Chemistry
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
Section 4.1 The Variety of Compounds
Objectives
•
Distinguish the properties of compounds from those of the elements of which they are
composed.
•
•
Compare and contrast the properties of sodium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide.
Predict whether two elements will react to form a compound.
The _______________ of compounds _______________ from the
properties of the _______________ that form the compounds.
Table Salt
•
Table salt, or _______________ _______________, is so _______________ on
Earth, it is used to manufacture the elements _______________and
_______________.
Properties of table salt
•
_______________, _______________ _______________ at room temperature
•
crystals are _______________ but _______________ and _______________
conduct _______________.
•
When salt is heated to a temperature of about ____ °C, it _______________ and
forms _______________ salt which _______________________ electricity.
•
Salt _______________ _______________ in water—the resulting solution is an
_______________ _______________ of electricity.
•
Salt __________________________ readily with other substances.
Properties of sodium
•
_______________, _______________ -_______________, _______________,
_______________ _______________ element that melts when heated above ____°C
•
Because of its _______________ reactivity, the free element sodium is
_______________ found in the _______________ but is _______________ found
_______________ with other elements.
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Chemistry
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
Properties of chlorine
•
pale _______________, _______________ _______________ with a choking
_______________ that _______________ living cells and is slightly soluble in water
•
it is a _______________ that must be cooled to ____°C before it turns to a liquid
•
_______________ reactive and used for many _______________ processes
Carbon Dioxide
•
_______________ _______________ is a gas that is an important
_______________ between the plant and animal world.
Properties of carbon dioxide
•
_______________, _______________, and _______________ gas at room
temperature
•
When cooled below ____°C, carbon dioxide __________changes _______________ to
a _______________ solid, known as _______________ without first becoming a
_______________. (This is called _______________.)
•
is _______________ in water but a _______________ conductor of electricity
•
used to put out _______________ since it does not support _______________
•
it is necessary for _______________
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Chemistry
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
Properties of carbon
•
_______________ that is fairly _______________ at room temperature but reacts
with many other elements at _______________ temperatures
•
excellent source of _______________
•
the majority of compounds that make up _________________________ contain carbon
Properties of oxygen
•
a _______________ that is a _______________, _______________, and
_______________ _______________
•
becomes a _______________ at ____°C and is _______________ soluble in water
•
is the _______________ abundant element in the Earth’s _______________, but
typically _______________ with other elements
•
_______________ reactive than carbon
Water
•
_______________ _______________, better known as water, covers approximately
_______________ of Earth’s _______________ and also makes up about
_______________ of the mass of the average _______________ body.
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Chemistry
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
Properties of water
•
occurs in Earth’s _______________ in all three common states(solid, liquid, and gas)
•
_______________ into a solid at ____°C and becomes a gas at ____°C
•
_______________ conduct electricity in _______________ of its states
•
_______________ _______________
•
_______________ compound that does not break down under normal circumstances and
does not _______________ with many other substances
•
nearly all the chemical reactions in the human body and many important reactions on
Earth occur in an _______________ _______________
Properties of hydrogen
•
_______________, _______________, and _______________ gas which is the
_______________ and most _______________ element in the _______________
•
usually classified as a _______________ that _______________ conduct electricity
and is only _______________ soluble in water
•
_______________ element that usually occurs in a variety of compounds
•
turns into a _______________ at ___°C
Using Clues to Make a Case
•
_______________ properties provide clues about _______________
_______________ on the _______________ level.
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Chemistry
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
Section 4.2 How Elements Form Compounds
Objectives
•
Model two types of compound formation: ionic and covalent at the submicroscopic level.
•
Demonstrate how and why atoms achieve chemical stability by bonding.
•
Compare, using examples, the effect of covalent and ionic bonding on the physical
properties of compounds.
Compounds form when _______________ in atoms
_______________ to achieve a _______________ configuration.
Atoms Collide
•
When substances _____________, particles of the substances must _____________.
•
Reactions between atoms involve only their _______________ _______________.
Chemical Stability
•
Group 18 elements, also known as the _______________ gases, almost completely lack
_______________ _______________.
•
Each noble gas has _______________ valence electrons, except for
_______________, which has _______________.
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Chemistry
•
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
The _______________________ is the model of chemical stability that states that
atoms become _______________ by having _______________ electrons in their
_______________ energy level except for some of the smallest atoms, which have only
_______________ electrons (___________________).
•
A _______________ _______________ _______________ is the state of an atom
achieved by having the _______________ valence electron configuration as a noble gas
atom, which is the _______________ _______________ configuration.
Ways to Achieve Stability
•
When elements combine, they form either _______________ or _______________.
•
Atoms try to form the octet (or duet) by _____________ or _____________ valence
electrons.
•
An _______________ is an atom or group of combined atoms that has a
_______________ because of the loss or gain of electrons.
•
A compound that is composed of ions is called an ______________________________.
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Chemistry
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
•
The strong attractive force between ions of opposite charge is called an
_______________ _______________.
•
A _______________ is a regular, repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules.
•
Solid substances are composed of _______________.
•
In order for a solid, such as sodium chloride, to melt, its temperature must be raised
until the _______________ of the particles overcomes the _______________ forces
and the crystal organization breaks down.
•
_______________ _______________ indicate what _______________ make up the
compound and _______________ _______________ atoms of each element are
present in one unit of the compound.
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Chemistry
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
•
Atoms can also _______________ valence electrons to achieve a stable octet.
•
The attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons is called a
_______________ _______________.
•
A compound whose atoms are held together by covalent bonds is a _______________
_______________.
•
A _______________ is an uncharged group of two or more atoms held together by
covalent bonds.
•
Two _______________ elements usually achieve stability by _______________
electrons to form a _______________ compound.
•
If the reacting atoms are a _______________ and a _______________, they are
much more likely to _______________ electrons and form an _______________ bond.
•
In addition to _______________ bonds, atoms can form _______________ bonds.
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Chemistry
Chapter 4 Formation of Compounds
Notes Outline
How Do Ionic and Covalent Bonds Compare?
•
The _______________ attractions among _______________ and _______________
ions in an ionic compound result in a _______________, three-dimensional crystal
structure that is _______________, _______________, and must be heated to
_______________ temperatures to melt.
•
Ionic compounds are _______________, compounds that conduct _______________
when _______________ or _______________ in water.
•
The attractive forces between molecules of a _______________ compound are
_______________ because the molecules themselves have _______________ charge.
•
_______________ _______________, or the forces between particles that make up a
substance, are the key to determining the state of matter of a substance.
•
The _______________ in _______________ of the interparticle forces in covalent
compounds compared to ionic compounds explains _______________ in their
_______________.
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