Anatomy & Physiology
Tissue: The Living Fabric
Objectives
 Identify and describe the functions of the 4 main types of body tissues
 Describe the various types and functions of epithelia
 Explain the properties and functions of different types of connective tissue
Tissues
Groups of cells similar in structure and function
Types of tissues
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)
Two main types (by location):
 _____________________________ epithelia
 Found on external and internal surfaces
 _____________________________ epithelia
 Secretory tissue in glands
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
 6 main functions of epithelium
 __________________________________ (skin)
 __________________________________ (digestive tract, kidneys)
 __________________________________(digestive tract, kidneys)
 __________________________________(digestive tract, kidneys)
 __________________________________(glands, kidneys)
 __________________________________ (skin)
Homeostatic Imbalance of Epithelium
 An important characteristic of cancerous epithelial cells is their failure to respect the basement
membrane boundary. (85 out of 100 cancers are of epithelial cells)
 They penetrate it and invade the tissues beneath.
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
1. Cells have _______________________- apical (upper, free) and basal (lower, attached) surfaces
-cell regions near the apical surface differ in structure and function from cell regions in the basal surface.
 Apical surfaces may have:
 _________________________: finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that
increase surface area.
 Lining of the ___________________________
 __________________________: tiny hair like projections that propel substances along
their free surface.
 Lining of the ________________________________
2. Are composed of closely packed cells to form continuous ______________________________.
3. Supported by a connective tissue _____________________________________ (under the basal lamina)
 A layer of extracellular material containing a network of collagen and protein fibers.
4. _______________________________ (contains no blood vessels) but ___________________________
(supplied by nerve fibers).
 Epithelial cells are nourished by substances diffusing from blood vessels in the
underlying connective tissue.
5. High rate of ____________________________________
 Reproduce rapidly to replace lost cells due to hostile substances in the external
environment.
Classification of Epithelia
 Ask two questions:
1. How many layers?
1 layer =
_________________________ epithelium
 Very thin most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration.
2 or more layers = _________________________________ epithelium
 More durable, major role is protection.
2. What type of cell?
Squamous
 _________________________________________
 Flattened and scale-like
 _________________________________________
Cuboidal
 Box-like, tall as they are wide
 __________________________________________
 Tall and column shaped
(If stratified, name according to apical (top) layer of cells)
Columnar
(b) Classification based on cell shape.
Epithelia: Simple Squamous
 Thin, often permeable cells
 Found where filtration and exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 _________________________________
 Two noteworthy names!
2. ______________________________________: “innercovering” slick-friction reducing lining
 The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart
3. ______________________________________: “middlecovering”
 The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity
Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal
 Important function of this epithelium is ___________________________ and
_______________________
 Forms the walls of the smallest ducts of ______________ and of many __________________ tubules
Epithelia: Simple Columnar
 Single layer of tall, closely packed cells
 Some have ____________________
 Functions are _________________________, secretion of _________________, ___________________,
and other substances
 Ciliated type probels _____________________
Location:
 Non-ciliated lines most of the _____________________________, gall bladder, and excretory ducts
of some glands
 Ciliated types line small _______________, Uterine tubes and some regions of the
______________________.
Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia
 Single layer of cells of differing ________________________, some not reaching the free surface
 ____________________ seen at different levels
 May contain _____________________________cells and have ______________________
Function:
 Secretion, particularily of _______________________
 Propulsion of mucus by _______________________
Location:
 Non-ciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
 Ciliated types line the ___________________ and most of the ____________________
respiratory tract.
Epithelia: Stratified Squamous
 Thick membrane compost of many layers
 Basal cells are ______________________ or _________________________
 Surface cells are flattened (squamous)
o Keritinized type: surface cells are full keratin and ___________________
o Basal cells are active in _____________________ and produce the cells of more
_________________________ layers
Function:
 Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to ____________________________
Location:
 Nonkeritinized type forms the moist linings of the __________________________,
_______________, and __________________________
 Keritinized type forms the _________________________ of the _______________
Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal
 Quite rare in body
 Found in some ___________________and __________________________ glands
 Typically only _________ cell layers thick
Epithelia: Stratified Columnar
 Limited distribution in body
 Small amounts in ________________________, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts
 Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
Epithelia: Transitional
 Resembles both stratified ____________________________ and stratified ________________________
 Basal cells cuboidal or columnar
 Surface cells __________________ shaped or _________________________ dependon on organ stretch
Function:
 Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by urine
Location:
 Lines the _________________, ___________________________________ and part of the urethra