Aerospace Industry Disadvantage
RIUDL
Varsity Division
Aerospace Industry Disadvantage – Table of Contents
Summary.............................................................................................................................................. 2
Glossary............................................................................................................................................... 3
First Negative Constructive (1NC) Shell ....................................................................................... 4-6
Uniqueness Extensions
AT: Uniqueness Overwhelms the Link – FAA Solves ........................................................................... 7
Link Extensions
AT: No Link – Only Limits Surveillance ................................................................................................. 8
AT: Non-Unique and Link Turn – States Are Limiting Now ................................................................... 9
AT: Link Turn – Plan Reverses Legal Uncertainty .............................................................................. 10
Internal Link Extensions
AT: No Internal Link – Industry Hype .................................................................................................. 11
AT: No Internal Link – Drone Industry Resilient .................................................................................. 12
Impact Extensions
AT: Impact Turn – Aerospace Lobby Blocks Deficit Recovery ............................................................ 13
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Summary
This Negative position argues that the Affirmative’s plan should be rejected because it is harmful to
the U.S. aerospace industry. The argument continues to evaluate why the aerospace industry is
critical for both our economy and our technological competitiveness.
First, the Negative needs to prove that the drone industry is thriving or will continue to thrive in the
status quo. This is so that the Negative can distinguish between the status quo and the world of the
plan. Specifically, the evidence indicates that recent regulatory changes are encouraging investors
and inventors to enter the drones market. Fundamentally, this means that the status quo is a world in
which the drones industry will grow stronger, while the world of the plan is a world in which the drones
industry will collapse.
Why will the drone industry collapse? The evidence indicates that the rush to ban certain usages of
drones would destroy the confidence that has been built up recently. People would be afraid of
entering the market because they are scared that their specific usage of drones could also be banned
at any time. If someone does take that risk and their drone usage becomes subsequently banned,
they would have lost all of their money building up their business. Most wise investors would never
take that risk.
A connection also needs to be made between the drones industry and the aerospace industry in
general. The evidence indicates that the age of manned flight is ending, and as the drone industry
gets stronger, the aerospace sector will shift towards drones so much that there would be more
unmanned flights than manned flights within the next two decades.
Lastly, the aerospace industry is one of the largest drivers of our economy, and arguably the
strongest driver of our innovation in technology. There are many reasons for this, including new
technological patents that are developed through the industry, the creation of new jobs, and exports
to other countries for their flight needs.
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Glossary
Aeronautics/Aerospace Industry – An industry that focuses on all aircraft, spacecraft, and
associated technological industries.
FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) – A branch of the U.S. Department of Transportation that
has the authority to regulate all aspects of U.S. civil (non-military) aviation.
Nascent – Just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential.
Paranoia – A thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point
of irrationality and delusion.
Political Gridlock – A situation when there is difficulty of passing laws in a legislature because the
votes for and against a proposed law are evenly divided, or in which two legislative houses, or the
executive branch and the legislature are controlled by different political parties, or otherwise cannot
agree.
UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) – Commonly known as a drone, and also referred to as an
unpiloted aerial vehicle and a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), is an aircraft without a human pilot
aboard. Its flight is controlled either autonomously by onboard computers or by the remote control of
a pilot on the ground or in another vehicle.
U.S. Department of Defense – An executive branch department of the federal government of the
United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the
government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security – A department of the United States federal government,
created in response to the September 11 attacks, and with the primary responsibilities of protecting
the territory of the United States and protectorates from and responding to terrorist attacks, manmade accidents, and natural disasters.
U.S. Department of Commerce – A department of the United States government concerned with
promoting economic growth. The mission of the department is to "promote job creation and improved
living standards for all Americans by creating an infrastructure that promotes economic growth,
technological competitiveness, and sustainable development".
Warrant (Search) – a court order that a magistrate, judge or Supreme Court official issues to
authorize law enforcement officers to conduct a search of a person, location, or vehicle for evidence
of a crime and to confiscate any evidence they find.
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1NC Shell (1/3)
A. Uniqueness – Previous regulations have prevented the US drones industry from being
globally competitive, but recent changes are bringing us back from the brink.
Hazel and Aoude, partner and associate at Oliver Wyman, 2015
(Bob Hazel, Transportation Practice at Oliver Wyman, and Georges Aoude, Transportation Practice
at Oliver Wyman, “U.S. Regulators Must Allow Drone Industry to Catch Up,” June 22, 2015,
http://www.brinknews.com/u-s-regulators-must-allow-drone-industry-to-catch-up/)
In Japan, farmers have been using drones for decades to inspect crops. In Canada, police use
drones for search-and-rescue operations. In the U.K., drones are used for commercial
photography. In the U.S., these activities have always been illegal without special permission
from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which, until recently, was rarely granted. That
began to change this year when the FAA proposed regulations for commercial drones. Once
the rules are finalized in a couple of years, the U.S. can finally start catching up with other
countries in this growing industry. Meanwhile, the U.S. is leaving billions of dollars in economic
growth on the table as drone developers and customers do business elsewhere. It is not too late to
catch up. With reasonable and globally competitive regulations, the U.S. could still become a
leader in this growing industry. The rules proposed in February are a good first step because they
are based on the FAA’s characterization of the risk that the small, unmanned aircraft pose to the
public. It’s important for the FAA to create the right risk-based foundation for drone regulations, not
just to unleash the U.S. market, but also to guide the next regulatory issue that will be more fraught:
privacy. By 2035, the number of unmanned aerial vehicle, or UAV, operations each year will
surpass the number of manned aircraft operations, according to the U.S. Department of
Transportation research arm, the Volpe Center. Industry experts estimate the global drone market is
worth between $6 billion and $12 billion, and commercial drones account for about 10 percent. The
Volpe Center forecasts the U.S. commercial drone market will reach $5 billion annually by 2035.
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1NC Shell (2/3)
B. Link – The plan would destroy this new nascent drone industry.
Berry, 2014
(Michael [partner in the Philadelphia office of Levine Sullivan Koch & Schulz LLP]; THE DRONES
ARE COMING: ... AND FOR NOW WE SHOULD GET OUT OF THEIR WAY; 36 Pennsylvania
Lawyer 50)
In the meantime state and local governments around the country have begun to consider drone
legislation. By the end of 2013, 43 states, including Pennsylvania, had considered drone legislation,
with nine passing laws. All nine of those states have placed restrictions on the government's use of
drones. Most of those laws regulate law enforcement, permitting drones to be used only in limited
circumstances such as when the police have a warrant or an exception to the warrant
requirement applies. Three states have placed limits on the private use of drones. Oregon allows
private property owners to file suit against drone operators under certain circumstances if the drones
are flown less than 400 feet above their property. Texas allows people and companies to use drones
to capture images in some circumstances (such as for scholarly research, mapping land or monitoring
gas utilities). But Texas law makes it a crime to use a drone to capture an image of a person or
private property "with the intent to conduct surveillance." Idaho has gone even farther, banning
people from using drones to photograph or film others without their consent for the purpose of
publication. Pennsylvania should not rush to follow these states' examples of restricting private drone
use. The Texas and Idaho laws pose serious constitutional questions. People can take photographs
of others in places where there is no reasonable expectation of privacy, whether their subjects
consent or not. This principle is deeply etched into the law and has proven essential to newsgathering
and reporting on matters of public concern. Legislators should not trample this fundamental legal
principle. Second, these laws are unnecessary here. Pennsylvania already has a number of laws in
place to protect people against the harms those other states are seeking to prevent. For example, our
stalking, harassment and "Peeping Tom" laws already make it illegal for people to use drones in
potentially nefarious ways. If someone believes he or she has been victimized by a drone,
Pennsylvania already provides an array of remedies. Some examples: If a person claims that a
drone operator invaded his or her privacy by filming the person in a private place, the person
would have a remedy through a claim for an intrusion. If that private footage were then tortuously
broadcast, the person could file a claim for publication of private facts. Similarly, if a person were
physically injured by someone's drone, that person could file a claim for battery. And if a
person claims that drones are interfering with enjoyment of his or her property, that [*54]
person can file a claim for nuisance. When it comes to private use of drones, there is simply
no need to rush to pass new state laws. Finally, rushing to enact new laws could threaten to
extinguish the nascent drone industry before it gets off the ground and before we fully
understand drones' potential uses and benefits. We should see how drones develop, what we
learn from the FAA test sites and what rules the FAA proposes and implements. We should not
act before we have a more complete record. In the meantime, if problems arise, we should allow
existing laws to do their job. Drones are coming. As they begin to arrive, let's monitor their progress
and get out of their way for now.
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1NC Shell (3/3)
C. Internal Link – Drones are key to the aerospace industry. The plan would destroy our
competitiveness.
EU Business, 2014
(“Remotely Piloted Aviation Systems, or Drones”, April 8, 2014, EUBusiness.com,
http://www.eubusiness.com/topics/transport/drones/)
Drones are already beginning to appear in our skies but there are no clear general rules, at national
or at European level, which put in place the necessary safeguards protect the safety, security and
privacy of people. In addition, operational and technical rules also need to be further developed in
order to ensure that civil drones can fly like 'normal' air traffic and be integrated among 'normally
piloted' aircraft in non-segregated airspace without affecting the safety and the operation of the whole
aviation system. It is clear that mastering civil drones (RPAS) technology is key to the future
competitiveness of the European aeronautics industry - on some estimates in the next 10 years it
could be worth 10% of the aviation market. The impact of drones and their many applications on
the economy could potentially be compared to the development of the internet in the nineties.
It means that the safe development of the European market for drones is crucial step towards
building the aviation market of the future. For all these reasons the European Council, in
December 2013, asked the Commission to develop a framework for the safe integration of RPAS into
civil airspace as from 2016.
D. Impact – The aerospace industry is key to US economic power and innovation.
Faux, 2012
(Jeff Faux, Ex-President and Distinguished Fellow of Economic Policy Institute, Studied, taught and
published on a wide variety of economic and political issues from the global economy to
neighborhood community development, from monetary policy to political strategy. He is the author or
co-author of six books, the latest being, The Servant Economy: Where America’s Elite is Sending the
Middle Class (Wiley, 2012).Economic Policy Institute, “The Aerospace Sector as a National Asset—
Viewpoint”, http://www.epi.org/publication/webfeatures_viewpoints_airspace_natlasset/, May 14,
2002)
The aerospace industry is a unique strategic asset for America. In addition to its obvious national
security benefits, the industry makes, and must continue to make, a critical contribution to our
economic growth and rising living standards. U.S. aerospace is a major source of:
Technological innovation with substantial spillovers to other industrial and commercial
sectors. High wage employment, which spreads the benefits of rising productivity throughout
the U.S. economy. Exports, which America will need to substantially increase in order to
resolve the growing problem of our current account deficit and rising foreign debt. Thus, a
healthy aerospace industry ought to be a primary goal of our nation’s economic policy. It
represents the cumulative private and public investments of past decades. Allowing it to wither is, in
effect, a national decision to abandon those investments.
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AT: Uniqueness Overwhelms the Link – FAA Solves
[___]
[___] Economic growth will only happen if the industry isn’t burdened by new regulations.
Wolfgang, 2013
(Ben; Drone industry predicts explosive economic boost; Mar 12;
www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/mar/12/drone-industry-predicts-explosive-economicboost/?page=all)
Drones as weapons and drones as spies remain matters of intense debate across the country,
but the controversial aircraft are poised to make an impact as something else: economic
engines. Private-sector drones — also called unmanned aerial systems or UAVs — will create
more than 70,000 jobs within three years and will pump more than $82 billion into the U.S.
economy by 2025, according to a major new study commissioned by the industry’s leading trade
group. But the report, authored by aerospace specialist and former George Washington University
professor Darryl Jenkins, assumes that the White House and Congress stick to the current
schedule and have in place the necessary legal and regulatory frameworks. Current law calls
for full drone integration into U.S. airspace by September 2015, but many key privacy questions
surrounding UAVs have yet to be answered. There’s also growing doubt that the Federal Aviation
Administration can meet the congressionally mandated timetable.
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AT: No Link – Only Limits Surveillance
[___]
[___] Law enforcement drones are key to make up for cuts in military drone spending.
Reid, 2014
(Melanie [Associate Professor of Law, Lincoln Memorial University-Duncan School of Law];
GROUNDING DRONES: BIG BROTHER'S TOOL BOX NEEDS REGULATION NOT ELIMINATION;
20 Rich. J.L. & Tech. 9;)
The Pentagon cut spending on military drones from $4.8 billion in 2012 to $3.8 billion in 2013
with further reductions anticipated. n53 Initially, drones were used by the military as a
reconnaissance tool, with the D-21 drone making its first reconnaissance mission over China in 1969.
n54 In 1995, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sent drones on more than 600 reconnaissance
missions in the Bosnian conflict, and the drones also provided intelligence for NATO forces in the
1999 Kosovo air campaign by "searching for targets" and "keeping an eye on Kosovar-Albanian
refugee camps." n55 In January 2001, the CIA considered assassinating Osama bin Laden with the
Predator drone, but the Predator had only been used for reconnaissance missions. n56 This was the
first occasion that the military considered using drones as a weapon rather than as a reconnaissance
tool. n57 Today, with significant military budget cuts looming, drone manufacturers need to
find a new market for their creations. P14 Therefore, aerospace manufacturers are looking to
create a lucrative civilian market. The chief operating officer of a Los Angeles-based company that
makes operating systems for drones, Denis Clements, remarked that the drone industry is
transitioning "from all-military on a relatively small scale to international and commercial on a large
scale." n58 The AUVSI estimates that the industry will be worth $ 82 billion and employ 100,000
people by 2025. n59 P15 Law enforcement, in particular, is interested in using drones as they are
typically smaller than traditional aircraft, less likely to be detected, create less noise and
vibrations, and less expensive than aircraft and helicopters so they can afford to purchase
and use more of them. n60 Of course, the cost depends upon the size and sophistication of the
drone, and law enforcement need also worry about collisions and tort liability if one of their drones
collides with other aircraft or destroys personal property on the ground.
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AT: Non-Unique and Link Turn – States Are Limiting Now
[___]
[___] Only some states will limit drones. The drones industry will just set up shop where the
environment is friendly. Federal regulation makes the entire nation a hostile environment.
Wolfgang, 2013
(Ben; Drone industry predicts explosive economic boost; Mar 12;
www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/mar/12/drone-industry-predicts-explosive-economicboost/?page=all;)
There’s also growing doubt that the Federal Aviation Administration can meet the congressionally
mandated timetable. If deadlines are met and drones become commonplace in American skies, some
states will be especially big winners. Virginia, for example, stands to gain nearly 2,500 jobs by
2017. It also could take in $4.4 million in tax revenue and see more than $460 million in overall
economic activity by 2017, the report says. Virginia would gain the eighth-most jobs of any state as
a result of drone integration. Maryland isn’t far behind, with projections of more than 1,700 new jobs
by 2017. California would be by far the biggest winner in terms of jobs, with more than 12,000
expected. Florida, Texas, New York, Washington, Connecticut, Kansas, Arizona and Pennsylvania
are also expected to be benefit greatly from the coming drone economy. “This is an incredibly
exciting time for an industry developing technology that will benefit society, as well as the
economy,” said Michael Toscano, president and CEO of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle
Systems International, a trade group that has existed for more than 40 years but has come into the
public eye only recently. Drone expansion “means the creation of quality, high-paying American
jobs,” Mr. Toscano continued. But the motivation behind Tuesday’s report — arguably the most
sweeping look ever at the economic potential of drones — runs deeper than just dollars and cents.
The industry faces an uncertain future in light of growing public paranoia surrounding the
craft — paranoia that has only been heightened by the debate over whether the Obama
administration would ever consider using a drone to kill an American on U.S. soil. While the
drones that will be employed by U.S. companies or law enforcement agencies are far different than
the military-style UAVs equipped with Hellfire missiles, those distinctions aren’t always clear.
Tuesday’s report not only offered the industry a chance to shine the spotlight on drones’ positive uses
and economic potential, but also served as an opportunity — or, perhaps a warning — to lawmakers
seeking to limit UAVs. More than 20 states are considering bills to establish strict guidelines for what
drones can do. Virginia is mulling a measure that would put a two-year moratorium on all government
use of drones. Such a measure would be especially harsh because first-responders such as police
and fire departments are expected to be one of the largest markets for UAVs. Like other growing
and thriving sectors of the economy, the drone business likely will set up shop in friendly
environments.
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AT: Link Turn – Plan Reverses Legal Uncertainty
[___]
[___] The new FAA regulations and Obama’s executive order are already solving current legal
uncertainty. The plan reverses all of that.
Whitlock, reporter for the Washington Post, 2015
(Craig, Washington Post, “FAA rules might allow thousands of business drones,” February 15, 2015,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/faa-releases-proposed-rules-for-domesticdrone-use/2015/02/15/6787bdce-b51b-11e4-a200-c008a01a6692_story.html)
In reality, FAA officials have acknowledged that it is extremely difficult to police the skies or crack
down on rogue drone pilots. Most drones are too small to appear on radar. And even when they are
spotted near airports or intruding into congested airspace, it is hard to chase them, much less to track
down whoever is flying them by remote control. Although the proposed regulations announced
Sunday are tailored for commercial drones, they are expected to trigger a huge expansion in
drone use by government agencies, such as police and fire departments. Under current rules,
agencies must go through a cumbersome application process to win FAA approval to fly drones,
determined on a case-by-case basis. The new regulations would lift many of those obstacles.
Law enforcement agencies could fly their own drones to conduct surveillance or could hire a
contractor to do so. The FAA and the White House had intended to unveil their drone rules later
this month. But an official document highlighting some of the proposed regulations was inadvertently
posted on a federal Web site Friday night, prompting the Obama administration to announce the
changes in the middle of a holiday weekend. While the FAA rules are designed to exploit the
economic potential of drones without jeopardizing aviation safety, the order issued Sunday by
President Obama is intended to safeguard personal privacy and require the federal government
to be more forthcoming about when and where it uses drones to conduct surveillance. All federal
agencies, for example, would have to disclose where they conduct drone operations within
the United States, as well as their policies for storing and protecting personal information
collected from surveillance flights. Agencies would also have to issue an annual report detailing
the types of missions they flew in the previous year. The order will have a large impact on the
Defense Department and law enforcement agencies such as the FBI and the Department of
Homeland Security, which uses drones to patrol the nation’s borders. The FBI has been
especially secretive about its drone operations, even ducking lawmakers’ queries about how many it
has and how often they are used. “It is a very big deal and a very positive step,” said Lisa Ellman,
a former Justice Department official who helped prepare the presidential order and works on drone
issues as a lawyer in private practice. The agencies, she said, “understand that even with all the
benefits of drones, the American public has concerns — concerns about privacy and concerns about
accountability.” In addition, Obama directed the Commerce Department to work with
companies and the drone industry to develop a voluntary code of conduct for the private
sector regarding surveillance and privacy protections.
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AT: No Internal Link – Industry Hype
[___]
[___] There is consensus on the economic impact of drones.
Drugan, 2015
(John; Drones a source of debate-and economic impact; Feb 5;
www.uschamberfoundation.org/blog/post/drones-source-debate-and-economic-impact/42600;)
At a recent hearing held by the House Science Space and Technology Committee, lawmakers and
business leaders cited studies predicting as many as 200,000 new jobs and an $82 million
economic impact from this new technology. A majority of the hearing was a dialogue between
witnesses and Congress to discuss how the FAA should shape regulation to introduce them into the
National Airspace System in a manner that will best foster growth within the industry. The regulatory
debate surrounding the FAA’s UAV policies will no doubt be intensified and expedited, given the
recent alarming incident of a UAV drone landing on the White House lawn. Surprisingly, despite
disagreement on the FAA’s regulation, Congress and industry experts were in complete
agreement on the potentially massive economic impact that UAV technology could have on
the American economy and the necessity to act as soon as possible. What may be even more
surprising than the impact UAV technology may have are the different sectors of American
industry that will be influenced by it.
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AT: No Internal Link – Drone Industry Resilient
[___]
[___] It’s a new industry—it’s not resilient yet. The plan creates uncertainty within the
industry—derails growth.
Koebler, 2013
(Jason; Drone Industry: Privacy 'Distractions' Could Have Major Economic Impacts; Mar 13;
http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/03/13/drone-industry-privacy-distractions-could-havemajor-economic-impacts;)
A new report released by a drone industry trade group suggests that using unmanned planes in
the United States could create more than 70,000 jobs and $82 billion in economic impact over
the next few years. But the head of the organization warns that "privacy distractions" could derail
the industry. The report, released Tuesday by the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems
International, suggests that most of the impact will come within the first three years of commercial
integration of drones—tentatively set by the Federal Aviation Administration to occur in 2015—and
that drones will most commonly be used in agricultural settings and for public safety reasons. [READ:
Hagel Orders Review of 'Drone Medal'] So far, at least 31 states are considering legislation that
would limit the use of drones, and a bill in Virginia that would put a two-year moratorium on drone use
is waiting to be signed by governor Bob McDonnell. Many of the bills being considered have been
championed by civil liberties groups such as the ACLU and would put severe limits on the
commercial use of drones in those states. Some proposed bills would require police to get a
search warrant before operating a drone. Most of the proposed bills, according to Michael
Toscano, president and CEO of AUVSI, would delay or diminish the positive economic impacts
that the drone industry can have in a state. "This privacy stuff is a distraction," he says. "Look
how much energy we're spending on that. It has the ability to affect things going forward."
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AT: Impact Turn – Aerospace Lobby Blocks Deficit Recovery
[___] Deficit recovery is not an excuse for the failure to create jobs. Political controversy
should not interfere with solving for realistic consequences.
Krugman, 2011
(Paul Krugman, columnist for the New York Times, Professor of Economics and International Affairs
at Princeton University, recipient of the Nobel Prize in economics, The Salt Lake Tribune, Can’t or
Won’t?, July 12, 2011, http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/opinion/52169105-82/economy-governmentworkers-excuse.html.csp)
If you were shocked by Friday’s job report, if you thought we were doing well and were taken aback
by the bad news, you haven’t been paying attention. The fact is, the U.S. economy has been stuck in
a rut for a year and a half. Yet a destructive passivity has overtaken our discourse. Turn on your TV
and you’ll see some self-satisfied pundit declaring that nothing much can be done about the
economy’s short-run problems (reminder: This “short run” is now in its fourth year), that we should
focus on the long run instead. This gets things exactly wrong. The truth is that creating jobs in a
depressed economy is something government could and should be doing. Yes, there are huge
political obstacles to action — notably, the fact that the House is controlled by a party that
benefits from the economy’s weakness. But political gridlock should not be conflated with
economic reality. Our failure to create jobs is a choice, not a necessity — a choice rationalized
by an ever-shifting set of excuses. Excuse No.1: Just around the corner, there’s a rainbow in
the sky. Remember “green shoots”? Remember the “summer of recovery”? Policymakers keep
declaring that the economy is on the mend — and Lucy keeps snatching the football away. Yet these
delusions of recovery have been an excuse for doing nothing as the jobs crisis festers.
Excuse No.2: Fear the bond market. Two years ago The Wall Street Journal declared that
interest rates on U.S. debt would soon soar unless Washington stopped trying to fight the
economic slump. Ever since, warnings about the imminent attack of the “bond vigilantes” have been
used to attack any spending on job creation. But basic economics said that rates would stay low as
long as the economy was depressed — and basic economics was right. The interest rate on 10-year
bonds was 3.7 percent when The Wall Street Journal issued that warning; at the end of last week it
was 3.03 percent. How have the usual suspects responded? By inventing their own reality. Last
week, Rep. Paul Ryan, the man behind the GOP plan to dismantle Medicare, declared that we
must slash government spending to “take pressure off the interest rates” — the same
pressure, I suppose, that has pushed those rates to near-record lows. Excuse No.3: It’s the
workers’ fault. Unemployment soared during the financial crisis and its aftermath. So it seems
bizarre to argue that the real problem lies with the workers — that the millions of Americans who were
working four years ago but aren’t working now somehow lack the skills the economy needs. Yet that’s
what you hear from many pundits these days: High unemployment is “structural,” they say, and
requires long-term solutions (which means, in practice, doing nothing). Well, if there really was a
mismatch between the workers we have and the workers we need, workers who do have the
right skills, and are therefore able to find jobs, should be getting big wage increases. They
aren’t. In fact, average wages actually fell last month. Excuse No.4: We tried to stimulate the
economy, and it didn’t work. Everybody knows that President Barack Obama tried to stimulate the
economy with a huge increase in government spending, and that it didn’t work. But what everyone
knows is wrong.
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