Andrew Chung
Chapter 25: Phylogeny and Systematics Quiz
1. The fossil record is based on
a. the age of the fossil found in the stratum
b. the order that fossils have accumulated in the strata
c. the number of sedimentary rock layers
d. what era the fossil comes from
e. the shape of the fossil
2. Morphological and molecular homologies are
a. when pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
b. a result of convergent evolution
c. caused by similar environmental pressures and natural selection
d. signs that organisms share a common ancestor
e. both found in DNA and RNA sequences
3. There are (is) ____ group(s) in hierarchical classification.
a. zero
b. one
c. five
d. seven
e. eight
4. Polyphyletic grouping can be defined as
a. lacking a common ancestor of the species in the group
b. consisting of an ancestor and only some of its descendants
c. consisting of an ancestor and all of its descendants
d. the only group that qualify as legitimate taxa
e. a valid clade
5. An ultrametric tree always includes
a. a timeline
b. different total lengths of branches
c. exactly eight species
d. exactly seven branches
e. a start point in the paleozoic era
6. Orthologous genes are
a. a result of gene duplication
b. able to diverge in the same gene pool
c. analogous genes passed in a straight line from one generation to the next
d. homologous genes passed in a straight line from one generation to the next
e. faster than paralogous genes in terms of evolutionary change
Andrew Chung
7. A molecular clock is, according to Matoo Kimura,
a. based on the distance between homologous genes
b. based on the number of neutral mutations
c. based on the number of harmful mutations
d. influenced by Darwinian selection
e. at the same rate for all genes
8. A homoplasy is
a. an analogous structure that has evolved independently
b. a homologous structure that has evolved independently
c. a result of divergent evolution
d. of Latin origin
e. defined as “moulded in a different way”
9. The rules of binomial nomenclature are
a. the first letter of the genus must be capitalized
b. the entire binomial must be italicized
c. the ending of each taxon must be “Latinized”
d. a and b only
e. a, b, and c
10. The branches of a phylogenetic tree
a. signify when the divergent evolution occurred
b. are often omitted from a phylogenetic tree
c. represent progressively greater amounts of divergence the “deeper” you go in the
diagram
d. represent progressively lower amounts of divergence the “deeper” you go in the
diagram
e. none of the above
Short Answer
Suggest whether each of the following pairs of structures more likely represents analogy
or homology, and explain your reasoning.
a. A porcupine’s quills and a cactus’s spines
b. A cat’s paw and a human hand
c. A robin’s wing and a bee’s wing