Journal of Biogeography
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Ecological traits shape genetic diversity patterns across the Mediterranean Sea: a
quantitative review on fishes
Alicia Dalongeville, Marco Andrello, David Mouillot, Camille Albouy, Stéphanie Manel
APPENDIX S1: Summary of the dataset used in the quantitative review: ecological traits and exploitation status of the sampled fish species, and number of
populations sampled for expected heterozygosity (He) calculated with microsatellites markers and haplotype diversity (h) calculated with mtDNA.
Species
Aphanius
fasciatus
Family
Vertical
Exploited
distribution
Horizontal
distribution
Habitat
Minimal Maximal
depth
depth
(m)
(m)
Migration type
Body Reproductive
length
strategy :
(cm)
Semelparity
Sex shift
#
sampled
locations References
He
h
Cyprinodontinae
No
Demersal
Littoral
Posidonia
1
5
Amphidromous
6
Yes
No
-
38
(1–3)
Gobiinae
Yes
Pelagic
Continental
Shelf
Soft
5
100
Oceanodromous
3.75
Yes
No
-
5
(4)
Atherina boyeri
Atherinidae
Yes
Pelagic
Littoral
Soft, rocky,
posidonia
1
3
Amphidromous
9
No
No
11
12
(5,6)
Atherina
hepsetus
Atherinidae
Yes
Pelagic
Littoral
Rocky
1
3
NA
15
No
No
-
11
(7)
Chromis
chromis
Pomacentridae
No
Demersal
Littoral
Rocky &
Posidonia
5
15
No
9
No
No
-
10
(8)
Moronidae
Yes
Demersal
Littoral
Soft &
Rocky
1
30
Oceanodromous
80
No
No
23
9
(9–11)
Sparidae
Yes
Benthic
Littoral
Rocky
1
40
Oceanodromous
25
No
Protandrous
5
9
(12,13)
Engraulis
encrasicolus
Engraulinae
Yes
Pelagic
Littoral
Soft
1
400
Oceanodromous
14
No
No
-
9
(14)
Epinephelus
marginatus
Serranidae
Yes
Demersal
Littoral
Rocky
10
50
No
90
No
Protogynous
16
8
(15–17)
Gobius niger
Gobiinae
No
Benthic
Littoral
Soft, rocky,
posidonia
1
10
No
12.5
No
No
-
6
(4)
Hippocampus
hippocampus
Syngnathidae
No
Benthic
Littoral
Soft
1
10
Amphidromous
10
No
No
-
5
(18)
Lithognathus
mormyrus
Sparidae
No
Benthic
Littoral
Soft
5
50
NA
35
No
Protandrous
6
4
(19)
Lophius
budegassa
Lophiidae
Yes
Benthic
Littoral &
continetal
shelf
Soft &
rocky
10
850
No
50
No
No
-
2
(20)
Lophius
piscatorius
Lophiidae
Yes
Benthic
All
10
1000
No
120
No
No
-
2
(20)
Mugil cephalus
Mugilidae
Yes
Pelagic
Littoral
1
10
Catadromous
75
No
No
-
13
(21)
Mullus barbatus
Mullidae
Yes
Benthic
Continental
shelf and
slope
30
300
NA
20
No
No
14
5
(22,23)
Aphia minuta
Dicentrarchus
labrax
Diplodus
sargus
Soft &
rocky
Soft &
Rocky
Soft
Mullus
surmuletus
Mullidae
Yes
Benthic
Continental
shelf and
slope
Soft
3
80
Oceanodromous
27.5
No
No
-
5
(22)
Pomatoschistus
minutus
Gobiidae
No
Benthic
Littoral
Soft
1
20
No
7.5
Yes
No
12
-
(24)
Sardina
pilchardus
Clupeidae
Yes
Pelagic
Open ocean
NA
5
60
Oceanodromous
19
No
No
7
-
(25)
Scomber
japonicus
Scombrinae
Yes
Pelagic
Open ocean
NA
10
100
Oceanodromous
30
No
No
-
5
(26)
Scomber
scombrus
Scombrinae
Yes
Pelagic
Open ocean
NA
1
100
Oceanodromous
35
No
No
-
4
(26)
Serranus
cabrilla
Serranidae
No
Benthic
Soft, rocky,
posidonia
5
500
No
27.5
No
Hermaphrodite
13
-
(27)
Solea vulgaris
Soleidae
Yes
Benthic
Soft
1
80
No
37.5
No
No
-
9
(28)
Sparus aurata
Sparidae
Yes
Demersal
Littoral
Soft, rocky,
posidonia
10
30
No
55
No
Protandrous
13
-
(29,30)
Syngnathidae
No
Benthic
Littoral
Soft &
Posidonia
1
5
Amphidromous
12.5
No
No
-
8
(31)
Thunnus
thynnus
Scombridae
Yes
Pelagic
Open ocean
NA
1
70
Oceanodromous
200
No
No
21
-
(32–34)
Trachurus
mediterraneus
Carangidae
Yes
Pelagic
Open ocean
NA
10
50
Oceanodromous
30
No
No
-
9
(35,36)
Trachurus
picturatus
Carangidae
Yes
Pelagic
Open ocean
NA
1
370
Oceanodromous
40
No
No
-
4
(35)
Trachurus
trachurus
Carangidae
Yes
Pelagic
Open ocean
NA
10
100
Oceanodromous
30
No
No
7
4
(35,37)
Trisopterus
minutus
Gadidae
Yes
Demersal
Continental
shelf and
slope
Soft &
Rocky
25
200
NA
27.5
No
No
3
-
(38)
Xiphias gladius
Xiphiidae
Yes
Pelagic
Open ocean
NA
10
125
Oceanodromous
250
No
No
-
5
(39)
Syngnathus
abaster
Continental
shelf and
slope
Continental
shelf
Total:
151 201
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APPENDIX S2 Definition of the different ecological traits used in the analysis.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Vertical distribution

Benthic: Species dwelling on, or relating to, the bottom of a body of water; living on the
bottom of the ocean and feeding on benthic organisms (Froese & Pauly, 2015).

Demersal: Species sinking to or lying on the bottom; living on or near the bottom and
feeding on benthic organisms (Froese & Pauly, 2015).

Pelagic: Species living and feeding in the open sea; associated with the surface or
middle depths of a body of water; free swimming in the seas, oceans or open waters;
not in association with the bottom. Many pelagic fish feed on plankton (Froese & Pauly,
2015).
Horizontal distribution

Littoral: Living in or related to near-shore waters; the intertidal zone of the marine
environment, delimited by the tide marks of low and high water (Froese & Pauly, 2015).

Continental shelf: The sea bottom from the shore out to a depth of 200m; a zone
adjacent to a continent or around an island, and extending from the low-water line to
the depth at which there is usually a marked increase of slope to greater depth; the
edge of the continent that is submerged in relatively shallow ocean water (Froese &
Pauly, 2015).

Continental slope: Region of the outer edge of a continent between the generally
shallow continental shelf and the deep ocean floor, from 200 to 2,000 m; often steep,
slope-like (Froese & Pauly, 2015).
Habitat

Posidonia: Seagrass beds of Posidonia oceanica.

Soft: consists of unconsolidated sediment (such as sand or clay) and unvegetated
areas.

Rocky: intertidal area of seacoasts where solid rock predominates (Lewis, 1964).
Migration type

Amphidroumous: Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the
sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and
catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous (McDowall, 2010; Froese & Pauly,
2015).

Anadromous: Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division
of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100
km (McDowall, 2010; Froese & Pauly, 2015).

Catadromous: Migrating from freshwater to the sea to spawn, e.g., European eels.
Subdivision of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover
more than 100 km (McDowall, 2010; Froese & Pauly, 2015).

Oceanodromous: Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different
feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover
more than 100 km (Froese & Pauly, 2015).
5.
6.
Reproductive strategy

Iteroparity: The reproductive strategy where individuals reproduce several times
throughout their life (Froese & Pauly, 2015).

Semelparity: The reproductive strategy where individuals reproduce once throughout
their life (Froese & Pauly, 2015).
Sex shift

Protandrous: Sequential hermaphrodite in which the fish functions first as a male and
then changes to a female (Froese & Pauly, 2015).

Protogynous: Sequential hermaphrodite in which the fish functions first as a female and
then changes to a male (Froese & Pauly, 2015).

Hermaphrodite: Used as “synchronous hermaphrodite”: Having both sexes in the same
individual at the same time (Froese & Pauly, 2015).
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