SUPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
Environmental implications of anaerobic digestion for manure management in dairy farms
in Mexico: a life cycle perspective
Pasiano Rivas-Garcíaa, José E. Botello-Álvarezb, Joaquim E. Abel Seabrac, Arnaldo C. da Silva
Walterc,d, and Alejandro Estrada-Baltazara*.
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technological Institute of Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y A.
García Cubas S/N, C.P. 38010, Celaya, Guanajuato, México.
b
Department of Biochemical Engineering, Technological Institute of Celaya, Av. Tecnológico y
A. García Cubas S/N, C.P. 38010, Celaya, Guanajuato, México.
c
Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, UNICAMP, Rua Mendeleyev 200, Cidade Universitária
“Zeferino Vaz”, Campinas, SP, Postal Code 13083-860, Brazil.
d
Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), CNPEM/ABTLuS, Rua
Giuseppe Máximo Scolfaro 10.000, Polo II de Alta Tecnologia, P.O. Box 6170, Campinas, SP,
Postal Code 13083-970, Brazil.
Supporting Information contains:
Table S1. Initial concentration of the digester and at disintegration factors f for the ADM1 at
67.9 g VS/L.
Table S2. Requirements of materials and energy for the milk production process.
Table S3. LCA results of the three manure management scenarios in dairy farm, using ReCiPe
Midpoint (H) method. The results are related by 1 L of milk.
Table S4. Main emissions and fossil fuel requirements of the three manure management
scenarios in dairy farm. The results are related to g specie/L of milk.
*
Corresponding Author
Tel: +52 01 461 611 7575; fax: +52 01 461 611 7744; E-mail: alest@iqcelaya.itc.mx
Table S1
Initial concentration of the digester and at disintegration factors f for the ADM1 at 67.9 g VS/L.
Parameter
Symbol
Units
Value
Composites
XC
g COD/L
87.13
Total Valerate
Sva
g COD/L
0.202
Total Butyrate
Sbu
g COD/L
0.772
Total Propionate
Spr
g COD/L
1.235
Total Acetate
Sac
g COD/L
2.110
Inorganic Carbon
SIC
mol/L
0.102
Inorganic Nitrogen
SIN
mol/L
0.132
Sugar decomposers
Xsu
g COD/L
0.339
Amino-acid decomposers
Xaa
g COD/L
0.339
LCFA decomposers
Xfa
g COD/L
0.339
Valerate and Butyrate decomposers
Xc4
g COD/L
0.339
Propionate decomposers
Xpro
g COD/L
0.339
Acetate decomposers
Xac
g COD/L
0.599
Hydrogen decomposers
Xh2
g COD/L
0.004
Initial concentration a
Disintegration factors f
a
b
Carbohydrate fraction on Xc
fCh_Xc
--
0.209
Protein fraction on Xc
fPr_Xc
--
0.360
Lipid fraction on Xc
fLi_Xc
--
0.020
Inert fraction on Xc
fXi_Xc
--
0.410
Calculated based on Rivas-García et al. [35]. b Calculated based on Page
et al. [S1].
Table S2
Requirements of materials and energy for the milk production process.
Activity
Quantity
Cattle food production a
Corn silage (annual cycle)
Without manure as fertilizer
N-fertilizer as ammonium sulfate, kg/ha
100
N-fertilizer as urea, kg/há
100
P-fertilizer as P2O5 (single superphosphate), kg/ha
40
With manure as fertilizer
N-fertilizer as ammonium sulfate, kg/ha
24.7
N-fertilizer as urea, kg/há
24.7
P-fertilizer as P2O5 (single superphosphate), kg/ha
20.7
Yield, t dry/ha
16.6
Atrazine (500 g/L), L/ha
1.2
Metolachlor (960 g/L), L/ha
1.4
Cypermethrin (200 g/L), L/ha
0.25
Seed, kg/ha
27.7
Diesel, L/ha
73.3
Alfalfa (annual cycle)*
Yield, t dry /ha
23.5
N-fertilizer as urea, kg/há
3.7
P-fertilizer as P2O5 (triple superphosphate), kg/ha
180
Trifluralin (480 g/L), L/ha
1.75
Pendimethalin (400 g/L), L/ha
3.5
Seed, kg/ha
9.30
Diesel, L/ha
132.4
Corn (annual cycle)
Yield, t dry/ha
6.8
N-fertilizer as ammonium sulfate, kg/ha
120
N-fertilizer as urea, kg/há
120
P-fertilizer as P2O5 (single superphosphate), kg/ha
40
Metolachlor (280 g/L), L/ha
4
Atrazine (900 g/kg), kg/ha
1
Atrazine (370 g/L), L/ha
4
Prometryn (480 g/L), L/ha
1
Malathion (900 g/L), L/ha
5
Carbaryl (5 % w/w), kg/ha
10
Phoxim (5 % w/w), kg/ha
25
Seed, kg/ha
30
Diesel, L/ha
73.3
Feed Transportation b
Corn silage transportation, L of diesel/kg of feed
8.31E-4
Alfalfa transportation, L of diesel/kg of feed
1.38E-3
Concentrated food transportation, L of diesel/kg of feed
4.77E-3
Dairy farm
Corn silage, kg/L of milk
2.538
Alfalfa, kg/L of milk
0.952
Concentrated food, kg/L of milk
0.634
Diesel, L/L of milk
0.0087
Electricity, kWh/L of milk
0.051
Manure management scenarios
Fertilizer scenario (F)
b
Diesel, L/ L of milk
4.83E-4
Anaerobic digestions scenarios (AD and EAD)
Diesel, L/L of milk
2.27E-4
Gasoline, L/ L of milk
4.53E-5
a
Information taken from technical reports through the National Institute
of Livestock and Forestry Research.[22] b Calculated using the
information given by NAFTA.[46]
* The alfalfa crop cycle is 5 years, the requirements are divided here for
annual base
Table S3
LCA results of the three manure management scenarios in dairy farm, using ReCiPe Midpoint
(H) method. The results are related by 1 L of milk.
Impact category
Units
Milk production process
with different manure management
scenarios*
F
AD
EAD
Agricultural land occupation
m2 a
2.310
2.216
1.883
Climate change
kg CO2 eq
0.994
0.872
0.728
Fossil depletion
kg oil eq
0.090
0.115
0.098
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0.100
0.096
0.082
Human toxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0.025
0.030
0.025
Freshwater ecotoxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
0.022
0.021
0.018
Marine eutrophication
kg N eq
0.021
0.018
0.015
Metal depletion
kg Fe eq
7.37E-03
0.014
0.012
Terrestrial acidification
kg SO2 eq
0.026
0.018
0.011
Ionising radiation
kg U235 eq
6.87E-03
0.010
8.63E-03
Photochemical oxidant formation
kg NMVOC
0.019
0.013
6.84E-03
Particulate matter formation
kg PM10 eq
6.42E-03
4.60E-03
2.70E-03
Urban land occupation
m2 a
1.92E-03
2.28E-03
1.94E-03
Marine ecotoxicity
kg 1,4-DB eq
2.27E-03
2.28E-03
1.93E-03
Water depletion
m3
1.58E-03
2.00E-03
1.70E-03
Freshwater eutrophication
kg P eq
2.60E-04
2.52E-04
2.14E-04
Natural land transformation
m2
4.63E-05
6.44E-05
5.43E-05
Ozone depletion
kg CFC-11 eq
4.41E-08
5.20E-08
4.41E-08
* F = fertilization; AD = anaerobic digestion; EAD = enhanced anaerobic digestion
Table S4
Main emissions and fossil fuel requirements of the three manure management scenarios in dairy
farm. The results are related to g specie/L of milk.
Scenarios*
Pollutant flux
F
AD
EAD
Airborne emission
CO2
265.2
338.9
287.1
NOX
18.3
12.7
6.6
CH4
12.8
12.1
10.3
N2O
1.38
0.78
0.62
NH3
6.17
4.14
2.63
VOC
0.136
0.130
0.111
CO
0.818
0.867
0.744
SOX
0.487
0.736
0.621
PM
0.356
0.430
0.358
NH3
11.7
10.3
8.8
NO3-
43.5
38.3
23.6
PO43-
0.79
0.76
0.65
8.09E-03
7.76E-03
6.59E-03
0.173
0.166
0.141
Oil crude in ground
59.3
61.1
51.7
Gas natural in ground**
23.5
45.5
38.4
Coal hard in ground
5.82
9.9
8.4
Waterborne emission
Emission to soil
Cypermethrin
Atrazine
Fossil fuel requirements
* F=fertilization; AD=anaerobic digestion; EAD=enhanced
anaerobic digestion. **Units of L
Supporting information additional references
Page DI, Hickey KL, Narula R, Main AL, Grimberg DJ. Modeling anaerobic digestion of dairy
manure using the IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model no. 1 (ADM1). Water Sci. Technol.
2008;58;689–695.