Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
BIOLOGY REVIEW
Unit 1 – The Matter of Life
Use the models below (plant, cow, cell) to identify and explain the concepts to the left.
Chlorophyll
Glucose
Starch
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipid (Fatty Acid)
Nucleic Acid
Enzyme
Rearrange, recycle,
reassemble.
Cellular respiration
ATP/energy
Cell wall
Nucleus
Chromosome
Photosynthesis -- Inputs and outputs of this chemical reaction in plants (LS1A)
 Describe the chemical reaction in photosynthesis.
 Where does the mass of the plant come from?
 Why do plants make glucose?
 Why do animals need plants?
Cellular Respiration --Inputs and outputs of this chemical reaction in all living things (LS1B)
 Describe the chemical reaction in cellular metabolism.
 How do living things get energy (ATP) from glucose?
 How is this chemical reaction similar to burning fossil fuels (oil, gasoline)?
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Cells -- Structure and function of organelles within all cells (LS1C)
 Describe function of structures within cells.
Ribosome
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Cell membranes -- Structure and function of membrane within all cells (LS1D)
 Describe the transport of O2, CO2, H2O, glucose, and biomolecules into/out of a cell.
Cellular membrane
Lipid bi-layer
Metabolism -- Breakdown of biomolecules for energy and synthesis of new molecules (LS1F)
 Explain how cows eat corn and turn it in to milk.
Active transport
Passive transport
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Mitosis
 Describe the function of enzymes in metabolism.
Mitosis – In cells, chromosomes are copied and equally divided for growth and repair (LS1H)
 Describe the process of mitosis and the product of mitosis.
Unit 2 – Traits and Fates
DNA, Genes and Protein Synthesis – DNA specifies the sequence of protein synthesis (LS1E)
 Describe the components and structure of the DNA molecule.
 Identify which nucleotides (base pairs) are complimentary to each other.
Trait
Chromosome
Gene
DNA
 Describe the relationship between DNA, chromosomes, genes, amino acids, proteins
and traits.
Recessive
 Predict the complementary strand of mRNA given the nucleotide
sequence in a single strand of DNA.
Homozygous
 Describe the steps in the process by which gene sequences are copied to produce
proteins in the cell.
Mutations—Changes in DNA can change the proteins synthesized in a cell (LS3B)
 Describe causes and effects of mutations on an organism.
Dominant
Heterozygous
Messenger RNA
(mRNA)
Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
Nucleotides (bases)
Meiosis, Fertilization, and Offspring Variation -- Sexual reproduction results in variation (LS1I)
 Describe how the process of meiosis results in unique egg/sperm cells.
Adenine
Thymine
 Explain how fertilization allows for siblings from the same set of parents to look different.
 Create a Punnett square to predict possible combinations of two traits in offspring.
 Describe the possible offspring in a cross involving incomplete or codominance.
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Complimentary
Phenotype
Genotype
Allelle
Mutation
Unit 4 – What on Earth?
Cycles of Matter and Energy (LS2A)
 Describe the cycle of carbon through an ecosystem.
 List examples of how cycling matter can affect the health of an ecosystem
(composting, insecticide spraying, fertilizer run-off, bioaccumulation).
 Describe the cycle of nitrogen through an ecosystem.
 Describe the transfers and transformations of matter and energy in an ecosystem.
(Sunlight transforms into chemical energy in a plant, carbon dioxide is transferred
from animals to plants then transformed into glucose).
Meiosis
Fertilization.
Unit 4 – What on Earth?
Ecosystem
Food Web
Bioaccumulation
Population density
Population Density (LS2BCD)
 Describe conditions necessary for populations to increase or decrease rapidly.
 List factors that affect population density (disease, predators, space).
Carbon Cycle
 Calculate the population density of organisms within a given area.
Nitrogen Cycle
 Use a graph to predict changes in population.
(carrying capacity J-curve, predator-prey)
Biodiversity
Sustainability
Niche
Habitat
Invasive species
Biodiversity and Sustainability (LS2EF)
 Given 2 ecosystems; describe differences in biodiversity.
 List factors that affect the sustainability of each ecosystem.
 Describe how sustainable development could help an ecosystem.
(recycling, using renewable vs. non-renewable resources).
Native species
Succession
Non-renewable
Natural Selection (LS3AB)
 Explain biological evolution in terms of genetic variability, selective pressure,
survivability, and reproduction.
Renewable
 Describe how environmental pressure drives natural selection.
Unintended
Consequences
 Predict how a mutation will allow a species to survive and reproduce in a given
environment.
Adaptation
Natural Selection
Gene pool
Speciation
Evolution
Divergent
Common Ancestor
Embryology
Analogous structure
Species Diversification (LS3C)
 Explain how species alive today have diverged from a common ancestor.
 Describe how genes from very different organisms can be similar because they
share a common ancestor.
Evolution (LS3D)
 Use evidence from fossil record, anatomical/DNA similarities to explain
evolutionary development of a species.
 Describe how genes from very different organisms can be similar because they
share a common ancestor.
Relatedness of Organisms (LS3E)
 Describe the how closely related two organisms are using traits, DNA and ability to
produce fertile offspring.
 Use embryology, homology, analogous structures and DNA to describe the
evolution of a species. (Darwin’s finches).
 Determine the evolutionary relationship between two organisms using a diagram
or evolutionary tree.