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References Used in the Meta-Analysis
References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis. References marked
with two asterisks indicate team-level empowerment studies.
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individual creativity in work groups (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada.
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**Arad, S. (1994). Empowered work groups: Conceptual framework and empirical assessment in
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*Aryee, S., & Chen, Z. X. (2006). Leader–member exchange in a Chinese context: Antecedents, the
mediating role of psychological empowerment and outcomes. Journal of Business Research, 59, 793–
801.
*Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational
commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance.
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service quality on employees’ affective and performance outcomes. Journal of the Academy of
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organizational commitment (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Iowa.
*Ben-Zur, H., & Yagil, D. (2005). The relationship between empowerment, aggressive behaviours of
customers, coping, and burnout. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14, 81–99.
3
*Black, J. A. (1993). The relationship of human resource development manager empowerment to
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comportementale au travail: Structure factorielle et convergence/distinction avec l’habilitation
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relationships between transformational leadership, employee perceptions of empowerment, and key
work outcomes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Claremont Graduate University.
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4
*Carsten, M. K. (2006). Vision in focus: Investigating the follower processes that mediate vision
articulation and organizational outcomes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Claremont Graduate
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*Casey, M., Saunders, J., & O’Hara, T. (2010). Impact of critical social empowerment on psychological
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mediators, and outcomes of psychological empowerment (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University
of Memphis.
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5
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*Chrobot, D. L. (1997). The role of ethnic identity on the quality of cross-race relationships: A study of
supervisory psychological support and subordinate perceptions of psychological empowerment
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control styles on proactive employee behaviors (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Temple University.
*Collins, M. D. (2007). Understanding the relationships between leader–member exchange (LMX),
psychological empowerment, job satisfaction, and turnover intent in a limited-service restaurant
environment (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University.
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7
*Daniels, S. R., & Colella, A. (2010, August). Minority status and paternalism: Examining the influence on
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of empowerment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 557–565.
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8
*Fiedler, A. (1993). The effect of vision congruence on employee empowerment, commitment,
satisfaction, and performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Florida International University.
*Franz, C. (2004). A cross-cultural study of employee empowerment and organizational justice
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*Gamble, J. E., Culpepper, R., & Blubaugh, M. G. (2002). ESOPs and employee attitudes: The importance
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examination (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Pennsylvania State University.
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*Girardelli, D. (2005). A model of high-performance suggestion systems (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). University of Kentucky.
*Gomez, C., & Rosen, B. (2001). The leader–member exchange as a link between managerial trust and
employee empowerment. Group & Organization Management, 26, 53–69.
9
*Greenup, P. (1997). Individual and system determinants of organizational citizenship behaviors in
clinical laboratories (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Alabama, Birmingham.
*Gruss, V. A. (2007). Relation of work empowerment to job satisfaction and absenteeism among
dementia-care certified nursing assistants in long-term care facilities (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Rush University.
**Hall, C. A. (1998). Organizational support systems for team-based organizations: Employee
collaboration through organizational structures (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of North
Texas.
*Hancer, M. (2001). An analysis of psychological empowerment and job satisfaction for restaurant
employees (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University.
*Harrington, M. J. (1995). Organizational and individual factors contributing to managers’ perceptions of
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dissertation). Claremont Graduate School.
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workplace aggression. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 176–185.
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among registered and assistant nurses. Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment, and Rehabilitation,
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11
*Hon, A. H. Y., & Rensvold, R. B. (2006). An interactional perspective on perceived empowerment: The
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senior executives in the workplace and at home (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Fielding Institute.
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what extent teachers perceive themselves as empowered by the use of those strategies (Unpublished
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satisfaction in Kaohsiung area of Taiwan (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Incarnate
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*Jacobs, N. J. (2005). From divine calling to holy burnout: The relationship between social interest,
empowerment, and burnout among Episcopal clergy (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Seattle Pacific
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12
*Janssen, O. (2000). Learning orientation as a moderator on the relationship between information and
psychological empowerment. Behavior and Organization, 13, 260–270.
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(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Virginia.
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empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 58–74.
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virtual team performance: The moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management
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13
**Kirkman, B. L., & Shapiro, D. L. (2001). The impact of team members’ cultural values on productivity,
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*Lanney, N. E. (1998). The perceptions of teacher empowerment and job satisfaction among Jackson
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14
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*Manojlovich, M., & Laschinger, H. K. S. (2002). The relationship of empowerment and selected
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