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PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby certify the work which has been presented under
the title “SURVEY TRAINING CAMP” in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree Of Bachelor Of Civil Engineering and submitted in
Civil Engineering Department, Punjabi University Patiala,
in an authentic record of my own work carried out during
a period from starting 16/06/2015 to 21/06/2015 under
the supervision of Dr. Maninder Singh Civil Engineering
Department, Punjabi University Patiala.
This is to certify that the above statement made by the
candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge.
Incharge :The project viva-voice Examination has been held on
____________
Signature of Superviser(s)
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Signature of Examiner
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank almighty God for the successful
completion of this project. The successful completion of this
project is the result of concerted efforts, guideance and inspiration
from many persons.Sometimes I find myself unjustly restrained by
words in expressing my sincere thanks to all those, whose
contribution is much larger than any magnanimous words can ever
claim to describe.
I feel indebted to my survey incharge Dr. Maninder Singh for being
the driving force throughout and helping me with his experience,
finding time in spite of his busy schedule and encouraging me in the
tense moments.
I am grateful to Dr. Maninder Singh whose constant words of
encouragement and help have helped me reach the present stage of
this project.
I am thankful to all faculty members of the department for their kind
concern and guidance. No words can express my gratitude to the
real motivators sometimes executors too, of my thoughts.
My heartfelt thanks go to:Dear friends & family for being with me at every hours of need.You
have always been a help to me whenever I needed.
This report will remain incomplete if I fail to express my sincere
gratitude to all my friends, classmates, and other juniors who have
always been a source of inspiration, encouragement and help to me .
At last but not least I am grateful to all those sources, persons who
helped me directly or indirectly in achieving this stage of my project.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO. DESCRIPTION OF CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 SURVEYING
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING
1.3 SITE OF LOCATION
2 THEORY
2.1 AIM
2.2 PRINCIPLE
2.3 INSTRUMENT AND APPARATUS USED
3 WORKING DETAILS
3.1 LOCATING DIFFERENT POINTS
3.2 ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING THEODOLITE
READING OF THEODOLITE AND ANGLE CALCULATION
3.3 SHIFTING OF RL FROM BENCHMARK TO STATION
POINT
3.4 BASE LINE MEASUREMENT
3.5 DRAWING TRAVERSE ON SHEET
3.6 LOCATING DIFFERENT POINTS ON THE SITE
3.7 DRAWING OF CONTOUR MAP
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SURVEYING
It is an art to determine the relative position of point on earth or below the
earth surface by direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and
elevation.
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF SURVEY CAMP
 sense of industry and competency.
 development of practical skills in the field.
 can learn to tackle onsite problems by quick decision.
1.3 SITE LOCATION
Little Heart Resort, Shalot, Shimla (Himachal Pradesh), a hilly area survey
camp.
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2. THEORY
2.1 AIM
To draw a contour map with all topographical details.
2.2 PRINCIPLE
We have used the principle of working from whole to part. According to this
principle, first of all a system of control points with greater precision and
the details can be located afterwards by the method of triangulation or
traversing between the control points. In order to make a traverse, locating
details and drawing a contour we have use following techniques:






angle measurement using Theodolite.
angle measurement using compass (just for practice)
levelling using Auto level
measurement of baseline
linear measurement with precision
Tacheometry
2.3 INSTRUMENT AND APPARATUS USED






Steel Tape
Theodolite
Magnetic Compass
Plane Table
Auto Level
Staff
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



Alidade
Plumb Bob and U-Wire
Ranging Rods
Pegs
Spirit Level
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STAFF
AUTO LEVEL
MAGNETIC COMPASS
THEODOLITE
ALIDADE
PLANE TABLE
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STEEL TAPE
RANGING RODS
SPIRIT LEVEL
PLUMB BOB
WOODEN PEGS
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3. WORKING DETAILS
DAY:-1
Date :- 16/06/2015
3.1 Locating Station Points
Locating the station points on the field is done by the principal of wellconditional triangle which states that the interior angle between two
consective sides of a triangle should be from 30 degree to 120
degree.Therefore for safe and better vision of all station points from a
particular station.120 degree is chosen giving wide field of view by human
judgement the central station is located at a point such that all the stations
points are easily visible from it.
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DAY:-2
Date :-17/06/2015
3.2 ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING THEODOLITE
(HORIZONTAL ANGLES)
Theodolite is most accurate instrument used mainly for measuring
horizontal and vertical angles. It can also be used for locating the points on
a line, prolonging survey lines, finding difference in elevation,setting out
grades, ranging curves etc.
In our survey we used transit theodolite i.e. theodolite whose telescope can
be revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in its
vertical plane.
First of all, we selected five stations points (A,B,C,D,E) on the ground such
that they all are visible from centre station point (O). Then we inserted
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wooden pegs at the selected station points on the ground. Then we set up
the theodolite at first sation and then we applied adjustments
3.2.1 ADJUSTMENT OF THEODOLITE
3.2.1.1 PERMANENT ADJUSTMENTS
We assume that the theodolite which was provided to us are permanently
adjusted. So, we have to apply only temporary adjustments.
3.2.1.2 TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS
Temporary adjustments consists of :
(A) Centering :- Centering of the instrument over the station point with the
help of plumb bob.
(B) Levelling :- (a) Approximate levelling with the help of tripod legs.
(b) Accurate levelling by following steps
 bring one of the level tube parallel to any two of
the foot screws, by rotating the upper part of the
instrument.
 the bubble is brought to the centre of the level
tube, by rotating both the foot screws either
inward or outward.
 the bubble of the level tube is then brought to the
centre of level tube by rotating the third foot
screw either inward or outward.
(C) Focussing :- To obtain the clear reading, the image formed by the
objective lens should fall in the plane of diaphragm and the focus of eye
piece should also be at the plane of diaphragm. This is being carried out by
removing parallax by proper focussing of objective and eye piece. Thus
focussing opeartion involves the steps :
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(a) Focussing of Eye Piece :- For focussing of eye piece, point the telescope
to the sky or hold a piece of white paper in front of telescope. Move the eye
piece in and out until a distinct sharp black images of the cross hairs is seen.
This confirms proper focussing.
(b) Focussing of Object Glass :- It is done for each independent observation
to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs. First direct the
telescope towards the object under observation. Then turn the focussing
screw until the image of the object appears clear and sharp as the observer
looks through properly focussed eye piece. If focussing has done properly,
there will be no parallax i.e. there will no apparent movement of the image
relative to the cross hairs, if the observer moves his eye from one side to
the other or from top to bottom.
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READING OF THEODOLITE AND ANGLE
CALCULATION
POINT
ANGLE
A
<BAO
FACE
FACE
FINAL
LEFT
RIGHT
READING
READING READING
AVERAGE
<OAE
AVERAGE
B
<CBO
AVERAGE
<OBA
AVERAGE
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POINT
ANGLE
C
<DCO
FACE
FACE
FINAL
LEFT
RIGHT
READING
RAEDING READING
AVERAGE
<OCB
AVERAGE
D
<EDO
AVERAGE
<ODC
AVERAGE
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POINT
ANGLE
E
<AEO
FACE
FACE
FINAL
LEFT
RIGHT
READING
READING READING
AVERAGE
<OED
AVERAGE
TOTAL
CORRECTIONS :-
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CORRECTED ANGLES AFTER APPLYING
CORRECTIONS
POINT
ANGLE
A
B
C
D
E
<BAE
<CBA
<DCB
<EDC
<AED
TOTAL
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CORRECTED
READING
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INTERIOR ANGLES OF TRAVERSE
POINT
<a
<b
<c
<d
<e
ANGLE
<AOB
<BOC
<COD
<DOE
<EOA
TOTAL
CORRECTIONS :-
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CORRECTED ANGLES AFTER APPLYING
CORRECTIONS
POINT
ANGLE
<a
<b
<c
<d
<e
<AOB
<BOC
<COD
<DOE
<EOA
TOTAL
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CORRECTED
READING
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DIAGRAM OF CLOSED TRAVERSE :
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DAY :- 3
Date :-18/06/2015
3.3 SHIFTING OF RL FROM BENCHMARK TO STATION
POINT USING AUTO LEVEL
Auto level is an optical instrument used to establish or check
points in the same horizontal plane. It is used in surveying to
transfer, measure, or to set horizontal levels.
Working with auto level:
 Situate your auto level in a location where you can clearly
see the benchmark station and your first cross section. This
will allow you to establish the elevation at the start of your
cross section profile from the benchmark to your cross
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section location. You will need to traverse from the
benchmark to cross section location using a turning point.
 Once you have determined your auto level instrument, set
up the tripod. Affix the auto level and level the tripod legs to
get the level bubble close to the level circle. Fine levelling
adjustment can be made using the levelling screws on the
auto level.
 Once your instrument has been set up, you will want to
determine the elevation at the horizontal line with eye
piece. Set your staff on the project datum ( be sure your staff
extends high enough so it is visible to the auto level ). Read
the vertical distance from staff. This vertical distance when
added to project datum, gives you the elevation at the
instrument station. All future measurement shall be
subtracted from this number to yield the surveyed ground
elevation.
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AUTO LEVEL READINGS
STATION BACK FORE HEIGHT OF
REDUCED REMARKS
POINTS SIGHT SIGHT INSTRUMENT LEVEL
(m)
(m)
(m)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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STATION BACK FORE HEIGHT OF
REDUCED REMARKS
POINTS SIGHT SIGHT INSTRUMENT LEVEL
(m)
(m)
(m)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
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STATION BACK FORE HEIGHT OF
REDUCED REMARKS
POINTS SIGHT SIGHT INSTRUMENT LEVEL
(m)
(m)
(m)
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
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DAY :- 4
Date :- 19/06/2015
3.4 BASE LINE MEASUREMENT
CALCULATION OF BASE LINE (HAND WRITTEN)
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SIDE
LENGTH (in m)
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA
OA
OB
OC
OD
OE
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LENGTH TO BE
DRAWN ON SHEET
AFTER SCALING
(in cm)
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3.5 DRAWING TRAVERSE ON SHEET
The whole evening is contributed in drawing the traverse for all the
stations
(DRAW TRAVERSE HERE WITH ITS PROPER LENGTHS
OF SIDES)
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DAY :-5
Date :-20/06/2015
3.6 LOCATING DIFFERENT POINTS ON THE SITE
Different points on and around the site important for tracing the area are
located and their positions are measured using level staff on all of them
showing their elevation using tacheometry principle.
(WRITE THEORY OF FIXED HAIR METHOD OF STADIA
TACHEOMETRY FOR CASE FOR INCLINED LINE OF
SIGHT AND VERTICAL STAFF)
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LH
CH
UH
ANGLE S
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H
V
RL
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3.7 DRAWING OF CONTOUR MAP
3.7.1 CONTOUR :- It is an imaginary line on the ground joining the points of
equal elevation. It is a line in which the surface of ground is intersected by a
level surface.
3.7.2 CONTOURING :- It is an act of drawing lines through the points of
equal elevation, each point representing a particular point on the surface of
earth.
3.7.3 HORIZONTAL EQUIVALENT :- The horizontal distance between any
two consecutive contours is known as a horizontal equivalent. It depends
on the steepness of the ground.
3.7.4 CONTOUR INTERVAL :- The vertical distance between any two
consecutive contours is called contour interval. It is kept constant plan,
otherwise it would be misleading at a general appearance.
3.7.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTOURS : Two contours of different elevation cannot cross each other. As in
that case one point would have two different elevations, which is
absurd.
 Contour lines of different elevations can unite to form one line, only
in the case of a vertical cliff.
 A closed contour line with one or more higher ones inside it,
represents a hill.
 Two contour lines having same elevation cannot unite and continue
as one line.
 A contour line must close upon itself though not necessarily within
the limits of a map.
3.7.6 CONTOUR GRADIENT :- It is a line lying throughout on the surface of
the ground and preserving a constant inclination to the horizontal. If the
inclination of such a line is given, its direction from a point may be easily
located either on the map or on the ground.
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