Stage 4 | History Program TOPIC: Ancient to the Modern World Stage 4 Year 8 Depth Study 4: Renaissance Italy Duration: 6 weeks Detail: 20 lessons Historical Context of the Overview Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, the spread of Christianity and Islam, through to the development of Medieval Europe, this period saw the rise of Renaissance Italy. With the impact of the Crusades and the growth of exploration, Italy was uniquely placed to benefit from the spread of new, and rediscovery of old, ideas. This period saw developments in art, science, religion, politics and education and set the standard for the early Modern period. Key Inquiry Questions Focus Historical Skills How did Renaissance Italy change over time to the beginning of the modern age? Comprehension: chronology, terms and concepts What key beliefs and values emerged and how did they influence Renaissance Italy? Analysis and use of sources What were the causes and effects of contact between societies in this period? Perspectives and interpretations Which significant people, groups and ideas from this period have influenced the world today? Empathetic understanding Research Explanation and communication Framing Questions What were the main changes that took place during the Renaissance? What emerged as the key defining features of the Italian Renaissance? To what extent was Italy destined to be the birthplace of the Renaissance? What was the significance of the Renaissance? Is the Renaissance overrated? This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 1 Outcomes - Focus Historical Concepts A student: Continuity and change: Consider the changing nature of the Renaissance and its impact on Italy and Europe. Was it really so different from the Medieval Period? Cause and effect: What were the causes of the Renaissance, most particularly in Italy, and the flow on effects of the Renaissance across Europe. Perspectives: The differing perspectives of the religious, the artists, the scientists, the politicians, the traders and explorers Empathetic Understanding: Understanding the significant changes brought about by the Renaissance in religion, culture, politics and how these affected a range of peoples Significance: Consider the range of significant discoveries from the Renaissance: medicine, politics, art, architecture, science Contestability: Did the Renaissance have to begin in Italy? Is it overrated in terms of its significance? Describes and assesses the motives and actions of past individuals and groups in the context of past societies HT4-3 Identifies the meaning, purpose and context of historical sources HT4-5 Identifies and describes different contexts, perspectives and interpretations of the past HT4-7 Locates, selects and organises information from sources to develop an historical inquiry HT4-8 Uses a range of historical terms and concepts when communicating an understanding of the past HT4-9 Selects and uses appropriate oral, written, visual and digital forms to communicate about the past HT4-10 Historical Language Site Study Age of Exploration http://italianrenaissanceresources.com/ City-state Classicism This is a site developed by Oxford University Press in association with the National Gallery of Art in Great Britain. It would be appropriate for higher ability students Counter-reformation Golden Age https://maps.google.com.au/maps/about/behind-the-scenes/streetview/treks/venice/ Guild This is a Google Trek which includes tours of specific sites in Venice and on overview Heresy Hieratic Scale Humanism Imperialism Papal Bull Patron/Patronage Perspective Reformation Renaissance This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 2 Outcomes Sack of Rome Sonnet Thalassocracy Vanishing Point Focus Historical Concepts Online Clips – Khan Academy – Renaissance: http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/1400-1500-Renaissance-inItaly-and-the-North.html Crash Course History – The Renaissance, Was it a Thing?: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0 Engineering and Empire: Da Vinci’s World: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQXUv1TK66I The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance: https://www.youtube.com/channel/SW7JPZboRLQjc Khan Academy: High Renaissance Art: http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/HighRenaissance.html This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 3 Assessment overview Ancient to the Modern World Semester 2 The Renaissance Term 3, Week 5 Assessment for learning Assessment as learning Assessment of learning Literacy: Paragraph writing Google Drive Presentation: Everyday Life Weighting: 25% Source Analysis: Black Death, Humanism Google Cultural institute: Gallery Critical viewing: The Medici Godfathers Reflection: Venice Trek Empathy: Marco Polo Research: Venetian Trade Description of Task: Students assume a persona from the time period and discuss the Renaissance as a Golden Age in history. They are to present their empathy as a digital narrative. Critical/Creating Thinking & Oral: Personalities Investigation: Lucrezia Borgia Extended Response: Impact of Renaissance Outcomes: HT4-3, HT4-7, HT4-8, HT4-9, HT4-10 This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 4 ASSESSMENT PLAN Research Task Oral Presentation Group Presentation Inquiry Learning Source Analysis Essay/ Structured Responses Marco Polo Research Individual Trading Cards Daily life in Renaissance Italy Google Cultural Institute Lucrezia Borgia Impact of the Renaissance Pinterest - Venice FORMAL ASSESSMENT Empathy task on significant individual and their role during the Renaissance – ICT task This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 5 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources Overview Background – Fall of Rome & the Middle Ages (1 lesson) Overview Worksheet: Teacher Exposition & Brainstorm: What do we know? http://www.eduplace.com/ss/socsci/boo ks/content/ilessons/6/ils_gr6_c10_l4.pdf Support with Overview worksheet (see resources) Literacy: Glossary http://quizlet.com/44881186/the-renaissance-flash-cards/ The way of life in Renaissance Italy (social, cultural, economic and political features) and the roles and relationships of different groups in society (ACDSEH010) Students: Explain why this period is known as the Renaissance Identify on a map the city-states of Italy during this period Origins of the Renaissance (3-4 lessons) Location & Origins: Teacher exposition: “Renaissance” from French renaissance, from re- 'back, again' +naissance 'birth' (from Latin nascentia, from nasci 'be born'). Essentially, “Rebirth”. http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Renn.ht ml Class discussion: What does this mean, to be “reborn” in history & civilisation? What does “civilisation” mean? – What does it sound like? Look like? What can we connect it to? What was Italy like before the Renaissance? Describe the everyday life of men, women and children in Renaissance Italy Roman Empire/Classicism…ruins reminded it of its former glory, held knowledge of the past. Describe key economic and political features of Renaissance Italy Show pictures of classical architecture of Greece and Rome eg Temple of Vesta in Rome, Pantheon, Colosseum, Acropolis, and then pictures of Renaissance architecture: Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio, St Peter’s Basilica, the Church of San Lorenzo. (Good background reading on the rise of the Renaissance in Italy) http://www.historytoday.com/joncook/why-renaissance-why-florence How do we see echoes of the past? Are these copies or new interpretations? Mapping: Examine a map of the Mediterranean and the countries surrounding it. Which country is Italy? What do they notice about its geographical position? This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 6 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources Why would this be an advantage? (Centre of Mediterranean for sea trade, connected to mainland for land trade. Saw an increase in wealth and leisure time which saw the flourishing of the arts. Place of refuge for scholars after the Ottomans took Constantinople, bringing knowledge with them) Examine a map of the Italian city states: http://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance/italian_city-states.php What do they notice about Italy? What do “D. of” and “Rep. of” mean? What does this tell you about the nature of government in those states and throughout Italy? (Count to see how many of each?) Compare/contrast with a map of modern Italy – what areas did Renaissance Italy control that they no longer do? Why might that be? What does this tell us about the extent of the power of Renaissance Italy? Why/How would these city states cause the development of the Renaissance in Italy? (Competition – city-states trying to assert their dominance, culture over others) Mapping: Students use a blank map to draw in the city-states and their major centres including ports and trade centres. They should also include trade routes. Use http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/inside-the-renaissance-home-interactive/ This site looks at everyday objects found inside Renaissance homes and where they came from Research: the basis of wealth for each city-state including: Venice, Florence, Milan, Genoa, Siena Literacy: Students write a paragraph explaining the origins of the Renaissance in Italy. (See Renaissance Origins Paragraph Writing worksheet) Extension: What if the Renaissance had begun in _________? (eg Russia, Germany, China?) Everyday Life: http://www.lifeinitaly.com/history/italyrenaissance This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 7 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources Life in Renaissance Italy (2 - 3 lessons) http://www.renaissanceconnection.org/i ndex2.cfm Source Analysis: The Black Death in Florence (See Florentine Source Sheet) Discussion: How would the Black Death have affected the birth of the Renaissance http://www.learner.org/interactives/renai ssance/ Critical Viewing: Engineering an Empire – DaVinci’s World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQXUv1TK66I What impressions do they have about the importance of the Renaissance? Have students mindmap their learning from the documentary GoogleDrive: Create a presentation. One slide per group. (See GoogleDrive Guide) Each slide should contain: Four main points of information, two primary sources (visual and written) Students to research aspects of everyday life including – Food Festivals/Religion Guilds Women/Children/Family Housing Education Clothing/Hair Have students do mini-presentations on their slides to the class Significant developments and/or cultural Humanism (1 lesson) This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 8 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments achievements that reflect the concentration of wealth and power in the city-states (ACDSEH056) Source Analysis: Examine the source by Vergelius the Elder (see The New Education Source Sheet). Students: What does this tell us about the ideas behind Humanism? Using a range of sources, investigate and explain the importance of at least ONE of the following achievements of Renaissance Italy: painting, sculpture, architecture, science and technology, literature and humanist thinking Describe how the patronage of wealthy families encouraged these developments and/or cultural achievements Resources Teacher exposition: Ideas of humanism, partial rejection of Catholicism (Heresy?), value of humanity, independent thinking Video: Horrible Histories – The Renaissance Report https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bP0WWUyUCAQ&list=PLjGjG_bs8GtrEP2WVQuN42 qAyGauOyWXY Discussion: Is Humanism still part of our education today? Extension: Humanism was learning for the sake of learning. Is this still appropriate in today’s society? Have students look at job growth and consider whether we “learn to earn”. Art (2 lessons) Continuity and Change: Show students a range of art from the Medieval Period – a quick Google Image search should suffice. What do they notice about: The subject(s) and how they are presented The colours, backgrounds The perspective/size of people, buildings (Hieratic Scale) ART: MacMillan History 8 The Ancient to the Modern World p139 Metropolitan Museum of Art – A Resource for Educators http://www.metmuseum.org/~/media/Fil es/Learn/For%20Educators/Publication s%20for%20Educators/Renaissance.pd f Compare and contrast: Show students a range of art from the Renaissance – What changes do they note? (Perspective, Vanishing Point) This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 9 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources Why might this be? http://nga.gov.au/Exhibition/RENAISSANCE/Default.cfm?MnuID=3&GalID=0 Brainstorm: How did such changes come about? Students to mindmap possible reasons ICT/Research: Students construct an art gallery using Google Cultural Institute. They are to choose 6 paintings that represent the main features of Renaissance Art. They should annotate each painting, explaining why it is significant. Also look at the range of works that DaVinci created: Was he a “Renaissance Man”? http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/interactive/2011/nov/09/leonardo-da-vinciinteractive-guide Research: Students investigate the artists supported by patrons such as Lorenzo de Medici (“the Magnificent”) and find examples of their work. Use Google Street View to take a tour of the Uffizi Gallery Critical Viewing: Students watch Episode 2 of Medici Godfathers of the Renaissance Use worksheet/lesson from PBS: http://www.pbs.org/empires/medici/resources/lesson2.html Relationships between rulers and ruled in ONE Italian city-state (ACDSEH057) Case Study: The Serene Republic of Venice (2 - 3 lessons) Map: Use GoogleEarth to examine the layout of Venice. Online trek: http://www.historytoday.com/josephblack/saving-lagoon-renaissancevenice This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 10 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources https://maps.google.com.au/maps/about/behind-the-scenes/streetview/treks/venice/ Students: Discuss the relationships between rulers and ruled in ONE Italian city-state, eg Pisa, Florence, Naples, Venice or Rome Discussion: What can we deduce from Venice through the Google Trek? Think about: Architecture Urban planning Technology/engineering Religion Government Note that it is a group of islands within a marshy lagoon. How could Venice become such a powerful place? Trade (Port city) Relationship with Byzantine Empire Acquisition of land through Croatia http://venice.umwblogs.org/exhibit/early -modern-venetianclothing/trade/comment-page-1/ http://www.theworldeconomy.org/impac t/The_Venetian_Republic.html Teacher Exposition: Use HTAV Venice Social Life/Myth of Venice PowerPoints (there are a number of these online) to outline social/political order Government: Thalassocracy. Ruled by a Doge (Duke/Duce), with a secretive Council of Ten (The Signoria), and a Senate of 200 – 300. All had to be from respectable families (“The Book of Gold”). Religiously moderate (did not persecute anyone during Counter Reformation), but restrictive, particularly for Jews. Cosmopolitan. Quickly adopted the printing press Research: Students investigate the range of Venetian products and trade (eg textiles, glass, salt, spices, shipbuilding etc) and ideas. Find examples/pictures of these and use This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 11 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources Pinterest to create a visual gallery. (See Pinterest Help Guide) NOTE: It is important for students to realise that it was more than just trade – with new products came new ideas and peoples. While there was apparent Venetian cosmopolitanism, this caused a growth in the elitist nature of Venetian society. Class Discussion: What does the range of products/goods/ideas tell us about Venetian society? Empathy: Students research the journey of Marco Polo through first playing this game: http://edsitement.neh.gov/sites/edsitement.neh.gov/files/M_Polo_Rte_Quiz_Revsd02.swf Impact of Trade on Venetian Society: http://www.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Venice_ Revision1.pdf Shopping the Renaissance: Consumerism in Renaissance Italy: http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/ 524 Students are to choose two places along his journey (eg Hormuz, Kashgar, Shangdu) and find out what Marco Polo wrote about them. (http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo) They are then to write a dialogue or letter responding to Marco’s descriptions from a Venetian perspective. Would they believe him? What would be their main interest? Extension: Students investigate the historicity of Marco Polo’s claims – some say he never went to these places. Explore the truth of his works and travels. Note: Alternate Case Studies of Florence and the Medici are available through: Jacaranda Retroactive 1 (online), Macmillan History 8 The Ancient to the Modern World, and Oxford Big Ideas History 8 OBook (Online) The role and achievements of significant individuals (ACDSEH058) Students: Investigate and assess the importance of Significant Individuals (2-3 lessons) Critical/Creative Thinking: Students use ReadWriteThink Trading Card Creator http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/interactives/trading_cards_2/ to develop a trading card on one of the significant individuals. Other individuals to add: Lorenzo de Medici, Giovanni Boccaccio, Isabella d'Este, Cosimo This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 12 Content significant individuals, eg Cesare Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia, Caterina Sforza, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Artemisia, Niccolo Machiavelli,Galileo Galilei Use sources to identify different perspectives on the chosen individuals Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources de Medici, Pope Alexander VI, Pope Sixtus IV, Filippo Brunelleschi, Pico Della Mirandola Oral Task: Once the cards are complete & printed, students can work in groups to debate whose significant individual had the most impact. Winners from each group should then go up against each other for the class to decide on the most significant person from the Italian Renaissance. Investigation: Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia Borgia: Family Tree Construct a timeline of her life (Use www.timetoast.com) Find out who her father was, her brothers, how many times she was married (and at what age). How would this have affected her? What does this tell us about her? http://www.kleio.org/en/history/famtree/ sforza/222.html Source Analysis: Use the source sheet (Lucrezia Borgia Sources) and consider differing representations and interpretations of her. Critical Viewing: Documentary on Lucrezia Borgia Biography Channel Documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rdr 9uj0JBQ (NB: There are some discussions regarding the alleged incest) Literacy: Write a response discussing their view on Lucrezia Borgia’s character – Victim? Good? Corrupt? Extension: Students research Isabelle D’Este, Lucrezia’s sister-in-law. Have them develop a conversation between the two women regarding the role of women in Renaissance Italy. The spread of Renaissance culture to the rest of Europe and its legacy (ACDSEH059) Students: Explain how ideas from Renaissance Italy Teacher Exposition: The decline of the Renaissance in Italy: Increasing conflict in Italy – Causes? Sack of Rome – Impact? Reformation, Counter-Reformation & Heresy – Impact of rule of Rome, and thus Italy? Changing trade routes exploration of the “New World” – Age of Exploration & growth Decline: https://www.learnerator.com/apeuropean-history/15th-century/italianrenaissance/review/renaissancedecline This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 13 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources of Imperialism – New trade routes to the Americas and Asia through Spain and Portugal. Effects on Italian trade? http://designroyale.com.au/clients/abc/humanodyssey/#/home Use this timelime to examine the “New” Vs “Old” worlds and the impact spread to the rest of Europe and outline its legacy Closure of the eastern trade routes by the Ottoman Empire – Why? Growth of unified nations, eg France, England – How? Effect on Italy (think size, power) Cause and Effect: Students brainstorm what they know about : Shakespeare – make connections through literature, art, Romeo & Juliet, Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, etc. Reformation – have they heard of that? What do they know? Martin Luther & Papal Bull How would the Renaissance spread from Italy to Germany, France and England? Differences between Northern and Italian Renaissance: https://academicdecathlon.wikispaces.c om/file/view/Italian+and+Northern+Ren aissance.pdf Flow Chart – Spread of Renaissance http://www.flowofhistory.com/units/west/ 11/FC78 Compare/Contrast: Paintings from Albrecht Durer, Jan van Eyck, Pieter Bruegel (the Elder) with those of the Italian painters – what are the differences, why? Literacy: Students write a response to “Discuss the impact of the Italian Renaissance” Extension: Students compare a Petrarch sonnet with one by Shakespeare Legacy Students create a PMI (Plus/Minus/Interesting) on the Renaissance Students consider – was it a “Golden Age” (go back to definition). Think back to the Engineering and Empire Video – have their studies supported the greatness of the era? This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 14 Content Teaching and learning strategies - including opportunities for extension activities & adjustments Resources Watch Crash Course – The Renaissance, Was it a Thing? (YouTube) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0 Do they agree that the Renaissance was a Golden Age? Think about the points raised by John Green – does one have to be aware of history happening for history to have happened? Class Debate The Renaissance – Was it a thing? Divide students into groups: Absolutely Somewhat Maybe No Way Judges Students are given time to prepare, present, rebut and attack cases. Student judges make the decision based on the evidence Extension: Students create their own checklist for what constitutes a “Golden Age” and see how it compares with the Renaissance. This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 15 Teaching and Learning Program Evaluation Program or Unit Title: ___________________________________________________________ Element Class: ________________ Teacher: _____________________________________ Evaluation Program Was the program well-structure and coherent? To what extent did the program engage all students in the class? Did the program assist all students to achieve the learning outcomes? What improvements could be made? Resources Were the resources used appropriately in terms of age level, variety and the ability to engage the students? What improvements could be made? Assessment Did the program incorporate a range of quality, valid assessment tasks? Reflect and comment on the level of student achievement in this program. What improvements could be made to assist students to achieve the outcomes? Date Commenced: ____________________________ Date Completed: _____________________________ Signature: _________________________________________ This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 16 These materials have been developed by the AIS through funding provided by the NSW Government to support new syllabus implementation. Copyright is owned by AISNSW. Except as set out below or permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored or communicated without the approval of AISNSW. Not for profit organisations may reproduce, store in a retrieval system and communicate the whole or any part of the materials without payment of a fee or other remuneration provided: a) The institution does not sell, hire or otherwise derive revenue from such reproduction, storage or communication b) The copyright of AISNSW is noted on any part which is copied or noted If any other licence is sought, inquiries should be directed to the Executive Director of AISNSW. This unit of work was written by Anne Gripton, St. Pius X College, Chatswood. Copyright © of the unit of work is owned by AISNSW. NSW syllabus content prepared by the Board of Studies, Teaching and Educational Standards NSW for and on behalf of the State of New South Wales is protected by Crown copyright. | 17