Handbook
to Writing
7 月 22 日
2014
A Reference Book meant to give a
Complied by
general idea in paragraph writing
Christina
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Contents
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
◆
How are your compositions graded? 分項式作文評分標準
Punctuation in English 如何使用英文標點符號
Transitional Words
英文的轉折語
Paragraph Writing 段落寫作
寫作文體(1) Narration/ Narratives 記敘文
How to Write a Picture Narrative 看圖寫作
寫作文體 (2) Description
描寫文
寫作文體 (3 Practical Writing 應用文: 書信寫作
◆ 寫作文體 (4 Practical Writing 申請入學—讀書計畫
◆ 寫作文體 (5) Practical Writing 自傳小秘訣: 如何寫出出色的自傳
◆ Appendix 相關附件
How are your compositions graded?
英文作文採分項式評分（analytic scoring）（參見下表），分項得分加總之後，給予一個整體分數
（holistic score）
，再依總分 1 至 20 分，分為下述五等級：特優（19～20 分）
、優（15～18 分）
、可（10
～14 分）、差（5～9 分）、劣（0～4 分）。
評分主要依據為考生的作答內容，閱卷委員仔細評估其內容是否切題、組織是否具連貫性、句
子結構與用字是否妥適表達文意，以及拼字與標點符號是否使用正確等。為確保評分之一致性，閱
卷委員在試閱時皆必須完全熟悉及理解各分項的評分標準。分項式評分指標包含下列 5 項：內容（5
分）、組織（5 分）、文法句構（4 分）、字彙拼字（4 分），及體例（2 分）。字數嚴重不足，扣總分 1
分；多寫，不扣分。若考生未按規定使用英文名字，扣總分 1 分；書信格式使用不當（如未書寫稱
呼語及信末署名），扣總分 1 分（但日期非必要）。
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表 1：英文作文分項式評分指標
等級
項目
內
容
優
可
差
劣
文不對題或沒寫(凡文
主題(句)清楚切題，並 主題不夠清楚或突 主題不明，大部分相
不對題或沒寫者，其
有具體、完整的相關 顯，部分相關敘述發 關敘述發展不全或與
他各項均以零分計
細節支持。
展不全。
主題無關。
算)。
(5-4 分)
(3 分)
(2-1 分)
(0 分)
重點分明，有開頭、 重點安排不妥，前後 重點不明、前後不連 全文毫無組織或未按
組
織
發展、結尾，前後連 發展比例與轉承語使
貫，轉承語使用得當。
用欠妥。
(5-4 分)
文
法
、
句
構
字
彙
、
拼
字
體
例
(3 分)
貫。
提示寫作。
(2-1 分)
(0 分)
全文幾無文法錯誤， 文法錯誤少，且未影 文法錯誤多，且明顯 全文文法錯誤嚴重，
文句結構富變化。
響文意之表達。
影響文意之表達。
導致文意不明。
(4 分)
(3 分)
(2-1 分)
用字精確、得宜，且 字詞單調、重複，用 用字、拼字錯誤多，
幾無拼字錯誤。
(4 分)
字偶有不當，少許拼
字錯誤，但不影響文
意之表達。
(3 分)
格式、標點、大小寫幾無錯誤。
明顯影響文意之表
達。
(2-1 分)
(0 分)
只寫出或抄襲與題意
有關的零碎字詞。
(0 分)
格式、標點、大小寫 違背基本的寫作體例
等有錯誤，但不影響 或格式，標點、大小
文意之表達。
寫等錯誤甚多。
(2 分)
(1 分)
(0 分)
Punctuation in English
如何使用英文標點符號
The following is excerpted from 金陵著作: Practice English Grammar and Rhetoric
如何正確地使用標點符號是學習英文必須具備的基本條件。標點符號能幫助作者清楚地傳達他的思
想，使讀者對每一句話的結構與意義一目瞭然。一段沒有標點符號的文章是很難看懂的。
常用的英文標點符號有十二種，它們是：
l. Apostrophe 上標點 (')
2. Comma 逗號 (,)
3. Colon 冒號 (:)
4. Dash 破折號 (--)
5. Exclamation Point 驚嘆號 (!)
6. Hyphen 連字號 (-)
7.Parentheses 括號 ( )
8. Period 句號 (．)
9. Question Mark 問號 (?)
10. Quotation Marks 引號 ("…")
11. Semicolon 分號 (;)
l2. Triple Dots 刪節號 (…)
Rules of Thumb
1. 每一個句子的第一個字母要大寫，句末要有句點。
2. 每段的開頭請內縮五個字母。 (Indent five letters)
3. 常用的逗點(，)，句點(。)，分號(；)，問號(?)，和驚嘆號(!)，要緊黏在前一字
的字尾；這和中文標點符號和前一個字分開寫，是不一樣的。
4. 段落寫作時，每一行的行首都不可以有逗點、分號、驚嘆號、和冒號，行首唯
一可以放的標點是引號的前半(“)。
5. 最大地忌諱是: 不用連接詞，而漫無限制地用逗點來連接兩個(含)以上的句子。
現將各種標點符號的用法分別說明如后:
l. 【上標點 (') 】
(1)表示字母的省略。Can't you read those road signs?
(2)表示數字的省略。Today is Thursday, June 1, '89.
(3)表示字母的複數。There are five s’s in “sleeplessness.”
(4)表示單字的複數。Our teacher told us not to use so many so’s.
(5)表示數字的複數。Her 7’s and 9’s look alike.
(6)表示所有格。
It’s Vice Burn’s umbrella.
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2. 【逗號 (，) 】
(1) 用在以 and ,but ,for, nor ,or ,so ,yet 等連接詞連接的兩個主要子句之間。
My father is fond of fishing, but my mother prefers hiking.
(2) 在複合句中，如果附屬子句在前，主要子句在後，用在附屬子句之後。
While I was making a telephone call, someone knocked at my door．
注意：如果主要子句在前，則不用逗號。
(3) 用以分開非限制形容詞子句與主要子句。
Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.
(4) 用以分開非限制同位語。
Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America.
(5) 用在 yes, no ,well 等字之後。
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(a) Yes, he is a hard-working student.
(b) No, it is impossible.
(c) Well, you may go if you insist.
(6) 向人說話時，用在對方名字或稱謂之後，之前或前後。
(a) John, come here.
(c) It is, Sir, not my fault.
(7) 用以分開引用句
(b) Open the door, John.
(a) “You are beautiful,” he said.
(c) “No,” she said, “I was just testing your patience.”
(8) 用以分開星期，月日，年份。
(b) Our teacher said, “Freedom is not license.”
On Sunday, May 28, 1989, her first child was born.
(9) 用以分開地名、省名、國名、街道名、巷弄名等。
Candy lives at 4 Alley 10, Lane 76, Ching Hua Street, Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan.
(10)用以分開一系列的單字，片語或子句。
(a) Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, and peaches.
(b) She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the house.
(c) We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was intelligent, and that she was ambitious.
(11)用以表示字的省略。
The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the lamb is the symbol of meekness).
(12)用在 such as 及 especially 的前面。
(a) They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.
(b)He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketball playing.
(13)用以分開「乃此非彼」的結構。
He wanted to see Cliff, not Steve.
(14)用在附加問句之前。
It is warm today, isn’t it?
3. 【冒號 (：)】
(1) 用在解釋或逐項列舉之前(在 as follows, the following as these 或 given below 之後)。
(a) I bought the following articles: sheets, towels, and blankets．
(b) The table lamp consists of three parts: a stand, a bulb, and a shade.
(2) 用在正式或事務信函中稱謂之後。
Dear Sir: Dear Mr. Reagan: Gentlemen:
(3) 用在數字之後，表示時間。
Our class starts at 8:10 a.m. and ends at 12:00 noon.
(4) 用在較長的引用句或正式問句之前。
(a) This is my favorite quotation: “It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dream of yesterday is
the hope of today and reality of tomorrow.”
(b) The question is: What can we do for our country?
(5) 用在講釋第一個主要子句的第二個主要句子之前。
Her intention is obvious: she wants to marry him.
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4. 【破折號(--)】
(1) 表示猶豫，句意的暫時中斷, 或思想的突然中斷。
(a) I—I don’t know. You’d better ask her.
(b) The entire teaching facilities—console, tapes, earphones, and tape recorders—were stolen last
night.
(c) I’ll give—let’s see, what can I give?
(2) 用以強調同位語。
She has only one interest—food.
(3) 用在結語之前。
Professor Chu collects postage stamps, coins, sea shells, matchboxes—in short, anything that interests
him.
(4) 用在未完成句之後。She said, “He was everything to me, but--”
5. 【驚嘆號(！)】
(1) 用在以強烈情感說出的字句之後。
(a) What a surprise!
(b) How beautiful a girl she is!
(c) What a beautiful girl she is!
(2) 用在祈使句之後。
(a) Help! My house is on fire!
(b) Be quiet!
6. 【連字句(-)】
(1) 用以表示分數或連接由 21 至 99 中的十位數及個位數。
(a) Three-fourths of the freshman students are girls.
(b) There are twenty-two boy student and ninety-eight girl students in the Department of English.
(2) 用在行末連接分寫的單字。
He is a graduate student of National Cheng-chi University.
(3) 用以連接複合字中的各字。
We had a heart-to-heart talk last night.
7. 【括號 ( )】
用來在句中附加評論或解釋。
I saw the two students (they are lovers) kissing each other.
8. 【句號( . )】
(1) 用在敘述句，祈使句及禮貌問句之後。
(a) I wish to enter an ideal university.
(b) Turn in your papers, please.
(c) Will you please send me a copy of your university catalogue.
(2) 用在間接問句之後。
She asked if you would come to her birthday party.
(3) 用在縮寫名字和其他字的第一個字母之後，或縮寫字之後。
(a) Prof. W. W. Wang has returned to Taipei. (如果不用名字，則要用 Professor Wang.)
(b) Dr. Tang earned his Ph. D. degree from Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. (District of
Columbia).
9. 【問號(？) 】
(1) 用在直接問句之後。
Do you find English writing difficult?
(2) 用在括號中表示存疑。
Chaucer was born in 1340(?) and died in 1400.
10. 【引號(“… ”) 】
(1) 用在引用句的前後。
(a) Our teacher said, “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.”
(b) “I don’t like her, ” she explained, “because she is far too proud.”
(2) 如果引用句本身是敘述句而且位在一個問句之後，必須先用引號，再用問號。
Did he say, “I am going to college next year”?
(3) 如果引用句本身是問句，則必須先用問號，再用引號。
Did he say, “Are you going to college next year?”
(4) 引用文句有兩段或兩段以上時，只在每一段開始時和最後一段結束時用引號。
“Mom and Dad did not come home with them because Sunday was parents’ day off; the boys did the
housework and cooked the meal of the week, while Father and Mother stayed on for church service.
But by the time diner was ready the boy had climbed into bed. The shoe had to be cut off his swollen
and discolored leg. Why on earth hadn’t he told somebody? Go quick and fetch the doctor!”
(5) 引用句中另有引用句時, 用單引號表示
She said, “ I quite agree to the saying ‘To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness on earth’.”
注意：美式英文中，雙引號在外，單引號在內，英式英文中恰好相反。
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11. 【分號 (；) 】
(1) 用以連接兩個或兩個以上的主要子句。
(a) The singular form is mouse; the plural form is mice.
(b) she made up her mind; she laid her plans; she began her trip.
(2) 用在連接兩個主要子句的連接副詞 (consequently, however, moreover, nevertheless, so, still, then,
therefore, thus, etc.) 之前。
He did not pass the examination; therefore, he was unhappy.
(3) 用在連接兩個主要子句的連接詞 (and, but, or, nor, for) 之前，當主要子句本身有逗號時。
Henry, a freshman, lives at home; but Karl, his brother, does not.
12. 【 刪節號 (…) 】(ellipsis/triple dots)
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用以表示引用句中省略的文字。如刪節號用在句尾，另加原句句尾的標點符號(共四點….)，如果是
問號，則在刪節號之後加問號 (…? 三點即可)
In his essay LUCK Winston Churchill wrote: “The longer one lives, the more one realizes that everything
depends upon chance… a man’s own contribution to his life story is continually by an external superior
power.”
注意：英文中表示「等等」用 etc.而不是用刪節號(…)。
Transitional Devices 轉折語
Function of Transitional Words
轉折語就是一些單字、片語或句型，它們可幫助你在文章裡陳述看法或分析事理時，讓讀者感
到層次分明，井然有序，使得句子與句子之間有連貫性，透過轉折語，你可以充分的引導讀者的思
路，藉以從容的傳達你想表達的意義。請閱讀以下的兩篇範文，比較沒有轉折語與有轉折語的文章
讀起來有何差別。
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範例 A
The Importance of Weather Forecast
It is needless to say that the weather forecast is very important in our daily life. It can
help us in many ways. We can know the changes of the weather in advance and take some
necessary precautions. If the weather is going to be very cold, we can put on heavy clothes to
protect ourselves from catching cold; if it is going to rain, we may take our raincoat or
umbrella with us when we go out. When a typhoon is coming, we can take measures to
reduce the damage caused by the typhoon. The weather forecast will often tell us some
knowledge about weather, climate, and the atmosphere. We can get some information from
their weather reports. The weather forecast is indispensable in our life. We should pay
attention to it very often.
範例 B
The Importance of Weather Forecast
It is needless to say that the weather forecast is very important in our daily life. It can
help us in many ways. To begin with, we can know the changes of the weather in advance
and take some necessary precautions. If the weather is going to be very cold, we can put on
heavy clothes to protect ourselves from catching cold; if it is going to rain, we may take our
raincoat or umbrella with us when we go out. What’s more important, when a typhoon is
coming, we can take measures to reduce the damage caused by the typhoon. Besides, the
weather forecast will often tell us some knowledge about weather, climate, and the
atmosphere. We can get some information from their weather reports. In a word, the
weather forecast is indispensable in our life. We should pay attention to it very often.
List of Transitional Words
2.
首先
first of all
to begin with
to start with
I. 【有關時間】
3.
the former…the latter
前者…後
者
1.
later (on), afterwards
the one… the other
2.
in the meantime
that…this
meantime/meanwhile
those…these
3.
4.
4.
in the second/ third place
第二/三
at a time
5.
then
然後
simultaneously
6.
next
其次
7.
last but not least
最後還有一
at the same time
now, nowadays, presently
同時
現在、目前
項重點
at present
5.
lately, recently
近來
6.
since then
從那時候起
1.
in front of, before
2.
in the middle/center of
3.
at a distance
在稍遠處
4.
in the distance
在遠方
5.
at the bottom/foot of
在...底下
6.
at (the) top of
在... 之頂上
7.
on the right/left side of
8.
opposite to
在對面
9.
close to
近於
at one time
10.
next to
隔壁
in the past
11.
at the back/ rear of
once upon a time
12.
on both sides/ either side of
from then on
from that time on
7.
temporarily
暫時地
for the time being
8.
at length
最後，終於
at last, finally
eventually
in time, in the end
9.
III. 【有關空間、方位】
once, formerly
曾經、在過去
the road
10.
in (the) future
未來
11.
henceforth, from now on
從今而後
12.
long long ago
13.
one day
有天＜過去＞
14.
on one occasion
有一次
15.
some day, one day
16.
some time
總有一天
day or other
sometime or other
13.
above
14.
beyond
15.
around
IV. 【有關強調、附加性】
1.
certain, surely, of course
2.
above all
at first/originally
尤其是
in particular
sooner or later
17.
超越
particularly
起初
3.
in the beginning
to be sure, indeed
的確
true, truly
4.
II. 【有關次序】
1.
in fact, in truth, in effect
first…second…third…and last
第一、
in reality/ actuality/ practice
firstly…secondly…thirdly…and lastly
二、…
as a matter of fact
事實上
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5.
and so on, and so forth
…等等
and the like
that is/ that is to say
and what not
in other words
and all that/ and the rest
to put it differently
etc.
6.
i.e.
3.
also/ besides/ plus
此外；而且；
in addition
再者
moreover/ furthermore
take…for instance/ example
以…為例
take…as an example/ instance
4.
for instance/ example
5.
such as…
what’s more
7.
what’s worse/ worst of all
更糟的是
worse still/ yet
VII. 【有關比較、對照】
1.
to make matters worse
8.
9.
likewise/ similar way
still, however, nevertheless,
然而
nonetheless
同樣地
2.
not only…but also
in the similar way/ vein
3.
while/ whereas
in the like manner
4.
some…others
5.
instead
反而
6
conversely, reversely,
相反地
what’s better
更好的是
better yet/ still
best of all
oppositely
7.
V. 【有關結果、因由】
hence, thus, therefore
accordingly, consequently
對比
on the contrary
相反地
contrary to N
Adv.+ conj.
8.
副詞性連接詞
in consequence
9.
as a result
on the one hand
一方面；另一
on the other hand
方面
for one thing
一則；再則
for another / the other
as a consequence
10.
in/ by contrast
相對地
for this reason
11.
in contrast to/ with
與...相對照
because of this
12.
(but/ or) rather
更確切的說
13.
as compared with
與...比較起來
as a result of N
on account of N
Prep.phr.
in comparison with/ to
介係詞片語
compared with/ to
owing to/ due to/ thanks to N
by virtue of N
in view of/ in light of
VIII. 【有關讓步】
based on N
1.
on the grounds of N
despite N
儘管，不顧
in spite of N
(介片)
with all/ for all N
VI. 【有關舉例說明】
1.
most important of all
regardless of N
最重要的是
without respect/ regard to N
most importantly
in (the) face of N
above all
2.
in particular
2.
namely
in this way/ manner/ fashion 如此一來
in so doing
也就是說
thus
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即使
3.
even if/ even though
to my mind/ thinking
4.
though/ although
5.
For all I know/ remember
據我所知，所
in my estimation
As/ So far as I know/
記得
according to me
in my opinion
I’m of the opinion that…
remember
.
To the best of my knowledge
in general
一般而言
general speaking
VIIII. 【有關結論式】
1.
in brief/ short
roughly speaking
簡言之
to be brief
on the whole
to be short
as a whole
to summarize
5.
to make a long story short
2.
in a word
總而言之
不用說，勿庸
It need not be said that…
贅述
It is needless to say that…
There is no need to say that…
by and large
Needless to say, …
in conclusion
on the whole
as a whole
to sum up
to conclude
all in all
to my way of thinking
依我之見
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It goes without saying that…
in a nutshell
in sum
3.
by and large
Paragraph Writing
段落是一篇文章的基本單位，一篇文章是由一個以上的段落構成，每個段落必須包含三個部
分：
1. 主題句 (topic sentence)
：呈現段落中心的中心思想 (1 句)
2. 發展句 (developing sentence)
：支持中心思想的大綱 (3 點：每點寫 2~3 句)
3. 結論句 (conclusion sentence)
：總結段落的句子 (2 句)
EXAMPLE：寫一段約 60 字的段落 [Brief Structure]，說明樹木對人類的重要。
The Importance of Trees
Trees are very important to us in several ways. First, they can offer us fresh air. If we
Developing Sentence (1)
Topic Sentence
cannot breathe fresh air every day, we may become ill. Second, we can use wood for making
Developing Sentence (2)
furniture. For example, we have tables, chairs, and beds in our houses. In addition, trees play
Developing Sentence (3)
an important role in making our world beautiful. Without them, the world would be lifeless
and boring. [68 words]
Conclusion sentence
主題句：Trees are very important to us in several ways.
發展句：1. giving us fresh air
Outline：
2. the making of furniture
3. beautifying our world
結論句：Without trees, the world would be lifeless and boring.
Tips for paragraph writing—寫主題句的要點：
(1) 初學者以放在句首為佳。
(2) 句子簡潔為要。
(3) 意義必須涵蓋全段，且多與結論句相呼應。
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請找出下列段落的主題句和結論句，在底下畫線，並寫出大綱。
Newton was famous for his scientific attitude. He had a curious mind. He was interested in
finding out why things happen. He was also very observant. He paid attention to everything
around him, and he used his observation to support his ideas. He was skeptical, too. He would not
say something was true until he had tested it and proved it. It is generally agreed that Newton’s
success was due to his scientific attitude.
Outline:
I. 主題句 (Topic Sentence)
表現一個段落核心的句子就稱為主題句，通常出現於段落的開始。
1. 請由四個選項中，選出最適當的主題句。
[A] __________________________ My neighbor Joe is a quiet boy. He doesn’t have many friends. No one
invites him to a party because they don’t know him very well. One day when I was walking home, some
boys from another school stopped me and asked me for money. When I said no, one of them started hitting
me. A minute later, Joe was by my side helping me. The other boys ran away. People say, “A friend in need
is a friend indeed.” Joe is now my best friend.
a. A good friend is hard to know well.
b. How I met my best friend at a party.
c. Now I understand what a real friend is.
d. Joe is my best friend who doesn’t like parties.
[B] ___________________________ Tests can be useful, but not everything important is on a test. We can
test what is inside of books, but we cannot test how we feel or what we imagine. Students need more time
to think about their own lives, not only take tests in school. Teachers should help students to learn by
experience, not only reading and writing. For the above reasons, I think teachers should give students
fewer tests.
a. Tests play a part in learning, so we need tests.
b. Should teachers give students a lot of tests? I don’t think so.
c. Should teachers give students time to think about life? I think so.
d. Should teachers test students about life experience? I think so.
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2. 下面段落缺了一個主題句，請為它補上。
A. 主題句：__________________________________________________________
Without sleep, our bodies cannot prepare for the next day. We cannot sleep twelve hours in the
weekend and hope to catch up on lost sleep. Our bodies do not work that way. We must sleep eight
hours every night. Proper sleep helps students concentrate better and remember more. It also gives
truck drivers better reflexes to avoid accidents, and makes office workers faster and more efficient.
Sleep is important for a healthy mind and a healthy body.
III. 發展句 (Developing/ Supporting Sentences)
發展句的功用在於描述主題句的發生過程 (describing)、說明主題句的意思 (explaining)
或支持主題句的論點 (supporting)。
1. 請根據主題句，在下面的句子中勾選出適合當發展句的句子。
主題句： I worked in a gas station and a convenience store during my high school years.
發展句： _______ a. Although I did not earn a fortune, I learned a great deal about responsibility and
problem solving.
_______ b. Should students work part-time during the school year?
_______ c. I love my classmates and we go to the library together.
_______ d. My coworkers from the gas station and I still go out together on the weekend,
though I no longer work there.
_______ e. Besides, I made a lot of friends at work.
_______ f. It is said that a part-time job will affect a student’s grades.
2. 下面段落中有些發展句並不恰當，請將它們刪除。
My ambition is to become a documentary filmmaker. As a filmmaker, I could travel to many places,
meet interesting people and witness strange phenomena firsthand. However, they can still learn about
them by watching TV. The best way for people to find out about their world is to see things for
themselves. However, most people do not have the time or money to do this. Instead, they can watch
information documentaries on TV. Making documentary films would be an effective way to learn about
the world and to teach others about it. Documentary films are a great way to share fascinating things
with many people.
IV. 結論句 (Conclusion Sentences)
結論句的作用在於描述發展句的結果、濃縮發展句的意思或總結發展句的論點。結論句
是把整個段落做一個總結，再度耳提面命一番，向讀者傳達作者的觀念和見解。所以主題句與結論句
的意思是相同的，只不過是換句話說。不宜節外生枝 (不能再有新觀點引進)。
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請根據主題句和發展句，從下面的句子中，選出適合當結論句的句子。
主題句： I usually read the same four sections of a newspaper.
發展句： First, I turn to the local news to find out what is going on in the country. After that, I look over the
comics to cheer myself up after reading all the bad news. When I am ready for something
serious again, I go back to the news section and look at the international pages. Finally, I check
the sports pages to see how my favorite teams and athletes have been performing.
結論句：
_______ A. Of course, I also look at my horoscope every day to see what is going to happen.
_______ B. Reading the newspaper thoroughly is something I like to do every day.
_______ C. To sum up, I do not have a lot of time to read the newspaper, so I only look at the parts that
interest me most.
_______ D. All in all, my favorite part of the newspaper is the front page because it is full of important
information.
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寫作文體 (1)：敘述文 (Narration)
1. 敘述文的特性與種類
簡單的說，敘述文就是說故事。敘述文若依事件發生的順序排列可分為兩種：(一)順敘法、(二)倒
敘法。順敘法通常是把一連串的事件依其發生的時間之先後順序排列。倒敘法則不全然以事件發生的
先後順序作為敘述的順序，作者除了把相關的事件依順序做適當描述外，常常會插入並敘述一些稍早
的事件。敘述文也有不同的觀點 (point of view)。依人稱的觀點而言，大致可分為兩類：(一)第一人稱
(first person)、(二)第三人稱 (third person)。在寫敘述文之前，要先決定要以第一人稱或第三人稱的
觀點來敘述。
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EXAMPLE：(first person)
Moving In
It is mid-September. Classes at the university will begin in just one week. I have just
moved into my double room at the dormitory. My friends John and Peter are also moving in. I
like my room because it has big windows and a fantastic view. I set up my personal computer
and play video games while waiting for my roommates to finish moving in.
EXAMPLE：(third person)
The Apartment
Next month Jay will be a freshman at a university 40 miles from his home. There are not
many buses between his home and the university and he would have to drive if he continues
living at home. Therefore, he has rented an apartment near the university. The rent is $450 per
month and the apartment is quiet. It is an ideal place for studying. Jay hopes he can get good
grades and make his parents proud of him.
至於用第一人稱或第三人稱的觀點呈現，需視情況而定。通常，以第一人稱的敘述文比較具有說
服力，表示作者的親身感受，但無法兼顧全局，如他人的內心感受。以第三人稱敘述的敘述者又稱為
全知的敘述者(omniscient narrator)。最重要的是，一篇文章無論用何種人稱，整篇文章的人稱需一致。
2. 敘述文的結構
引言
故事的開始
introduction
beginning
主體
故事的發展
body
development
結論
故事的結尾
conclusion
ending
整個故事或事件發生前的情形 before the event
故事的背景 background
故事發生時的情形 during the event
整個事件結束的總結 after the event
寫作文體 (2)：描寫文 (Description)
1. 描寫文的特性與種類
描寫文就是描寫人 (people)、事 (events)、地 (places) 或物 (objects) 的文章。寫描寫文首要的
是要把握住所描寫的對象的特點，且生動而有條理的記述，而不要流於過於瑣碎的描述。
2. 描寫文常用的修飾語
(1) 形容詞修飾語
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Ex: (A) A cute baby lies next to Tom on the bed.
(B) A beautiful girl with long blonde hair sat next to Tom on the bus (which was) bound for Taipei.
(2) 副詞修飾語
Ex: (A) The water froze quickly when the temperature fell.
When Peter failed the exam, his father reacted with disappointment.
(B) In fact, he did a pretty good job of reporting for us.
(C) If students study hard enough, they will almost always pass their tests.
3. 描寫文的寫作技巧
(1) 循序漸進法 (空間順序，由上而下)
例如：My Mother: hair  forehead  eyebrow  eyes  eyelashes  nose  mouth  lips  teeth
(2) 觀察聯想法
用視覺 (sight)、聽覺 (hearing)、嗅覺 (smell)、味覺 (taste)、觸覺 (touch)來尋找靈感。
Model Writing—Night Markets
The evening was filled with life and energy. I was with a mysterious woman, walking
in a night market that was full of light and packed with people. Vendors’ stalls lined the
sides of the narrow street, while the crowds of visitors strolled slowly through the
middle of it. Colored lights flashed, and bright signs announced deals from the vendors
who were selling everything from electronic toys and fashionable clothing to strange
foods I had never seen before. People of all ages threw darts at balloons or tossed
rings, trying to win prizes at the game booths. The night air was cool, but the heat from
so many people made me sweat as I walked. I would bump into shoulders constantly or
be lightly nudged aside as people tried to pass by. I could smell all sorts of foods, some
of them having pleasant odors, but others very stinky. When I tried a strange fried food,
it was sour and salty yet very tasty. All around me were voices chattering, and a vendor
dressed like a colorful clown was calling out to drum up business 1. As I tried to speak
to my companion, she couldn’t hear me above all the noise. Her smile spoke volumes,
though, and we walked on and enjoyed the hustle and bustle of the market.
1. drum up N
鼓吹:召集
to drum up
support/ votes/
enthusiasm
2. speak volumes
about N
充分展現
Practice—就下列四類題目中，各寫一篇描寫文。
Topics 人：(1) Our Class
(2) My Best Friend
(3) The Person Who Has Influenced Me the Most
事：(1) A Car Accident
(2) An Unusual Day
(3) My Childhood
地：(1) My School
(2) My House
(3) The Night Market
物：(1) My Pet
(2) My Lunch Box
(3) My Watch
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寫作文體 (3)：應用文 (Practical English)
應用文主要應用於書信 (letters)、日記 (diaries)、卡片 (cards)、便條 (memos)、電話留言
(telephone messages)、表格 (forms) 及廣告 (classifies ads)。
書信 (Letters)
1. 三要訣：ABC --- 精確 (accuracy)、簡潔 (brevity) 和清楚 (clarity)。
2. 英文信的格式：齊頭式 (full block) 和內縮式 (semi-block)。
3. 英文信的內容：
(1) 信頭 (Heading)：寄信人的地址和日期。
(2) 稱謂 (Salutation)：視收信人的身分或和自己交情深淺而給予適當的稱呼。私人信件中，稱謂
後用逗點；商業信件則用冒號。
Dear Mr. Smith
Dear Sir
Dear Mr. and Mrs. Smith
Dear Mrs. Smith
Dear Madam
Dear Personnel Department
Dear Miss Smith
Dear Sir/Madam
To whom it may concern
Dear Ms. Smith
Dear Sally
(3) 主文 (Body)：通常第一段寫些問候的話；第二段寫此信的目的，傳達訊息；第三段則寫結語。
(4) 結語和簽名 (Closing and Signature)
Respectfully (yours)
Sincerely (yours)
Affectionately
Yours truly
Very sincerely (yours)
Love
Very truly yours
Faithfully (yours)
Love always
Best Wishes
Warmest regards
Cheers
(5) 附記 (Postscript or P.S.)
EXAMPLE 1：感謝信
Dear Opal,
I really appreciate the scarf you sent me. I’ve been wanting one like it for such a long
time that I couldn’t wait to try it on the moment I unwrapped the parcel. I think you must
have spent a lot of time and effort picking it out for me.
Thank you again for your generous gift. I can feel your love whenever I wear it.
Love,
Rosa
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EXAMPLE 2：邀請信
Dear Jim,
I was glad to get your letter and learn that you are going to take a vacation. Do you have
any plans? If not, why not come to visit me in Pu-li? We haven’t seen each other for three
years, and there are a lot of things we have to talk about.
I can take you around town, and you can enjoy the beautiful scenery and the hospitality
of the people in the countryside. Why don’t you come next Friday, and stay with me for three
days? You will be warmly welcomed.
Sincerely,
Joseph
EXAMPLE 3：申請入學信
申請函通常要包括：(1) 自己過去的教育背景，(2) 未來自己想讀的科系，(3) 選讀科系的理由，
和 (4) 未來的生涯規劃。最後，希望對方給予機會實現理想。
Department of Foreign Languages & Literatures
National Taiwan University
1 Roosevelt Rd., SEC.1,
Taipei, Taiwan
Dear Sir/Madam,
I’m writing to apply for admission to your department.
I’m a senior at Yilan High School. In the past five semesters, I have received straight A’s in all
my subjects, and won several scholarships. In addition, I have been active in extracurricular
activities and have served as president of the English Club. I once won first prize in the English
speech contest and attended some competitions on behalf of my school.
I’m an energetic and outgoing person with a diversity interests. I like to swim and to jog.
Moreover, I like reading, especially books on American and British literature and culture.
As I have a strong interest in learning foreign languages and literatures, I hope to continue my
studies in this field. I’m sure I will become a successful student at your department if I am given the
chance.
Respectfully yours,
Julius Chen
Practice—1. 寫信問候一位因為生病而住院的同學，以表關切之意。
2. 寫信謝謝朋友熱誠的招待並邀請對方來訪。
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寫作練習 (4)：Autobiography Tips 自傳撰寫
Personal Profile Writing
A résumé (or a curriculum vitae, CV) gives students the opportunity to present their academic
achievements as well as what they can contribute to their department in the future. It is basically a brief
list that is used to draw attention to all of their accomplishments. Common sections for college résumés
include personal information, a brief purpose or personal statement, educational and academic
information, activities, honors, skills, and employment. Remember that a résumé is a promotional tool, so
they shouldn’t be overmodest. You should highlight your strong points, such as if you can speak more than 22
one language, if you are the science fair champion, or if you have the highest grade point average (GPA) in
their class or even in school. Nevertheless, you shouldn’t lie or exaggerate their skills, if you cannot back
them up. A résumé is usually 1 to 2 pages long, and it is more like an outline than an essay. It should not be
dense with information, but rather it should be an easy-to-follow list. Generally, you should not include
information from before high school, unless the activity continued on into high school (such as playing in
the middle school band and then in the high school band). Colleges are generally not that interested in
pre-high school experiences.
As for the autobiography, it is used to convey basic facts about a person’s life. A concise autobiography
can be written in approximately five paragraphs. It is suggested focusing on getting the facts and
information students want in their autobiography first, and then revise and edit as much as necessary to
ensure that their own personality shines through in the essay. The following are some suggestions for
teachers:
簡歷與自傳
簡歷是一至兩頁的簡表，列出高中階段的學業表現、社團成果、社區服務、競賽成績、特殊才
藝或工作經驗等。學生不需要謙虛，而應該要很有自信地強調自己優良的表現。但是也不能夠捏造事
實或太過誇張，更不需要提到國中階段的表現。 自傳的部分學生應簡要地敘述自己的生平，可以用
約五個段落，分別描寫自己的家庭與成長過程、求學經歷、特殊的興趣與服務，旅行的經驗等。要盡
量強調自己與他人的不同之處，談談某些特別的經歷如何帶給自己成長，並避免讓自傳讀起來冗長瑣
碎。
Autobiography
Sample 1
(政大英國語文學系)
CHIN, JEN-HAO
I was born on Sep. 24, 1988 in Taoyuan. My family moved to Hsinchu when I was six. Since
then, I have lived in this peaceful city for eleven years. My father works for my uncle in a factory.
My mother is a typical housewife. They teach me to be loyal to myself and tell me I can make my
life meaningful by doing my job well. Though simple, the two principles make me a confident and
trustworthy person in many people’s eyes.
Another quality people usually notice in me is that I’m an introspective romantic. I’m
sensitive to feelings and take setbacks as challenges in life to make me better. I love indulging
myself in deep reflection and believe only by doing so will I understand the meaning of life and
appreciate blessings in my life. A thinking mind is my strong strait. But also I realize that my
weakest trait is that I tend to give a scrupulous attention to details. The overemphasis on detail
sometimes creates pressure on myself and people around me. That’s what I’m still learning to
improve.
My interest for English started early when I studied in an American school. There I learned
English through playing fun games and acting out witty skits, which are always fun for young kids.
In fifth grade, I met a special teacher who not only helped me improve my English ability greatly
but also taught me how to work as a team with others. Dr. Fay Russell instructed us to put on a
musical. My classmates and I had a good time acting out “Alice in Wonderland,” and learned to
cooperate with each other. Besides the musical, Dr. Fay Russell formed a club of newspaper
editing. She inspired us to do critical thinking and trained us in logical reasoning. It was then that I
learned how to use English to express my ideas and felt that English was more lively and
meaningful than other subjects.
Now, I am in the language-gifted class of Hsinchu Senior High School. A variety of courses are
offered to open our horizons and help us to understand the language and the culture. For
example, we had a debate on environmental protection by role-playing delegates from different
countries. English has a different meaning to me now. It is the window on the world. Through it, I
am attached to another totally different culture. The urge to learn English turns stronger for me. I
attended activities like English jeopardy competition or English Forum for Current Events, grabbing
any chance that I have to improve my English and get to know others’ perspectives. My
determination to major in English has settled by now.
For the future, I set my heart on obtaining a Ph.D in English. I am convinced that through the
training in the department, my dream is no longer unattainable. When the day comes, I can
sustain my pleasure in learning English and, at the same time, share my knowledge and passion
with more people.
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Sample Autobiography 2
For many years, I have been interested in studying international relations. My interest in pursuing this
field stems from several factors. First, I have been exposed to international affairs throughout my life. With
my father working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I have grown up under the shadow of international
affairs. Second, I am fascinated by history, economics, and diplomacy. I believe, through the study of
international relations, I can effectively satisfy my curiosity in these fields.
With my interest and knowledge in international relations, I would not only have the opportunity to
serve my country, but also have the chance to help bridge gaps between my country and others. As a global
villager, we have to learn to bridge cultures, look for differences to compromise and similarities to
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synthesize in order to balance different cultures. In short, I believe that my experiences in life, combined
with a rigorous academic education, will enable me to pursue a successful career in foreign affairs.
In high school, I have selected classes which have personal significance to me. From an array of classes,
one holds an extraordinary amount of value to me. This course is Western History, a combination of
American and European history. There are several reasons for my great interest in this class. First, I am
fascinated by the cyclical nature of the past. I see these recurring political, economic, and social trends as a
means of looking forward into the future, while allowing us to avoid the mistakes of the past. Second,
history teaches many lessons about the nature of human behavior, both past and present, providing insight
into the actions, desires, and aspirations of those around me. Finally, it lays a solid foundation for several
disciplines, including political science, economics, and international relations, three fields of great interest
to me.
In the past three years of my life, no activity has influenced me more than baseball. Three years of
baseball and the honor of being a team captain have instilled many qualities in me. First, through years of
hard work, baseball has given me strength. This strength has spread to other parts of my personality,
including my moral character, work ethic, and perseverance. Another quality baseball has given me is
leadership. As a team captain, I have learned to lead by setting a good example, both on and off the bat.
Above all, though, baseball has given me a love of life. Through this sport, I have experienced pain, sacrifice,
adversity, and success. Exposure to these feelings—which are, in my opinion, the essence of being — has
allowed me to truly appreciate life. I hope to continue playing baseball in college.
Example 2
My family background has played a great role in making me who I am now. When I was born, I became
the 5th member of a family of four generations. My very old great grandmother was over 100 years old and
my grandmother was 70. As the only child in the family, I have always been around with people much older
than me, and I have learned valuable lessons from them. I witnessed the aging process of the old and their
daring courageous fight against senility and chronic illness. As I grieved for the death of my great
grandmother, I couldn’t help being amazed by the precious life.
My experience with the old people has taught me to be mild, caring, and empathic. I am more mature
than other people of my age. I seldom become upset even though things do not always go as I want them
to be. I am friendly, easy¬going, and like to make friends and enjoy company very much. With a clear idea
of what I want to achieve in the future, I always act cautiously. Even at an early age, I learned to take the
responsibility of taking care of my old grandparents. I am conscientious and have an earnest attitude
toward the tasks I undertake. However, I believe that one way of making life meaningful is to utilize one’s
abilities to the fullest to help others who are less fortunate. In my case, I have always maintained a high
level of interest in biology and physics; and consequently, achieved higher standards in these subjects. That
is why I have decided to enter the medical profession in which I can best make use of my strengths.
Health is the basis on which everybody builds his or her life. If I can enter the medical profession, I’ll
try my level best to provide this good foundation for others. Serving people who are unfortunate in illness,
and restoring them back to health are my greatest aspiration of life. I expect myself to study hard in the
medical school as I want to prepare myself well for the future challenge. And I will pursue my goal full of
passion and enthusiasm.
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Sample Resume (簡歷)
123 Main Street, ABC City,
Taiwan, Zip Code
01-23456789
janesmith@email.com
Jane Smith
Purpose
Educational
Experience
To be a candidate for college admission to the XYZ University
▼ 2010-2013 TUV Senior High School, ABC City : Ranked # 1 in class
▼ 2007-2010 OPQ Junior High School, ABC City: Ranked # 1 and received Mayor’s
Award of Academic Excellency
■ Honor Student: Awarded by ABC City Government, April 2013
■ 1st Place Best Actor/English Play Contest:
Honors
■
■
■
■
Awarded by TUV High School, Dec. 2011 Directed, and acted in the award-winning
play, Hamlet.
1st place Best Conductor/Chorus Contest: Awarded by TUV High School, April 2012
2nd Place/ 42nd Senior High School Students Science Fair:
Awarded by ABC City, May 2012 Awarded for my yearlong research on the
distribution and transitions of bird species of ABC City.
2nd Place/Contemporary Poetry Recitation Contest
Awarded by TUV High School, Nov. 2010
3rd Place/English Impromptu Speech Contest:
Awarded by TUV High School, Mar. 2011
● 2010-2012 TUV High School Volleyball Team: Played varsity for three years.
● 2011-2012 TUV High School Diversity Club:
Extracurricular
Activities
Volunteer
Experiences
Talents and
Skills
Chapter Secretary for one year.
Co-chair for school-wide diversity week.
● 2010-2012 ABC City Youth Orchestra:
Performed as first violinist in more than 25 concerts.
◆ 2010-2011 ABC City Humane Society/150 hours:
Assisted organization with cleaning, caring, and playing with stray animals.
◆ 2011 Fifth Grade Volleyball Coach/80 hours:
Co-coached fifth graders in the fundamentals of skills volleyball.
◆ 2012 Meals on Wheels Volunteer/100 hours:
Delivered meals to the elderly and offered companionship.
Awarded Junior Volunteer honor.
▲ CPR certified
▲ Fluent Mandarin, Taiwanese, and English
▲ Polite Spanish and French
26
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Contents
i.
ii.
iii.
Sentence Patterns for writing 好用的起承轉合句型
Modifiers for Descriptive Composition
分類形容詞修飾語
Review on Verb Tenses 動詞三態總複習
Christina’s Writing Tips #1
Sentence Patterns You can Apply to Writing
SPs For the Introduction (起)
一般而言
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
就我所知，依我所見
As a general thing, S +V
As a rule, S + V
At large, S + V
Generally speaking/ In general, S + V
On the average, S + V
1. As far as I know, S + V
2. In my opinion/ To my mind/ To my thinking, S + V
3. I am of the opinion that S + V
4. I am convinced that S + V
5. To the best of my knowledge, S + V
6. As people go, S + V
常言道
As the saying/ proverb goes/ runs/ is, S + V
不消說，不用說
1. It goes without saying that S + V
2. Needless to say, S + V
3. It is needless to say that S + V
有人或許會說
One might say that S + V
~ 是容易證明的
It is easily proved that S + V
沒有人可以否認
No one can deny that S + V
~ 是不可能的
There is no V-ing/ It is impossible to V (that…)/ It is unlikely to V (that … )
SPs For the Thesis/ Elucidation (承)
根據，關於
1. According to N, S + V / In accordance with V, S + V
2. According as/ In accordance as 子句, S + V
3. As far as 人 is concerned, S + V
4.
5.
6.
7.
As things are (go), S + V
As regards N/ In relation (respect/ reference/ respect/ regard) to N, S + V
With regard to N, S + V
Regarding N, S + V
幸運地/不幸地
As (good/ ill) luck would have it, S + V
對～是常有的事
As is often the case with N/ As is usual with N, S + V
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實際上
1. As a matter of fact/ In effect (reality, actuality, truth), S + V
2. To all intents and purposes, S + V
3. As it is, S + V
實質上
In substance, S + V
十之八九
1. In nine cases out of ten, S + V
2. In all likelihood, S + V
3. Ten to one, S + V
和～比較起來
1. In comparison with (to) N, S + V
2. Compared with (to) N, S + V
雖然
1. For all N/ With all N, S + V
2. In spite of/ Despite N, S + V
3. 其餘請參照轉折詞一章。
首先
1. To begin with/ In the first place (beginning), S + V
2. First and Foremost, S + V
3. For starters, S + V
大意是說
It is to the effect that S + V
套句古人的話說
To cite an old saying, S + V
我必須強調的是
What I must emphasize is ~
問題似乎是
What seems to be the problem is ~
令某人高興的事
To one’s delight/ happiness/ 情緒抽象名詞, S + V
我們有足夠的理由去～
We may as well V/ We may have enough reason to V
以當前的情勢，我們可
以…
We may V in the present situation/ condition.
部分藉著，部分藉著
What by N and what by N, S + V
舉例，以…為例
1. For example/ instance, S + V
2. Take …as an example/ instance. S + V.
這麼說…並不過分
It is not much to say that S + V
一則…再則…
For one thing, ….; for another (the other), …
如果我們將…列入考慮
If we take… into account (consideration), we ….
情形如下
The condition is as follows/ is following/ is below.
SPs For the Supporting/ Transition (轉)
以現在的情形來說
As matters (affairs/ things) stand, S + V
順便一提
By the way, S + V/ Incidentally, S + V
若非，要不是
1. Were it not for N/ Without N, S + V 假設法
2. Had it not been for N/ Without N, S + V 假設法
3. But that S + V (直說法), 假設法
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但是癥結是….
But the crux is that S + V
你能想像嗎？
Can you imagine that ….?
難道你能忘記嗎？
Can’t you forget N/ V-ing/ that….?
你曾經…..嗎？
Have you ever V-pp…?
同時
In the meanwhile/ meantime, S + V
如此一來，同樣地
1. In this manner/ fashion/ way, S + V
2. In thus doing, S + V
3. In the similar way/ vein, S + V
萬一
1. What if S + V …?
2. If by any chance S + V, S + V
該是……的時候了
It is high (about/ almost) time for sb. to V
It is time that sb. V-ed
是理所當然的
It stands to reason that S + V
再三考慮之下
On second thoughts, S + V
平心而論
To do sb. justice, S + V
在….藉口之下
Under the disguise of N, S + V
我們必須承認
We must recognize that S + V
假使
Provided/ Providing that S + V , S + V
Put the case that S + V, S + V
Suppose/ Supposing/ Supposed that S + V, S + V
我們愈….愈好，再…也不 We cannot be too 形容詞/副詞 …
為過
We cannot be 形容詞/副詞 enough to V
We cannot V … too much/ enough
We cannot over-V…
更不用說了
S + V, not to mention/ let alone/ much more (less) …
如果有的話
S + V, if any.
的確
To be sure (certain)/ Indeed, S + V
SPs For the Conclusion (合)
綜觀上述所云
According to the aforementioned, S + V
As we know from the above, S + V
總言之
1. To sum up/ To be brief, S + V
2. As a whole/ On the whole, S + V
3. First and last, S + V
只要….
As long as S + V, S + V
就因為這樣
As the case stands, S + V
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Because of this, we can find that S + V
無論如何，我們應該
At any rate (cost/ price), we should V
At all costs (rates/ evens), we should V
基於此
1. On this ground, S + V
2. From this reason, S + V
從以上來判斷
Judging from the above, S + V
最後還有一件重要的事
Last but not least, S + V
只有以此我們才能…
Only by this can we V…
言歸正傳，
To return to the subject, S + V
長話短說
To make a long story short, S + V
無論如何我們絕不…..
Under no circumstances/ By no means should we V
我們只要….就可以了
What we must do is (to) V…
最重要的是
Above all (things), S + V
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Christina’s Writing Tips #2
補充資料
【People】
Appearance
外表
Personality
個性
Emotions & Feelings
情緒和感覺
Abilities & Attitudes
能力和態度
attractive, beautiful, confident, cool, dignified, elegant, graceful. good-looking,
handsome, old, skinny, chubby, plump, obese, sturdy, stout, stylish, tired, young,
homely (長相平凡), plain, hideous (極其醜陋), repulsive (令人反感的), freckles
(雀斑), wrinkles, pimples (痘痘)…
active, agreeable, ambitious, charming, creative, easygoing, eccentric, energetic,
enthusiastic, greedy, honest, humorous, imaginative, independent, lazy, modest,
optimistic, pessimistic, patient, quiet, romantic, sensitive, shy…
(可參照下一章節資料: Positive & Negative Personality)
anxious, concerned, depressed, embarrassed, happy, moody, pleased, sad,
satisfied, worried, frustrated, terrified, horrified, proud, irritated…
(可參照下列圖示)
admirable, brilliant, capable, careless, committed, competent, cruel, dedicated,
devoted, good-natured, incompetent, proficient, qualified, eligible, kind-hearted,
skillful, sophisticated, well-rounded, careless, reckless, rude, uncaring, wise…
※ How are you feeling today?
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【Food】
baked, barbecued, boiled, pan-fried, roasted, simmered, smoked, steamed,
烹調方式
stir-fried, sauté, grilled, deep-fried…
Methods of Cooking
種類
Types of Foods
風味及味道
British, canned food, Chinese, Eastern, European, fast food, French, fresh food,
Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mexican, organic food, traditional, exotic
Food (異國食物)…
bitter, sweet, sour, hot, spicy, salty, tasteless, tasty, scrumptious, delicious,
fragrant, rotten, stinky, flavorful, stale, stinky, greasy, oily, fruity, juicy,…
Flavor & Smell
【Clothing】
種類
Types
衣料
Fabric & Materials
型式
Styles
Size
athletic, casual, dancing, diving, formal, hunting, informal, leisure, mourning,
religious, school, working, traditional, festive (節慶的)…
artificial, cheap, delicate, elegant, embroidered, expensive, exquisite, fine,
genuine, inexpensive, knitted, natural, new, plain, precious, silky, soft,
sophisticated, synthetic, woolen, man-made….
antique, beautiful, casual, classic, dressy, elegant, extravagant, fashionable, fine,
foreign, latest, loose, novel, old, old-fashioned, ornamental, plain, proper, similar,
sophisticated, retro-styled…
bulky, extra-large, large, medium, normal, small, petite, average
【Living, Nature & Environment】
A. Outer：ornamental, overhanging, prefabricated, well-built
Architecture
建築物
B. Inward：clean, comfortable, compact, dirty, dusty, furnished, spacious, tidy,
unfurnished, ornate, elaborate…
A. Weather：agreeable, beautiful, changeable, chilly, clear, cloudy, cold, cool,
Nature
damp, fair, fine, foggy, frosty, humid, muggy, perfect, pleasant, rainy, showery,
snowy, stormy, sunny, windy…
B. Earthquake, typhoon (Natural Disasters)：
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accidental, destructive, disastrous, fatal, fierce, frightful, small, strong, violent,
volcanic…
C. Sight/ landscape (景觀)：attractive, beautiful, breathtaking, fascinating, grand
impressive, magnificent, marvelous, monotonous, mountainous, natural,
scenic, serene, spectacular, splendid, wild, wooded, grand…
【Transportation & Traffic】
Traffic Conditions
congested, crowded, delayed, heavy, slow, smooth…
clocked, bumpy, closed, country, crooked, dangerous, difficult, elevated, main,
Road conditions
Driving Attitudes
vehicles
overcrowded, secondary, slippery, suburban, rural, remote, urban, rugged…
anxious, calm, careful, careless, cautious, drunk, impatient, patient, reckless, safe,
slow, wayward…
trucks, trains, buses, airplanes, high speed railway (HSR), Mass Rapid Transit
System (MRT), boats yachts, …
【Education】
種類 Types
制度政策
System & Policy
學習態度
Learning Attitudes
academic, advanced, co-ed (co-educational), commercial, comprehensive,
distant, early, elementary, secondary, graduate, kindergarten, medical, military,
physical, pre-school, primary, technical, theological, vocational…
balanced, classical, compulsory, conventional, cooperative, equal, experimental,
rigid, strict, loose, lopsided…
attentive, carefree, consistent, defiant, diligent, determined, earnest,
experienced, independent, inexperienced, lazy, optimistic, pessimistic, sincere,
autonomic, spontaneous, hard working, efficient, inefficient, intense, positive,
negative…
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【Entertainment & Sports】
amusing, delightful, disappointing, dull, enjoyable, free, interesting, sensational,
Entertainment
Sports
s
successful, wonderful, world-famous, light-hearted, hilarious, two-thumbs up…
dangerous, dull, exciting, favorite, indoor, interesting, noisy, open-air, outdoor,
popular, successful, wonderful, world-famous, intense, competitive…
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