1
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
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Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article:
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Appendix S1: Underlying assumptions of the Koopowitz stochastic extinction model.
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It is important to note that the Koopowitz extinction model has several underlying
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assumptions (Koopowitz et al., 1994). First, the model assumes that Lepanthes spp. are
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distributed randomly with respect to forest conversion patterns. This implies that all species are
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equally prone to extinction due to habitat loss. Second, the model assumes that all forests are
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converted equally. This indicates that primary and secondary forests, for example, are converted
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at the same rates and that species occurring in either type are equally vulnerable to habitat loss.
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Third, the model assumes that habitat conversion rates are reasonably accurate. This assumption
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suggests that the habitat conversion rates in the near future will remain similar to the rates of the
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recent past. Fourth, the model assumes that the taxonomy used by botanists is consistent. This
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assumption infers that the number of species in a given area is not affected by differences in how
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species are described. Fifth, the model assumes that habitat conversions are complete and render
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the habitat sterile. This assumption indicates that deforestation of an area is equivalent to
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complete loss of suitable habitat in that area. Sixth, the model assumes that the sites occupied by
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a species are smaller than the areas being converted. This assumption implies that when a patch
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of habitat is converted, all individuals at that site are lost. Seventh, the model assumes that the
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number of sites is static. This assumption denotes that there will be no significant dispersal of
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propagules to new sites within the time frame of the analysis. Lastly, the model assumes that the
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species distribution profiles are accurate. This assumption suggests that the collections for
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individual species are representative of the actual distribution. Despite these assumptions, the
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model’s predictive capabilities should be substantial provided robust data sets are used in the
24
analysis. For additional discussion of underlying assumptions in the Koopowitz stochastic
25
extinction model, see Koopowitz (1992) and Koopowitz et al. (1994).
26
References
27
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30
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425-438.
32
33
34
Appendix S2: Sources of distribution data used in this analysis.
Distribution data sources for this analysis included collection records from numerous
35
herbaria and botanical gardens including Missouri Botanical Garden, New York Botanical
36
Garden, Lankester Botanical Garden, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Selby Botanical Garden, the
37
Field Museum Herbarium, the Smithsonian Museum Herbarium, the American Museum of
38
Natural History Herbarium, the University of Wisconsin Herbarium, the Oakes Ames Orchid
39
Herbarium, and the University of Puerto Rico Herbarium. Additionally, regional floras and plant
40
checklists (e.g. Ames & Correll, 1952; Schweinfurth, 1958; Foldats, 1970; Hamer, 1974;
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Williams et al., 1980; Werkhoven, 1986; Ackerman, 1995; Salazar & Soto-Arenas, 1996; Balick
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43
Llamacho & Larramendi, 2005; Nelson-Sutherland, 2008; Luer, 2009, 2010; Luer & Thoerle,
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Hespenheide, 1973; Luer, 1986; Carnevali & de Carnevali, 1993; Catling & Salazar, 1994; Luer,
46
1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000; Ackerman et al., 2001; Pupulin, 2001; Blanco, 2003; Bogarín &
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Fernández, 2010; Pupulin et al., 2010; Bogarín et al., 2012; Crain & Tremblay, 2012) were
48
consulted for distribution data.
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