315
.033
.174
.085
-.140
.038
-.204
.048
-.066
.265
.112
-.032
-.134
-.114
-.231
-.085
-.048
.061
-.096
-.114
-.145
-.226
-.029
-.306
-.073
-.050
.114
-.032
.129
-.241
-.143
-.089
-.259
-.238
-.085
.217
-.041
.060
-.025
.047
-.105
.019
.040
-.068
.006
.101
.125
.079
.046
.076
-.022
-.108
.179
-.129
.061
.215
-.063
-.073
.126
.099
-.109
.027
-.092
.041
-.038
-.195
-.104
.021
-.032
.029
-.055
-.114
-.088
-.041
.054
-.022
-.211
.007
-.139
.059
.140
-.095
-.131
-.120
-.219
.022
.001
.013
.062
.033
.166
.090
.070
.093
.159
-.005
-.023
-.005
-.069
.223
.028
-.077
.067
.107
.212
-.024
.055
-.009
-.099
-.058
.110
-.335
.117
.094
-.048
.126
.126
-.057
.126
-.067
-.559
-.547
-.540
-.537
-.506
-.473
-.460
-.422*
.383*
.382*
.269
-.202
.210
.310
.051
-.104
.094
-.118
.055
.084
.048
-.062
.029
.036
.004
-.031
.051
.017
.092
.129
.112
.129
-.063
.085
-.005
.090
.155
.129
-.059
-.108
Factor 2 (22 items)
M64
M60
M71
M35
M13
M26
M16
M10
M85
M01
S01
M66
M54
S10
M49
M18
M79
M32
M99
M30
M51
S27
M23
S17
S08
M36
M21
M33
.017
.078
.048
-.131
-.127
-.092
-.041
.003
-.058
-.221
-.067
-.054
.032
-.110
-.100
-.131
-.137
-.295
.000
-.126
.087
-.189
-.086
-.125
-.187
-.160
-.075
.066
.604
.588
.587
.572
.571
.563
.562
.561
.553
.533
.533
.514
.508
.498
.488
.447
.447
.440*
.435
.433*
.429
.423
.405
.379
.346*
.283
.283
.249
Factor 3 (9 items)
M19
M17
M14
M04
M75
M95
M28
M88
M83
M98
.000
-.152
-.031
.078
.009
-.105
-.086
-.364
.363
.322
.252
.248
.260
.071
.043
.195
.186
.106
.093
-.101
6
S05
M67
M09
M70
M46
M97
-.120
.181
.145
-.259
-.101
.280
.303
-.120
-.057
.313
.132
-.052
-.364*
-.362
.337
-.336*
-.325
.288
.125
-.154
-.090
-.113
-.110
-.008
.041
.077
.117
-.018
.058
.084
.124
.004
-.004
.086
.192
-.208
-.030
.057
.046
.071
.022
.195
.052
.010
.154
-.001
.051
.184
.122
.176
.256
.025
.207
.199
-.036
.060
.001
-.152
-.193
.059
-.346
-.176
-.048
-.038
.241
-.118
-.655
.553
-.472
-.460
.439*
-.415*
.414
.369
-.260
.152
.104
.025
.099
.003
-.016
.084
.007
.079
-.022
.147
-.038
.065
-.050
.004
.012
-.337
.021
-.021
-.191
.141
-.047
-.231
-.077
-.031
-.140
-.056
.012
-.095
.179
.223
.116
.279
.260
-.022
-.133
-.023
.195
-.008
.002
.267
.185
.114
-.052
-.083
.143
-.174
.102
-.097
-.007
-.058
-.128
-.190
.040
.032
-.020
-.141
-.089
.220
-.211
.637
.615
.544
.482
.481
.430
.389*
.364
-.342
-.337
.330
.288
-.284
.086
.050
-.001
-.226
-.198
-.135
-.078
-.106
.013
.096
.093
.099
.105
.351
-.021
-.153
.046
.274
.142
.001
.092
.037
-.046
-.032
-.061
-.201
.133
.142
.121
.136
.170
-.038
.017
-.084
.043
-.138
.005
.092
-.135
-.102
-.128
-.296
-.204
-.038
.121
.030
.247
.003
.099
.013
.187
.137
.172
.545
-.470
-.463
-.460
.446
-.426
-.398
-.398
-.398*
-.356
Factor 4 (6 items)
S19
S28
S06
S04
S29
S18
S31
S02
M72
M80
Factor 5 (10 items)
M20
M34
M39
S25
S20
S07
S24
M47
M25
M15
M94
M76
M45
-.033
-.146
.110
.048
-.019
-.011
.100
.113
.051
-.111
.031
-.052
.058
Factor 6 (10 items)
S21
S03
S30
S15
S16
S11
S26
S14
S12
S23
.009
.295
.089
.255
.024
.197
.245
.227
.157
.184
7
S22
M42
.233
.227
-.020
-.190
-.036
-.106
-.104
-.075
N = 585, 82 items selected
Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring.
Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.
Rotation converged in 24 iterations.
.055
.057
-.339
.238
8
Supplemental Table 2
Initial Item-Factor Loadings
(s = item taken from the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy)
Factor 1 (25 items) Cultural Openness and Desire to Learn
62.
22.
27.
65.
50.
I want to know more about diversity and other cultures.
I find it thrilling to learn about other cultures and people.
I think it’s cool to learn about the holidays, religion, and customs of another culture.
I think it is important to be educated about cultures and countries other than my own.
I welcome the possibility that getting to know another culture might have a deep positive
influence on me.
2. It is important for my development to learn about other countries and cultures.
31. I would like to work in an organization where I get to work with individuals from diverse
backgrounds.
61. I admire the beauty in other cultures.
7. I am interested in participating in various cultural activities on campus.
12. I would like to have dinner at someone's house who is from a different culture
6. Most Americans would be better off if they knew more about the cultures of other
countries.
44. The more I know about other cultures and ethnic groups the better I understand myself.
73. A truly good education requires knowing how to communicate with someone from another
culture.
84. An important goal I have set for myself before graduating from college is to try to form
several significant friendships with people from other cultures or ethnicities.
77 When it comes to ethnicity, race, and culture, “variety is the spice of life.”
38. I welcome being strongly influenced by my contact with people from other cultures
8. I am interested in knowing where foods I consume or products I buy come from.
81. If someone I know well takes a different stand than mine on a question of culture or values,
it would be important for me to understand why she/he thinks that way.
40. I believe the United States is enhanced by other cultures
59. Most people in the U.S. do not pay enough attention to news from other countries.
43. I often wonder what it is like for people in minority groups or from another culture to live
in the U.S.
52. When I meet someone from another culture, I should try to keep in mind that “different is
not deficient.”
57. The more I learn, the more I understand just how little I know about other cultures and
people.
*41.If I won $3000, but I was required to spend it all on either international travel or home
electronics, I would go with the electronics.
58. I feel irritated when people do not involve minority members in their conversations.
Loading
.81
.79
.79
.73
.70
.69
.65
.64
.63
.60
.59
.59
.58
.55
.55
.54
.53
.53
.51
.50
.47
.46
.45
-.40
.34
Factor 2 (22 items) Resentment and Cultural Dominance
64.
60.
71.
35.
Members from minority groups use many excuses to explain their laziness
I think members of the minority blame White people too much for their misfortunes.
Minorities get in to school easier and some get away with minimal effort.
When in America, minorities should make an effort to merge into American culture.
.60
.59
.59
.57
9
13. Individuals from other countries should be allowed to come to U.S. only if they can speak
English.
26. In general, the more that the people of other countries try to completely adopt the beliefs
and practices of the U.S., the better off they will be.
16. Because the founding fathers built this country, their culture should be the model for all
others.
10. Members of minorities tend to overreact all the time.
85. I am really worried about White people in the U.S. soon becoming a minority due to so
many immigrants.
1. I think American culture is the best culture.
s01. I feel annoyed when people do not speak standard English.
66. I do not understand why minority people need their own TV channels.
54. I fail to understand why members from minority groups complain about being alienated.
s10. I feel irritated when people of different racial or ethnic background speak their language
around me.
49. I don’t think the expense of printing public signs and voting ballots in multiple languages is
justified.
18. People who talk with an accent should work harder to speak proper English.
79. Many of the religious beliefs I hear about in other countries seem to me more like
superstitions than a true religion.
99. It is unfair to make special accommodations for members of minorities groups.
51. There is too much focus on discrimination and oppression in the mainstream media.
s27. I do not understand why people want to keep their indigenous racial or ethnic cultural
traditions instead of trying to fit into the mainstream.
23. I avoid taking classes with teachers from foreign countries.
s17. I am not likely to participate in events that promote equal rights for people of all racial and
ethnic backgrounds.
.57
.56
.56
.56
.55
.53
.53
.51
.51
.50
.49
.45
.45
.44
.43
.42
.40
.38
Factor 3 (8 items) Anxiety and Lack of Multicultural Self-efficacy
19. I feel uncomfortable when interacting with people from different cultures.
17. Seeing people from different cultures makes me feel somewhat disgusted.
14. I often find myself fearful of people of other races.
4. I really don’t know how to go about making friends with someone from a different culture.
75. I do not know how to find out what is going on in other countries.
95. I am afraid that new cultural experiences might risk losing my own identity.
28. I doubt that I can have a deep or strong friendship with people who are culturally different.
.56
.55
.54
.54
.51
.47
.46
67. (dropped off in 80 item factor analysis, because this item switched allegiance to Factor 1). It
makes me distressed to think that cultures all over the world are so strongly influenced by
U.S. culture.
Factor 4 (6 items) Empathic Perspective-Taking
s19. It is easy for me to understand what it would feel like to be a person of another racial or
ethnic background other than my own.
*s28. It is difficult for me to put myself in the shoes of someone who is racially and/or
ethnically different from me.
s06. I can relate to the frustration that some people feel about having fewer opportunities due to
their racial or ethnic backgrounds.
.66
-.55
.47
10
s04. I know what it feels like to be the only person of a certain race or ethnicity in a group of
people.
*s31. It is difficult for me to relate to stories in which people talk about racial or ethnic
discrimination they experience in their day to day lives.
*s02. I don’t know a lot of information about important social and political events of racial and
ethnic groups other than my own.
.46
.41
.37
Factor 5 (10 items) Awareness of Contemporary Racism and Privilege
20. Today in the U.S, White people still have many important advantages compared to other
ethnic groups.
34. For two babies born with the same potential, in the U.S. today, in general it is still more
difficult for a child of color to succeed than a White child.
39. The U.S. has a long way to go before everyone is truly treated equally.
s25. I am aware of how society differentially treats racial or ethnic groups other than my own.
s20. I can see how other racial or ethnic groups are systematically oppressed in our society.
s7. I am aware of institutional barriers (e.g., restricted opportunities for job promotion) that
discriminate against racial or ethnic groups other than my own.
47. If a Black man is repeatedly stopped by police when he drives through a White
neighborhood at night, even though there is no evidence he has done anything wrong, the
Black man would definitely be justified in suspecting that the police are racist.
*25. In America everyone has an equal opportunity for success.
*15. Racism is mostly a thing of the past.
94. White people can succeed without knowing much about the Black world, but most Blacks
can’t succeed without knowing about the White world.
.64
.62
.54
.48
.48
.43
.36
-.34
-.34
.33
Factor 6 (10 items) Empathic Feeling and Acting as an Ally
*s21. I don’t care if people make racist statements against other racial or ethnic groups.
s03. I am touched by movies or books about discrimination issues faced by racial or ethnic
groups other than my own.
s30. When I hear people make racist jokes, I tell them I am offended even though they are not
referring to my racial or ethnic group.
s15. I get disturbed when other people experience misfortunes due to their racial or ethnic
background.
*s16. I rarely think about the impact of a racist or ethnic joke on the feelings of people who are
targeted.
s11. When I know my friends are treated unfairly because of their racial or ethnic backgrounds,
I speak up for them.
s26. I share the anger of people who are victims of hate crimes (e.g., intentional violence
because of race or ethnicity).
s14. I feel supportive of people of other racial and ethnic groups, if I think they are being taken
advantage of.
s23. When other people struggle with racial or ethnic oppression, I share their frustration.
s22. When I see people who come from a different racial or ethnic background succeed in the
public arena, I share their pride.
-.54
.47
.46
.46
-.45
.43
.40
.40
.36
.34
11
Items not selected for any factor
21. If I could convince others to think exactly like me, I would.
24. I openly discuss our differences and similarities with people from other cultural
backgrounds.
30. The world would be a better place if every country was a Christian nation.
32. English is the only language an American needs to know.
33. I am OK with people different from me, as long as they don’t try to change me.
36. I find other religions somewhat repulsive.
37. It is very important for White people in the U.S. to try to understand what it is like to be a
person of color or an immigrant to the U.S.
42. Being gay or lesbian is determined by genetics and other biological factors completely
outside a person’s control.
45. Today it is more difficult for a White person to get ahead in the U.S. than a person of color.
46. All people living in America should eat American food.
53. My life is interconnected with the lives of people from other countries.
56. All cultures have important strengths and values.
68. For what I want to do in life, I have learned about all I need to know about other cultures.
70. I think the amount of news time spent on foreign events that don’t involve the U.S. is
largely a waste.
72. When I look at someone I see the person, not her/his race.
76. When I think about American, the image of a White person comes to my mind.
78. I am somewhat embarrassed that I don’t know more about other cultures.
80. I have never thought much about who I am in terms of my “culture,” race and ethnicity.
82. Before I make a negative judgment about others, I evaluate whether it is based on
stereotypes.
83. There are a great many differences among people of the same culture.
88. I do not view getting to know a person from another culture as worthwhile.
91. When (or if) I travel abroad, I enjoy (or would enjoy) learning how to speak at least some of
the language of the people I visit.
96. I don’t want to invest my time and energy to gain skills for communicating with minorities.
97. I am willing to listen to minority people tell about their experience without judging them.
98. It is important to value individuals from other countries regardless of their command of
English.
s5. I get impatient when communicating with people from other racial or ethnic backgrounds,
regardless of how well they speak English.
s8. I don’t understand why people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds enjoy wearing
traditional clothing.
s9. I seek opportunities to speak with individuals of other racial or ethnic backgrounds about
their experiences.
s12. I share the anger of those who face injustice because of their racial and ethnic
backgrounds.
s13. When I interact with people from other racial or ethnic backgrounds, I show my
appreciation of their cultural norms.
18. I express my concern about discrimination to people from other racial or ethnic groups.
s24. I recognize that the media often portrays people based on racial or ethnic stereotypes.
s29. I feel uncomfortable when I am around a significant number of people who are
racially/ethnically different than me.
12
Supplemental Table 4: Factor Labeling Procedure
Preliminary Labels
Factor 1: Motivation to Broaden Understanding
Factor 2: Resentment and Cultural Dominance
Factor 3: Fear and Lack of Multicultural Self-Efficacy
Factor 4: Empathic Perspective-Taking
Factor 5: Awareness of Contemporary Racism and Privilege
Factor 6: Empathic Feeling and Action
Factor Labeling Task A
(five consultants assigned)
Consultants were presented with the 48 items in clusters, labeled only with a factor number, then
asked to select the best label from among these twelve choices:
Factor label choices
Awareness of Contemporary Racism and Privilege
Desire to Learn about Others
Acting as an Ally
Empathy
Empathic Perspective-Taking
Empathic Feeling and Action
Awareness of Institutional Oppression
Minimization or Denial of Cultural Difference
Motivation to Broaden Understanding
Resentment and Cultural Dominance
Fear and Lack of Multicultural Self-Efficacy
Skills for Communication and Connection
(table continued on next page)
Times chosen/
Factor assignment
5, 5, 5, 5
1, 1, 1
4,
4, 4, 4, 4
6, 6, 6, 6, 6
5
2
1, 1
2, 2, 2, 2
3, 3, 3, 3
3
13
Factor Labeling Task B (four consultants assigned)
Consultants were presented with the 48 items in sets, labeled only with a factor number. They
were then asked to generate their own label for the factor. Here is a summary of their responses:
Factor 1
Openness to Learning About Cultural Diversity or Valuing Cultural Diversity
Openness to (or admiration of) cultural diversity
Openness to Cultural Experience
Cultural Openness and Appreciation
Factor 2
White Supremacist Attitudes (Forced assimilation)
Aversive racism, modern racism, color-blind racial attitudes, monocultural ethnocentricism;
Assimilation into American Culture
Cultural Blindness and Bias
Factor 3
Fear and Reluctance about Cross-Cultural (or Cross-Racial) interactions
Discomfort with cultural diversity
Discomfort with Cultural Differences
Cultural Anxiety and Competence
Factor 4
Racial and Ethnic Empathic Perspective Taking
Racial/ethnic diversity empathy
Empathy
Cultural empathy
Factor 5
Awareness of Institutional Racism
Awareness of race/ethnicity based privilege/oppression
Societal Awareness
Cultural Equality and Fairness
Factor 6
Empathic Understanding of Racial Oppression
Racial/ethnic diversity advocacy (or ally)
Reactions to Racism and Discrimination
Cultural Empathy and Activism
14
Supplemental Table 5
Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Standardized Paths between Latent Factors.
Factor 2
Factor 3
Factor 4
Factor 5
Factor 6
Factor 1
-0.657
-0.596
0.422
0.448
0.737
Factor 2
--
0.672
-0.307
-0.562
-0.635
--
-0.206
-0.153
-0.636
0.096
0.299
--
0.475
Factor 3
Factor 4
Factor 5
--
Note. N = 367.
Factor 1 = Cultural Openness and Desire to Learn; Factor 2 = Resentment and Cultural
Dominance; Factor 3 = Anxiety and Lack of Multicultural Self-Efficacy; Factor 4 = Empathic
Perspective-Taking; Factor 5 = Awareness of Contemporary Racism and Privilege; Factor 6 =
Empathic Feeling and Acting as an Ally.
15
Cultural Perceptions
Instructions: The statements below are opinions you may have heard expressed at one time or another.
Please indicate your current level of agreement with each statement using the following scale.
1
Strongly
Disagree
2
Moderately
Disagree
3
Slightly
Disagree
4
Slightly
Agree
5
Moderately
Agree
6
Strongly
Agree
1.
I think it is important to be educated about cultures and countries other than my own.
2.
Members of minorities tend to overreact all the time.
3.
I feel uncomfortable when interacting with people from different cultures.
4.
It is easy for me to understand what it would feel like to be a person of another racial or ethnic
background other than my own.
5.
The U.S. has a long way to go before everyone is truly treated equally.
6.
I don’t care if people make racist statements against other racial or ethnic groups.
7.
I welcome the possibility that getting to know another culture might have a deep positive influence
on me.
8.
When in America, minorities should make an effort to merge into American culture.
9.
I often find myself fearful of people of other races.
10.
It is difficult for me to put myself in the shoes of someone who is racially and/or ethnically different
from me.
11.
For two babies born with the same potential in the U.S. today, in general it is still more difficult for a
child of color to succeed than a White child.
12.
I get disturbed when other people experience misfortunes due to their racial or ethnic background.
13.
I admire the beauty in other cultures.
14.
I do not understand why minority people need their own TV channels.
15.
I doubt that I can have a deep or strong friendship with people who are culturally different.
16.
It is difficult for me to relate to stories in which people talk about racial or ethnic discrimination they
experience in their day to day lives.
17.
I can see how other racial or ethnic groups are systematically oppressed in our society.
18.
I am touched by movies or books about discrimination issues faced by racial or ethnic groups other
than my own.
19.
I would like to work in an organization where I get to work with individuals from diverse
backgrounds.
20.
I fail to understand why members from minority groups complain about being alienated.
21.
I really don’t know how to go about making friends with someone from a different culture.
22.
I can relate to the frustration that some people feel about having fewer opportunities due to their
racial or ethnic backgrounds.
23.
Today in the U.S, White people still have many important advantages compared to other ethnic
groups.
16
1
Strongly
Disagree
2
Moderately
Disagree
3
Slightly
Disagree
4
Slightly
Agree
5
Moderately
Agree
6
Strongly
Agree
24.
I share the anger of people who are victims of hate crimes (e.g., intentional violence because of race
or ethnicity).
25.
I would like to have dinner at someone's house who is from a different culture.
26.
I feel irritated when people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds speak their language around
me.
27.
I am afraid that new cultural experiences might risk losing my own identity.
28.
I don’t know a lot of information about important social and political events of racial and ethnic
groups other than my own.
29.
I am aware of how society differentially treats racial or ethnic groups other than my own.
30.
I rarely think about the impact of a racist or ethnic joke on the feelings of people who are targeted.
31.
I am interested in participating in various cultural activities on campus.
32.
Minorities get in to school easier and some get away with minimal effort.
33.
I do not know how to find out what is going on in other countries.
34.
I am aware of institutional barriers (e.g., restricted opportunities for job promotion) that
discriminate against racial or ethnic groups other than my own.
35.
When I hear people make racist jokes, I tell them I am offended even though they are not referring to
my racial or ethnic group.
36.
Most Americans would be better off if they knew more about the cultures of other countries.
37.
I am really worried about White people in the U.S. soon becoming a minority due to so many
immigrants.
38.
I am not reluctant to work with others from different cultures in class activities or team projects.
39.
Racism is mostly a thing of the past.
40.
When I see people who come from a different racial or ethnic background succeed in the public
arena, I share their pride.
41.
A truly good education requires knowing how to communicate with someone from another culture.
42.
I think American culture is the best culture.
43.
In America everyone has an equal opportunity for success.
44.
When I know my friends are treated unfairly because of their racial or ethnic backgrounds, I speak
up for them.
45.
I welcome being strongly influenced by my contact with people from other cultures.
46.
I think members of the minority blame White people too much for their misfortunes.
47.
I believe the United States is enhanced by other cultures.
48.
People who talk with an accent should work harder to speak proper English.
17
Everyday Multicultural Competencies / Revised Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy
(EMC/RSEE)
Scoring instructions:
Reverse code: 6, 10, 16, 28, 30, 38, 39, 43 (6=1) (5=2) (4=3) (3=4) (2=5) (1=6)
*Recode to collapse response category for Factor 1: 1, 7, 13, 19, 25, 31, 36, 41, 45, 47 (1=2)
*Recode to collapse response category for Factor 2: 2, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32, 37, 42, 46, 48 (6=5)
*Recode to collapse response category for Factor 3: 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33, 38 (6=5)
F1: Cultural openness and desire to learn (10 items)
mean(1, 7, 13, 19, 25, 31, 36, 41, 45, 47)
F2: Resentment and cultural dominance
mean(2, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32, 37, 42, 46, 48).
F3: Anxiety and lack of multicultural self-efficacy (7 items)
mean(3, 9, 15, 21, 27, 33, 38)
F4: Empathic perspective-taking (5 items)
mean(4, 10, 16, 22, 28)
F5: Awareness of contemporary racism and privilege (8 items)
mean(5, 11, 17, 23, 29, 34, 39, 43)
F6: Empathic feeling and acting as an ally (8 items)
mean(6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 35, 40, 44)
Note, we urge users of this scale to carefully consider the negative impact that Factor 2 items may
have on respondents. These items should not be included if significant negative impact is anticipated.
Readers may use the Everyday Multicultural Competencies / Revised Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy
without prior permission, provided that proper citation credit is given. Please cite both:
Mallinckrodt, B., Miles, J. R., Bhaskar, T., Chery, N., Choi, G., & Sung, M.-R. (2014).
Development and psychometric evaluation of a comprehensive scale to assess college
diversity programming. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61, 133-145. doi:
10.1037/a0035214
Wang, Y.-W., Davidson, M. M., Yakushko, O. F., Savoy Bielstein, Tan, J. A., & Bleier, J. K.
(2003). The Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy: Development, validation, and reliability.
Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 221–234. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.2.221
We presented the items without a title to participants in this study, but in our subsequent research
we have used “Cultural Perceptions” centered at the top of page 1.
*Item response theory analysis suggests that collapsing the response scale endpoints with this scoring scheme
improves performance of Factor 1, 2, and 3. We suggest presenting the full response scale to all respondents, and
recoding after data are collected. See:
Mallinckrodt, B., Miles, J. R., & Recabarren, D. A. (2014). Advantages of using Rasch model item response
theory in instrument development: Empirical demonstration in a measure of multicultural competencies.
(Manuscript submitted for publication).